新编汉英翻译教程(第二版)期末考试比较a与b题型归纳

新编实用翻译考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪项不是翻译中常见的问题？A. 语言差异B. 文化差异C. 个人偏好D. 语法结构2. “信、达、雅”是翻译的三大标准，其中“雅”指的是：A. 忠实原文B. 通顺易懂C. 文字优美D. 语言简洁3. 在翻译过程中，译者应该：A. 完全忠实原文B. 适当增减内容以适应目标语言C. 忽略文化差异D. 只关注语言的直译4. 下列哪项不是翻译技巧？A. 直译B. 意译C. 机器翻译D. 归化5. 翻译中，“四字格”的使用通常指的是：A. 保留原文的四个词B. 替换为等效的四个词C. 忽略不译D. 翻译成四个词的短语二、句子翻译（英译汉，每题5分，共20分）1. "The project is expected to be completed by the end of the year."翻译：2. "She has a natural talent for playing the piano."翻译：3. "Despite the heavy rain, the match continued without interruption."翻译：4. "His speech was so inspiring that it brought tears to everyone's eyes."翻译：三、段落翻译（汉译英，每题10分，共20分）1. 中国的春节是最重要的传统节日之一，人们通过举行家庭团聚、吃年夜饭、放鞭炮和拜年来庆祝这个节日。

翻译：2. 随着科技的发展，移动支付已经成为了人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，它极大地方便了我们的购物和交易方式。

翻译：四、短文翻译（英译汉，15分）"Innovation is the driving force behind economic growth andsocial progress. It is the key to solving many of the world's most pressing problems, from climate change to public health crises. By fostering a culture of innovation, we can unlock new opportunities and build a better future for all."翻译：五、短文翻译（汉译英，15分）“教育是社会发展的基石，它不仅能够提升个人的知识水平和技能，还能够促进社会的整体进步。

汉英翻译期末考试整理————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：她望着蔚蓝的大海。

She looked at the blue sea.武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，一声喝道：“放屁！放屁！”Pass your wind! Nonsense彩云红雨暗长门，翡翠枝余萼绿痕。

As rainbow clouds o’er darkened door, red petals shower,On jadeite branch is left the trace of fallen flower.接受竟成了劫搜。

Taking-over turns out to be loot-taking.他们种庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草。

(1)They plant crops and grapevines, brew and drink wines, feed and milk cows, and weed and plant the garden.(2) They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk and weed the garden to grow flowers.(3) They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine for drink, feed cows for milk and weed the garden for flowers.(4)They plant crops and grapevines, do the gardening, brew wine for drink, and feed cows for milk.去教堂祈祷和做礼拜They go to the church to pray and attend church service.They go the church, praying and attending church service.到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌a. They play the violin, dance and sing.b. They play the violin, dancing and singing.c. They play dance and sing to the violin.21世纪前10年，是中国民航承前启后，继往开来的重要时期。

一引入1.What Is Language Transfer?谈谈自己的想法并举两个例子Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。

奥德林Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。

Examples of Negative Transfer：He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。

Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。

Chinese EnglishMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形) Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言moving point of sight（视点流动）fixed point of sight（视点固定）bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk lineTopic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（语序相对固定）Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）3.中文的竹式结构，英文的树式结构能够举例说明从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。

第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68)粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves)海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky)灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine)纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold)单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse)赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart)无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole)扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath)开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain)大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums)风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking)二．翻译下列句子（1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。

1. 直译法(1) 英译按原文的字面翻译, 其比喻意义同原文一样生动, 译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语. 如:竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish (相当于kill the goose that lays the golden eggs)2) 打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake (相当于wake a sleeping dog)3)易如反掌to be as easy a s turning over one’s hand (相当于as easy as falling off a log)4) 玩火自焚to get burnt by the fire kindled by oneself (相当于fry in one’s own grease)5)掌上明珠a pearl in the palm (相当于the apple of one’s eye)6)对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow (相当于cast pearls before swine)7)守口如瓶to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle (相当于keep a still tongue in one’s head)8) 雪中送炭to send charcoal in snowy weather (相当于help a lame dog over a stile)9) 画蛇添足to draw a snake and add feet to it (相当于paint the lily)(2) 不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语, 但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义. 如:1) 声东击西to shout in the east and strike in the west2) 刻骨铭心to be engraved on one’s heart and bones3)井底之蛙to be like a frog at the bottom of a well4)调虎离山to lure the tiger from the mountain5)口蜜腹剑to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted2. 意译法如：手忙脚乱in a frantic rush 立竿见影get instant results它虽难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简洁明快的反应出成语的喻义。

以下是课本几乎所有有a,b 的都收集起来了，已经超过老师所说的20多条的.....自行挑着看，重点看第四章！！！其他爱看不看啦...2.金桂湖位于武汉的南部后花园一一咸宁市咸安区南川水库。

9页a.Jingui Lake, which lies in the south part of Wuhan, called the Back Garden—the Nanchuan reservoir.b. Jingui Lake is located in the Southern back garden of Wuhan—the reservoir of Xian an district of Xianning.C. Jingui Lake lies in the area of Nanchuan Reservoir, Xian'an District, Xianning, which is reputed as the Back Garden to the south of Wuhan3.本书收集了有关他们(钱锺书、杨绛)生平与创作的资料,有关的评论文章,同时选编了研究资料的目录索引,是研究钱锺书、杨绛的必备书。

9页a. It is a necessary book to study Qian Zhongshu and Yang Jiang, since it collects materials of their life and works as well as relevant comment writings,and compiles contents and index of the research materials.b.It includes materials of their life experiences, literary creation and related commentary essays.A bibliographic index is also presented here, which all the more entitles the book to a must for the research on the two.练习四58页1.这是民国六年的冬天,大风刮得正猛,我因为生计关系,不得不一早在路上走。

汉英对比考试AB卷华东师范大学期末试卷（A）2007----2008学年第二学期一、填空题（每个空格1分，共30分）1．对比语言学是语言学中的一个分支，其任务是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同，特别是其中的不同之处，并将这类研究应用于语言教学和语际翻译等领域。

2．历史比较语言学（比较语法）旨在通过亲属语的比较，研究语言的发展规律，构拟它们的原始共同母语。

3．西方哲学史经历了本体论、认识论和语言转向等三个转向。

4．萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说包括语言决定论和语言相对论两个方面。

5．汉语属于汉藏语系的汉语语族，英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族。

6．英语是典型的语调语言，在对语音各要素的敏感上，英语对声调尤为敏感；而汉语是是典型的音强语言，对音高敏感；在构成音节的方法上，汉语是声韵调系统，而英语则是元辅音系统。

7．徐通锵认为，英语有形态制约，句子结构严谨，在主谓结构上强调主谓一致，令英语句型呈现出印欧语系句法结构独特的结构封闭性特征特征。

而汉语以“字”为基础的选择限制是层层递进，进到什么地方结束，没有明确的标准，因而句子的结构呈现开放性的特点。

8．最能体现汉语本质特征的句型是意合复句，它由紧缩句和_公因话题句_两种类型组成。

9．对比汉英语在发展中的特点，大致可以总结为汉语具有独立性、_稳定性_的特点；而英语具有_开放性、剧变性_的特点。

10．英语的右扩展靠的是_ _形态形式手段__，汉语的右扩展靠的是__语序和意义的连贯__。

二、名词解释题（每小题5分，共15分）1.形合（请分别给出广义和狭义的两种定义）广义上的形合：形态和词汇指一切依借形式和形态手段完成句法组合的方式狭义上的形合：词汇手段2.语言世界观洪堡特提出：每一种语言都包含着一种独特的世界观，语言是精神不由自主的流射，民族语言即民族精神，这体现了辩证唯物主义的能动反映论3.对比分析一种语言分析的手段，通过将目的语与学习者的母语进行共时层面的系统比较，找出两者结构上的异同点，预测学习中可能出现的难点，并针对性地在教学中加以预防和解决。