2020-2021高考英语语法专题复习-名词

第五讲构词法高考感悟真题体验1.[2021·浙江6月卷] In 1844 they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their _________ (marry)ceremony in 1842.2.[2021·全国乙卷]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler tobecome _________(educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics，and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _________ (develop) of the local areas.3.[2020·北京卷]Because of the confidence she inspired in me，I've carved out a _________ (success) profession as a journalist.4.[2020·北京卷]Oliver says if you're _________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking，ask them if/whether you can join in when it's possible.●考点研析多维讲练●考点一名词的构词规律★★★★★1.动词变名词的后缀(1)-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al)approve 赞成→approval 赞成survive 幸存→survival 幸存arrive 到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝propose 提议→proposal 提议；建议(2)-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为appear 出现→appearance 出现；外貌perform 表演→performance 表演exist 存在→existence 存在prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导(3)-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为direct 指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望explain 解释→explanation 解释invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬solve 解决→solution 解决compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音describe 描述→description 描写repeat 重复→repetition 重复(4)-s(s)ion表示行为或状态discuss 讨论→discussion 讨论admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入decide 决定→decision 决定(5)-ing具有……(特征)的hear 听→hearing 听力；听觉listen 听→listening 听；听力begin 开始→beginning 开始部分(6)-ment表示行为、结果等achieve 达到；完成→achievement 成就develop 发展→development 发展(去e)argue 争论→argument 争论；论据(7)-ure/-ture表示行为或状态fail 失败→failure 失败press 压；挤→pressure 压力mix 混合→mixture 混合物expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露(8)-y表示……的动作(或过程)recover 恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈discover 发现→discovery 发现(9)其他常见变化：choose 选择→choice 选择vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势grow 生长→growth 生长marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻carry 搬→carriage 客车厢；运输pack 收拾(行李)→package 包；盒post 邮寄→postage 邮资；邮费store 贮存→storage 贮存2.形容词变名词的后缀(1)-cy表示性质、状态fluent 流利→fluency 流利；流畅accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率(2)-dom表示地位、状况等free 自由的→freedom 自由wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧(3)-ness表示性质、状态dark黑的→darkness 黑暗weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱kind 友好的→kindness 善良cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识(4)-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态warm 温暖的→warmth 温暖true 真的→truth 真相deep 深的→depth 深(度)strong 强壮的→strength 力量long 长的→length 长度wide 宽的→width 宽度(5)-y/-ity表示性质或状态difficult 困难的→difficulty 困难honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实safe 安全的→safety 安全cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍responsible 负责的→responsibility 责任(6)-ent变为-ence，-ant变为-ance，-nd变为-nsedifferent 不同的→difference 不同(之处)silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静respond 回应→response 响应patient有耐心的→patience 耐心absent缺席的→absence 缺席present 出席的→presence 出席confident 自信的→confidence 信心convenient方便的→convenience 便利important重要的→importance 重要(性)defend防御；保卫→defense/defence 防御；保护◎即学即练(单句语法填空)1.[2022·山东省泰安市模拟] In the eyes of the Yi people，fire is the symbol of light，whichis believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the _________ (grow) of crops.2.[2022·南昌二中、河南省实验中学联考] This _________ (achieve) marks that China hasreached the first great breakthrough on the path to full-scale quantum computing—a quantum computational advantage，also known as “quantum supremacy”．3.[2022·银川市考前适应性训练]“The new robotic arms cost no more than 1，000 yuan，”said Chen Xiaoping，_________ (direct) of the Robotics Laboratory at USTC，adding that this gives them an advantage for much wider application.4.[2022·湖南长郡中学二模] Chinese people are proud of their food. However，whenforeigners like Britons think of Chinese food，their _________ (impress) of it is different to what you might think.考点二形容词和副词的词形转换★★★★★1.形容词的构词规律提示如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词解决此类问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人……”(-ing)，还是“感到……”(-ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing)，还是感受(-ed)。

高考英语语法词汇专项突破：诠释考点分布解读名词用法[名词考题呈现]【考题1】（2021全国乙卷）It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the (develop) of the local areas.答案与解析：development。

考查名词。

依据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处填入名词development，表示“进展”，作动词benefits的宾语。

故填development。

句意：这不同于传统的旅游，由于它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色，并且经常为环境爱护供应资金，并有利于当地的进展。

【考题2】（2021新高考I卷）The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we (human) are.答案与解析：humans。

考查名词复数。

human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。

一般man的复数用men，但是有例外，如: humans, Normans, Romans, Germans。

故填humans。

句意：当你站在黄山山顶观察波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。

（2021浙江1月卷）It is calculated by dividing a 163 (person) weight in kg by their height 【考题3】in meters squared. and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered (consider) healthy.答案与解析：person’s。

2020-2021年英语语法名词归纳总结一、单项选择名词1．The past 40 years have witnessed different means of ____from bicycle kingdom to auto market.A．transport B．challenge C．expression D．communication 【答案】A【解析】【详解】考查名词辨析。

句意：过去的四十年见证了从自行车王国到电动汽车市场的不同形式的交通工具。

A. transport 交通工具；B. challenge挑战；C. expression表达，表情；D. communication交流。

由于自行车和电动汽车都属于交通工具，所以这句话描写的是不同的交通工具。

故选A。

2．Only when women are enabled to become strong will our families, our economies, and our societies reach their fullest .A．distinction B．innovationC．potential D．appreciation【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查名词。

A. distinction区别； B. innovation创新； C. potential潜能； D. appreciation 欣赏。

句意：只有当妇女能够变得强大时，我们的家庭、经济和社会才能充分发挥其潜力。

结合句意可知答案为C。

3．We have found that a boy matching your entered the amusement park just now. A．instruction B．explanationC．description D．application【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查名词词义辨析。

句意：我们发现一个符合你的描述的男孩刚才进入了游乐园。

高考英语语法专题复习：虚拟语气、名词性从句、倒装及省略Ⅰ. 虚拟语气1. If he________________(接受我的意见), he would have succeeded in the competition. (advice)2. Were __________________ (要不是花销), I would go to Britain for my future study. (expense)3. If you had listened to the doctors ，you ____________________ (就不会住院了)now. (hospital)4. She seemed very upset at the news. Oh, I wish ____________________ (我没有告诉她) it. (tell)5. His suggestion______________________________ (我们去上海度假) is wonderful. (holiday)6. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If _______________ (她来了), she would have met my brother. (come)7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if ________________ (断了). (broke)8. Lots of things got stolen. __________________ (你不应该离开教室不锁) the door last night. (without)9. If you were to spend as many hours studying English, you __________________ (会取得更大的进步). (progress)10. We all demanded the new type of machine referred to _______________________ (投入) as soon as possible. (use)11. He reacted so angrily to the news. I would rather___________________(我没有告诉他真相). (tell)12. It’s high time that_________________________________(我们采取措施制止爱滋病的传播). (measure)13. It has been proposed that health care_________________________________________ (提供应) low-incomes family. (provide)14. If____________________ (要不是因为), we couldn’t have done our job so successfully. (for)15. Many coal mine accidents_________________(本来可以防止的〕if we had followed the strict safety rules. (avoid)16. The customer insisted that ______________(他是对的〕and that the manager _____________________〔经理要向他抱歉〕. (apologize)17. Had it not been for your laziness, you __________________ (可能已经完成) your homework. (finish)18. She suggested to the police in the police station that Mr. Smith _____________________ (偷了那条项链). (steal)19. My suggestion was that the meeting _______________ (推迟) till next week and it surprised everyone. (put)20. _________________ (如果明天下雨), we would have to put off the visit to the history museum. (rain)21. Even before the judge, the young man insisted that he ___________________ (没有拿) the ring. (take)22. Were it not for the fact that her family is on the position of governor, she _________________ (不会得到) a good job in this company. (get)23. Without their help, the police _______________________ (不可能成功地) in catching the robber in such a short time. (succeed)24. The plants in our garden ____________________________ (本可以长得更好) if it had not rained so much last year. (grow)25. The driver might have had an accident but he ____________________ (突然刹了车). (brake)26. Sometimes I wish I _________________ (生活在) a different time and a different place. (live)27. The manager required that the work ______________________________ (按时完成). (finish)28. They urged that the swimming pool _________________________ (在暑假期间开放). (keep)29. We will set out next Monday. It is important that you ________________ (把一切准备好) on Sunday. (ready)30. It is high time the results of the scientists’ research ___________________ (被宣布). (declare)31. At the end of each term, the professor would require that every student ______________ (上交) their paper. (hand)32. If I __________________ (和他谈) earlier, he would not have made such a serious mistake. (talk)33. John ___________________________________ (本来可以给他的女儿买一条新牛仔裤的), but there wasn’t her size in the shop. (could)34. If ____________________ (要是我更加细心) at that time, I might not be in trouble now. (careful)35. They demanded that the books ____________________(还到图书馆) immediately. (return)36. If the bus _____________________ (没有抛锚) halfway, we could have caught the plane to New York. (break)37. Monet said that ________________________ (如果他没有成为一名) painter he would have been a botanist. (be)38. She didn’t come to the party last Sunday. _________________________ (如果她来了的话), she must have made the party more exciting. (come)39. Why is she looking at me _______________ (仿佛认识我)？I’ve never seen her before in my life. (know)40. You ___________________ (本不该做) that; I had warned you of that several times. (should)41. But for your generous help, I ____________________________ (不可能完成) this task so early. (finish)42. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______________ (采纳) your suggestions. (follow)43. _______________________ (要不是你的懒惰), you could have finished the houseworkgiven by your mom. (for)44. I am tired of doing homework! If only we students ______________________(没有这么多作业)! (have)45. I was still ill that day. Otherwise, I _________________________ (会参加) the sport meeting. (part).46. ____________________________ (要不是这场雨), the crops would die. (for)47. It is the high time _______________________ (我们采取措施) to protect the environment form being polluted.48. We all agreed to his suggestion _________________________ (我们应该去云南) for sight-seeing. (go)Ⅱ. 名词性从句1. Parents are taught to understand ___________(教育多么重要) to their children’s future. (important)2. A modern city has been set up in _____________(是一片荒原) ten years ago. (wasteland)3. Mary wrote an article on ___________(关于他们为什么没有)win the game. (fail)4. The poor young man is ready to accept ______________ (无论什么帮助) he can get. (help)5.________________(他提及的) in his article was unknown to the general reader. (refer)6.It is none of your b usiness ___________(别人怎样评价你). (think)7.Choosing the right dictionary depends on ________________(你用它来做什么). (use )8.There is no possibility _________________(他能赢得第一名). (win)9.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the headmaster ___________(他所做过的). (do)10.Perseverance is __________________(需要)to do anything well. (take)11. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿〔司机不能) control the car at that time was obvious. (unable) 12．One advantage of solar energy is_________(它不会消耗完) (run)13. It is still unknown_____________(不清楚我们会在哪里) have the sprin g outing.(unknow)14. We felt puzzled at the fact__________________ (他怎么如此)well informed. (so)15. How I wish I ___________________ (没吃那么多〕 junk food in my teens. (eat)16. I’d rather you _______________ 〔集中精力〕your study now. (concentrate)17. No one can be sure _______________(人看起来是什么样子) in a million years.(look) Ⅲ. 倒装和省略1. I’ve tried very hard to improve my Englis h. But by no means _______________________(老师满意) my progress. (satisfy)2. Not ___________________(他们不仅带了) delicious food, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. (bring)3. Maybe you have been to many countries, but __________________(没有别的地方你可以找到) such a beautiful palace. (nowhere)4. ________________(虽然他尽力了), Carolina couldn’t get the door open. (as)5. So _________________________(这对夫妇对野生植物如此好奇)that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. (curious)6. ___________________________(虽然他是个安静的学生), he talks a lot about hisfavorite singers after class. (quiet, as)7. Never before ________________________(这个城市对…有更大的需求) of modern public transport than it is today. (need)8. Mary never does any reading in the evening, ________________(John也不读). (nor)9. Not until Jane got off the bus __________________________(她发现她的钱包不见了). (missing)10. __________________(一旦破了), the glass can not hold water. (once)11. I failed again in the examination and only then ______________________(我意识到了我浪费了多少时间). (how)12. Only under special circumstances _________________________(新生被允许) take those tests. (permit)13. I wonder why you won’t ___________________________(按照被告之那样去做事) and it’s the third time you have done so. (as)14. Only by shouting at the top of his voice ______________________(他才能使自己被听见). (able, himself)参考答案Ⅰ. 虚拟语气had taken my adviceit not for the expensewouldn’t be in hospitalhadn’t told herthat we (should) go to Shanghai for the holidayshe ha d comeit were brokenYou shouldn’t have left the classroom without lockingwould make greater progress(should) be put into useI hadn’t to ld him the fact.we took measures to stop AIDS from spreading(should) be provided forit had not been for your helpcould have been avoidhe was right, should apologize to himcould have finishedhad stolen the necklace(should) be put offShould it rain tomorrow / If it should rain tomorrow / Were it to rain tomorrow had not takenwouldn’t have getcouldn’t have succeedwould / could / might have grown betterbraked the car suddenlywere living in(should) be finished on time(should) be kept open during the vacation(should) get everything ready(should) be declared(should) hand inhad talked with himcould have bought his daughter a pair of new jeans / could have bought a pair of new jeans for his daughterI had been more careful(should) be returned to the libraryhad not broken downif he had not been aHad she come / If she had comeas if / as though she knew meshouldn’t have donecould / would not have finishedhad followedHad it not been for your laziness / If it had not been for your laziness didn’t have so much homeworkwould have taken part inIf it were not for the rain Were it not for the rainthat we should took measuresthat we (should) go to YunnanⅡ. 名词性从句1. how important education is2.what was a wasteland3.why they failed to4. whatever help5.What he referred to6.how others think about you7. what you use it for8.that he can win the first prize9.what he had done10.what it takes11. That the driver was unable to12. that it won’t run out13. unknown where we will14. how he was so15. hadn’t eaten so much16. concentrated on17. what man will look likeⅢ. 倒装和省略1. is the teacher satisfied with2. only did they bring3. nowhere else can you find4. Try as he might5. curious were the couple about wild plant s6. Quiet student as he is7. has this city been in greater need8. nor does John9. did she find her wallet missing10. Once (it is) broken11. did I realize how much time I (had) wasted12. are freshmen permitted to13. do it/ the thing as (you’re) told to14. was he able to make himself heard。

语法复习专题一——名词一、考点聚焦1.可数名词单、复数变化形式（1）规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。

如：boy — boys, pen — pens。

①以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。

如：glass — glasses,box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes。

特例：stomach — stomaches。

①以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。

如：baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。

①以“o”结尾的多数加-es。

如：tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。

但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。

如：radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。

①以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。

如：wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves 等。

特例：handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。

①改变元音字母的。

如：man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet,woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。

特例：child — children。

专题01 名词冠词一真题感悟1.（2021高考全国甲卷)It allows the traveler to become educated about the areas--both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provide money for conservation and benefits the ____(develop) of the local areas.【答案】development【解析】考查词性转换。

动词变为名词。

前面是the，后面是介词of，中间应当使用名词形式。

2.（2021高考全国乙卷）_____(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim ______(have) a low impact on the natural environment.【答案】Activities【解析】考查名词单复数。

根据下文range from whale watching to hiking...可知活动不止一个，需用复数形式。

3.（2020高考全国卷I）The far side of the moon is of particular______( interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so than the familiar near side.【答案】interest【解析】考查词性转换中的名词。

be of+抽象名词，且设空前为形容词particular故此处需要名词interest。

4. (2020高考全国卷II) Chinese New Year is a______(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.【答案】celebration【解析】考查词性转换中的名词。