下载文档原格式
育明考博咨询电话400-668-6978 QQ：493371626 QQ：2890064351 2015中央民族大学民族学与人类学学院人类学专业考博分析一、招考介绍2015年中央民族大学民族学与人类学学院招生18人，其中人类学专业招生为6人。
而此专业又分为6个主要研究方向，分别为：社会人类学、文化人类学理论与方法、文化遗产研究、经济人类学、艺术人类学、中国少数民族美术考古与岩画八个主要的研究方向。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
第一章英译汉第一节考博英语英译汉部分考核要求和试题分析一、考博英语英译汉部分考核要求全国博士生入学考试英语翻译题（英译汉部分）的类型一般分为四类：语句翻译、段落翻译、篇章翻译和文章中划线句的翻译。
英译汉的部分，以段落翻译居多，其类型一般也分为语句翻译、篇章翻译（就一个主题进行说明、描述和论证）。
对文章中划线句进行翻译的形式出现的较少。
根据原国家教委1992年颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》规定，博士生“英语入学水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的通过水平”。
而硕士生英译汉教学要求是“能借助词典，把有相当难度的一般性题材文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。
笔译速度达到每小时350个左右英文单词。
”汉译英的教学要求是“能借助词典，将一般难度的短文译成英语，无重大语法错误，笔译速度达到每小时250个左右汉字。
”目前，国家对博士生入学英语考试未作统一规定，由各院校自行安排。
因而，博士生入学考试英语翻译的考核标准和要求只能参照硕士生的要求。
如天津大学主要是考查汉译英，要求将一般性题材的汉语短文在正确理解基础上翻译成规范、通顺的英语。
译文要求忠实原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。
现在，普遍的情况是要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。
主要测试考生能否从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来。
更加注重在特定的语境下和联系上下文理解句子或句群的意思。
形式越来越灵活，强调考查学生对英语的运用能力，能力测试的趋势增强。
二、考博英语英译汉部分试题分析通过对国内主要重点院校近年来翻译部分的变化趋势进行分析，总结出题的特点，把握出题规律。
对博士生在英语方面应该具备的能力和水平的总体认识的变化，极大的影响了题型的结构和各部分分值的变化。
由于各个院校自己命题，院校之间差异较大。
（一）题型的选择和分配1．连续多年不考英译汉或汉译英。
如北京大学2000年至2006年的博士入学试题中没有考翻译题。
考博英语翻译练习题及答案考博英语翻译练习题及答案在学习、工作中，我们总免不了要接触或使用练习题，通过这些形形色色的习题，使得我们得以有机会认识事物的方方面面，认识概括化图式多样化的具体变式，从而使我们对原理和规律的认识更加的深入。
什么样的习题才是好习题呢？以下是小编精心整理的考博英语翻译练习题及答案，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
考博英语翻译练习题及答案1考博英语翻译练习：三峡考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多均有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整顿了某些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
三峡，是万里长江一段风景壮丽的大峡谷，为中国十大风景名胜之一。
它西起四川省奉节县的白帝城，向东延伸至湖北省宜昌市的`南津关，由瞿塘峡、巫峡、西陵峡构成，全长192公里。
长江三峡，无限风光。
瞿塘峡的雄伟，巫峡的秀丽，西陵峡的险峻，尚有三段峡谷的大宁河、香溪、神农溪的古朴，并伴伴随许多漂亮的神话和感人的传说，令人心驰神往。
译文参照：The Yangtze River’s Three Gorges is a great valley with the mostsplendid landscape on the Yangtze (Changjiang) River and also one of the ten most famous scenic sites of China.It extends from White King Town in Fengjie County,Sichuan Province,to Nanjin Pass in Yichang,Hubei Province, and consists of Qutang Gorge,Wu Gorge and Xiling Gorge,with a full length of 192 kilometers.The Yangtze River’s Three Gorges presents a scene of boundless varieties with the magnificence of Qutang Gorge,the elegance of Wu Gorge,the perilousness of Xiling Gorgeas well as the primitive simplicity of Daning,Xiang and Shennong Rivers.And what’s more,each scene is related to a wonderful fairy tale or a moving legend which attract people.点拨：三峡 the Yangtze Rive r’s Three Gorges壮丽 splendid延伸 extend白帝城 White King Town由…构成 consist of瞿塘峡 Qutang Gorge巫峡 Wu Gorge西陵峡 Xiling Gorge险峻 perilousness 古朴 primitive simplicity神话 fairy tale感人的 moving考博英语翻译练习题及答案2考博英语翻译练习：思乡情考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多均有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整顿了某些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
中央民族大学考博英语翻译题解析反译法：一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。
有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。
1)否定译成肯定。
如：I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次经过那家剧院，我都会想起他的最后一次演出。
There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。
(双重否定).Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealingnew depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S.citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。
(双重否定)(真题示范).The United Nations Organization has not，so far，justified thehopes which the people of the world set on it.到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its populationto the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support forall，people will have to accept more“unnatural food”。
除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
中央民族大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析1.The machine needs a complete____since it has been in use for over ten years.(A)amending(B)fitting(C)mending(D)renovating2.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only caught a____of him.(A)glance(B)glimpse(C)look(D)sight3.I don't think it's wise of you to_____your greater knowledge in front of the director,for it may offend him.(A)show up(B)show out(C)show in(D)show off4.The returns in the short______may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.(A)interval(B)range(C)span(D)term5.A thorough study of biology requires_____with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts.(A)acquisition(B)discrimination(C)curiosity(D) familiarity6.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would____her long effort.(A)justify(B)testify(C)rectify(D)verify7.I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____my debt in return for certain services.(A)take away(B)cut out(C)write off(D)clear up8.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great____.(A)explosion(B)sensation(C)exaggeration(D) stimulation9.According to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post____no responsibility with it at all?(A)shoulders(B)possesses(C)carries(D)shares10.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his____toa certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.(A)comment(B)reaction(C)impression(D)comprehension11.Please____yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.(A)restrain(B)hinder(C)restrict(D)prohibit12.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of______every business operation in the whole country.(A)practically(B)preferably(C)precisely(D) presumably13.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around billion, ____the billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.(A)in proportion to(B)in reply to(C)in relation to(D) in contrast to14.He is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will ______at the end of this month.(A)expire(B)exceed(C)terminate(D)cease15.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read________letters from their families.(A)sentimental(B)affectionate(C)intimate(D) sensitive16.several international events in the early1990s seem likely to______,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the1980s.(A)revolt(B)revolve(C)reverse(D)revive17.I was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite______.(A)arbitrary(B)rational(C)mechanical(D) unpredictable18.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer______according to the weather.(A)altered(B)converted(C)fluctuated(D)modified19.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not_____their prospect of promotion.(A)spur(B)further(C)induce(D)reinforce20.In what_______to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.(A)applies(B)accounts(C)attaches(D)amount1.本题的答案是(C)(A)amending："修改，修正"，通常指对法律条文、国际条约、合同等进行适当的修改。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.Theclear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.Thepresident of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key pointin the preface to the panel's report“Science never has all theanswers.But science does provide us with the best available guideto the future,and it is critical that out nation and the world baseimportant policies on the best judgments that science can provideconcerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as onsmoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the scienceabout global warming is incomplete,that it's Ok to keep pouring fumesinto the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risksobvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurancepolicy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers stilldon't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,theycontinue to press for more research-a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that[A].there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.[B].the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.[C].people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.[D].antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as[A].a protector.[B].a judge.[C].a critic.[D].a guide.28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line,paragraph4)[A].Endless studies kill action.[B].Careful investigation reveals truth.[C].prudent planning hinders.[D].Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do about[A].Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B].Raise public awareness of conservation.[C].Press for further scientific research.[D].Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because[A].they both suffered from the government's negligence.[B].a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.[C].the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.[D].both of them have turned from bad to worse.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosing A,B,C,D.Mark your choice on ANSWERSHEET 1.(40points)Text1In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency,”George Orbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme.Only if the joblessarrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search,andstart looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then theyshould report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be morereasonable?（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be aseven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few daysshould be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on.”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say offbenefits and help those on benefits get into work faster”Help?Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with“reforms”toan obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from thenewly unemployed to find work,and subsides laziness.What motivatedhim,we were to understand,was his zeal for“fundamentalfairness”-protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending andensuring that only the most deserving claimants received theirbenefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though20years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance”—invented in1996—is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead,the claimant receives atime-limited“allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the leastgenerous in the EU.真题解析：文章概括：政府大臣Grorge Osbome提出了一个项目帮助失业的人找工作。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读题精解Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion?It means that we live1competing interests.Your roommate’s need tostudy for an exam may take2over pizza.Your instructor may have goodreasons not to change your grade.And the3of your romantic interestmay have other options.In such a world,persuasion is the art of getting others to givefair and4consideration to our point of view.When we persuade,wewant to influence5others believe and behave.We may not alwaysprevail—other points of view may be more persuasive,6on the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi listener,the situation,and the merits of the case.But when we practice the art of persuasion,we try to7that our position receives the attention it deserves.Some people,however,8to the very idea of persuasion.They mayregard it as an unwelcome intrusion9their lives or as a manipulationor domination.10,we believe that persuasion is11—to live is topersuade.Persuasion may be ethical or unethical,selfless or selfish,12or degrading.Persuaders may enlighten our minds or13on ourvulnerability.Ethical persuasion,however,calls14sound reasoningand is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.Suchpersuasion can help us15the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make.16,an essential part of education is learning to17 the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practise the other.18its personal importance to us,persuasion is essential to society.The19to persuade and be persuaded is the foundation of the American political system,guaranteed by the First Amendment20the Constitution.1.[A]on[B]among[C]for[D]by2[A]priority[B]advantage[C]control[D]place3.[A]objection[B]projection[C]project[D]object4.[A]unbiased[B]unprejudiced[C]favorable[D]favorite5.[A]what[B]which[C]why[D]how6.\[A\]living\[B\]depending\[C\]resting\[D\]insisting7.\[A\]ensure\[B\]assure\[C\]insure\[D\]reassure8.\[A\]agree\[B\]object\[C\]confront\[D\]consent9.\[A\]onto\[B\]of\[C\]to\[D\]into10.\[A\]In contrast\[B\]In particular\[C\]For instance\[D\] As a result11.\[A\]prominent\[B\]invariable\[C\]evident\[D\]inevitable12.\[A\]embarrassing\[B\]inspiring\[C\]upgrading\[D\] innovating13.\[A\]prey\[B\]rest\[C\]put\[D\]fall14.\[A\]for\[B\]up\[C\]off\[D\]on15.\[A\]apply\[B\]contribute\[C\]transfer\[D\]connect16.\[A\]However\[B\]Conversely\[C\]Furthermore\[D\] Therefore17.\[A\]resist\[B\]perform\[C\]insist\[D\]restrain18.\[A\]Beyond\[B\]Except\[C\]Including\[D\]Excluding19.\[A\]power\[B\]authority\[C\]ability\[D\]right20.\[A\]to\[B\]for\[C\]on\[D\]in1.【答案】B本题考查介词的用法。
中央民族大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his otherteachings.(46)Its motive was religious,but he claimed also for itthat it was a definite technique,a method,capable of producingdesired political results.Gandhi’s attitude was not that of mostWestern pacifists.Satyagraha,(47)the method Gandhi proposed andpracticed,first evolved in South Africa,was a sort of nonviolentwarfare,a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and withoutfeeling or arousing hatred.It entailed such things as civil Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi disobedience,strikes,lyingdown in front of railway trains,enduring police charges withoutrunning away and without hitting back,and the like.Gandhi objectedto“passive resistance”as a translation of Satyagraha:in Gujuruti,it seems the word means“firmness in the truth.”(48)In his earlydays Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in theBoer War,and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of1914-1918.Even after he had completely renounced violence he washonest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides.Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for nationalindependence,he could not and,(49)indeed,he did not take thefruitless and dishonest line of pretending that in every war bothsides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins.Nordid he,like most Western pacifists,specialize in avoiding awkward questions.In relation to the war,one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer is:“What about the Jews?Are you prepared to see them exterminated?”(50)I must say that I have never heard,from any Western pacifist,an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions,usually of the“you’re another”type.But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in1938and his answer was on record in Mr.Louis Fisher’s Gandhi and Stalin.According to Mr.Fisher,Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide,which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”答案46.其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。
中央民族大学考博英语阅读理解真题及其解析When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world，somethingstrong happened to the large animals；they suddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived，the large，slow-growing animals were easygame，and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that theseas are being over-fished has been known for years what researcherssuch as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheriesaround the world.Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actualbiomass（the amount of living biological matter）of fish speciesin particular parts of the ocean，but rather changes in that biomassover time.According to their latest paper published in Nature，Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kaobo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:siling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liuqi ba wu san qi the biomass of large predators（animals that killand eat other animals）inanes fishery is reduced on average by80%within15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fishedareas，it has halved again since then Dr.Worm acknowledges that thesefigures are conservative，one reason for this is that fishingtechnology has improved Today‘s vessels can find their prey usingsatellites and sonar，which were not available50years ago that meansa higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught，so thereal difference between present and past is likely to be worse thanthe one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days，too，longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught，since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them，leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore，in the early days of longline fishing，a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem，because there are fewer sharks around noise.Dr.Myers and Dr.worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline，which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists，that of the“shifting baseline”。
中央民族大学考博英语翻译真题解析Read the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be writtenon the ANSWER SHEET(10points)Music means different things to different people and sometimeseven different things to the same person at different moments of hislife.It might be poetic,philosophical,sensual,or mathematical,but in any case it must,in my view,have something to do with thesoul of the human being.Hence it is metaphysical;but the means ofexpression is purely and exclusively physical:sound.I believe itis precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical messagethrough physical means that is the strength of music.46)It is alsothe reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we cando is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined bythe revolutionary nature of his compositions.He freed music fromhitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.SometimesI feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.Themusic is abrupt and seemingly disconnected,as in the last pianosonata.In musical expression,he did not feel restrained by theweight of convention.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for theunderstanding,let alone the performance,of his works.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for theperformers of Beethoven’s music.His compositions demand the performer to show courage,for example in the use of dynamics.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.He was not interested in daily politics,but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49)Especially significant was his view of freedom,which,for him,was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual:he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.For him,order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development,an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony,but the second,so that suffering does not have the last word.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable,but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46.It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。
our reactions之后to it为其定语，it指代music。
定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。
【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中with words做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。
定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语to it在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。
and之后，grasp 依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。
【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
47.By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance,of his works.【句型分析】本句为并列句。
第一个分句he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one，句首by all accounts为固定搭配，意思是“根据各方面说”。
第二个分句的主干为I find courage an essential quality，其中宾语为courage，而an essential quality是宾语补足语。
quality后介词短语for the understanding of his work为其定语，其中还包含一个插入结构let alone the performance。
【翻译要点】①第一个分句结构比较简单，句首固定搭配by all accounts，可以调整表达，翻译为“据大家所说”。
主干顺译即可，其中he指代“贝多芬”，one指代person。
这一部分可以翻译为“贝多芬是个思想自由、充满勇气的人”。
②第二个分句，主干为“我发现勇气是一个关键品质”，quality后为其定语for the understanding of his work，其中the understanding of his work意思为“对于其作品的理解”，做词性转化后，可以表达为“理解其作品”，这个介词短语需要调整语序前置于quality，可以翻译为“理解他作品的关键品质”，则第二个分句可以表达为“我发现勇气，是理解他作品的关键品质”。
