历年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题

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2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题(1)

Section A试卷一(Paper One) Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear the uestion, read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.uestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let's begin with uestion Number 1.1. A.The man is busy. B.The man has trouble breathingSample AnswerA B ● DC.The man is out of town on business.D.The man is hiding himself from the woman.2. A. He has a terrible backache. B. He has a bad headache.C. He has a toothacheD. He has a diarrhea3. A. It is fast. B. It is slow. C. It works well. D. It is not working.4. A. Four days. B.Ten days. C. One week D. Two weeks.5. A. He is a lawyer B. He is a doctor.C. He is a travel agent.D. He is an immigration officer.6. A. Sunday. B. Tuesday. C. Thursday. D. Saturday.7. A. Two. B. Thee. C. Four. D. Five.8. A. To X-ray his chest. B. To hospitalize him.C. To perform a minor surgery.D. To transfer him to a specialist.9. A. To go shopping. B. To go back to work.C. To change their topic.D. To entertain their guests.10. A. The man is working too hard. B. The man needs to think it over.C. The man is supposed to find a job.D. The man has made a right decision.11. A. Discussing a case. B. Defying a diagnosis.官方网站:12. A. The woman's classmate. B. The woman's boyfriend.C. The woman's brother.D. The woman's teacher.13. A. The man is a liar. B. The man is jealous of Lisa.C. She does not agree with the man on that.D. She will surely do the same as Lisa does.14. A. 250 Yuan. B. 450 Yuan. C. 650 Yuan. D. 850 Yuan.15. A. She disagrees with the man there. B. She is going to change her mind.C. It is out of the uestion to do that.D. It is possible to forgive him.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which,you will hear five uestions. After each uestion,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A. Liver failure. B. Breast cancer.C. Kidney failure.D. Diabetes out of control.17. A. Shape. B. Color C. Price. D. Size18. A. It is much smaller than a microwave. B. It leaves much room for reduction.C. It is adjustable.D. It is perfect.19. A. It is under a clinical trial. B. It is available in the market.C. It is widely used in the clinic.D. It is in the experimental stage.20. A. The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machine.B.The further development of the machine is in financial trouble.C.The federal government finances the research.D.The machine will come into being in no time.Passage One21. A. Suicide. B. Obesity. C. Turmoil. D. Drug abuse.22. A. Preventable. B. Destructive. C. Treatable. D. Curable23. A. Combining anti-depressants and talk therapy.B. Promoting the transmission between neurons.C.Winning parental assistance and support.D. Administering effective anti-depressants.24. A. Because it adds to the effect of treatment.B.Because it works better than the medications.C.Because it can take the place of antidepressants.D.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants.25. A. 65 percent. B. 75 percent. C. 85 percent. D. 95 percent.Passage Two26. A. Helplessness and worthlessness. B. Feeling like a loser.27. A. It encourages the patient to be a top student at school.B.It motivates the patient to work better than others.C.It makes it easy for the patient to make friends.D.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude.28. A. By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at school.B.By urging the patient to face any challenge in reality.C.By making the patient aware of his or her existence.D.By changing the patient's perspective.29. A. Those who stop taking anti-depressants. B. Those who ask for more medications.C. Those who are on the medications.D. Those who abuse the medications.30. A. Anxiousness B. Nausea. C. Fever. D. InsomniaPart ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B,C andD are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completesthe sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavior as medicalprofessionals.A. transactionB. transformationC. transmissionD. transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A. alienB. ambulantC. amiableD. amenable33.The fist attempts at gene therapy have mostly , but techniue will surely be made to workeventually.A. stumbledB. stammeredC. striddenD. strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and for fatty foods.A. preferenceB. persistenceC. intoleranceD. appetence35.By sheer I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A. coincidenceB. coherenceC. collaborationD. collocation36.As the drugs began to , the pain began to take hold again.A. wear offB. put offC. all offD. show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the medical technologies.A. ApproachingB. impracticableC. sophisticatedD. transient38.At last, she some reasons for her strange behavior.A. abolishedB. admonishedC. abstainedD. perception39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A. conceptionB. receptionC. deceptionD. perceptionA. conciseB. deviousC. elaborateD. feasibleSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A. embarrassinglyB. reluctantlyC. clumsilyD. dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history, medicine was anything but scientific.A. more or lessB. by and largeC. more often than notD. by no means43.The students were captivated by the way the physician presented the case.A. illuminatedB. fascinatedC. alienatedD. hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a product or afinancial reward.A. intelligibleB. infinitiveC. substantialD. deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult—orunhealthy—to sustain over time.A. maintainB. reserveC. conceiveD. empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinical medicine.A. specialtiesB. principlesC. rationalesD. doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A. juvenileB. potent B. potent D. matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems uite feasible.A. rationalB. reciprocalC. versatileD. viable49.These are intensely important uestions about uality and the benefits of specialty care andexperience.A. irresistiblyB. vitallyC. potentiallyD. intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A. tendsB. techniuesC. notionsD. breakthroughsPart Ⅲ Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.Whenever people go and live in another country, they have new experiences and new feelings.just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country. But this isn't really true. Culture shock is a completely natural 52 , and everybody goes 53 it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock. When people first arrive in a new country, they're usually excited and 54 .Everything is interesting. They notice that a lot of things are 55 their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy. This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture.They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things. They feel 56.They spend a lot of time 57 or with other people from their own country .They think, “my problems are all because I'm living in this country.〞Then,in Stage Three,they begin to understand the new culture better.They begin to like some new customs. They 58 some people in the new country. They're 59 comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable. They have good friends in the new culture.They understand the new customs. Some customs are similar to their culture, and some are different,but that's OK. They can 60 it.51. A. account B. reflection C. verification D. misconception52. A. transition B. exchange C. immigration D. selection53. A. for B. through C. after D. about54. A. frightened B. confused C. uneasy D. happy55. A. representative of B. different from C. peculiar to D. similar to56. A. intoxicated B. depressed C. amazed D. thrilled57. A. lonely B. alone C. lone D. only58. A. make friends with B. make transactions withC. hold hostility toD. shut the door to59. A. hardly B. more C. very D. less60. A. live with B. do without C. hold up with D. make a success ofPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five uestions. For each uestion there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don't wake up, concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a techniue which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery. Before this study,researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation, says Lubke.Lubke studied 96 trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery, many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia. During surgery, each patient wore headphones trough which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each. At the same time, bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.After the operation, Lubke tested the patients by showing therm the fist three letters of a word, such as “lim〞,and asking them to complete it. Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—“limit〞for example—chose that word an average of 1I percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list. None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word list.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized. But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding, which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet. What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards, says Philip Merikle, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo, Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesiaA.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’ wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study, the techniue of bispectral analysis helps the scientistsA.acuire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientistsA.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patientsA.to regain consciousness under the knife.B.to tell one word from another after surgery.C.to recall what had been heard during surgery.65.What we can infer from the findingA.How surgical malpractice can be prevented.B.Why a surgeon cannot be too careful.C.Why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgery.D.How the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memories.Passage TwoScientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons,but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. “We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input.〞says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’ survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later,they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a wall, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged, rats can’t do them.Meanwhile,the researches gave other rats similar tasks that did not reuire the hippocampus. finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. “Learning opport unities increase the number of neurons,〞 says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla,California,dispute this. In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled. When the new cells would normally be dying. She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit. “By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything,〞she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out thatA.new neurons could grow in adult brainsC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer's diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neuronsA.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected couldC.could actually better learning and memoryD.could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the testA. The water used.B. The noises played.C. The neurons newly born.D. The hippocampus involved.69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due t oA. the timing of labeling new neuronsB. the freuency of stimulationC. the wrongly labeled neuronsD. the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Use It or Lose ItB. Learn to SurviveC. To Be or Not to BeD. Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight. Heavier people are more lik ely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers. In the U. S., car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle, Washington looked at more than 26 000 people who had been involved in car crashes, and found that heavier people at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half lines as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilo- grams.And importantly, the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)—a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 meters tell weighing 88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over.The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20. It’s not just total weight, but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says Charles Mack, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team. He thinks one answer maybe for safety authorities to use heavierCrash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used, the U.S.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear, Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Or obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure, the American car manufacturers .A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people, the researchers .A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem, Mock .A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates, Mock would most probablysay that .A.cars can be made safer to avoid cashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight, but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’ heavy weight75.Which of the following uestions is closely related to the passageA.Are air bags really necessary to be built in carsB.Are cars certified as safe to driveC.Are crash-test dummies too thinD.Are car accidents preventablePassage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you. In fact, many studies support this idea-but health-Care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.of disease,but generalist—family physicians and general practitioners—are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second uestion is what counts as the most valuable treatment Specialists are more familiar with standards of care for the diseases they treat regularly,says Harlan M. Krumholz of Yale University. On the oth er hand, a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health, says Martin T. Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in PortlandTo further complicate comparisons, many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases, but medical records do not always show that, says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville, Md.That said, stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists. Among about 3800sroke sufferers nationwide,16.1 percent of those treated by a neurologist died within 3 months, compared with 25.3 percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S. Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty, in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field, is also a proxy for clinical experience,〞 he says. “It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts: one, that practice makes perfect; two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in; and three,the issue of formal training.〞Differences between specialist care and generalist care, however, pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice, contend both Donohoe and Clancy. A report by the U.S. General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers—which reduce heart rate and blood pressure—than those who received care from a generalist. Even so, these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them, implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,〞 says Donohoe. Perhaps,he adds, “we should focus more intently on improving the uality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.〞76.Which of the following uestions can most probably come out of the two uestions raised in thepassageA. Is specialist care superiorB. What is specialist care all about77.The answers to the two uestions suggest that .A.generalists are more likely to be ignoredB.a specialist can be a generalist, or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists .A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists, Donohoe and Clancy contend, could do a better job of .A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to .A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care, respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using computers. Computers are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes, almost always with internet accepts. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects. This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents. Because children spend so much time on computers, they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents, According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues(2022) this often leads to a role reversal, where the child becomes a teacher to the parent. In other words, it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology. This can lead to a reduction in parental authority. Moreover, with the anonymity of online communication, computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult, so all users are treated eually (Subrahmanyam et al, 2022). Children may then expect the same euality in real life, further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship (Subrahmanyam et al, 200l).computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children, they spend little time interacting with their peers (Shields & Behrman, 2022). As a result, children may not develop the social skills they need, or be able to maintain friendships in the real world (Subrahmanyam et al, 2022). With the very extended computer use, this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields & Behrman, 2022).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence. Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children, so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games ( Subrahmanyam et al, 200l). However, as Shields Behrman (200l) points out, it is important to note that although the games may affect all children, children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion, using a computer, particularly for extended periods, may affect the parent-children relationship in families. It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships. Moreover, it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children. Although the research is not conclusive,it appears tha t extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.8l. From the very beginning, the author is trying to draw out attention toA.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of chil dren’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passageA.Children become teachers to their parents.B.Parents are fossilized in new technology.C.Children expect for an eual status with their parents.D.Parents’ roles are being shrunk by the computer.83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passageA.Children greatly value the friendship with their peers.B.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computer.C.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent games.D.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games.84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computer games inthe passageA. A lack of social communication.B. Increasing violent performance.C. A decline in intelligence.D. A breakdown in family relationship.85.Where the passage might be taken from。

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

全国医学考博英语试题#(精选.)

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension （30% ）Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After youhear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ’ t had a bite all day.Question: What’ s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ’ s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B.About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD.About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work.B.Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D.Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about thedoctor.B.He won’ t complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn’ t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do’nt always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals. Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, aftereach of which, you will hear five questions. After each question,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on theA NSWERSHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C.A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health–remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Direction: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases,marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Thenmark your answer on theA NSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying,produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico leftmy mind in such a __ that I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high bloodpressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then _ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical , even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time mayweaken the immune system, aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’ s personality traits, being modest and generous,people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has astrong _t o a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablyDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ’ success is a process of long-term accumulation,in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’ s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks receptionat Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growingchildren in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbatedt heir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate theoriginal composition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored theconstruction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards ofmarital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving hima full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on theright side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is badfor your health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positiverather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducteda study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect theonset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped thatfurther study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51.A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,e ach of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answersmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medicalmasks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery ona tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottomprices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the9 / 18word.conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improvetheir manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should beextended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recentlyinstituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy thetools of their trade, they should .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going tohelp humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend orinvest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged withindexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims arehard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure ofgreenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue.In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is notthe same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products.Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green ElectronicsCouncil shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclosedata. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legalrequirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clearmessage that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then marketforces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy –and it ’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then toindividual products, the author argues that .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for .A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in thehighly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of _.A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightlytaxed one73.When she says that ⋯that can’ t be the only thing going on in the mind , Cosmides most probably implies that .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-makingsystemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favoredevolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens andenvironmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene （人类世）–an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet ’snatural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. Wecannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden,and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work intoa list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where theboundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about ourrelationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims inthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society __________ .A.a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC.a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, .A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC.a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that .A.they made the first classification of Earth systems。

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按"考场指令"要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好;2. 试卷一Paper One答案和试卷二PaperTwo答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上;3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净;书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域;4. 标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分;5. 听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间;国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension 30%Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all dayQuestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerfindings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. . D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary 10%Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the wordorphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilize33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze 10%Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth, 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father, 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism , 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. who54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension 30%Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percentAsk Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug or in this case a drug cocktail is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary informationWho's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question_ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the ., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guaranteea transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructureof a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold 支架 with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplantBut the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic,but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intendedtoA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the .D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratchA. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liverA. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study,the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, therestored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passageA. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burnsA. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approachA. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew methodA. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail 开创, after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based projectA. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologistsA. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies。

医学考博英语统考真题

2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A.To do some experiments.B.To attend a class.C.To review his lessons.D.To take a test.2.A.In a hotel.B.In the hospital.C.In the prison.D.At the airport.3.A.He got an ulcer in his stomach.B.He got hurt in the soccer game.C.He will be discharged soon.D.He got his tumor removed.4.A.She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B.She felt because she had a headache.C.She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D.She slept off her headache.5.A.His new car is not fast enough.B.His new car moves very fast.C.His new car is a real bargain.D.His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6.A.Get more time to relax.B.Take some tranquillizers.C.Seek a second opinion.D.Avoid her responsibilities.7.A.He got a headache while establishing the institute.B.He had a hard time getting the institute started.C.Everything was OK at the beginning.D.It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul. 8.ExcitedFrustratedAnnoyedRelieved9.Each class lasts an hour.The class is meeting in an hour and a half.The class meets four hours and a half per week.The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10.A.The woman was a good skier.B.The woman couldn’t ski.C.The woman didn’t intend to go skiing.D.The woman didn’t like Swiss.11.A.She’s an insurance agent.B.She’s an insurance client.C.She’s a bank clerk.D.She’s a driver.12.A.He tripped over some crutches.B.He had rheumatism in his legs.C.He sprained his foot.D.He broke his leg.13.A.The vacation is almost gone.B.The vacation has just started.C.They are prepared for the new semester.D.They can’t wait for the new semester.14.A.She was knocked down by a feather.B.She is shamed of Larry.C.She was really surprised.D.She was proud of Larry.15.A.To visit his son.B.To perform an operation.C.To have an operation.D.To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Passage One16.A.A pharmacist.B.A visitor.C.A physician.D.A dieter.17.A.Cough.B.Diarrhea.C.Headache.D.Stomach upset.18.A.Pain-killers.B.Cough syrup.C.Antidiarrheas.D.Indigestion tablets.19.A.The cold weather.B.Tiredness caused by traveling.C.The strange food he had eaten.D.The greasy food he had eaten.20.A.Take the medicine from the woman.B.G to see a specialist.C.Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D.Stay in bed for a couple of days. Passage Two21.A.Headaches.B.Insomnia.C.Respiratory problems.D.Digestive problems.22.A.On Monday in Edinburgh.B.On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C.On Monday at Staffordshire University.D.On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23.A.94B.44C.130D.13524.A.The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B.The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C.The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D.The subjects were asked if they had written down anythingtraumatic.25.A.The diarists who write of their free will.B.The diarists who were students at Staffordshire UniversityC.The diarists who had written about trauma.D.The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches. Passage Three26.A.A brief history of British pubs.B.Beer-the British national drink.C.Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D.The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27.A.As early as 659 AD.B.After 659 AD.C.Before the Roman invasion.D.After the Roman invasion.28.A.To restrict drinking hours.B.To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C.To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D.To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29.A.People were better off.B.The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C.There appeared a new cheap drink.D.Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30.A.The licensing hours have been extended.B.Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C.Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D.Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneatheach of them. You are to choose the word or phrase thatbest completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to _______the pain.A.alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. His broken arm healed well, but she died of the pneumonia whichfollowed as a ______.A. complementB. complimentC. complexionD. complication33. Unfortunately, our vacation plans_______on account of transport strikes.A fell back B. fell thoughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The ________climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over the world every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the_______in which the organism lives most effectively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbitdoctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should _____him____nicely after his operation.A. set…outB. set…upC. set…offD. set…aside37. His behavior was so _____ that even the merciful people could not forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliantyour present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very _____nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleC. elasticD. exceptional40. He saved some money for artistic________such as fine paintings.A. donationsB. profitsC . luxuries D. luresSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath eachsentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keepthe meaning of the original sentence if it is substitutedfor the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has been nominated as candidate for the Presidency.A. recognizedB. definedC. appointedD. promoted43. We cannot look down upon our opponent, who is an experienced swimmer.A. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. partner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patients without any complaint.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years’ imprisonment.A. convictionB. spanC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the national and local governments tried towipe out rats to prevent the spread of disease.A. exterminateB. dominateC. determinateD. contaminate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe with them.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigilantD. rigid48. The biggest engineering project that they undertook was encumbered by lack of funds.A. cancelledB. condensedC. hamperedD. haunted49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be enthusiastic and magnetic.A. arrogantB. industriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality,he seems to have unlimited energy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitraryPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount of living space. Canada is vast, and the homes are large according to the standards of many counties. Even___51__inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are generally small, many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern __52__.Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions. “Family rooms” are popular features in modern houses; these are __53__, “living rooms” since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, __54__.Recreational homes are also popular__55___ Canadians. Some Canadians own summer homes, cottages, or camps. These may __56__ from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized foryear-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “get away from it all.” They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town on Friday night and returning Sunday might __57__the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to __58__ to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some ___59___, neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seems to be __60__ of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.51. A. spacious B. crowded C. remote D. deserted52. A. convenience B. comfort C. architecture D. taste53. A. in common B. in particular C. in chief D. in fact54. A. either B. as well C. in turn D. instead55. A. to B. in C. with D. for56. A. transform B. convert C. range D. shift57. A. blocks B. halts C. cuts off D. keeps off58. A. become B. come C. get D. grow59. A. stability B. mobility C. reality D. tranquility60. A. bit B. much C. more D. lessPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there arefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestone and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage OneThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths is falling form favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart’s music promotes mathematical thinking.Researchers reported six years age that listening to Mozart brings about short-tem improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern.Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved, Shawfound. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons.But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw’s experiments to see for himself.Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how to paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart, another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again.No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn’t exist. “It’s about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get.”he says.Shaw, however, defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart, but Steele didn’t separate his students into groups based on ability. “We’re still at the stage where it needs to be examined.” Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more we’ll be able to design tests that give a robust effect.”61. It has been recently found out that _________A.Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematicalthinkingB.classical music cannot be expected to improve one’s mathC.the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD.music favors one’s mathematical thinking62. Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?A.Paper cutting and spatial thinkingB.The nature of a task and the type of thinkingC.Classical music and mathematical performanceD.Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning63. In Shaw’s test, the students would most probably_______A.draw the image of the cut paperB.improve their mathematical thinkingC.have the idea about classical music confirmedD.increase the number of neurons in their brains64. From Steele’s experiment we say that_______.A.his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB.it was much more complicated than Shaw’sC.the result were statistically significantD.Shaw’s results were not repeatable65. Shaw is critical of _________A.Steele’s results presented at a wrong stageB.Steele’s wrong selection of the testeesC.Steele’s ignorance of neurobiologyD.Steele’s test designPassage TwoLong-suffering couples take heart. There is a good reason for those endless arguments in the front of the car: men and women use different parts of the brain when they try to find their way around, suggesting that the strategies they use might also be completely different.Matthias Riepe and his colleagues at the University of Ulm in Germany asked 24 healthy volunteers---half of them men, half women---to find their way out of three virtual-reality mazes displayed on video goggles. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored the volunteer s’ brain activity using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. This showed that men and women called on strikingly different brain areas to complete the task. “I didn’t expect it to be so dramatic,” says Riepe.Previous students have been shown that woman rely manly on landmarks to find their way. Men use these cues too, but they also use geometric cues, such as the angle and shape of a wall or a corner. Such studies also suggest that men navigate their way out of unfamiliar spaces more quickly, as Riepe found in his study, too.Riepe discovered that both men and women used parts of the parietal cortex towards the top of the brain, the right side of the hippocampus and a few other well-established areas to find their way out. Neuroscientists think that the parietal regions help translate what the eyes see into information about where the body is in space, while the hippocampal region helps progress how objects are arranged.But other regions seemed to be exclusively male or female. The men engaged the left side of their hippocampus, which the researchers say could help with assessing geometry or remembering whether they have already visited a location. The women, by contrast, recruited their right frontal cortex. Riepe says this may indicate that they were using their “working memory”, trying to keep in mind the landmarks they had passed.“It fits very well with the animal studies,” says Riepe. He points out that there seem to be similar differences in rats. For example, damage to the frontal lobe will impair a female’s sense of direction, but not a male’s.66. The studies on the driving issue have evolved__________A.from the car to the driverB.from the reality to the virtual –realityC.from the physical cues to the parts of the brainD.from the cues of navigation to the strategies of driving67. The different parts of the brain men and women use to find theirway around, according to the passage, refer to________A.the left side of the hippocampus and the right frontal cortexB.the right and left side of their hippocampuses respectivelyC.the right and left hemisphere of their brains respectivelyD.the parietal cortex and the hippocampus as a whole68. The part of the brain women use may help explain whythey____________.e geometric cues to navigateB.have a better memory than menC.rely mainly on landmarks to find their waysD.behave less aggressively than men in driving69. The reason for the differences in the sexes, according to Riepe,could be ___________A.the environmental factorB.the psychological factorC.the innate factorD.all of the above70. Which one of the following questions did the studies answer?A.How do women and men drive differently?B.How can we detect the brain activities during driving?C.Why do men and women argue over which route to take?D.Why does the damage to the frontal lobe impair the sense ofdirection?Passage ThreeWork has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back from the gym…don’t pop those aspirins just yet. Think hot springs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a actural remedy that can provide significant relief from physical pain and stress.There are more than three million home spas in the U.S. today. There are numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America. Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress of exercise, and help heal muscles near arthritic joints.There ate three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effects on the body: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy’s motion and warmth cause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joints which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis sufferers, because when joints are inflamed, thesurrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a spa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water’s healing potential has long been known.We don’t tend to associate intelligence with our bodies, yet as Thomas Edison said, “Great ideas originate in the muscles.”Radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich believed that many of us inhibit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stresses by tightening our muscles and creating a kind of “body armor.” He felt that as you cut off the source of pain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, by letting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity.Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.71. To begin with, what does the author insist we avoid doing?A.Undergoing physical pain and stress.B.Taking aspirin tablets.C.Going to the gym.D.Relaxing in a spa.72. What does the second sentence in the second paragraph implies?A.The origin of spas.B.The popularity of hot springs.C.The flux of people to mid America.D.The spas as a luxury only for the rich.73. After the stress of exercise, the injured muscles____A.will lead to arthritisB.contain plenty of microscopic tearsC.can cause blood pressure to declineD.will boost the production of cell-repairing nutrients74. The author contends that our creativity______A.can be enforced by the ‘body armor”B.does not occur in mind but in the musclesC.can be hampered with our muscles tightenedD.is good only when we are free of mental an d physical stress75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Spas, the Best RelaxationB.A Brief History of Spas.C.Spa Resorts in the USAD.Soak Away StressPassage FourConvincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition.A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the health impact of sunshine. For the past 20years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they venture outside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchers in other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection—sometimes as little as a few minutes a day---can prevent most other major forms of cancer.This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D. which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun’s ultraviolet rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made this discovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australia and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem.The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen-----UV radiation----to protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately, the solution is not as simple as that. Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology.And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some of its advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as many lives as they can.What we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public: give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun---and for covering up. It is patronizing( 施恩于人的) to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages.What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved. That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.76. According to the first two paragraphs, the problem seems to be that the public______A.cannot be reached by health messagesB.is torn between two health messagesC.never trust those health researchersD.are divided over health problems77. The recent opposition goes to __________A.the protective value of sunshineB.the cancer-causing effect of sunshineC.the debate over the health impact of sunshineD.the two controversial messages about skin cancer78. According to the critics, the health impact of sunshine_________A.will be epidemiologically provedB.is misleading the public altogetherC.merits a comprehensive investigationD.can be easily addressed with a simple solution79. The author implies that health messages should be madeeasy_______A.to debateB.to swallowC.to estimateD.to publicize80. As for the issue, the author suggests that the public_________A.decide on their own how much sunshine is too muchB.avoid unnecessary deaths due to complex messagesC.be provided with reliable and practicable messagesD.facilitate the understanding of health messagesPassage FiveI make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street. I am meeting a new friend for lunch. I’ve never been here before: this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place. They call it Katie’s kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it’s now a respectable restaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and unemployed and work here to gain dignity and job skills. Both the hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L, a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense.My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic for indigent( 穷的)persons; he knows these people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind.I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wonder for a moment why she’s here ---what her story is;what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own. But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop---a college student with a bright future.Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich---a good meal made better because of the smile of the girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. “It’s okay.” she says. “We’ ll buy your lunch. It’ll be our pleasure.”Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments our financial woes. “We’re really tight,” he says.” The executive committee tells me we may not even though money to build the new critical care wing this year.”He frowns, hesitates, then adds, “It’s flu season, though, and perhaps by seeing patients in person rather than treating so many over the phone, we’ll recoup some of our losses.”It’s budget time, and I know that this means our gratis ( 免费的) fitness center memberships may be cancelled. We’re in a tough bind.Three streets away, a tattered man in a throwaway overcoat sits shivering in the diner. Sister L slowly fills his cup full of hot coffee. Holding the cup with trembling hands, he stares deeply into its dark center. There is healing in its rising steam.81. The doctor in the story enters a restaurant which___________.A.has a one-hundred-year old bar。

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。

全国医学博士英语统考

医疗专业词汇
《全国医学博士外语统一考试指南》（08年版）国家医学考试中心人民卫生出版社
1.如何准备单词？

ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
词汇扩展有方法一、重点突出缩减法二、词根词缀科学法三、语境场景串联法四、近义反义联想法五、词组换位巧记法六、阅读练习积累法
2、如何准备语法？
句法+时态语态
阅读理解+写作
The simple act of visitation, of presence, of taking the trouble to witness the patient’s process can be in itself a potent healing affirmation---a sacramental(圣礼的 ) gesture received by the dying person who may be feeling helpless, diminished, and fearful that they have little to offer others.

主旨题阅读公式 1．主旨题阅读公式一：文章的主旨=全文的主旨句 =各段落主题句之和 2．主旨题阅读公式二：文章的主旨≠文中的某一细节 ≠文中某一部分的主要内容 ≠覆盖面过广的表述 ≠文章未涉及的内容
5、如何准备书面表达
一、锤炼写作基本功二、熟悉摘要写作技巧（一）理解概括原文要点（二）列出英文摘要的提纲（三）写好文章的第一段、每段的段首句（四）使用关联词语串联重要细节三、进行适量写作实践
全国医学博士英语统考
一、题型简介
题型试卷一对话听力（30分）短文题数 15 15 10 10 10 30 1 91 分数 15分 15分 5分 5分 10分 30分 20分 100分时间 30分钟

全国医学考博英语统考试题听力

全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力 Section APassage 1The speaker is discussing a new application for virtual reality technology in the healthcare field. By creating a virtual reality space in which patients can experience their own medical conditions, doctors hope to improve both the emotional and physical well-being of patients. The speaker notes that the technology has already been used successfully in treating post-traumatic stress disorder.Passage 2In this passage, the speaker is discussing the different factors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. She explains how increasing global travel and the movement of people between different regions of the world can facilitate the spread of diseases. She also notes that factors such as climate change and urbanization can contribute to the emergence of new diseases.Passage 3In this passage, the speaker is discussing the different types of dementia. She notes that Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. The speaker describes the symptoms of these conditions, including memory loss and difficulty with everyday tasks. She also discusses the importance of early diagnosis in managing dementia.听力 Section BConversation 1The speakers are discussing the role of nutrition in promoting good health. They note that a healthy diet can help to prevent chronic illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease. The speakers also discuss the importance of avoiding processed foods and sugary drinks, and they recommend eating a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables.Conversation 2In this conversation, the speakers are discussing the benefits of mindfulness meditation. They note that mindfulness can help to reduce stress and anxiety, and improve overall mental health. The speakers also discuss different techniques that can be used during mindfulness meditation, such as focusing on the breath or visualizing a peaceful environment.Conversation 3In this conversation, the speakers are discussing the importance of sleep for overall health. They note that getting enough sleep can help to improve memory and concentration, and reduce the risk of developing chronic illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease. The speakers also discuss different strategies for improving sleep, such as avoiding caffeine and creating a comfortable sleep environment.。

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2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题patr II vocabulary31.An enormous number of people in the world’s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____A. capacitiesB. facilitiesC. authoritiesD. warranties32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.A..insensitiveB.interrogativeC.contraceptivemunicative33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.A.miracleB.mythC.trickD.legend34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart.A.constitutingB.decodingC.draftingD.encoding35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life.A.emotionalB.impersonalpulsorypassionate36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being.A.yearned forB.broke intoC.pass forD.made for37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources.A.originatedB.digestedC.deprivedD.derived38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____.A.mortalityB. mobilityC.longevityD.maternity39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts.passionB.accelerationC.frustrationD.exertion40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain.A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland .A.take inB.make upC.cut downD.bring about42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.A.explainB.opposeC.representD.propose43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.A.applicableB.favorableC.sensitiveD.reasonable44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.A.observeB.appraiseC.appreciateD.induce45.Through live television电视实况转播, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.A.reserveB.confirmC.perceiveD.transmit46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country’seconomic problems.A.indefiniteB.indispensableC.infiniteD.insignificant47.I don’t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.A.omittedB.fabricatedC.pinpointedD.embraced48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.A.formulationsB.standardsC.principlesnD.notions49.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.A.regainB.relievingC.reversingD.rectifying50.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the case on a map.A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.posepart III close (10%)You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .You stay in your room and have little contact with people53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,concerned with insignificant things, 54stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You became55 when you can’t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51.A. way B.pattern C. method D.track52.A.sleepy B.happy C.awake D.sad53.A.for B.lest C.besides D.except54.A.even B.merely C.indeed D.rather55.A.offended B.uninterested C.frustrated D.isolated56.A.here B.there C.back D.away57.A.the same as B.different from C. similar to D.familiar with58.A.situation B.condition C.reflection D.position59.A.in B.at C.within D.into60.A.unwritten B.written C.spoken D.secretepassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly , probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However,where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer ,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video game company to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the “new” 98 car.where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us “prettier”,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way , keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science , they think of it as a laboratory ,white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61.The author’s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let’s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62.From the cookie to the car,the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63.The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65.The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called “the silent disease’’because its victims didn’t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately ,it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug ,alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs ,however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is Vitamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. Vitamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don’t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make “the silent disease”truly silent.66.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____ed to effective in post-manopausal womanB.is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC.works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD.is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67.The best treatment for osteoporosis , according to the passage.___A.is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB.is chosen by the patientC.possesses no side effectsD.is of individuality68.To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____A.as early as childhoodB.when one is in his twentiesC.after bone mass accumulate stopsD.as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosed.69.By making “the silent disease” truly silent, the author means that the actionssuggested____A.can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB.can help eradicate osteoporosisC.can help prevent osteoporosisD.all of the above.70.The author of this passage focuses on the____of osteoporosisA.alternative treatmentsB.early diagnosisC.treatments and preventionD.resulting damagespassage 3If you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for a shelter than walk, reaserchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet as walking.In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wetest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that the benefits of running faster than about 3 meters per second—which they described as a walking pace---were tiny.Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis ,meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong.They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters second.Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 metres in drizzle. In heavy rain ,this would rise to 23 per cent.When the reseachers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain.Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. “If verification requires an ＄80million satellite, one may have to forgo verification,”says Peterson . “But if it involves a simple experiment, that’s another matter.” Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size, Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 metres in heavy rain and the other walked.They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker had absorbed 0.22kgs of water,while the runner had soaked up only 0.13 kgs. This is about 40 per cent less ,in line with the model’s predictions.Belcher says that his team’s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is ,their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. “I’m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model,” says Belcher.But why not just take an umbrells? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: “Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics”71.The reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results ininvestigating___A.how far people can run per second in a downpourB.the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC.whether people can run fast in a downpourD.the average walking pace in a downpour72.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating___A.the average walking paceB.the amount of rainfallC.the time and distanceD.the running speed73.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A.Running in drizzleB.walking in drizzleC.Running in heavy rainD.walking in heavy rain74.They verified their model predictions by experimenting___A.on themselvesB.with satelliteC.on the twins of the same sizeD.with sophisticated calculating devices75.The simila results ,according to Belcher ,refer to___A.the amount of rain water absorbedB.the average running speedC.the average walking paceD.all of the abovepassage 4Englisher speakers pick up pitch in the right hemisphere of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indians School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week.Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language---which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice----are perceived on the right.But in “tonal” languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, Pitch not only carries emotional information,but can also alter the meaning of a word .Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain---in particular Broca’s area ,which processes the linguistic content of language.To test this , the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone ,In some cases, the words had on intelligible meaning.None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers could consistently lit up the left sid e of the brain, especially Broca’s area, while the English speakers did not.The researchers are now planing to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences, complete with emotional information. “Both hemispheres will be engaged,” pred ict Wong.76.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that __A.belongs to the English language exclusivelyB.is an emotive nuance of language nuance n.细微差别C.can be easily heardD.is a regular sound77.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test____A.were registered on the English speakers’ right hemisphereB.slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers’ brainsC.activated the Thai speaker’s left hemispheresD.sounded the exactly the same to the volunteers78.A tonal language____A.possess no pitchB.carries pitch with dual functions双重职能C.is superior to the English languageD.holds more linguestic content than English.79.In Wong’s future expetiment ,the volunteers____A.will use either their right or left hemispheresB.will use both English and a tonal languageC.will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words80.What is the passage mainly about?A.Two hemisphere to the sound of speechB.Two functions of pitch in languageC. Two hemisphere of the human braimD.Two languages and two hemispheresPassage 5We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us ,what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior ,and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their belief and interpretions of reality.We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called “majority” of white, middle cla ss, protestant heritage .The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity,and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The e xtent of an individual’s or a family’s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community healthnurse will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity.A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse’s own. Those community nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness.Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities.Recognizing the clients individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reje ct stereotypical views of clients’ ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client ,and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.81．We live in the social enviroment ___A.without different cultural experiencesB.of the same behavior and beliefC.with a shared cultureD.of the same race82．The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph___A.assimilation into a large societyB.identification with an ethnic heritageC.the conflict between identification and assimilationD.the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority83．According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community___A.that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB.without asimilating into its ethnic heritageC.that is sensitive to his /her beliefs and behaviorsD.without recognizing its ethnical and cultural diversity84．Community health nurses are supposed to ____A.be sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviorsB.abandon the stereotypical views of clients’ groupsC.examine their own cultureD. all of the above85．Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A.identification with and assimilation into ethnic groupsB.Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groupsmunicatio and communityD.culture and health care.passage 6I’m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side, I’m best known for my work virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980’s , As a musician I write, perform,and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Wrchestra of Wroclaw ,Poland.All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can’t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this , a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for resons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They don’t understand what I call the Law of the Exclude Digital Middle:Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between .An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail ,meant to send text, might also---surprisingly ---be used to send music.A closed tool is one in which there are technical resteictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them;consequently,they tend to be more innovative.Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.86．The Napster issue___A.is one concerning copyright infringement of violationB.is a dispute bewteen music companies and the coutC.has been settled in favor of music loversD.will result in a boom of sales for music companies87．The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows___A.the risks it may encunterB.the potential ways of its usageC.the number of its usersD.the amounts of its net profit88．People who use closed digital tools end up____A.making huge profitsB.creating new techniquesC.paying for servicesD.facing legal punishment89．It implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by___A.encouraging innovationsB.proteching copyrightsC.control costsD.charging customers90．The attitude of the auther towards the anti-Napster action is ___A.supportiveB.ambiguousC.indifferentD.negative2002FATMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A 50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A 60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C 80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.2003年part II31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone inEnglish.A.frustratedB.depressedC.approvedD.distracted32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.A.promisedmittedC.attributedD.converted33.I haven’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.A.in honor ofB.in search ofC.in place ofD.in favor of34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world’s first effective vaccine againstpolio.A.accomplishmentB.qualificationC.eminenceD.patent35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.A.tailoredB.administratedC.entailedD.accustomed36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcy but a hospital doesn’t dare, for lives are____A.in circulationB.under considerationC.on handD.at stake37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.A.wholesomeB.dietC.tastefulD.edible38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.A.shown upB.piled upC.put onD.taken on39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students’s test papers.A.irregularB.illiterateC.illegibleD.irrational40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.A.denotingB.donatingC.relatingD.resorting41.Humans are using up the world’s natural riches at an alarming rate.A.appallingB.appealingC.alertD.abnormal42.Dring water in many areas of the developing world is contaminated with bacteria.A.purifiedB.multipliedC.taintedD.blended43.One of the most noticeable features of U.S society is the diversity of its people.A.libertyB.democracyC.vatietyD.origin44.The controversy about abortion has been going on in the United States for mor than twenty years.A.resentmentB.consensusC.notionD.dispute45.As human settlement advance ,the tropical forests are retreating and becoming smaller every year.A.retrievingB.sprawlingC.consumingD.withdrawing46.The war’s impact on the population of the country was cat ast rophic.A.influentialB.dis ast rousC.apparentD.criticala47.His physican told him that not to take much of the drug because it was very potent.A.bitterB.irritantC.effectiveD.powerful48.Certain drugs can cause transient side effects ,such as sleepiness.A.permanentB.residualC.irreversibleD.fleeting49.Nervous illness may stem from being treated inconsiderately in childhood.plainB. give rise toC.originate inD.dominate over50.Both a person’s heredity and his surroundings help to shape his chacter.A.formB.correctC.modifyD.improvePart III Cloze(10%)There were red faces at one of Britain’s biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy ＄100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-old schoolboy (they thought he was twenty-one). The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51 . The bank lost ＄20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because ,for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and , for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he would have pocketed ＄20,000 54 . Not bad for a fifteen-yeat-old. It certainly is better than 55the morning newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found , in his grandfather’shouse , a suitcase full of foreign banknotes .The clean, crisp banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filled with notes. The cashers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currincy by 90%, they exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate.In three days, before he was found out, he took ＄20,000 from nine different banks. 59,he had already spend more than half of this on taxi-rides, restraurant meal , concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends( at least he was generous! ) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the bank shave 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost jobs.51.A.pay off B.pay up C.pay for D.pay out52.A.principle B.criterion C.custom D.deal53.A.to be B.having been C.being D.is54.A.profit B.advantage C.benefit mission55.A.sending B.transmitting C.delivering D.dispatching56.A.convincing B.valuable C.unusual D.priceless57.A.came B.pull C.headed D.pushed58.A.problem B.question C.talk D.saying59.A.Interestingly B.Unfortunately C.Particularly D.Amazingly60.A.kissed goodbye to B. got rid of C.lived up to D.made forPart IV(30%)Passage 1In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence.Without the vast advances made by chemists ,physicists, biologist , geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing., wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminablywithout them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the caccines created by doctors, disease such as polio , measles,hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition , science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine,our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations,it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance,the light bulb,electricity,the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society;however,they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing,and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of认识到this or not.61．In the first paragraph the author implies that we____A.would not survive without science。