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育明考博咨询电话400-668-6978 QQ：493371626 QQ：2890064351 2015中央民族大学民族学与人类学学院人类学专业考博分析一、招考介绍2015年中央民族大学民族学与人类学学院招生18人，其中人类学专业招生为6人。
而此专业又分为6个主要研究方向，分别为：社会人类学、文化人类学理论与方法、文化遗产研究、经济人类学、艺术人类学、中国少数民族美术考古与岩画八个主要的研究方向。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
第一章英译汉第一节考博英语英译汉部分考核要求和试题分析一、考博英语英译汉部分考核要求全国博士生入学考试英语翻译题（英译汉部分）的类型一般分为四类：语句翻译、段落翻译、篇章翻译和文章中划线句的翻译。
英译汉的部分，以段落翻译居多，其类型一般也分为语句翻译、篇章翻译（就一个主题进行说明、描述和论证）。
对文章中划线句进行翻译的形式出现的较少。
根据原国家教委1992年颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》规定，博士生“英语入学水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的通过水平”。
而硕士生英译汉教学要求是“能借助词典，把有相当难度的一般性题材文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。
笔译速度达到每小时350个左右英文单词。
”汉译英的教学要求是“能借助词典，将一般难度的短文译成英语，无重大语法错误，笔译速度达到每小时250个左右汉字。
”目前，国家对博士生入学英语考试未作统一规定，由各院校自行安排。
因而，博士生入学考试英语翻译的考核标准和要求只能参照硕士生的要求。
如天津大学主要是考查汉译英，要求将一般性题材的汉语短文在正确理解基础上翻译成规范、通顺的英语。
译文要求忠实原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。
现在，普遍的情况是要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。
主要测试考生能否从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来。
更加注重在特定的语境下和联系上下文理解句子或句群的意思。
形式越来越灵活，强调考查学生对英语的运用能力，能力测试的趋势增强。
二、考博英语英译汉部分试题分析通过对国内主要重点院校近年来翻译部分的变化趋势进行分析，总结出题的特点，把握出题规律。
对博士生在英语方面应该具备的能力和水平的总体认识的变化，极大的影响了题型的结构和各部分分值的变化。
由于各个院校自己命题，院校之间差异较大。
（一）题型的选择和分配1．连续多年不考英译汉或汉译英。
如北京大学2000年至2006年的博士入学试题中没有考翻译题。
考博英语翻译练习题及答案考博英语翻译练习题及答案在学习、工作中，我们总免不了要接触或使用练习题，通过这些形形色色的习题，使得我们得以有机会认识事物的方方面面，认识概括化图式多样化的具体变式，从而使我们对原理和规律的认识更加的深入。
什么样的习题才是好习题呢？以下是小编精心整理的考博英语翻译练习题及答案，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
考博英语翻译练习题及答案1考博英语翻译练习：三峡考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多均有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整顿了某些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
三峡，是万里长江一段风景壮丽的大峡谷，为中国十大风景名胜之一。
它西起四川省奉节县的白帝城，向东延伸至湖北省宜昌市的`南津关，由瞿塘峡、巫峡、西陵峡构成，全长192公里。
长江三峡，无限风光。
瞿塘峡的雄伟，巫峡的秀丽，西陵峡的险峻，尚有三段峡谷的大宁河、香溪、神农溪的古朴，并伴伴随许多漂亮的神话和感人的传说，令人心驰神往。
译文参照：The Yangtze River’s Three Gorges is a great valley with the mostsplendid landscape on the Yangtze (Changjiang) River and also one of the ten most famous scenic sites of China.It extends from White King Town in Fengjie County,Sichuan Province,to Nanjin Pass in Yichang,Hubei Province, and consists of Qutang Gorge,Wu Gorge and Xiling Gorge,with a full length of 192 kilometers.The Yangtze River’s Three Gorges presents a scene of boundless varieties with the magnificence of Qutang Gorge,the elegance of Wu Gorge,the perilousness of Xiling Gorgeas well as the primitive simplicity of Daning,Xiang and Shennong Rivers.And what’s more,each scene is related to a wonderful fairy tale or a moving legend which attract people.点拨：三峡 the Yangtze Rive r’s Three Gorges壮丽 splendid延伸 extend白帝城 White King Town由…构成 consist of瞿塘峡 Qutang Gorge巫峡 Wu Gorge西陵峡 Xiling Gorge险峻 perilousness 古朴 primitive simplicity神话 fairy tale感人的 moving考博英语翻译练习题及答案2考博英语翻译练习：思乡情考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多均有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整顿了某些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
中央民族大学考博英语翻译题解析反译法：一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。
有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。
1)否定译成肯定。
如：I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次经过那家剧院，我都会想起他的最后一次演出。
There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。
(双重否定).Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealingnew depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S.citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。
(双重否定)(真题示范).The United Nations Organization has not，so far，justified thehopes which the people of the world set on it.到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its populationto the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support forall，people will have to accept more“unnatural food”。
除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
中央民族大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析1.The machine needs a complete____since it has been in use for over ten years.(A)amending(B)fitting(C)mending(D)renovating2.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only caught a____of him.(A)glance(B)glimpse(C)look(D)sight3.I don't think it's wise of you to_____your greater knowledge in front of the director,for it may offend him.(A)show up(B)show out(C)show in(D)show off4.The returns in the short______may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.(A)interval(B)range(C)span(D)term5.A thorough study of biology requires_____with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts.(A)acquisition(B)discrimination(C)curiosity(D) familiarity6.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would____her long effort.(A)justify(B)testify(C)rectify(D)verify7.I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____my debt in return for certain services.(A)take away(B)cut out(C)write off(D)clear up8.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great____.(A)explosion(B)sensation(C)exaggeration(D) stimulation9.According to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post____no responsibility with it at all?(A)shoulders(B)possesses(C)carries(D)shares10.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his____toa certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.(A)comment(B)reaction(C)impression(D)comprehension11.Please____yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.(A)restrain(B)hinder(C)restrict(D)prohibit12.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of______every business operation in the whole country.(A)practically(B)preferably(C)precisely(D) presumably13.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around billion, ____the billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.(A)in proportion to(B)in reply to(C)in relation to(D) in contrast to14.He is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will ______at the end of this month.(A)expire(B)exceed(C)terminate(D)cease15.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read________letters from their families.(A)sentimental(B)affectionate(C)intimate(D) sensitive16.several international events in the early1990s seem likely to______,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the1980s.(A)revolt(B)revolve(C)reverse(D)revive17.I was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite______.(A)arbitrary(B)rational(C)mechanical(D) unpredictable18.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer______according to the weather.(A)altered(B)converted(C)fluctuated(D)modified19.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not_____their prospect of promotion.(A)spur(B)further(C)induce(D)reinforce20.In what_______to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.(A)applies(B)accounts(C)attaches(D)amount1.本题的答案是(C)(A)amending："修改，修正"，通常指对法律条文、国际条约、合同等进行适当的修改。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.Theclear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.Thepresident of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key pointin the preface to the panel's report“Science never has all theanswers.But science does provide us with the best available guideto the future,and it is critical that out nation and the world baseimportant policies on the best judgments that science can provideconcerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as onsmoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the scienceabout global warming is incomplete,that it's Ok to keep pouring fumesinto the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risksobvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurancepolicy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers stilldon't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,theycontinue to press for more research-a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that[A].there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.[B].the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.[C].people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.[D].antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as[A].a protector.[B].a judge.[C].a critic.[D].a guide.28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line,paragraph4)[A].Endless studies kill action.[B].Careful investigation reveals truth.[C].prudent planning hinders.[D].Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do about[A].Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B].Raise public awareness of conservation.[C].Press for further scientific research.[D].Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because[A].they both suffered from the government's negligence.[B].a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.[C].the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.[D].both of them have turned from bad to worse.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosing A,B,C,D.Mark your choice on ANSWERSHEET 1.(40points)Text1In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency,”George Orbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme.Only if the joblessarrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search,andstart looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then theyshould report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be morereasonable?（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be aseven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few daysshould be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on.”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say offbenefits and help those on benefits get into work faster”Help?Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”toan obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from thenewly unemployed to find work,and subsides laziness.What motivatedhim,we were to understand,was his zeal for“fundamentalfairness”-protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending andensuring that only the most deserving claimants received theirbenefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though20years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance”—invented in1996—is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead,the claimant receives atime-limited“allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the leastgenerous in the EU.真题解析：文章概括：政府大臣Grorge Osbome提出了一个项目帮助失业的人找工作。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读题精解Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion?It means that we live1competing interests.Your roommate’s need tostudy for an exam may take2over pizza.Your instructor may have goodreasons not to change your grade.And the3of your romantic interestmay have other options.In such a world,persuasion is the art of getting others to givefair and4consideration to our point of view.When we persuade,wewant to influence5others believe and behave.We may not alwaysprevail—other points of view may be more persuasive,6on the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi listener,the situation,and the merits of the case.But when we practice the art of persuasion,we try to7that our position receives the attention it deserves.Some people,however,8to the very idea of persuasion.They mayregard it as an unwelcome intrusion9their lives or as a manipulationor domination.10,we believe that persuasion is11—to live is topersuade.Persuasion may be ethical or unethical,selfless or selfish,12or degrading.Persuaders may enlighten our minds or13on ourvulnerability.Ethical persuasion,however,calls14sound reasoningand is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.Suchpersuasion can help us15the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make.16,an essential part of education is learning to17 the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practise the other.18its personal importance to us,persuasion is essential to society.The19to persuade and be persuaded is the foundation of the American political system,guaranteed by the First Amendment20the Constitution.1.[A]on[B]among[C]for[D]by2[A]priority[B]advantage[C]control[D]place3.[A]objection[B]projection[C]project[D]object4.[A]unbiased[B]unprejudiced[C]favorable[D]favorite5.[A]what[B]which[C]why[D]how6.\[A\]living\[B\]depending\[C\]resting\[D\]insisting7.\[A\]ensure\[B\]assure\[C\]insure\[D\]reassure8.\[A\]agree\[B\]object\[C\]confront\[D\]consent9.\[A\]onto\[B\]of\[C\]to\[D\]into10.\[A\]In contrast\[B\]In particular\[C\]For instance\[D\] As a result11.\[A\]prominent\[B\]invariable\[C\]evident\[D\]inevitable12.\[A\]embarrassing\[B\]inspiring\[C\]upgrading\[D\] innovating13.\[A\]prey\[B\]rest\[C\]put\[D\]fall14.\[A\]for\[B\]up\[C\]off\[D\]on15.\[A\]apply\[B\]contribute\[C\]transfer\[D\]connect16.\[A\]However\[B\]Conversely\[C\]Furthermore\[D\] Therefore17.\[A\]resist\[B\]perform\[C\]insist\[D\]restrain18.\[A\]Beyond\[B\]Except\[C\]Including\[D\]Excluding19.\[A\]power\[B\]authority\[C\]ability\[D\]right20.\[A\]to\[B\]for\[C\]on\[D\]in1.【答案】B本题考查介词的用法。
中央民族大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his otherteachings.(46)Its motive was religious,but he claimed also for itthat it was a definite technique,a method,capable of producingdesired political results.Gandhi’s attitude was not that of mostWestern pacifists.Satyagraha,(47)the method Gandhi proposed andpracticed,first evolved in South Africa,was a sort of nonviolentwarfare,a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and withoutfeeling or arousing hatred.It entailed such things as civil Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi disobedience,strikes,lyingdown in front of railway trains,enduring police charges withoutrunning away and without hitting back,and the like.Gandhi objectedto“passive resistance”as a translation of Satyagraha:in Gujuruti,it seems the word means“firmness in the truth.”(48)In his earlydays Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in theBoer War,and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of1914-1918.Even after he had completely renounced violence he washonest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides.Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for nationalindependence,he could not and,(49)indeed,he did not take thefruitless and dishonest line of pretending that in every war bothsides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.Nordid he,like most Western pacifists,specialize in avoiding awkward questions.In relation to the war,one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer is:“What about the Jews?Are you prepared to see them exterminated?”(50)I must say that I have never heard,from any Western pacifist,an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions,usually of the“you’re another”type.But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in1938and his answer was on record in Mr.Louis Fisher’s Gandhi and Stalin.According to Mr.Fisher,Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide,which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”答案46.其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读理解真题及其解析When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world，somethingstrong happened to the large animals；they suddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived，the large，slow-growing animals were easygame，and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that theseas are being over-fished has been known for years what researcherssuch as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheriesaround the world.Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actualbiomass（the amount of living biological matter）of fish speciesin particular parts of the ocean，but rather changes in that biomassover time.According to their latest paper published in Nature，Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kaobo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:siling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liuqi ba wu san qi the biomass of large predators（animals that killand eat other animals）inanes fishery is reduced on average by80%within15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fishedareas，it has halved again since then Dr.Worm acknowledges that thesefigures are conservative，one reason for this is that fishingtechnology has improved Today‘s vessels can find their prey usingsatellites and sonar，which were not available50years ago that meansa higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught，so thereal difference between present and past is likely to be worse thanthe one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days，too，longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught，since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them，leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore，in the early days of longline fishing，a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem，because there are fewer sharks around noise.Dr.Myers and Dr.worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline，which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists，that of the“shifting baseline”。
中央民族大学考博英语真题常见派生词及其解析派生法(Derivation)：派生法是指在一个词的词根(root)的前面或后面加上某个词缀产生新词，加在前面的词缀称作前缀(prefix)，加在后面的词缀称作后缀(suffix)。
现就研究生考试中经常出现的前、后缀加以说明。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
一、考博常用前缀(一)表示“相反”意义的前缀1.dis：accord调和——disaccord不调和，不一致burden重负——disburden解除负担;使放心array排列——disarray杂乱，混乱please满意——displease惹怒2.il(在字母l之前)：logical合乎逻辑的——illogical不合逻辑的，悖于常理的legality合法——illegality不合法legibility读写清楚——illegibility模糊，不能辨识legitimacy合法——illegitimacy违法，推断错误3.im(在字母b，m和p之前)：mature成熟的——immature未成熟的balance平衡——imbalance不平衡passable可通行的;尚可的——impassable不可通行的perfect完美的——imperfect不完美的4.in：accessible容易接近的——inaccessible无法接近的adequate充分的——inadequate不充分的coginzant已认知的——incognizant未察觉的delicate精致的——indelicate不精致的，不文雅的5.ir(在字母r之前)：resistable可抗拒的——irresistable不可抗拒的rational理性的——irrational不合理的replaceable可代替的——irreplaceable不可代替的relevant有关的——irrelevant无关的6.non：conductor导体——nonconductor绝缘体violence暴力——nonviolence非暴力flammable易燃的——nonflammable不燃烧的verbal口头的，语言的——nonverbal不用言语表达的7.un：heard被听到的——unheard未被听到的accustomed习惯的——unaccustomed不习惯的dying死的——undying不朽的faithful忠诚的——unfaithful不忠的本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中央民族大学考博英语真题常见复合句解析一个主句和一个以上的从句所构成的句子称为复合句，也称为主从复合句。
复合句通常由关联词把主句和从句连接起来。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
例句：Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.(选自2008年Text2)分析：该句是复合句，其中主干结构是Other models exist;that引导的定语从句修饰models，而在从句中又套了一个由where引导的定语从句修饰open access;在where从句中，before引导的时间状语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句修饰everyone。
译文：其他存在的模式都是由以上三种模式相结合的产物。
比如延缓式广开门路的模式，前6个月只允许付费的订阅者查阅相关论文，之后，才对大众免费开放。
例句：However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago,is，as yet，an unanswered question.(选自2005年Text1)分析：该句是复合句，本句中由or连接两个并列主语从句，后接系表结构is an unanswered question;定语从句that the species had35 million years ago修饰the common ancestor。
中央民族大学考博英语真题每日演练Section III Reading Comprehension Part A(满分40分)Directions:Read the following four Passages.Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Passage1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The Americanspymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World WarⅡand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the"greatgame"of espionage—spying as a"profession".These days the Net,which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books andsending mail,is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen readingother gentlemen's e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has beengoing on for decades.In the past three or four years,the World WideWeb has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.The spooks call it"open-source intelligence",and as the Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential.In1995the CIA held acontest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.Thewinner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia company called OpenSource Solutions,whose clear advantage was its mastery of theelectronic world.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world isStraitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster's st week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine."As soon as that report runs,we'll suddenly get 500new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,"says Friedman,a former political science professor."And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of20in Austin.Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success.Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has________.[A]received support from fans like Donovan[B]remolded the intelligence services[C]restored many common pastimes[D]revived spying as a profession42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to________.[A]introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the US[C]give an episode of the information war[D]honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase"making the biggest splash"(line1,paragraph3) most probably means________.[A]causing the biggest trouble[B]exerting the greatest effort[C]achieving the greatest success[D]enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from paragraph4that________.[A]Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B]Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C]Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D]Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its________.[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military backgroundpassage2To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said, "Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way—in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,afather's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own research.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________.[A]call on scientists to take some actions[B]criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C]warn of the doom of biomedical research[D]show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________.[A]cruel but natural[B]inhuman and unacceptable[C]inevitable but vicious[D]pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's________.[A]discontent with animal research[B]ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics[D]anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should________.[A]communicate more with the public[B]employ hi-tech means in research[C]feel no shame for their cause[D]strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is________.[A]a well-known humanist[B]a medical practitioner[C]an enthusiast in animal rights[D]a supporter of animal researchpassage3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems,causing heightened concerns aboutmonopoly.As recently as1995,the top four railroads accounted for under70percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year, after a series of mergers is completed,just four railroads will control well over90percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances,such as coal,chemicals,and grain,trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such"captive"shippers20to30percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate,they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other formsof transportation would do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It's theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail."Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?"asks Martin Bercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the$10.2billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrail's net railway operating income in1996was just$427million,less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill?Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because________.[A]cost reduction is based on competition[B]services call for cross-trade coordination[C]outside competitors will continue to exist[D]shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers'attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from paragraph3that________.[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word"arbiters"(line6,paragraph4)most probably refers to those________.[A]who work as coordinators[B]who function as judges[C]who supervise transactions[D]who determine the price55.According to the text,the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by________.[A]the continuing acquisition[B]the growing traffic[C]the cheering Wall Street[D]the shrinking marketpassage4It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans'life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine50years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish,even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In1950,the US spent$12.7billion on health care.In2002,the cost will be$1540billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say83or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm"have a duty to die and get out of the way",sothat younger,healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.56.What is implied in the first sentence?[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C]Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57.The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________.[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable58.The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of ________.[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support59.In contras to the US,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care________.[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably60.The text intends to express the idea that________.[A]medicine will further prolong people's lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life[D]excessive demands increase the cost of health care本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
Calamity Brings Out One’s Best Qualities(2005)A famous saying goes that “calamity brings out one’s best qualities”, by which is meant that adversity or misfortunes can force one to work at his best and make unexpected achievements. More often than not, people living in comfort would feel contented and find no need to strive or achieve. However, when calamity befalls, he loses what he used to depend on. Therefore, his potential might be tapped and realized, leading to his success.Actually, history abounds with examples of people achieving success after they ran across a calamity or calamities. For instance, Confucius, the earliest and greatest educator in Chinese history, completed his famous work Spring and Autumn only after he met a series of setbacks and experienced bitterness of life. Another case in point might be Hua Y anjun, or Abing, the well-known folk musician in recent China. As a blind man, he lived at the lowest level of the society before liberation. But it might just be his sufferings that had brought out his best qualities as a musician and enabled him to create the most reputable erhu melody, his masterpiece The Moon in Two Springs.The same is true in scientific research. This does not mean that all the scientists have experienced calamities in their life. But it does refer to the fact that most of them lead a simple and even modest life as calamities have made it be. In that way, they can focus all their attention and energy on what they research, which lead to their achievements.In short, calamity does not mean the end of life. On the contrary, it might arouse people’s fever to fight. We do not have to seek or create calamities, but we do have to have the sense of responsibility and work for the interest of the nation and the whole mankind society.[Calamity brings out one’s best cha ractersJust as the sweet-smelling,which is of the plum blossom,is from the coldest winder training , the calamity is contributing to an important extent to the development of one’s characters .It's said that two views about calamity are in our society. Some people consider it a beneficial for one’s bring-up, but some think it not. Why ?(这里加点儿什么，感觉到这里突然断掉了。
中央民族大学考博英语答案及写作范文Section I:Use of English(10points)1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.A7.D8.C9.B10.D11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A20.CSection II:Reading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)21.C22.D23.A24.A25.B26.A27.C28.D29.A30.B31.D32.B33.B34.A35.C36.B37.B38.D39.A40.CPart B(10points)41.C42.E43.A44.B45.GPart C46.可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
47.一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)48.在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
49.既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。
50.因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。
SectionⅢWritingPart A51.参考范文Dear editor，I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now.As we know,being accustomed to using plastic bags in our daily life,some of us still take the“white pollution”for granted.Plastic bags have become the indispensible part of our life, and the“white pollution”now is a ubiquitous phenomenon,which greatly worsens our environment.To save the situation from further aggravating,I would like to suggest that:firstly,our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment;secondly,new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials;thirdly,the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment protection.I hope that my suggestions are helpful.Thank you for your attention!Sincerely yours，Li MingPart B52.参考范文In the drawing,what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web,to which innumerable people are attached,like the catch of the owner of the web.What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins,choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face.There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience.However,it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience,and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method.Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world.The following reasons may contribute to the phenomenon.To begin with,people in mounting numbers,who are vividly called netters,indulge in on-line activities,because science and technology develop too fast for people to adapt to them.The Internet,in particular,moving forward at an unimaginable speed,provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others,which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover,the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation,which results in people’s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.Hence,it is high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication between people.The joint efforts of the specialists,the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality.Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2023考博英语真题及答案PART 1 TRANSLATION (Chinese to English )1.为了减缓交通，提高空气质量，北京公布了新的交通规章。
To relieve the traffic and improve the air quality, new traffic regulations have been issued in Beijing.考点一：减缓交通(relieve the traffic)考点二：公布(issue)2.有牢靠的证据说明，日光暴晒与皮肤癌之间有联系。
(evidence) There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sunlight and skin cancer.考点一：日光曝晒(exposure to sunlight)考点二：“皮肤癌”一词的翻译3.虽然他深知吸烟有害安康，但他对我们要他戒烟的忠告却置若罔闻。
(aware)Tough he is aware that smoking is harmful to health, he is always turning a deaf ear to our advice that he give up smoking.考点一：be aware of 的用法考点二：be harmful to 的用法考点三：对置若罔闻(turn a deaf ear to)4.科学家们不负众望，胜利放射了一枚人造卫星。
(live)The scientists successfully launched a man-made satellite, living up to peoples expectation.考点一：不负众望(live up to peoples expectation)考点二：放射卫星(launch a satellite)5.那场大雾直到11点钟才散去，延误了好几十个航班。
中央民族大学考博英语翻译真题解析Read the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be writtenon the ANSWER SHEET(10points)Music means different things to different people and sometimeseven different things to the same person at different moments of hislife.It might be poetic,philosophical,sensual,or mathematical,but in any case it must,in my view,have something to do with thesoul of the human being.Hence it is metaphysical;but the means ofexpression is purely and exclusively physical:sound.I believe itis precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical messagethrough physical means that is the strength of music.46)It is alsothe reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we cando is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined bythe revolutionary nature of his compositions.He freed music fromhitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.SometimesI feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.Themusic is abrupt and seemingly disconnected,as in the last pianosonata.In musical expression,he did not feel restrained by theweight of convention.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for theunderstanding,let alone the performance,of his works.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for theperformers of Beethoven’s music.His compositions demand the performer to show courage,for example in the use of dynamics.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.He was not interested in daily politics,but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49)Especially significant was his view of freedom,which,for him,was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual:he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.For him,order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development,an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony,but the second,so that suffering does not have the last word.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable,but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46.It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。
our reactions之后to it为其定语，it指代music。
定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。
【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中with words做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。
定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语to it在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。
and之后，grasp 依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。
【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
47.By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance,of his works.【句型分析】本句为并列句。
第一个分句he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one，句首by all accounts为固定搭配，意思是“根据各方面说”。
第二个分句的主干为I find courage an essential quality，其中宾语为courage，而an essential quality是宾语补足语。
quality后介词短语for the understanding of his work为其定语，其中还包含一个插入结构let alone the performance。
【翻译要点】①第一个分句结构比较简单，句首固定搭配by all accounts，可以调整表达，翻译为“据大家所说”。
主干顺译即可，其中he指代“贝多芬”，one指代person。
这一部分可以翻译为“贝多芬是个思想自由、充满勇气的人”。
②第二个分句，主干为“我发现勇气是一个关键品质”，quality后为其定语for the understanding of his work，其中the understanding of his work意思为“对于其作品的理解”，做词性转化后，可以表达为“理解其作品”，这个介词短语需要调整语序前置于quality，可以翻译为“理解他作品的关键品质”，则第二个分句可以表达为“我发现勇气，是理解他作品的关键品质”。
