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伦敦大学学院健康经济学和决策科学授课型研究生申请要求伦敦大学学院简介学校名称伦敦大学学院学校英文名称University College London学校位置英国 | 英格兰 | 伦敦2020 QS 世界排名8伦敦大学学院概述伦敦大学学院（University CollegeLondon），英文简称UCL，建校于1826年，位于英国伦敦，世界著名的顶尖高等学府，为享有顶级声誉的综合研究型大学，其排名稳居世界各类权威榜单英国前五。

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健康经济学和决策科学专业相关信息专业名称健康经济学和决策科学专业英文名称Health Economics and Decision Science MSc隶属学院人口卫生科学学院学制1年语言要求雅思7（6.5）托福100（读写24听说20）GMAT/GRE 要求不需要2020 Fall 申请时间11月学费(当地货币)TBC健康经济学和决策科学课程内容序号课程中文名称课程英文名称1全球背景下的卫生系统Health Systems in a Global Context 2卫生保健经济评价Economic Evaluation in Health Care 3医学统计I Medical Statistics I4卫生计量经济学Econometrics for Health5卫生微观经济学Microeconomics for Health6卫生经济学与决策科学论文Dissertation in Health Economics and Decision Science7决策科学建模Modelling for Decision Science8健康经济学中的贝叶斯方法Bayesian Methods in Health Economics 9健康经济学Health Economics10全球健康的社会决定因素The Social Determinants of Global Health11全球卫生中的概念和争议Concepts and Controversies in Global Health12气候变化与健康Climate Change and Health 13医学统计II Medical Statistics II14传染病流行病学和全球卫生政策Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Global Health Policy15全球健康的研究方法和证据Research Methods and Evidence for Global Health16城市卫生Urban Health17评估干预Evaluating Interventions序号课程中文名称课程英文名称18健康管理：规划和程序设计Health Management: Planning and Programme Design 19性别与全球卫生Gender and Global Health* 伦敦大学学院健康经济学和决策科学研究生申请要求由 Mastermate 收集并整理，如果发现疏漏，请以学校官网为准。

2005ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALSI-P Edition Supported by ASHRAE Research2005 ASHRAE® HANDBOOKFUNDAMENTALSInch-Pound EditionAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400Copyright ©2005 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OFTHE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE.V olunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 1-931862-70-2CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceTHEORYChapter 1.Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics, TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines)2.Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)3.Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)4.Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)5.Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)6.Psychrometrics (TC 1.1)7.Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control)GENERAL ENGINEERING INFORMATIONChapter8.Thermal Comfort (TC 2.1, Physiology and Human Environment)9.Indoor Environmental Health (Environmental Health Committee)10.Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment)11.Physiological Factors in Drying and Storing Farm Crops (TC 2.2)12.Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant RemovalEquipment)13.Odors (TC 2.3)14.Measurement and Instruments (TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurement)15.Fundamentals of Control (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)16.Airflow Around Buildings (TC 5.12, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)BASIC MATERIALSChapter17.Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)bustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)19.Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)20.Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)21.Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)22.Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.12, Dessicant Dehumidification and Components)23.Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Fundamentals(TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)24.Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Applications (TC 4.4)25.Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data (TC 4.4)26.Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONSChapter27.Ventilation and Infiltration (TC 5.12)28.Climatic Design Information (TC 4.2, Weather Information)29.Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data andProcedures)30.Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1)31.Fenestration (TC 4.5, Fenestration)32.Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods (TC 4.7, Energy Calculations)DUCT AND PIPE DESIGNChapter33.Space Air Diffusion (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)34.Indoor Environmental Modeling (TC 4.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling)35.Duct Design (TC 5.2, Duct Design)36.Pipe Sizing (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)GENERALChapter37.Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Terminology)38.Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)39.Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)40.Codes and StandardsADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONSINDEXComposite index to the 2002 Refrigeration, 2003 HV AC Applications, 2004 HV AC Systems andEquipment, and 2005 Fundamentals volumesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributor’s name.Thomas H. Kuehn (1, 6)University of MinnesotaRick J. Couvillion (2, 3, 4, 5) University of ArkansasJohn W. Coleman (2)Brazeway, Inc.Narasipur Suryanarayana (3) Michigan Technological University Zahid Ayub (3)Isotherm, Inc.Art Bergles (3)Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute Michael Ohadi (3)University of MarylandTim Shedd (4)University of WisconsinRoy R. Crawford (6)The Trane CompanyRon M. Nelson (6)Iowa State UniversityCourtney B. Burroughs (7)The Pennsylvania State University Clifford C. Federspiel (8)University of California, Berkeley Larry G. Berglund (8)U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineWane A. Baker (9)Michaels Engineering, Inc.Linda D. Stetzenbach (9)University of Nevada, Las VegasJan Sundell (9)Technical University of Denmark Sidney A. Parsons (9)Parsons & LusdenJames E. Woods (9)Building Diagnostics Research Institute Clifford S. Mitchell (9)Johns Hopkins UniversityByron W. Jones (9)Kansas State UniversityDennis Stanke (9)The Trane Company Richard S. Gates (10)University of KentuckyAlbert J. Heber (10)Purdue UniversityFarhad Memarzadeh (10)National Institutes of HealthGerald L. Riskowski (10, 11)Texas A&M UniversityYuanhui Zhang (10)University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignRoger C. Brook (11)Michigan State UniversityCarolyn (Gemma) Kerr (12)InAir Environmental, Ltd.Doug VanOsdell (12)RTI InternationalMatthew Middlebrooks (12)AQF TechnologiesKarin Foarde (12)RTI InternationalBrian Krafthefer (12)Honeywell LaboratoriesNick Agopian (12)Circul-AireJoe F. Pedelty (13)Holcombe Environmental ServicesPamela Dalton (13)Monell Chemical Senses CenterMartin Kendal-Reed (13)Florida State University Sensory ResearchInstituteJames C. Walker (13)Florida State University Research InstituteLen Damiano (14)EBSTRON, Inc.Charlie Wright (14)TSI, Inc.Terry Beck (14)Kansas State UniversityChariti A. Young (15)Automated Logic CorporationDavid B. Kahn (15)RMH GroupSteven T. Bushby (15)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyJohn Carter (16)Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc.Don Brundage (17)Southern Company ServicesStephen C. Turner (17)Brown UniversityPeter Baade (18)Noise and Vibration Control, Inc.Thomas A. Butcher (18)Brookhaven National LaboratoryDieter Göttling (18)University of StuttgartS. Win Lee (18)CANMETBruce Swiecicki (18)National Propane Gas AssociationHall Virgil (18)Rajiv Singh (19)Honeywell ChemicalsDonald Bivens (19)DuPontMark McLinden (20)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyKevin Connor (21)The Dow Chemical CompanyLew Harriman (22)Mason-Grant ConsultingWilliam B. Rose (23, 24, 25)University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignHugo Hens (23)K.U. LeuvenPaul Shipp (23)USG CorporationAnton TenWolde (23)Forest Products LaboratoryJoseph Lstiburek (24)Building Science CorporationGarth Hall (24)Raths, Raths & JohnsonG. Christopher P. Crall (26)Owens CorningGlenn A. Brower (26)Knauf InsulationW. Scott Miller (26)Knauf InsulationRoger C. Schmidt (26)Nomaco K-flexIain Walker (27)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Max Sherman (27)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Andrew Persily (27)National Institute of Standards and TechnologyCharles S. Barnaby (28, 29) Wrightsoft CorporationRobert Morris (28)Environment CanadaDidier Thevenard (28)Numerical Logics Inc.Marc Plantico (28)National Climate Data CenterJeffrey D. Spitler (29)Oklahoma State UniversitySteve Bruning (30)Newcomb & BoydD. Charlie Curcija (31)University of MassachusettsMichael Collins (31)University of WaterlooWilliam C. duPont (31)John F. Hogan (31)City of Seattle DCLUJoseph H. Klems (31)Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryAbedlaziz Laouadi (31)National Research CouncilW. Ross McCluney (31)Florida Solar Energy CenterBipin V. Shah (31)Rick Strand (32)University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignRon Judkoff (32)National Renewable Energy LaboratoryJoel Neymark (32)J. Neymark and AssociatesJames Aswegan (33)TitusAndrey Livchak (33)Halton CompanyAmy Musser (34)University of NebraskaSteve Emmerich (34)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyChao-Hsin Lin (34)The Boeing CompanyDuncan Phillips (34)Rowan Williams Davis & Irwin, Inc.Jelana Srebric (34)The Pennsylvania State UniversityYan Chen (34)Purdue UniversityWalter Schwarz (34)Fluent, Inc.Stuart Dols (34)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyPeter Nielsen (34)Aalborg UniversityThamir al-Alusi (34)The Boeing CompanyJim Van Gilder (34)American Power ConversionHerman Behls (35)Mark Hegberg (36)ITT Bell & GossettBirol Kilkis (37, 38)Watts RadiantLawrence Drake (37)Radiant Panel AssociationASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEELynn F. Werman, Chair2005 Fundamentals V olume Subcommittee: William S. Fleming, ChairGeorge F. Carscallen Mark G. Conway L. Lane Jackins Cesare M. Joppolo Dennis L. O’Neal T. David Underwood John W. Wells, IIIASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFFMark S. Owen, EditorHeather E. Kennedy, Associate EditorNancy F. Thysell, Typographer/Page DesignerDavid Soltis, Manager and Jayne E. JacksonPublishing ServicesW. Stephen Comstock,Director, Communications and PublicationsPublisherASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPSSECTION 1.0—FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL1.1Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics1.2Instruments and Measurement1.3Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow1.4Control Theory and Application1.5Computer Applications1.6Terminology1.7Business, Management, and General Legal Education 1.8Mechanical Systems Insulation1.9Electrical Systems1.10Cogeneration Systems1.11Electric Motors and Motor Control1.12Moisture Management in BuildingsSECTION 2.0—ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY2.1Physiology and Human Environment2.2Plant and Animal Environment2.3Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas ContaminantRemoval Equipment2.4Particulate Air Contaminants and ParticulateContaminant Removal Equipment2.5Global Climate Change2.6Sound and Vibration Control2.7Seismic and Wind Restraint Design2.8Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability TRG Blast, Chemical and Biological RemediationSECTION 3.0—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES3.1Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants3.2Refrigerant System Chemistry3.3Refrigerant Contaminant Control3.4Lubrication3.6Water Treatment3.8Refrigerant ContainmentSECTION 4.0—LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS4.1Load Calculation Data and Procedures4.2Weather Information4.4Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance 4.5Fenestration4.7Energy Calculations4.10Indoor Environmental ModelingSECTION 5.0—VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION 5.1Fans5.2Duct Design5.3Room Air Distribution5.4Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control) 5.5Air-to-Air Energy Recovery5.6Control of Fire and Smoke5.7Evaporative Cooling5.8Industrial Ventilation Systems5.9Enclosed Vehicular Facilities5.10Kitchen Ventilation5.11Humidifying Equipment5.12Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration SECTION6.0—HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS6.1Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems6.2District Energy6.3Central Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems6.5Radiant and Convective Space Heating and Cooling6.6Service Water Heating6.7Solar Energy Utilization6.8Geothermal Energy Utilization6.9Thermal Storage6.10Fuels and CombustionSECTION 7.0—BUILDING PERFORMANCE7.1Integrated Building Design7.3Operation and Maintenance Management7.4Building Operation Dynamics7.5Smart Building Systems7.6Systems Energy Utilization7.7Testing and Balancing7.8Owning and Operating Costs7.9Building CommissioningSECTION 8.0—AIR-CONDITIONING ANDREFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS8.1Positive Displacement Compressors8.2Centrifugal Machines8.3Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines8.4Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment8.5Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers8.6Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers8.7Combustion Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling Systems8.8Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories8.9Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers8.10Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes 8.11Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 8.12Desiccant Dehumidification and Components SECTION 9.0—BUILDING APPLICATIONS9.1Large-Building Air-Conditioning Systems9.2Industrial Air Conditioning9.3Transportation Air Conditioning9.4Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems9.5Residential and Small-Building Applications9.6Healthcare Facilities9.7Educational Facilities9.8Large-Building Air-Conditioning Applications9.9Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces andElectronic Equipment9.10Laboratory Systems9.11Clean Space9.12Tall BuildingsTG9.JF Justice FacilitiesSECTION 10.0—REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS10.1Custom-Engineered Refrigeration Systems10.2Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks10.3Refrigerant Piping10.4Ultralow-Temperature Systems and Cryogenics10.5Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities10.6Transport Refrigeration10.7Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display andStorage10.8Refrigeration Load Calculations10.9Refrigeration Application for Foods and BeveragesTG10.MOC Immiscible-Oil Refrigerant SystemsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifeThe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condi-tioning Engineers is the world’s foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, support research, and write the industry’s standards for test-ing and practice. The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and pre-serving the outdoors for generations to come.One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and indus-try’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research. Thou-sands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies.Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through the experience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE meet-ings and published in ASHRAE special publications and in ASHRAE Transactions.For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a mem-ber, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; tele-phone: 404-636-8400; .PrefaceThe 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HV AC&R industry. Research spon-sored by ASHRAE and others continues to generate new informa-tion to support the HV AC&R technology that has improved the quality of life worldwide. The ASHRAE Technical Committees that prepare these chapters strive not only to provide new information, but also to clarify existing information, delete obsolete materials, and reorganize chapters to make the Handbook more understand-able and easier to use.This edition includes a new chapter (26), Insulation for Mechan-ical Systems, and an accompanying CD-ROM containing not only all the chapters in both I-P and SI units, but also the vastly expanded and revised climatic design data described in Chapter 28.Some of the major revisions and additions are as follows:•Chapter 2, Fluid Flow, has new examples on calculating pressure loss, flow, and pipe sizes, and new text on port-shape friction fac-tors in laminar flow.•Chapter 3, Heat Transfer, contains updated convection correla-tions; more information on enhanced heat transfer, radiation, heat exchangers, conduction shape factors, and transient conduction; a new section on plate heat exchangers; and several new examples.•Chapter 4, Two-Phase Flow, has new information on boiling and pressure drop in plate heat exchangers, revised equations for boil-ing heat transfer and forced-convection evaporation in tubes, and a rewritten section on pressure drop correlations.•Chapter 7, Sound and Vibration, contains expanded and clarified discussions on key concepts and methods throughout, and updates for research and standards.•Chapter 12, Air Contaminants, contains a rewritten section on bioaerosols, added text on mold, and updated tables.•Chapter 14, Measurement and Instruments, has a new section on optical pyrometry, added text on infrared radiation thermometers, thermal anemometers, and air infiltration measurement with tracer gases, as well as clarified guidance on measuring flow in ducts.•Chapter 20, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, has newly reconciled reference states for tables and diagrams, plus diagrams for R-143a, R-245fa, R-410A, and R-507A.•Chapter 25, Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, con-tains a new table relating water vapor transmission and relative humidity for selected materials.•Chapter 26, Insulation for Mechanical Systems, a new chapter, discusses thermal and acoustical insulation for mechanical sys-tems in residential, commercial, and industrial facilities, includ-ing design, materials, systems, and installation for pipes, tanks, equipment, and ducts.•Chapter 27, Ventilation and Infiltration, updated to reflect ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2, has new sections on theshelter-in-place strategy and safe havens from outdoor air quality hazards.•Chapter 28, Climatic Design Information, extensively revised, has expanded table data for each of the 4422 stations listed (USA/Canada/world; on the CD-ROM accompanying this book), more than three times as many stations as in the 2001 edition.•Chapter 29, Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations, completely rewritten, presents the Residential Load Factor (RLF) method, a simplified technique suitable for manual calculations, derived from the Heat Balance (HB) method. A detailed example is provided.•Chapter 30, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calcula-tions, rewritten, has a new, extensively detailed example demon-strating the Radiant Time Series (RTS) method for a realistic office building, including floor plans and details.•Chapter 32, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, includes new information on boilers, data-driven models, combustion chambers, heat exchangers, and system controls, and a new sec-tion on model validation and testing.•Chapter 33, Space Air Diffusion, has a rewritten, expanded sec-tion on displacement ventilation.•Chapter 34, Indoor Environmental Modeling, rewritten, retitled, and significantly expanded, now covers multizone network air-flow and contaminant transport modeling as well as HV AC com-putational fluid dynamics.•Chapter 35, Duct Design, includes new guidance on flexible duct losses, balancing dampers, and louvers.•Chapter 36, Pipe Sizing, has new text and tables on losses for ells, reducers, expansions, and tees, and the interactions between fit-tings.This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and in electronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the International System of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2002, 2003, and 2004 Handbook volumes can be found on the ASHRAE Web site at and in the Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Corrections for this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on the ASHRAE Web site.To make suggestions for improving a chapter or for information on how you can help revise a chapter, please comment using the form on the ASHRAE Web site; or e-mail mowen@; or write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; or fax 404-321-5478.Mark S. OwenEditor。

常用英语前缀Ⅰ．前缀re-re-是最常用的前缀之一。

它可以加在名词或动词前面，构成新的名词或动词。

re-表示以下三方面的意义：1．表示"回"或"向后"的意思。

例如：return（回来，返回）recall（回忆，召回）retract（缩回，取回）2．表示"再"、"重新"、"重复"的意思。

例如：review（复习）reunion（团圆，重聚）restart（重新开始）reconstruction （重建）3．表示"相反"、"反对"的意思。

例如：rebel（反叛，谋反）reverse（反转，颠倒）resist（反抗，抵抗）Ⅱ．前缀de-与dis-前缀de-来自拉丁语，意为"away from"，所以这个前缀的意义之一就是"离开"、"出"。

它构成的词有一定规律性，常表"离开"这一深层概念，而且常与介词from等搭配，例如：dethrone（废黜）deport（驱逐出境）deduce（推断）derail （脱轨）Delete his name from the list of members．把他的名字从成员名单上除去。

The train will depart from platform 2．这列火车将从2号站台发车。

另外，前缀de-还表示"除去"、"取消"以及"否定"、"非"、"相反"的意思。

例如：decamp（撤营）decode（解码）deforest （砍伐森林）decolonize（非殖民化）devaluation（贬值）He has been degraded from public office．他已经被解除公职。

英语常用前缀、后缀和词根 2012/3 USSTPart I 前缀 前缀改变词义1.表示加强、附加、增加、方向、变化、完成abandon =a+ban(禁止)+on vt. 放弃 They had to abandon the ship. abbreviate=ab(to) + brev(brief) vt. 缩短，缩写 accept =ac+cept(to take 取) vt. 接受 achieve =a+chieve(chief) vt. 获得，取得 acquire =ac+quire(to seek 追求)v.获得（知识、技能） Cf. inquire =in+quire v. 探问require =re+quire vt. 要求 admire =ad+m ire(to wonder←miracle) v. 赞赏，敬仰 →admirable, admirer advance =adv+ance(before 先前) vi. 前进 aggressive =ag+gress(to walk 行走)+ive adj. 有侵略性的 →aggression n. 侵略aloud =a+loud adv. 大声地 allocate =al+locate(to place 定位) v. 分配，指派 apply =ap+ply(to fold) vt. 应用，申请 arise =a+rise v. 出现，产生 New problems arise one by one. arouse=a+rouse(rise) vt. 唤醒 The orange color can arouse appetite. Cf. Raise up your hands! The sun has risen up. arrange =ar+range(to rank 排位) vt. 安排， 整理arrest =ar+re(back)+st(to stand) vt. 逮捕 attract =at+tract(to draw 拉，拽) vt. 吸引 await =a+wait vt. 等待~ sb awake =a+wake vt. 唤醒 ~ the sleeping lion 2. 离开，避开abnormal =ab+normal adj. 反常的 abortion =a+bor(to be born)+tion n. 堕胎absorb =ab+sorb(to suck up 吸吮) v. 吸收，吸取 abuse=ab+use vt. 滥用abrupt =ab+rupt adj. 突然的abstract =abs+tract adj. 抽象的 n.摘要abundant =ab+und(bound 束缚)+ant adj. 丰富的3. (与pro-相反)anti-abortionist n. 反堕胎者anti-communist adj. 反共的anti-Japanese adj. the ~ War 抗日战争 anti-social young men 反社会的年轻人4. 好的，善的 benefit =bene+fit(=fact=do)做好事→vt. 有益于 beneficial adj. 有益的 benevolent =bene+vol(wish)+ent adj.慈善的 bonus n. 奖金，红利 （英语中的better, best 与此词根有关）5. 成双的，两个的 bicycle =bi+cycle(圈) n. 双轮车→自行车bilingual =bi+lingua(language 语言) adj. 双语的 bimonthly =bi+month+ly adj. 双月的n. 双月刊 biweekly =bi+week+ly adj. 双周的 n. 双周刊6. 成双，两个的 double adj. 双重的, v. 使加倍 doubt =be of two minds(二心不定) vt., n. 怀疑 dozen =do(du)+zen(ten)=2+10=12 n. 一打 dual =du+al(形容词词尾) adj. 二重的， 两层的 She has dual nationality. 双重国籍 duel n. 决斗duet n. 二重唱，二重奏 They played a duet. duplicate v. 复制7. 两个的 twice adj. 两次 twilight =light between day and night n. 清晨; 黄昏twin n. 双生子 twist =两股绳子绞在一起 v. 扭曲，缠卷8. 三个的triangle n. 三角tribe n. 部落tricycle n. 三轮车triple v. 使成三倍n. 三倍的The production tripled.9.四个的quarter→ 一小时的四分之一= 一刻钟quartet n. 四重奏quarterly n. 季刊10.圆圈的circle n. 圆圈circulate vi. 流通circular adj. 循环的circuit n. 一圈，一周；电路circumstance=circum+stan(to stand)+ce(名词词尾) n. 环境，情况11.共同的combat=com+bat(to beat打)→彼此对打→v.战斗combine=com+bine(two) vt. 结合，联合communicate=com+muni(to change)+cate v. 交流compose=com+pose(to put) →放在一起→ v. 组成collaboration=col+labor+at(动词词尾)+ion共同劳动→n. 合作collect=col+lect(to gather集合) vt. 收集concentrate=con+centr(中心)+ate（动词词尾）v. 集中，专心conclude=con+clued(to close) →一起关闭v.下结论Cf. include=in+clude v. 包括在内exclude=ex+clude v.排除在外conflict=con+flict(to strike打)互相打→vi. 冲突，矛盾conjunction=con+junc(to join)+tion 结合起来n. 连接词；结合，巧合consent=con+sent(to feel感觉) →共同的感觉→vi. 同意convoy=con+voy(way) 同走一条路→n.护航，随行Cf. convey=con+vey(way)归于同道vt. 传达correct=cor+rect(right正确)vt. 改正；adj.正确的12.contradict=contra+dict(to speak←dictation)v. 反驳，否认contrary=conra+ary(形容词词尾) adj. 相反的contrast=contra+st(to stand) v. 对照，对比counterpart=counter+part n. 相对的人或物encounter=en(使得)+counter 使相遇vt. 遇到13.往下，分离，否定，彻底debate=de(down)+bate(to beat) →打倒→辩论deceive=de(away)+ceive(to take) →拿走→v.欺骗decide=de(off)+cide(to cut) →割开→v.决断，决定declare=de(thoroughly)+(clear)v. 宣言，断言decrease=de(down)+crease(to make) v. 下降，减产Cf. increase=in(up)+crease v. 增加，增产deform=de(away)+form v. 使残废depart=de(away)+part v. 离开depict=de(thoroughly)+pict(to paint) v. 描画14.分离，除去，剥夺，反对，否定disable=dis+able v.使丧失能力，使残废disagree=dis(not)+agree v. 不同意disapprove=dis(not)+ap+prove v. 不赞成discourage=dis(apart剥夺)+courage v. 使沮丧，使气馁disperse=dis(away)+sperse(to scatter分散) v. 驱散dispose=dis(apart)+pose(to place) v. 处置display=dis(apart)+play(to fold折叠) v. 将折叠起来的东西展开来使能看到→展示，阵列distinguish=dis(away)+tinguish v. 区别，区分distant=dis(away)+stan(to stand)+t adj. 远距离的15.在内→使进入某种状态，使成为enact vt. 使成为法律→制定法律enclose vt. 围绕，包围，把……纳入encourage vt. 使有勇气→鼓励enjoy vt. 使高兴，享受enlarge vt. 使扩大enrich vt. 使富有empower vt. 使有力16.向外的，彻底的exact=ex+act adj. 精确的example=ex+ample(to take) n. 例子exceed=ex+ceed(to go) v. 超出，超越excel=ex+cel(to rise) v. 胜过，卓尔不群→excellent adj. 优秀的，excellence优秀exchange=ex+change v. 相互交换，交流exit=ex+it(to go) n. 出口expand=ex+pand(to spread) v. 扩展expec t=ex+spect(to look) v. 期望，预料expire=ex+spire(to breathe) v. 吐气，期满educate=e+ducate(to lead导出) v. 教导，教育elect=e+lect(to select) v. 选举eliminate=e+limi(to limit限制)+nate（动词词尾）v. 去除，消除17.超出extracurricular activities 课外活动extraordinary adj. 非同寻常的extremely adv. 非常地，极端地18.以前，之前, 前面的forearm n. 前臂，小臂forecast v. 预报forefather n. 祖先，前辈forefinger n. 食指forefront n. 前线foregoing adj. 前文叙述的foreground n. 前景forehead n. 前额foremost adv. 首先forerunner n. 先驱foresee v. 预见，预知foretell v. 预言；预测foreword n. 序言forward adv. 向前地n. 前锋v. 转寄19.半个的hemicycle n. 半圆hemisphere=hemi+sphere(球体) n. 半球20.相同的homogeneous adj. 成分一致的(如国内学生班级) Cf. heterogeneous成分混杂的（如国际班）homograph n. 同形异义词homophone n. 同音词homosexual adj. 同性恋的21.不同种类的heterosexual adj. 异性恋的22.内在的，进入某种状态的income n.收入include= in+clude(←close关闭) v. 包括在内increase= in+crease(to grow) n. 增加Cf. decrease降低，减少indoor adj. ~ games 室内运动inflation=in+flate(to blow吹气) n. 向内吹气→使膨胀→通货膨胀influence=in+fluence(to flow流动) n. 向内流动→使受影响inject=in+ject(to throw 投掷) v. 向内注射→打针insert=in+sert(to join 加入) v. 嵌入，插入inspect=in+spec(to look) v. 向内看→视察involve=in+volve(to roll旋转) v. 卷入其中implement=in+ple(to fill装满)+ment v. 充满其中→实施n. farm implements农具Cf. musical instruments 乐器family appliances 家用电器import=im+port(to carry) v., n. 带进去→进口impose=im(on, upon)+pose(to place放置) v.置于其上→强加23.否定inappropriate=in+appropriate合适的adj.不合适的，不恰当的inconvenient=in+convenient adj. 不方便的infinite=in+finite有限的adj. 无限的24.两者间的interaction=inter+action n. 互动interchange=inter+change v. 交换interconnected adj. 彼此相互联系的internet n. 互联网interpret=inter+pret(=prec=price) 在两者之间确定价值→阐释，翻译internship n. 实习intern n. 实习生intervene=internet+vene(to come) vt.介于两者之间→干预, 调停intervene between two quarrelling studentsinterfere=inter+fere(to strike打)彼此对打→vt. 干涉Never interfere between husband and wife. international affairs 国际事务interpersonal relations 人际关系25.内部的（与 extra- 相反）intra-school reform 学校内部的改革 introspect =intro+spect 向内看→内省introverted =intro+vert(to turn)+ed adj.内向的 Cf. extroverted adj. 外向的26.大的，long 长的 macroeconomics n. 宏观经济学 macro-listening综合技能听力训练27.小的microeconomics n. 微观经济学micro-listening n. 微技能听力下训练 microbiology n.microphone=micro+phone(sound) n.使声音由小变大 n. 扩音器，麦克风 microscope n. 显微镜 microwave n.微波 Microsoft n. 微软28.坏的（与bene- 相反） malicious =mal+cious adj. 恶意的，蓄意的 malfunction =mal+function n. 机能不全，故障 malnutrition =mal+nutrition n. 营养不良 maltreat =mal+treat vt.虐待29.错误地 misbehave =mis+behave v. 行为不端 misleading =mis+lead+ing adj. 误导的 mistake n. 错误misunderstand v.误解30.单独的，单个的 monocycle =mono+cycle n. 独轮车 monologue =mono+logue n. 独白monolingual =mono+lingual n. 只会说一种语言的 monopolize =mono+pol(to sell)+ize 独家贩卖→垄断31.多的 multicolor n. 多种颜色multicultural adj. 多元文化的multimedia teaching n. 多媒体教学 multifunction classroom n.多功能教室32.否定 never neither nornone=not one, not a nay=no33.否定non-profit organization 非营利组织non-government organization 非政府组织 non-lineal formula非线性方程34.新的neoclassicism n. 新古典主义 neocolonialism n.新殖民主义35.超出outgrow vt. 比~长得更大、更快或更长等The boy has outgrown his coat.长高了衣服穿不下 outrun vt. 比~跑得快The rabbit outran the tortoise. 兔子比乌龟跑得快 outline n. 轮廓，概要※ 注意： 一些动词短语倒过来可构成与原意相似的复合名词或形容词，如：outbreak n. 爆发 ←break out 爆发 outcome n. 结果 ←come out 出现 outcry n. 叫喊；抗议 ←cry out 高声呼叫 outlet n. 出口 ←let out 放出 outlook n. 展望 ←look out 小心；警戒 output n. 产出 ←put out 出产outspoken adj. 直言不讳的 ←speak out 呼吁36.在…之上，跨过；覆盖，超越，胜过；过度，太过overpass (Amr. E.) n. 立交桥（overbridge Brit. E.）Cf. bypass n. 外环线 overact v. 动作过度 overcome v. 克服overcrowded adj. 过度拥挤的 overestimate v. 对…估计过高 overloaded adj. 超载overlook v. 看漏；俯视；监视 oversee v. 监督；监视 overturn v. 推翻overwhelm v. 使淹没 他因为父亲去世悲痛至极。

社交电商营销策略研究国内外文献综述目录社交电商营销策略研究国内外文献综述 (1)1. 国内研究现状 (1)（1）对社交电商的定义和特点的研究 (1)（2）对社交电子商务发展现状研究 (1)（3）对社交电子商务发展模式研究 (1)（4）对社交电商发展策略的研究 (2)2. 国外研究现状 (2)（1）对于社交电商概念的研究 (2)（2）对社交电商特征的研究 (2)3. 文献评述 (3)参考文献 (3)1.国内研究现状如果我们梳理关于社交电商的国内文章，我们会发现国内对社交电商的研究要多得多，但以社交电子商务营销策略为切入点的研究较少，相关研究也是基于宏观视角和国外案例展开，关于中国的国情和社交电子商务平台的具体研究很少。

总的来说，国内研究人员对社交电商的下列几方面进行了研究: （1）对社交电商的定义和特点的研究王胜平,陈康,付银霜（2020）等研究发现，社交电子商务是基于互联网发展起来的电商平台，其经营以与用户密切沟通交流为主要特点，可以在当前的商业网络环境中推动消费者的新消费需求[3]。

叶舜雅（2017）认为，社交性，需求被动性，内容自我可持续性，信息双向沟通和信任转移是社交电子商务的特点，与普通的电子交易不同，社交电商用户的需求是被动的[4]。

由于社区中朋友的购买和推荐，用户往往倾向于购买。

（2）对社交电子商务发展现状研究余蓉（2020）提出社交电商的最终目标是让用户消费。

他们也分析总结了社交电子商务现在的发展过程中存在移动支付受到限制，流量消耗过大，行业标准不完善等问题[5]。

李响（2017）通过研究国外社交电子商务网站的发展现状后指出，基于社交网络和兴趣偏好的电子商务是未来电子商务行业的发展方向[6]。

邹黎（2020）认为目前中国社交电商发展的资金和资源不足，同类别产品的竞争过于激烈，对单一平台过度依赖等问题和局限性[7]。

（3）对社交电子商务发展模式研究杨世武,苑心怡（2020）在对我国社交电商的发展现状研究后认为，当前，社交与电商结合的发展模式还没有形成一套行业标准。

前缀表示否定的前缀1.a=without：atypical2.anti=against：antidote3.contra=against：controversial4.dis=not、apart：dissonance、dissect5.in=not：indefatigable、immemorial、irrepressible、illiterate6.un=not：unequivocal表示方位的前缀1.ante=before：anticipate2.pre=before：preclude/include/exclude/seclude3.epi=upon：episode4.ob=toward、against：obstinate5.pro=forward、for：provoke6.post=after：posterity7.re=back、again：retrospect8. ad=to、toward：affection、alleviate9.super=over：supersede10.sub=under：suburb urban11.ambi、amphi=around、both：ambiguous、amphibian12.e、ec、ef、ex=out：enumerate、eccentric、effluent、exhale13.peri=around：perimeter表示程度的前缀1.macro=great：macroeconomics2.micro=tiny：microscope3.multi=many：multifunction4.poly=many：polygamous polyandrous5.omni=all：omnivorous表示状态、现象的前缀1.bel、bene =good、beautiful：benefit、embellish2.eu=good：euphony cacophony eulogy3.mal=bad：malfunction4.mis=wrong：misfortune mishap5.ab、abs=away：abhorrent、abstain6.de=away、down、not：dehydrate、depict、deconstruction7.se=apart：seclude8.tele=far：telegram9.con、com、col、cor=together：congregation、consolidate10.syn、sym=together、same：photosynthesis11.dia=through：diagnosis12.per=thoroughly：impervious13.trans=across：transcend表示数字的前缀1.hemi=half：hemisphere 6.di =two：dilemma2.mono=one：monotonous 7.du=two：dual3.sol=alone：solitude 8.tri=three：trident4.uni=one：unanimous 9.quadr=four：quarter5.bi=two：bilingual 10.deca=ten：decimate词根表示身体的字根1.corp、corpor=body：corps、corporal2.cord=heart:accord表示程度字根1.magn、maj=great：magnificent、majesty2.mini、minu=tiny：diminish、minute表示方位的字根1.loc=place：locomotive、allocation2.medi=middle：mediocre3.centr=center：concentration4.circum、cycl=circle：circumspect、recycle表示状态的字根1.plen、plet=full、fill：replenish、deplete2.sat、satis、satur=full：insatiable、satisfied、saturate3.vac=empty：evacuate4.nihil、nul=none：annihilate、nullify5.brev、bridg=short：abbreviation、abridged6.hum=ground：humidity、humiliate、exhume7.temp=heat、season、time：temperament、tempest、contemporary、extemporaneous8.ver=true：verdict9.rect=right：rectify、erect10.val、vail=strong、worth：valiant、prevalent11.forc、fort=strong：reinforcement、forte12.liber=free、balance：liberate13.arch=first、chief、ancient：archaic、anarchy14.pri、prim、prin=first：priority、primary、principle15.optim=best：optimistic16.neo、nov=new：renovate表示现象的字根1.cad、cas、cid=fall：decadence、casualty、occident2.fin=end、limit：confine3.term=end、limit：conterminous4.dur=last：endure5.flu=flow：fluctuation6.und=overflow：redundant7.mob、mot=move：mobilize、motive8.vers、vert=turn、change：versatile、adversity9.vari=change：variety10.flect、flex=bend：reflect、inflexible11.tort=twist：torture、distort12.ple、plic=fold：perplexing、explicit13.clin=lean、slope：incline表示生命的字根1.vit、viv=live：vitamin、survival2.bio=life：antibiotic3.nat=born：innate4.gen=born：regenerate表示姿势的字根1.sist、stat、stit=stand、set up：assist、stale、persist2.sed、sess、set、sid、sit=sit：sedate、session、settlement、preside、situate3.cub、cumb=lie：succumb、incubator表示行为动作的字根1.pon、pos、pound=place：exponent、composite、compound2.fact、fect、fic=do、make：factor、defective、fiction、facilitate3.sign=mark：assign、designate4.stig、stim、stinct、sting=mark、prick：stigma、stimulate、distinct、instinct5.gram、graph=write：telegram、choreographer6.scrib、script=write：subscribe、transcript7.meter=measure：thermometer8.pend、pens、pond=hang、weigh、pay：appendix、pensive、expense、indispensable、ponder、propensity9.ambul=walk：ambulance10.cur=run：cursory、concur、incur、occur11.nour、nur、nutri=feed：nourish、nurture、nutrition12.vor、vour=swallow：carnivorous、devour13.gest=carry：congestion14.duc、duct=lead：deduce、ductile/docile、conductor、seduce15.secut、sequ、sue=follow：consecutive、consequently、ensue16.pel、puls=push：propel、compulsive17.tract=pull：detractor18.ven、vent=come：convene、convention19.it=go：itinerant20.cede、ceed、cess=go：intercede、proceed、concession21.grad、gress=step：aggressive、digression22.cis、sect=cut：concise、dissect23.cide=kill：homicide24.junct=join：junction、juncture25.serv=keep：preserve26.tain、ten、tin=hold：detain、tenant、continent27.fer=carry、bear：ferry、fertile/futile28.port=carry：porter、deport29.ject=throw：project、reject30.miss、mit=send：missionary、remit31.opt=choose：optional/ adopt32.lect、leg、lig、lex=choose、read：intellectual、illegible、eligible、dyslexia33.que、qui=ask、seek：conquest、inquiry34.capt、cept、cip=take、seize：captivate、intercept、deceive35.solu、solv=loosen：soluble、resolve36.strain、stress、strict、string=tighten、tight：constrain、distress、restrict、stringent37.tend、tens、tent=stretch：distended、extension、pretentious38.dem=harm：condemn39.fract、frag=break：fracture、fragile40.rupt=break：corruption41.struct=build：obstruct、misconstrue42.vict、vinc=conquer：victim、province43.reg=rule：regime、sovereignty表示否定的字根1.neg=none：negligible表示死亡的字根1.mort=death：immortal表示感觉的字根1.sens、sent=feel：consensus、resent2.pass、path、pati=feel、suffer：passionate、antipathy、incompatible3.grac、grat=pleasing、thankful：disgrace、gratitude4.pen、pun=pain、punish：penal、impunity表示社会的字根1.demo=people：demagogue2.popul、publ=people：popularize、republic3.soci=group：associate4.civ=city：civilization5.polit=city、government：metropolitan6.dom=home、control：domesticate、domineering表示心理活动的字根1.card、cor、cord =heart：cardiologist、core、cordial2.ment=mind：mentality3.memor、mne=remember：immemorial、amnesia4.cogn、gnos=know：cognitive、agonist，5.cred=believe：incredible6.fed、fid=faith：confederation、infidelity7.cert=sure：certification表示感官动作1.aud=hear：auditorium2.dic、dict=speak：abdicate、contradictory3.locu、loqu=speak：colloquial、eloquent4.log、logue=speak：monologue5.logy=study of：meteorology6.clam、claim=shout：clamor、proclaim7.chor=sing、dance：choir The Choir Boys8.spect、spic=look：spectacular、conspicuous9.vid、vis=see：evident、revise10.tach、tact、tag、tang、tig=touch：detachment、intact、contagious、tango、contiguous。

美国名校⾦融⼯程（MFE）专业⼤盘点⾦融⼯程这个名字很有迷惑性⾦融和⼯程这两个词对于⼤部分中国学⽣来说具有绝对的吸引⼒有⼈说⾦融⼯程是近年窜起速度最快的学科其深度远远超过MBA⾦融⽅⾯的课程有⼈说⾦融⼯程是可以上天的专业因为它综合了⾦融学、数学、计算机科学申请难度极⼤就业前景极好那么，美国各名校的⾦融⼯程专业到底设置了哪些课程其录取条件和就业形势如何呢？⼩编为⼤家吐⾎整理了这篇MFE专业⼤全Carnegie Mellon项⽬名称Master of ComputationalFinance开设院系Tepper商学院课程介绍学制为16个⽉，三个学期。

开学⽇期：每年8⽉末。

课程特点：1.同学可以参加由德意志银⾏组织的DeutscheTrading Competition，获胜者可以得到现⾦奖励及在德意志银⾏实习的机会。

2.MSCF项⽬顾问团队成员全部来⾃WallSt的投⾏录取要求要就读卡内基梅隆⼤学 (匹兹堡)需要雅思或托福成绩，要求雅思成绩总分为7，要求托福成绩总分为100，申请该专业就读需要2年的时间，需要本科⼯程⽅向背景：数学、计算机、⼯程学、经济学。

需要熟悉计算机应⽤：C, C++，有相关⼯作经验优先就业前景MSCF的毕业⽣主要从事DerivativesPricing and Trading, Risk Management, Research,Structured Products, Quantitative PortfolioManagement and Analytics SoftwareDevelopment。

其学⽣毕业后三个⽉的就业率为：2011年毕业⽣录取率为92%，2010年为88%，2009年为83%，2008年为96%UC Berkeley项⽬名称Master of Financial EngineeringProgram开设院系Berkeley主校园东南侧的Haas商学院课程介绍Berkeley的MFE要求修满28个学分的课程，⼀个学分对应15个课时，这其中包括MorganStanley的应⽤⾦融项⽬。