Materials science材料科学Stone age石器时代Naked eye肉眼Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能Integrated circuit集成电路Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热
“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料
Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。
In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”
The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。工程师或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉,他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准中做出明智的材料选择
On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties . Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.
只有在极少数的情况下材料具有最大值或理想属性。如此，可能需要用一个属性和另一个属性交换。
交叉科学interdisciplinary study 介电常数dielectric constant 固体材料solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electromagnetism radiation 材料加工materials processing 弹性系数（模数）elastic modulus
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.
材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。”Materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties
材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely “processing” and “performance.
材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.
Composite materials复合材料nonlocalized electrons游离电子Advanced materials尖端材料Stiffnesses硬度semiconductors 半导体biomaterials 生物材料smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米材料工程
Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。
