Eliminating Ghosting and Exposure Artifacts in Image Mosaics

运用通感开篇的英语作文英文回答：In the ethereal realm where silence reigns supreme, where the gentle whisper of the wind caresses leaves like a lover's touch, a symphony of sensations unfolds, weaving a tapestry of emotions and experiences that dance in unison.As the first rays of dawn peek over the horizon, casting an ethereal glow upon the landscape, a chorus of birdsong fills the air, their melodious voices intertwining like delicate threads of silk. The symphony of colors that paints the sky in hues of gold and crimson whispers a tale of awakening and renewal. The soft crunch of leaves beneath my feet as I stroll through the crisp autumn air evokes a sense of nostalgia and contentment that fills my soul with a tranquil warmth.The scent of freshly brewed coffee lingers in the air, its aroma like a warm embrace inviting me into a realm ofcoziness and comfort. The smooth, velvety texture of a cashmere sweater against my skin sends shivers of delight down my spine, reminding me of the softest touch of a loved one. The tangy, sweet taste of ripe berries bursting between my teeth creates an explosion of flavors that dance upon my tongue, a symphony of sensations that evokes memories of carefree summer days.The gentle patter of raindrops against the windowpane creates a hypnotic rhythm, its soothing cadence lulling me into a state of deep relaxation. The soft glow of candlelight flickers in the darkness, casting intricate shadows that dance upon the walls like fleeting whispers from a forgotten past. The gentle strumming of a guitar sends waves of mellow vibrations through the air, creating a soothing melody that envelops me in a cocoon of tranquility.In this interconnected web of sensations, where the boundaries between the physical and the ethereal blur, I find solace and inspiration. Each sense becomes a conduit for deeper understanding, a gateway to a world where theordinary transforms into the extraordinary. It is in this realm of sensory tapestry that I discover the true essenceof my being, where the symphony of emotions and experiences weaves a vibrant and ever-evolving masterpiece.中文回答：在寂静至上的空灵领域，微风的轻柔低语抚摸着树叶，宛如爱人的轻触，奏响了一首感官交响乐，编织着一幅在情感和体验中翩翩起舞的挂毯。

艺术效果的简介英文作文英文，Artistic Effects Introduction。

Artistic effects refer to the various visual effects that can be applied to images or videos to enhance their aesthetic appeal. These effects can range from simple color adjustments to complex filters that completely transform the look and feel of the image or video.One common artistic effect is the use of filters to create a vintage or retro look. This effect can be achieved by adjusting the color balance and adding a grainy texture to the image. Another popular effect is the use of bokeh, which creates a blurred, out-of-focus background that highlights the subject in the foreground.Artistic effects can also be used to create surreal or fantastical images. For example, the use of double exposure can create a dreamlike image by combining two separate images into one. Other effects, such as tilt-shift andminiature, can be used to create a miniature or toy-like appearance.In addition to enhancing the aesthetic appeal of images and videos, artistic effects can also be used to convey a specific mood or emotion. For example, a desaturated, muted color palette can be used to create a somber or melancholic mood, while a bright, saturated color palette can create a cheerful and energetic mood.Overall, artistic effects offer a wide range of creative possibilities for enhancing the visual appeal of images and videos, and can be used to convey a specific mood or emotion.中文，艺术效果简介。

幻觉艺术博物馆作文英语Illusion Art Museum。

The Illusion Art Museum is a unique and fascinating place to visit. Located in the heart of the city, it is a must-see destination for anyone interested in art and optical illusions. The museum features a wide variety of exhibits, each one designed to challenge your perceptions and leave you questioning what is real and what is not.One of the most popular exhibits at the Illusion Art Museum is the Ames Room. This room is designed in such a way that it appears to be a normal rectangular space, butin reality, it is a trapezoidal shape. As a result, when you stand in one corner of the room, you appear to be much larger or smaller than the person standing in the opposite corner. It is a mind-bending experience that is sure to leave you amazed.Another popular exhibit is the Infinity Room. This roomis designed to create an infinite sense of space, with mirrors lining the walls and floor. When you step inside,it feels as if you are standing in an endless abyss. It isa surreal experience that is both beautiful and disorienting.The museum also features a variety of other exhibits, including holograms, optical illusions, and 3D art. Each exhibit is designed to challenge your perceptions and leave you questioning what is real and what is not. It is a fascinating experience that is sure to leave you with a new appreciation for the power of art and the human mind.In addition to the exhibits, the Illusion Art Museum also offers a variety of educational programs and workshops. These programs are designed to help visitors learn more about the science behind optical illusions and how they work. They are a great way to deepen your understanding of the exhibits and gain a new appreciation for the power of the human mind.Overall, the Illusion Art Museum is a must-seedestination for anyone interested in art and optical illusions. With its fascinating exhibits and educational programs, it is sure to leave you with a new appreciation for the power of the human mind and the beauty of art. If you are ever in the area, be sure to stop by and experience it for yourself. You won't be disappointed.。

第40卷第9期2023年9月控制理论与应用Control Theory&ApplicationsV ol.40No.9Sep.2023不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制李梦花,王鼎,乔俊飞†(北京工业大学信息学部,北京100124;计算智能与智能系统北京市重点实验室,北京100124;智慧环保北京实验室,北京100124;北京人工智能研究院,北京100124)摘要:本文针对连续时间非线性系统的不对称约束多人非零和博弈问题,建立了一种基于神经网络的自适应评判控制方法.首先,本文提出了一种新颖的非二次型函数来处理不对称约束问题,并且推导出最优控制律和耦合Hamilton-Jacobi方程.值得注意的是,当系统状态为零时,最优控制策略是不为零的,这与以往不同.然后,通过构建单一评判网络来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,从而获得相关的近似最优控制策略.同时,在评判学习期间发展了一种新的权值更新规则.此外,通过利用Lyapunov理论证明了评判网络权值近似误差和闭环系统状态的稳定性.最后,仿真结果验证了本文所提方法的有效性.关键词:神经网络;自适应评判控制;自适应动态规划;非线性系统;不对称约束;多人非零和博弈引用格式:李梦花,王鼎,乔俊飞.不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制.控制理论与应用,2023,40(9): 1562–1568DOI:10.7641/CTA.2022.20063Adaptive critic control for multi-player non-zero-sum games withasymmetric constraintsLI Meng-hua,WANG Ding,QIAO Jun-fei†(Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing100124,China;Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System,Beijing100124,China;Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection,Beijing100124,China;Beijing Institute of Artificial Intelligence,Beijing100124,China)Abstract:In this paper,an adaptive critic control method based on the neural networks is established for multi-player non-zero-sum games with asymmetric constraints of continuous-time nonlinear systems.First,a novel nonquadratic func-tion is proposed to deal with asymmetric constraints,and then the optimal control laws and the coupled Hamilton-Jacobi equations are derived.It is worth noting that the optimal control strategies do not stay at zero when the system state is zero, which is different from the past.After that,only a critic network is constructed to approximate the optimal cost function for each player,so as to obtain the associated approximate optimal control strategies.Meanwhile,a new weight updating rule is developed during critic learning.In addition,the stability of the weight estimation errors of critic networks and the closed-loop system state is proved by utilizing the Lyapunov method.Finally,simulation results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.Key words:neural networks;adaptive critic control;adaptive dynamic programming;nonlinear systems;asymmetric constraints;multi-player non-zero-sum gamesCitation:LI Menghua,WANG Ding,QIAO Junfei.Adaptive critic control for multi-player non-zero-sum games with asymmetric constraints.Control Theory&Applications,2023,40(9):1562–15681引言自适应动态规划(adaptive dynamic programming, ADP)方法由Werbos[1]首先提出,该方法结合了动态规划、神经网络和强化学习,其核心思想是利用函数近似结构来估计最优代价函数,从而获得被控系统的近似最优解.在ADP方法体系中,动态规划蕴含最优收稿日期:2022−01−21;录用日期:2022−11−10.†通信作者.E-mail:***************.cn.本文责任编委:王龙.科技创新2030–“新一代人工智能”重大项目(2021ZD0112302,2021ZD0112301),国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1900800–5),北京市自然科学基金项目(JQ19013),国家自然科学基金项目(62222301,61890930–5,62021003)资助.Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021ZD0112302,2021ZD0112301,2018YFC1900800–5),the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ19013)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62222301,61890930–5,62021003).第9期李梦花等:不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制1563性原理提供理论基础,神经网络作为函数近似结构提供实现手段,强化学习提供学习机制.值得注意的是, ADP方法具有强大的自学习能力,在处理非线性复杂系统的最优控制问题上具有很大的潜力[2–7].此外, ADP作为一种近似求解最优控制问题的新方法,已经成为智能控制与计算智能领域的研究热点.关于ADP的详细理论研究以及相关应用,读者可以参考文献[8–9].本文将基于ADP的动态系统优化控制统称为自适应评判控制.近年来,微分博弈问题在控制领域受到了越来越多的关注.微分博弈为研究多玩家系统的协作、竞争与控制提供了一个标准的数学框架,包括二人零和博弈、多人零和博弈以及多人非零和博弈等.在零和博弈问题中,控制输入试图最小化代价函数而干扰输入试图最大化代价函数.在非零和博弈问题中,每个玩家都独立地选择一个最优控制策略来最小化自己的代价函数.值得注意的是,零和博弈问题已经被广泛研究.在文献[10]中,作者提出了一种改进的ADP方法来求解多输入非线性连续系统的二人零和博弈问题.An等人[11]提出了两种基于积分强化学习的算法来求解连续时间系统的多人零和博弈问题.Ren等人[12]提出了一种新颖的同步脱策方法来处理多人零和博弈问题.然而,关于非零和博弈[13–14]的研究还很少.此外,控制约束在实际应用中也广泛存在.这些约束通常是由执行器的固有物理特性引起的,如气压、电压和温度.因此,为了确保被控系统的性能,受约束的系统需要被考虑.Zhang等人[15]发展了一种新颖的事件采样ADP方法来求解非线性连续约束系统的鲁棒最优控制问题.Huo等人[16]研究了一类非线性约束互联系统的分散事件触发控制问题.Yang和He[17]研究了一类具有不匹配扰动和输入约束的非线性系统事件触发鲁棒镇定问题.这些文献考虑的都是对称约束,而实际应用中,被控系统受到的约束也可能是不对称的[18–20],例如在污水处理过程中,需要通过氧传递系数和内回流量对溶解氧浓度和硝态氮浓度进行控制,而根据实际的运行条件,这两个控制变量就需要被限制在一个不对称约束范围内[20].因此,在控制器设计过程中,不对称约束问题将是笔者研究的一个方向.到目前为止,关于具有控制约束的微分博弈问题,有一些学者取得了相应的研究成果[12,21–23].但可以发现,具有不对称约束的多人非零和博弈问题还没有学者研究.同时,在多人非零和博弈问题中,相关的耦合Hamilton-Jacobi(HJ)方程是很难求解的.因此,本文针对一类连续时间非线性系统的不对称约束多人非零和博弈问题,提出了一种自适应评判控制方法来近似求解耦合HJ方程,从而获得被控系统的近似最优解.本文的主要贡献如下:1)首次将不对称约束应用到连续时间非线性系统的多人非零和博弈问题中;2)提出了一种新颖的非二次型函数来处理不对称约束问题,并且当系统状态为零时,最优控制策略是不为零的,这与以往不同;3)在学习期间,用单一评判网络结构代替了传统的执行–评判网络结构,并且提出了一种新的权值更新规则;4)利用Lyapunov方法证明了评判网络权值近似误差和系统状态的一致最终有界(uniformly ultimately bounded,UUB)稳定性.2问题描述考虑以下具有不对称约束的N–玩家连续时间非线性系统:˙x(t)=f(x(t))+N∑j=1g j(x(t))u j(t),(1)其中:x(t)∈Ω⊂R n是状态向量且x(0)=x0为初始状态,R n代表由所有n-维实向量组成的欧氏空间,Ω是R n的一个紧集;u j(t)∈T j⊂R m为玩家j在时刻t所选择的策略,且T j为T j={[u j1u j2···u jm]T∈R m:u j min u jl u j max, |u j min|=|u j max|,l=1,2,···,m},(2)其中:u jmin∈R和u j max∈R分别代表控制输入分量的最小界和最大界,R表示所有实数集.假设1非线性系统(1)是可控的,并且x=0是被控系统(1)的一个平衡点.此外,∀j∈N,f(x)和g j(x)是未知的Lipschitz函数且f(0)=0,其中集合N={1,2,···,N},N 2是一个正整数.假设2∀j∈N,g j(0)=0,且存在一个正常数b gj使∥g j(x)∥ b gj,其中∥·∥表示在R n上的向量范数或者在R n×m上的矩阵范数,R n×m代表由所有n×m维实矩阵组成的空间.注1假设1–3是自适应评判领域的常用假设,例如文献[6,13,19],是为了保证系统的稳定性以及方便后文中的稳定性证明,其中假设3出现在后文中的第3.2节.定义与每个玩家相关的效用函数为U i(x,U)=x T Q i x+N∑j=1S j(u j),i∈N,(3)其中U={u1,u2,···,u N}并且Q i是一个对称正定矩阵.此外,为了处理不对称约束问题,令S j(u j)为S j(u j)=2αj m∑l=1ujlβjtanh−1(z−βjαj)d z,(4)其中αj和βj分别为αj=u jmax−u j min2,βj=u jmax+u jmin2.(5)因此,与每个玩家相关的代价函数可以表示为J i(x0,U)=∞U i(x,U)dτ,i∈N,(6)1564控制理论与应用第40卷本文希望构建一个Nash均衡U∗={u∗1,u∗2,···,u∗N},来使以下不等式被满足:J i(u∗1,···,u∗i,···,u∗N)J i(u∗1,···,u i,···,u∗N),(7)其中i∈N.为了方便,将J i(x0,U)简写为J i(x0).于是,每个玩家的最优代价函数为J∗i (x0)=minu iJ i(x0,U),i∈N.(8)在本文中,如果一个控制策略集的所有元素都是可容许的,那么这个集合是可容许的.定义1(容许控制[24])如果控制策略u i(x)是连续的,u i(x)可以镇定系统(1),并且J i(x0)是有限的,那么它是集合Ω上关于代价函数(6)的可容许控制律,即u i(x)∈Ψ(Ω),i∈N,其中,Ψ(Ω)是Ω上所有容许控制律的集合.对于任意一个可容许控制律u i(x)∈Ψ(Ω),如果相关代价函数(6)是连续可微的,那么非线性Lyapu-nov方程为0=U i(x,U)+(∇J i(x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)u j),(9)其中:i∈N,J i(0)=0,并且∇(·) ∂(·)∂x.根据最优控制理论,耦合HJ方程为0=minU H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x)),i∈N,(10)其中,Hamiltonian函数H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x))为H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x))=U i(x,U)+(∇J∗i (x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)u j),(11)进而,由∂H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x))∂u i=0可得出最优控制律为u∗i (x)=−αi tanh(12αig Ti(x)∇J∗i(x))+¯βi,i∈N,(12)其中¯βi=[βiβi···βi]T∈R m.注2根据式(2)和式(5),能推导出βi=0,即¯βi=0,又根据式(12)可知u∗i(0)=0,i∈N.因此,为了保证x=0是系统(1)的平衡点,在假设2中提出了条件∀j∈N,g j(0)=0.将式(12)代入式(10),耦合HJ方程又能表示为(∇J∗i (x))T f(x)+N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))T g j(x)¯βj)+x T Q i x−N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))Tαj g j(x)tanh(A j(x)))+N∑j=1S j(−αj tanh(A j(x))+¯βj)=0,i∈N,(13)其中J∗i(0)=0并且A j(x)=12αjg Tj(x)∇J∗j(x).如果已知每个玩家的最优代价函数值,那么相关的最优状态反馈控制律就可以直接获得,也就是说式(13)是可解的.可是,式(13)这种非线性偏微分方程的求解是十分困难的.同时,随着系统维数的增加,存储量和计算量也随之以指数形式增加,也就是平常所说的“维数灾”问题.因此,为了克服这些弱点,在第3部分提出了一种基于神经网络的自适应评判机制,来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,从而获得相关的近似最优状态反馈控制策略.3自适应评判控制设计3.1神经网络实现本节的核心是构建并训练评判神经网络,以得到训练后的权值,从而获得每个玩家的近似最优代价函数值.首先,根据神经网络的逼近性质[25],可将每个玩家的最优代价函数J∗i(x)在紧集Ω上表示为J∗i(x)=W Tiσi(x)+ξi(x),i∈N,(14)其中:W i∈Rδ是理想权值向量,σi(x)∈Rδ是激活函数,δ是隐含层神经元个数,ξi(x)∈R是重构误差.同时,可得出每个玩家的最优代价函数梯度为∇J∗i(x)=(∇σi(x))T W i+∇ξi(x),i∈N,(15)将式(15)代入式(12),有u∗i(x)=−αi tanh(B i(x)+C i(x))+¯βi,i∈N,(16)其中:B i(x)=12αig Ti(x)(∇σi(x))T W i∈R m,C i(x)=12αig Ti(x)∇ξi(x)∈R m.然后,将式(15)代入式(13),耦合HJ方程变为W Ti∇σi(x)f(x)+(∇ξi(x))T f(x)+x T Q i x+N∑j=1((W Ti∇σi(x)+(∇ξi(x))T)g j(x)¯βj)−N∑j=1(αj W Ti∇σi(x)g j(x)tanh(B j(x)+C j(x)))−N∑j=1(αj(∇ξi(x))T g j(x)tanh(B j(x)+C j(x)))+N∑j=1S j(−αj tanh(B j(x)+C j(x))+¯βj)=0,i∈N.(17)值得注意的是,式(14)中的理想权值向量W i是未知的,也就是说式(16)中的u∗i(x)是不可解的.因此,第9期李梦花等:不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制1565构建如下的评判神经网络:ˆJ∗i (x)=ˆW Tiσi(x),i∈N,(18)来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,其中ˆW i∈Rδ是估计的权值向量.同时,其梯度为∇ˆJ∗i(x)=(∇σi(x))TˆW i,i∈N.(19)考虑式(19),近似的最优控制律为ˆu∗i(x)=−αi tanh(D i(x))+¯βi,i∈N,(20)其中D i(x)=12αig Ti(x)(∇σi(x))TˆW i.同理,近似的Hamiltonian可以写为ˆHi(x,ˆW i)=ˆW T i ϕi+x T Q i x+N∑j=1(ˆW Ti∇σi(x)g j(x)¯βj)−N ∑j=1(αjˆW Ti∇σi(x)g j(x)tanh(D j(x)))+N∑j=1S j(−αj tanh(D j(x))+¯βj),i∈N,(21)其中ϕi=∇σi(x)f(x).此外,定义误差量e i=ˆH i(x,ˆW i )−H i(x,U∗,∇J∗i(x))=ˆH i(x,ˆW i).为了使e i足够小,需要训练评判网络来使目标函数E i=12e Tie i最小化.在这里,本文采用的训练准则为˙ˆW i =−γi1(1+ϕTiϕi)2(∂E i∂ˆW i)=−γiϕi(1+ϕTiϕi)2e i,i∈N,(22)其中:γi>0是评判网络的学习率,(1+ϕT iϕi)2用于归一化操作.此外,定义评判网络的权值近似误差为˜Wi=W i−ˆW i.因此,有˙˜W i =γiφi1+ϕTiϕie Hi−γiφiφT i˜W i,i∈N,(23)其中:φi=ϕi(1+ϕTiϕi),e Hi=−(∇ξi(x))T f(x)是残差项.3.2稳定性分析本节的核心是通过利用Lyapunov方法讨论评判网络权值近似误差和闭环系统状态的UUB稳定性.这里,给出以下假设:假设3∥∇ξi(x)∥ b∇ξi ,∥∇σi(x)∥ b∇σi,∥e Hi∥ b e Hi,∥W i∥ b W i,其中:b∇ξi,b∇σi,b e Hi,b W i 都是正常数,i∈N.定理1考虑系统(1),如果假设1–3成立,状态反馈控制律由式(20)给出,且评判网络权值通过式(22)进行训练,则评判网络权值近似误差˜W i是UUB 稳定的.证选取如下的Lyapunov函数:L1(t)=N∑i=1(12˜W Ti˜Wi)=N∑i=1L1i(t),(24)计算L1i(t)沿着式(23)的时间导数,即˙L1i(t)=γi˜W Tiφi1+ϕTiϕie Hi−γi˜W TiφiφTi˜Wi,i∈N,(25)利用不等式¯X T¯Y12∥¯X∥2+12∥¯Y∥2(注:¯X和¯Y都是具有合适维数的向量),并且考虑1+ϕTiϕi 1,能得到˙L1i(t)γi2(∥φTi˜Wi∥2+∥e Hi∥2)−γi˜W TiφiφTi˜Wi=−γi2˜W TiφiφTi˜Wi+γi2∥e Hi∥2,i∈N.(26)根据假设3,有˙L1i(t) −γi2λmin(φiφTi)∥˜W i∥2+γi2b2e Hi,i∈N,(27)其中λmin(·)表示矩阵的最小特征值.因此,当不等式∥˜W i∥>√b2e Hiλmin(φiφTi),i∈N(28)成立时,有˙L1i(t)<0.根据标准的Lyapunov定理[26],可知评判网络权值近似误差˜W i是UUB稳定的.证毕.定理2考虑系统(1),如果假设1–3成立,状态反馈控制律由式(20)给出,且评判网络权值通过式(22)进行训练,则系统状态x(t)是UUB稳定的.证选取如下的Lyapunov函数:L2i(t)=J∗i(x),i∈N.(29)计算L2i(t)沿着系统˙x=f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)ˆu∗j的时间导数,即˙L2i(t)=(∇J∗i(x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)ˆu∗j)=(∇J∗i(x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)u∗j)+N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))T g j(x)(ˆu∗j−u∗j)),i∈N.(30)考虑式(13),有˙L2i(t)=−x T Q i x−N∑j=1S j(u∗j)+N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))T g j(x)(ˆu∗j−u∗j))Σi,i∈N,(31)1566控制理论与应用第40卷利用不等式¯XT ¯Y 12∥¯X ∥2+12∥¯Y ∥2,并且考虑式(15)–(16)(20),可得Σi 12N ∑j =1∥−αj tanh (D j (x ))+αj tanh (F j (x ))∥2+12N ∑j =1∥g Tj (x )((∇σi (x ))T W i +∇ξi (x ))∥2,i ∈N ,(32)其中F j (x )=B j (x )+C j (x ).然后,利用不等式∥¯X+¯Y∥2 2∥¯X ∥2+2∥¯Y ∥2,有Σi N ∑j =1(∥αj tanh (D j (x ))∥2+∥αj tanh (F j (x ))∥2)+N ∑j =1∥g Tj (x )(∇σi (x ))T W i ∥2+N ∑j =1∥g T j (x )∇ξi (x )∥2,i ∈N ,(33)其中D j (x )∈R m ,F j (x )∈R m 分别被表示为[D j 1(x )D j 2(x )···D jm (x )]T 和[F j 1(x )F j 2(x )···F jm (x )]T .易知,∀θ∈R ,tanh 2θ 1.因此,有∥tanh (D j (x ))∥2=m ∑l =1tanh 2(D jl (x )) m,(34)∥tanh (F j (x ))∥2=m ∑l =1tanh 2(F jl (x )) m.(35)同时,根据假设2–3,有Σi N ∑j =1(2α2j m +b 2g j b 2∇σi b 2W i +b 2g j b 2∇ξi ),i ∈N ,(36)根据式(2)(4)–(5),可知S j (u ∗j ) 0.于是,有˙L2i (t ) −λmin (Q i )∥x ∥2+ϖi ,i ∈N ,(37)其中ϖi =N ∑j =1(2α2j m +b 2g j b 2∇σi b 2W i +b 2g j b 2∇ξi ).因此,根据式(37)可知,当不等式∥x ∥>√ϖiλmin (Q i )成立时,有˙L2i (t )<0.即,如果x (t )满足下列不等式:∥x ∥>max {√ϖ1λmin (Q 1),···,√ϖNλmin (Q N )},(38)则,∀i ∈N ,都有˙L 2i (t )<0.同理,可得闭环系统状态x (t )也是UUB 稳定的.证毕.4仿真结果考虑如下的3–玩家连续时间非线性系统:˙x =[−1.2x 1+1.5x 2sin x 20.5x 1−x 2]+[01.5sin x 1cos x 1]u 1(x )+[1.2sin x 1cos x 2]u 2(x )+[01.1sin x 2]u 3(x ),(39)其中:x (t )=[x 1x 2]T ∈R 2是状态向量,u 1(x )∈T 1={u 1∈R :−1 u 1 2},u 2(x )∈T 2={u 2∈R :−0.2 u 2 1}和u 3(x )∈T 3={u 3∈R :−0.4 u 3 0.8}是控制输入.令Q 1=2I 2,Q 2=1.8I 2,Q 3=0.3I 2,其中I 2代表2×2维单位矩阵.同时,根据式(5)可知,α1=1.5,β1=0.5,α2=0.6,β2=0.4,α3=0.6,β3=0.2.因此,与每个玩家相关的代价函数可以表示为J i (x 0)= ∞0(x TQ i x +3∑j =1S j (u j ))d τ,i =1,2,3,(40)其中S j (u j )=2αju jβj tanh −1(z −βjαj)d z =2αj (u j −βj )tanh −1(u j −βjαj)+α2j ln (1−(u j −βj )2α2j).(41)然后,本文针对系统(39)构建3个评判神经网络,每个玩家的评判神经网络权值分别为ˆW1=[ˆW 11ˆW 12ˆW13]T ,ˆW 2=[ˆW 21ˆW 22ˆW 23]T ,ˆW 3=[ˆW 31ˆW 32ˆW33]T ,激活函数被定义为σ1(x )=σ2(x )=σ3(x )=[x 21x 1x 2x 22]T,且隐含层神经元个数为δ=3.此外,系统初始状态取x 0=[0.5−0.5]T ,每个评判神经网络的学习率分别为γ1=1.5,γ2=0.8,γ3=0.2,且每个评判神经网络的初始权值都在0和2之间选取.最后,引入探测噪声η(t )=sin 2(−1.2t )cos(0.5t )+cos(2.4t )sin 3(2.4t )+sin 5t +sin 2(1.12t )+sin 2t ×cos t +sin 2(2t )cos(0.1t ),使得系统满足持续激励条件.执行学习过程,本文发现每个玩家的评判神经网络权值分别收敛于[6.90912.99046.6961]T ,[4.89012.23475.2062]T ,[1.79450.33212.4583]T .在60个时间步之后去掉探测噪声,每个玩家的评判网络权值收敛过程如图1–3所示.然后,将训练好的权值代入式(20),能得到每个玩家的近似最优控制律,将其应用到系统(39),经过10个时间步之后,得到的状态轨迹和控制轨迹分别如图4–5所示.由图4可知,系统状态最终收敛到了平衡点.由图5可知,每个玩家的控制轨迹都没有超出预定的边界,并且可以观察到u 1,u 2和u 3分别收敛于0.5,0.4和0.2.综上所述,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性.第9期李梦花等:不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制1567䇴 㖁㔌U / s图1玩家1的评判网络权值收敛过程Fig.1Convergence process of the critic network weights forplayer1䇴 㖁㔌U / s图2玩家2的评判网络权值收敛过程Fig.2Convergence process of the critic network weights forplayer2﹣䇴 㖁㔌U / s图3玩家3的评判网络权值收敛过程Fig.3Convergence process of the critic network weights forplayer 35结论本文首次将不对称约束应用到连续时间非线性系统的多人非零和博弈问题中.首先,获得了最优状态反馈控制律和耦合HJ 方程,并且为了解决不对称约束问题,建立了一种新的非二次型函数.值得注意的是,当系统状态为零时,最优控制策略是不为零的.其次,由于耦合HJ 方程不易求解,提出了一种基于神经网络的自适应评判算法来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,从而获得相关的近似最优控制律.在实现过程中,用单一评判网络结构代替了经典的执行–评判结构,并且建立了一种新的权值更新规则.然后,利用Lyap-unov 理论讨论了评判网络权值近似误差和系统状态的UUB 稳定性.最后,仿真结果验证了所提算法的可行性.在未来的工作中,会考虑将事件驱动机制引入到连续时间非线性系统的不对称约束多人非零和博弈问题中,并且将该研究内容应用到污水处理系统中也是笔者的一个重点研究方向.﹣0.5﹣0.4﹣0.3﹣0.2﹣0.10.00.10.20.00.10.20.30.40.5(U )Y 1(U )Y 2图4系统(39)的状态轨迹Fig.4State trajectory of the system (39)0.00.51.01.52.00.00.20.40.60.81.01.200.012345678910﹣0.40.4﹣0.20.2(U )V 3(U )V 2(U )V 1U / s 012345678910U / s 012345678910U / s (c)(b)(a)(U )V 1(U )V 2(U )V 3图5系统(39)的控制轨迹Fig.5Control trajectories of the system (39)1568控制理论与应用第40卷参考文献:[1]WERBOS P 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小学下册英语第4单元真题[含答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My _____ (堂姐) enjoys shopping for toys and games. 我堂姐喜欢购物买玩具和游戏。

2.What is the capital of Comoros?A. MoroniB. MoutsamoudouC. DomoniD. Mitsamiouli答案:A3.The seagull loves to fly near the _______ (海洋).4.The _____ (蜜蜂) plays a vital role in pollination.5.The ______ (生态监测) helps track plant health.6.Which animal says "meow"?A. DogB. CatC. CowD. Sheep答案:B7.Plants are important for __________ (维持生态系统的健康).8.I enjoy visiting the ______ (博物馆) to learn about science and history.9.Which animal is known for building nests?A. SnakeB. BirdC. WhaleD. Frog答案:B10.I have a _______ (goal) to achieve this year.11.My uncle is a great __________ (讲故事的人).12.What do we call a group of fish?A. SchoolB. PodC. PackD. Flock答案:A School13.What is the process of making a plant grow faster using special methods?A. PlantingB. IrrigationC. FertilizationD. Harvesting答案:C14.Which of these is a form of transportation?A. TreeB. CarC. TableD. House15.The __________ is a famous mountain located in Nepal. (珠穆朗玛峰)16.I can ______ (组织) my thoughts before speaking.17.What is 2 + 2 x 2?A. 4B. 6C. 8D. 1018.My sister likes to _______ (动词) with her friends. 她总是 _______ (形容词).19.He is known for his _____ (风格).20.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. WheatC. SugarD. Milk21. A ____ is known for its hopping abilities.22.What is the name of the famous wizarding author?A. J.R.R. TolkienB. J.K. RowlingC. C.S. LewisD. Roald Dahl答案:B23.We can _______ a movie night this weekend.24.Which fruit is known as the "king of fruits" in some cultures?A. MangoB. DurianC. BananaD. Apple答案:B25.She loves to play ___. (games)26. A ______ (鳗鱼) swims in the river.27.The ______ helps with the sense of taste.28.The _______ (小鸟) chirps sweetly in the morning.29.The _______ (The American Civil Rights Act) aimed to eliminate discrimination in various areas.30.What is the opposite of 'hard'?A. ToughB. SoftC. FirmD. Rigid31.My friend is a ______. He enjoys researching historical events.32.What is the capital of Cuba?A. HavanaB. SantiagoC. CamagüeyD. Holguín答案:A33.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB.KittenC.CubD.Calf答案:B34.The children are _____ around the tree. (running)35.The __________ includes landforms such as valleys and plains.36.The _____ (greenhouse) helps plants grow year-round.37.What is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. TallC. WideD. Large答案:A Small38.The ______ helps with the circulation of blood.39.Many plants have a ______ (生命周期) that lasts for years.40.The symbol for manganese is _____.41. A _______ (小蝙蝠) uses echolocation to find food.42.What do we call the study of weather?A. BiologyB. GeologyC. MeteorologyD. Astronomy答案:C Meteorology43.The process of combining elements to form compounds is called ______.44.My brother is _____ a picture. (drawing)45.The main gas found in the atmosphere is __________.46.The __________ (全球化) has changed how we view history.47.The firefly lights up the _________. (夜空)48.My favorite animal is a ______ (猫) because they are independent.49.The bat hangs upside _____.50. A mixture that appears uniform is called a ______.51.The color of litmus paper changes in the presence of an __________.52.What do we call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. SingerB. MusicianC. ComposerD. Conductor答案:B53.The country famous for its national parks is ________ (美国).54.The _____ (植物组织) helps plants grow strong.55.This girl, ______ (这个女孩), is very artistic and creative.56.Which fruit is known for having its seeds on the outside?A. StrawberryB. RaspberryC. BlackberryD. Blueberry答案:A57.ts can ______ (用作) natural fertilizers. Some pla58.The parrot is very ______.59.Temperature measures how hot or ______ something is.60.What shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle61. A frog's croak can be heard from far ______ (处).62.Water's unique properties are due to its _______ bonds.63.My aunt is like a kind _______ who cares for me.64.Which animal is known for its hump?A. ElephantB. CamelC. GiraffeD. Kangaroo答案:B65. A __________ (阳台花园) can be beautiful and functional.66. A _______ is a substance that can increase the reaction rate.67.The _____ (植物生态作用) highlights the interconnectedness of life.68. A ______ is a visual representation of a chemical equation.69.ts can survive in ______ (沙漠). Some pla70. A ______ can jump very high.71. A _______ can help to visualize the concept of friction.72.The _______ (Preamble) of the Constitution outlines the purpose of the document.73.All matter is made up of tiny particles called _____.74.What is the opposite of soft?A. HardB. SmoothC. RoughD. Firm75.We have a ______ (大) garden with vegetables.76.We had ______ (fun) at the zoo.77.What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed around the world?A. Ferdinand MagellanB. Christopher ColumbusC. Marco PoloD. Vasco da Gama78.The kitten plays with a ______.79.I _____ (love/hate) homework.80.She enjoys ________.81.My dad enjoys __________ (下棋).82. A _______ can be used to measure the speed of sound.83.What is the capital of Indonesia?A. JakartaB. BaliC. SurabayaD. Medan84.The main gas produced during respiration is _______.85.Which gas do plants take in during photosynthesis?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon DioxideD. Hydrogen答案:C86.The weather is _____ outside today. (nice)87.He plays with his _______ (toys).88.What do you call the study of the Earth's surface?A. GeographyB. GeologyC. EcologyD. Meteorology答案:A89.sinkhole) is a depression in the ground caused by water erosion. The ____90.The process of mixing a solute into a solvent is called ______.91. A __________ is a geological feature that can impact local ecosystems.92.What is the capital of Canada?A. OttawaB. TorontoC. VancouverD. Montreal93.The cheese is very _______ (tasty).94. A _______ is a substance that can remove electrons from other substances.95.The _____ (violet) is delicate and pretty.96.What do you call the person who writes a book?A. ReaderB. AuthorC. EditorD. Publisher答案:B Author97.We will _______ (watch) the parade tomorrow.98.The koala is primarily nocturnal, sleeping up to 20 hours a ________________ (天).99.The _____ (植物生长研究) informs agricultural advancements.100.What is 15 + 5?A. 20B. 21C. 22D. 23。

Mirrors are a fascinating subject for many, not just for their practical use in everyday life but also for the deep symbolism and reflection they provide. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of mirrors, from their physical properties to their metaphorical significance.Mirrors are made by applying a reflective coating, typically silver or aluminum, to a sheet of glass. This reflective surface allows us to see our own image and is a common sight in many households and public spaces. The clarity and accuracy of the reflection depend on the quality of the mirrors surface and the angle at which it is viewed.In the morning, a mirror is often the first thing we see, as we check our appearance before starting the day. It is a tool for selfassessment, helping us to ensure that we are presentable and ready to face the world. In this way, a mirror serves as a silent observer, reflecting our outer selves but also, in a deeper sense, our inner selves.Beyond the practical, mirrors have long held a symbolic significance in literature and art. They are often used to represent the concept of selfreflection, both literally and figuratively. In Lewis Carrolls Through the LookingGlass, the mirror serves as a portal to an alternate world, a metaphor for the exploration of the subconscious mind. Similarly, in the famous painting The Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck, the mirror in the background reflects a world beyond the immediate scene, adding depth and complexity to the artwork.Mirrors can also be a source of fascination for their ability to create anillusion of depth. When we look into a mirror, we see a seemingly endless reflection, as if the space behind the mirror extends infinitely. This illusion can be disorienting, as it challenges our perception of reality and the boundaries of space.In addition to their aesthetic and symbolic uses, mirrors have practical applications in various fields. In science, mirrors are used in telescopes to collect and focus light, allowing us to observe distant celestial bodies. In technology, they are used in lasers to direct and amplify light beams. In the automotive industry, mirrors are essential for safe driving, providing drivers with a view of their surroundings.However, mirrors can also be a source of selfconsciousness and insecurity. They can highlight perceived flaws and imperfections, leading to feelings of inadequacy. This is why some people may feel uncomfortable looking into a mirror for extended periods. It is important to remember that a mirror is only a reflection and does not define our worth or value.In conclusion, mirrors are a multifaceted subject that goes beyond their basic function of reflecting light. They serve as tools for selfassessment, symbols of introspection, and sources of artistic inspiration. While they can sometimes be a source of discomfort, they also remind us of the importance of selfawareness and the exploration of our inner selves. As we continue to interact with mirrors in our daily lives, we are encouraged to look beyond the surface and delve into the deeper meanings they hold.。

My weekend was a delightful blend of relaxation and adventure,filled with a variety of activities that catered to both my interests and needs for rest.Saturday Morning:The weekend commenced with a leisurely morning,allowing me to enjoy a hearty breakfast at a local café.The aroma of freshly brewed coffee and the chatter of fellow patrons set a convivial tone for the day.I indulged in a stack of pancakes with maple syrup,a perfect start to a day filled with plans.Afternoon Exploration:Following breakfast,I embarked on an exploration of the citys art scene.Visiting a new exhibition at the local gallery,I was captivated by the vibrant colors and thoughtprovoking themes presented by emerging artists.The experience was both enriching and inspiring,sparking a desire to delve deeper into the world of art. Evening Socializing:As the day transitioned into evening,I met up with a group of friends for a movie night. We chose a recently released comedy that had everyone laughing and enjoying the shared experience.The camaraderie and shared laughter were highlights of the weekend, reinforcing the importance of social connections.Sunday Morning:Sunday began with a peaceful morning run in the park,surrounded by the tranquility of nature.The crisp air and the rustling of leaves underfoot provided a serene backdrop for contemplation and setting intentions for the week ahead.Afternoon Learning:In the afternoon,I attended a workshop on gardening,an activity Ive recently taken an interest in.The workshop was informative,teaching me about various plants,their care, and the joy of nurturing life.It was a handson experience that left me eager to start my own garden.Evening Reflection:The weekend concluded with a quiet evening at home,where I spent time organizing my thoughts in a journal.Reflecting on the past week and setting goals for the upcoming one, I found solace in the quietude of my own company.Overall:My weekend was a wellbalanced mix of social interaction,personal growth,and relaxation.It was a period that not only recharged my batteries but also providedopportunities for new experiences and learning.As I prepare for the week ahead,I carry with me the positive energy and memories of a wellspent weekend.。

关生活美学的英文短句The Aesthetics of Simplicity.In the realm of aesthetics, simplicity has long been revered as a timeless virtue. From the clean lines of minimalist architecture to the uncluttered compositions of Japanese tea gardens, simplicity exudes an air of elegance and sophistication that transcends the boundaries of time and culture.Embracing Minimalism.Minimalist aesthetics embrace the notion that "less is more," stripping away all but the essential elements to create spaces that are both visually calming and functionally efficient. By eliminating distractions and clutter, minimalism allows us to focus more fully on the beauty of the present moment.Finding Harmony in Imperfection.Japanese aesthetics, particularly the concept of wabi-sabi, celebrate the beauty of imperfection. Wabi-sabi embraces the idea that objects and experiences are more beautiful when they show signs of wear and tear, as it reflects the passage of time and the patina of life. This philosophy encourages us to appreciate the beauty of the ephemeral and to find joy in the imperfections of our surroundings.The Art of Decluttering.Decluttering is not merely about reducing the number of possessions we own; it is about creating a space that supports our well-being and inspires creativity. By removing physical clutter, we clear mental clutter as well, allowing our minds to breathe and our thoughts to flow more freely.Finding Beauty in Nature.Nature has always been a source of inspiration forartists and aesthetes alike. Its unspoiled landscapes, intricate patterns, and vibrant colors evoke a sense of awe and wonder that transcends words. By immersing ourselves in nature, we reconnect with the beauty of the natural world and gain a fresh perspective on our own lives.The Importance of Balance.Balance is a key element in menciptakan keindahan secara estetika. Whether it's the harmonious arrangement of objects in a room or the interplay of colors and textures in a painting, balance creates a sense of stability and order that is pleasing to the eye and the mind.The Power of Simplicity.In the pursuit of beautiful living, simplicity is our most powerful ally. By embracing minimalism, finding beauty in imperfection, decluttering our spaces, connecting with nature, and striving for balance, we create environments that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also conducive to our physical and mental well-being.Conclusion.The aesthetics of simplicity is not about depriving ourselves of beauty but rather about cultivating a deeper appreciation for the true nature of beauty. By embracingthe principles of simplicity, we create spaces and livesthat are both visually harmonious and spiritually uplifting. In the realm of aesthetics, simplicity reigns supreme asthe gateway to a life of beauty, tranquility, and joy.。

《希区柯克电影艺术研究》篇一一、引言阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克（Alfred Hitchcock）是电影史上最伟大的导演之一，他的电影作品以紧张悬疑的氛围、细腻的心理描绘和精巧的情节设计著称。

希区柯克电影的艺术魅力不仅仅体现在他的电影叙事方式上，更体现在他对电影元素的独特运用上。

本文将对希区柯克电影艺术进行研究，深入分析其作品的特点与价值。

二、希区柯克电影的艺术风格1. 悬疑氛围的营造希区柯克擅长通过精心的镜头运用、音乐和场景设计，营造出紧张悬疑的氛围。

他的电影中，常常出现阴暗的场景、突兀的音效和复杂的心理冲突，使观众在观影过程中始终保持紧张感。

2. 心理描写的细腻性希区柯克电影中的人物形象丰满立体，心理描写细腻入微。

他通过对人物心理的深入剖析，将情感与剧情紧密结合，使观众更加容易地产生共鸣。

3. 情节设计的巧妙性希区柯克电影的情节设计巧妙而富有逻辑性，常常通过反转和转折来吸引观众的注意力。

他善于运用伏笔和悬念，使观众在观影过程中始终保持好奇心和期待感。

三、希区柯克电影的元素运用1. 镜头运用希区柯克擅长运用各种镜头技巧，如特写、慢镜头、跟镜头等，来展现人物的情感和故事的发展。

他通过镜头的运用，将观众带入到故事中，使观众更加深入地了解人物和情节。

2. 音乐运用希区柯克电影中的音乐常常与情节紧密结合，通过音乐来营造氛围、突出情感和推动剧情。

他善于运用不同风格的音乐来配合不同的场景和情感，使观众更加容易地进入角色。

3. 场景设计希区柯克电影的场景设计富有创意和想象力，常常通过精心布置的场景来突出人物的情感和故事的发展。

他善于运用自然景观和建筑结构来构建悬疑氛围，使观众在观影过程中产生强烈的视觉冲击。

四、希区柯克电影的价值与影响希区柯克电影以其独特的艺术风格和精湛的电影技巧，对电影艺术产生了深远的影响。

他的作品不仅在票房上取得了巨大的成功，还赢得了众多奖项和观众的喜爱。

他的电影为后来的电影创作提供了宝贵的借鉴和启示，成为电影艺术史上不可忽视的一部分。

The GY-HM100U is a Compact Handheld camcorder with performance and features found only in larger and more expensive models. It's designed to be easy to use, making it ideal for news reporters and producers. Seasoned shooters will find that its small size lets them work in environments where larger cameras would be impractical—all while producing recordings on par with broadcast cameras.• Professional format recording with selectable data rates up to 35Mbps ○Native Final Cut Pro formatFastest HD shoot to edit workflow. Edit immediately without conversion or transcoding ○ISO Base Media File FormatCompatible with all major non-linear editing systems• Records to dual SDHC memory cards (no moving parts in recording system)• Full HD recording (selectable) 1920 x 1080 (1080p24/25/30, 1080i) 1280 x 720P (p60/50/30/25/24)• Fujinon HD lens with manual or auto modes• Extensive image customization modes (gamma, matrix, knee, detail, etc.)•Uncompressed LPCM audio (2ch) recording/proProHD Solid State Media CamcorderGY-HM100UThree 1⁄4-inch Progressive CCDsThree newly developed 1⁄4-inch progressive scan CCDs—one each for red, green and blue—provide rich, accurate colors. To separate pri-mary colors, JVC has incorporated a high accuracy Fujinon glass prism and the proprietary mounting technology.Spatial Offset TechnologyThe Red and Blue pixel locations are shifted relative to Green,allowing the sampled luminance information to be significantly increased in both horizontal and vertical directions. This results in much higher resolution images without sacrificing sensitivity.Fujinon 10:1 Zoom HD LensThe GY-HM100U utilizes a high definition lens by Fujinon, world leader in HD lens technology. This lens features 3 aspheric elements which minimize the weight and space required, while producing less distortion,ghosting, and flare. n addi-tion, the lens surface is coated with a new Electronic Beam Coating (EBC) that greatly reduces degradation caused by light reflecting off the lenssurfaces leading to greater light transmission and reduced flaring and ghosting. To protect the lens, a flip-in cover is provided, eliminating the need for an external cap.Focus is controlled manually or automatically. A smooth servo zoom is controlled with a conventional rocker on the handgrip, or manually on the lens. For close-up shooting, a macro mode allows for shooting subjects as little as 2-inches away from the lens. Exposure (iris) is auto-matically or manually controlled, letting the shooter adjust the depth of focus by selecting the appropriate F stop. The current F stop is displayed in the viewfinder in the manual mode.An advanced JVC-developed Optical Image Stabilization (OIS)system provides effective camera-motion compensation without any of the quality loss associated with digital image stabilization systems.Newly Designed 1080p Digital ProcessorJVC's digital signal processor (DSP) processes all images as full 1920x1080 progressive signals, providing the maximum image infor-mation to work with regardless of the actual recording mode that is used. Also integrated into the chip are five digital noise reduction tech-nologies that evaluate the signal and apply the appropriate compensation while increasing vertical resolution by about 30%.JVC Original 35Mbps MPEG2 EncoderDrawing from its experience in developing rack mount encoders used by major television stations, JVC developed a proprietary codeccapable of providing highly efficient compression up to 35 megabits per second, a bitrate that can support full 1920 x 1080 encoding. This is significantly higher than the data rates used in other hand held cam-corders and results in recorded images of exceptional quality.MPEG2 long GOP is the most widely accepted broadcast stan-dard compression supported by all popular editing systems and broadcast servers.The GY-HM100 supports all major HD signal formats including 1920 x 1080, 1440 x 1080 and 1280 x 720.Native File RecordingThe GY-HM100 incorporates JVC's Native File Recording technology that stores video in the ready-to-edit format used by Apple's Final Cut Pro™ non-linear editing system. The ".mov" files created in the camera can be easily dragged onto the NLE timeline without conversion or rewrapping, saving time while keeping the recorded material first gen-eration. There is no need to use an intermediate codec.The camera can also store files in the ISO Base Media File Format (MPEG-2 Long GOP), compatible with all major non-linear editing systems. In this mode, the files and folders are recorded so that they can be easily accessed in the post production process.The GY-HM100 records audio as uncompressed LPCM data in both Final Cut Pro™ and ISO formats.35Mbps25Mbps19Mbps1920 x 1080/60i 1440 x 1080/60i 1280 x 720/60p 1920 x 1080/50i 1440 x 1080/50i1280 x 720/50p 1920 x 1080/30p 1280 x 720/30p 1920 x 1080/25p 1280 x 720/25p 1920 x 1080/24p 1280 x 720/24p1440 x 1080/60i 1440 x 1080/50i 1280 x 720/60p 1280 x 720/50p 1280 x 720/30p 1280 x 720/25p 1280 x 720/24p35MbpsPerformanceSecure Digital High Capacity (SDHC) memory card recordingThe GY-HM100 records on widely avail-able SDHC Class 6 memory cards, present-ly available in capacities up to 32GB. The camera provides 2 memory card slots, for a total of up to 64GB of on board storage—enough for more than 6 hours* of contin-uous HD recording. (The camera automat-ically begins recording on the second card when the first card fills up.) Being able to quickly switch cards with dual slots is invaluable in a breaking news situationwhere a producer may wish to begin editing while the shooter is still capturing footage.*When recording in 19Mbps modeSDHC cards are highly reliable with no moving parts, no pins to break nor sockets to clog. Unlike competing solid state media, the per-minute cost of SDHC memory is comparable to video tape.Moreover, SDHC media is the first practical solid state solution to physical archive.Still picture capture capabilityCreate 2 megapixel still images (1920 x 1080) with either a live grab, or from recorded video. Since the CCDs are progressively scanned, still images are crystal clear, even if there is motion in the scene. With the GY-HM100, you can copy or move still images from one memory card to another allowing you to store still images on one card, and video on the other.Uncompressed Audio with Manual ControlsThe GY-HM100 records 2 channels of uncompressed LPCM (linear pulse code modulated) 16 bit audio sampled at 48Khz. Audio levels can be controlled manually, or automatically using AGC. An audio meter is provided in the LCD and VF displays to facilitate adjustment.Balanced XLR connectors are provided on the handle for an externalmicrophone and/or wireless receiver. 48V phantom power is availablefor each microphone. Versa-tile input switching allows the microphone signal to be directed to the desired chan-nel. A shotgun microphone is provided, as well as a built-in stereo microphone for ambi-ent sound pickup.Operational/Ergonomic FeaturesCompact Hand-held Form FactorThe GY-HM100 is the smallest pro format 3-CCD camcorder available—about the size of the lens of a 2/3-inch camera. At only 3.3 lbs, it can be used comfortably for hours, and without the need for clumsy support bracing. Its size makes it ideal for hand-held POV use and for applications where a full size camera would be impractical such as traveling into potentially hostile situa-tions. For a smaller footprint and less conspicuous shooting, the handle can be easily removed. When media needs to be concealed, Micro-SDHC memory cards can be used with a card adapter.Shooter-friendly controls and layoutThe camera's hand grip has a comfortable, familiar feel comfortably accom-modating hands of all sizes. Controls and switches are right where you'd expect them. To conserve on space, a single ring is used for both manual focus and manual zoom. When holding the camera by the grip, zoom and trigger controls operate the same as on full size cameras.Patented "FOCUS ASSIST" functionAchieving exact focus with HD signals is critical. JVC's Focus Assist turns focusing into a fast, easy and accurate process. When Focus Assist is activated,the picture in the viewfinder becomes monochrome and all objects which are in focus take on a colored fringe. Focus Assist works equally in the viewfinder as well as on the LCD panel. The Focus Assist function can be assigned to one of the three USER buttons.Versatile Manual ControlsWhen operating the camera in the manual mode, depth of field can be adjusted by manually setting the iris. Aperture priority automatically selects the correct shutter setting based on the iris selection. Shutter can be manually adjusted from 1/4 to 1/10000 sec.2.8-inch LCD DisplayThe 2.8-inch LCD offers a 16:9 aspect ratio and provides a wide array of mon-itoring and setup indications. It is especially designed to cut surface reflections and glare to maintain a clear, visible, bright view during outdoor recording. Menu items are easily selected using a small joystick and push buttons.Wireless Remote ControlA simple infrared remote control unit (provided) allows the camera to be oper-ated remotely. This is especially useful at events when the camera is used to cap-ture POV shots when an operator is not available.2 Memory Card SlotsPower DC 11V (AC adaptor), DC 7.2V (Battery)Power consumption7.2W (with VF and LCD monitor)Dimensions138(W) x 178(H) x 365(D)mm (5-7/16" x 7" x 14-3/8")Weight Less than 1.4kg (3.1 lbs) (Including battery, microphone, SDHC cards)Operating temperature0˚C to 40˚C (32⎤to 104⎤)Storage temperature-10˚C to 60˚C (18⎤to 140⎤)Operating humidity30% to 80%Storage humidity Under 85%Image sensor1/4" Progressive scan 3CCDSynchronizing system Internal synchronizationStabilizer Optical image stabilizerLens Fujinon F1.8, 10x, f=3.7-37mm (35mm conversion:39 to 390mm)Filter diameter46mmShutter speed1/4 to 1/10000Gain0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 dB, ALCND filter1/10LCD display 2.8”Viewfinder0.44”Recording media2x SDHC memory card Class 6Video recording Video codec: MPEG2 Long GOPFile format: Quick time format for Final Cut Pro/ISO base media file formatRecording mode60 Hz setting: HQ mode:1920 x 1080/59.94i, 29.97p, 23.98p,1440 x 1080/59.94i, 1280 x 720/59.94p, 29.97p, 23.98pSP mode: 1440 x 1080/59.94i, 1280 x 720/59.94p, 29.97p, 23.98p50Hz setting: HQ mode:1920 x 1080/50i, 25p1440 x 1080/50i, 1280 x 720/50p, 25pSP mode: 1440 x 1080/50i, 1280 x 720/50p, 25pAudio recording LPCM 2ch, 48kHz/16-bit(Internal stereo mic/External mic input)Recording media Multimedia card/SD card/SDHC cardFormat JPEGVideo output Composite output (480i, 4:3/16:9) (ϕ3.5mm mini jack)Component output (480i /720p /1080i) (Multi-pin cable)HDMI output (480i: / 720p /1080i)Audio input XLR x2 (MIC,+48V/LINE)Mic inputϕ3.5mm mini jackAudio outputϕ3.5mm mini jackHeadphoneϕ3.5mm mini jackUSB USB2.0, mini BBattery pack x1, AC adapter x1, Battery charger x1, Microphone x1,Wireless remote control unit x1, Component cable x1, A/V cable x1JVC PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS COMPANYDIVISION OF JVC AMERICAS CORP.1700 Valley Road,Wayne,NJ 07470TEL:(973) 317-5000 (800) 582-5825FAX:(973) 317-5030/proEmail:***************。