2020年1月24日托福写作机经

xx年1月24日托福独立写作真题范文xx年1月24日托福独立写作真题范文经济危机时政府应该在那些领域减少支出?为什么?下面是的'独立写作作文，大家可以参考参考。

In times of an economic crisis, in which area should governments reduce its spending?1. Arts2. Scientific research3. Parks and public gardens.During an economic crisis, governments face difficult choices of moary allocation with reduced budgets. In this challenging time, it is of vital importance for policy-makers to recognize the effectiveness of policy-making on certain social services or programs such as arts,scientific research and park and public gardens. If a choice has to be made, in my opinion, the government should reduce its spending on arts.To begin with, in times of an economic crisis, it is significant for policy-makers to recognize the necessity of investing in scientific research because it exerts a far-reaching effect. If the financial crisis leads to substantial cuts in funding for scientific research by governments, it will be difficult to muster investment for a public good, like clean air, or for extremely risky initiatives, such as novel approaches to new antibioticdrugs, or in areas where the oute is uncertain. As a matter of fact, technological innovation, biomedical breakthroughs, and tackling pressing environmental issues all require sustained scientific development, from basic discovery to final application. Investing in research is investing inthe future, and it requires a long-term mitment to the aumulation of knowledge, the testing of basic principles, and the translation of these discoveries into practical applications that impact everyday life. Consequently, governments ought to attach more importance to thescientific studies so as to develop world class research base and conduct crucial scientific projects.Furthermore, funding for parks and public gardens provides an opportunity for people to engage in physical activities, which is considerably beneficial to health. Nowadays, due to the sedentary lifestyle and unhealthyeating diet, overweight and obesity are epidemic problems across the world, and related conditions are on the rise. A primary focus of attention is providing environment where people can be physically active. Parks offer such an opportunity. In addition, health studies have shown that people who do regular exercise get a range of benefits when they are in natural settings, like parks and public gardens. These benefits include reduced risk of premature death; reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, cancer;improved maintenance of muscle strength; weight loss and favorable redistribution of body fat; improved physical functioning. Therefore, when governments allocate fiscal spending on parks such as well-designed and well-maintained paths as well as attractive scenery, people can substantially improve their health and quality of life by doing moderate amounts of physical activity in their daily lives.Undeniably, if governments pay more attention to investment in art, people can enrich inner world as a diverse and productive cultural environment can provide the spirit and important intangible values. However, in times of crisis, people usually lay emphasis on basic needs instead of spiritual needs. As a result, the importance of material forts outweighs that of nourishment for the mind and it does not mean that people’s quality of life will be dramatically affected if governments cut budget on art and provide less financial support on art institutions. In a sense, it will not directly influence people’s life at least in a short term because people rarely need to satisfy their aesthetic needs everyday. Therefore, pared with scientific research and park and public gardens, art is least associated with people’s daily life and it needs less concern.From what has been discussed above, scientific studies serve the mon interest of the entire human race and doing exercise in parks and public gardens constitutes an indispensable part of daily life. It is more applicable and reasonable to cut down spending on art in the times of an economic crisis.。

2020年1月24日托福口语机经Task1. Which of the following community service would you be more interested in doing and explain why? Cleaning thecity park, planting flowers and trees or build a bicycle lane?Task2. Do you agree or disagree that the success of a school depends on experienced teachers?Task 3.Reading： Student Letter, 建议学校应该在宿舍楼里放tea and coffee station, 因为节省时间又便宜Listening： Woman agrees, 因为早上起不来，时间很紧，没有时间特意去买早餐。

只有学校餐厅有茶喝咖啡，宿舍提供的话会更方便。

然后是因为咖啡厅太贵，这样更省钱一些。

Task 4.Reading：两种毫无联系的生物有可能在不同的环境下进化出相似的featureListening：教授举了两种动物的例子。

一个是非洲的长得像猪的生物，应该是platypus一个是澳洲的体型偏小的生物，应该是echidina. 它俩因为都吃一种昆虫，中种昆虫生活在很深很坚硬的mud 里面，于是它俩都进化出了long sticky tongue，能够协助它们从mud里面吃到虫子而活下来。

Task 5.P：男女要一起开车去看play，但是难得突然想起自己还有一门课，所以准备下周再去play. 但是这样女的就没有人开车带她了。

S1：女生能够开男神的车去。

虽然有驾照，但是没有开车经验，不太敢，而且要去的地方也没开车去过。

S2：坐公交去，但是要花两倍时间，因为有很多站。

Task 6.Topic： Railroad对美国的贡献一个是企业能够把东西卖到更多的地方。

2020年1月24日托福听力答案解析对话1教授问学生的暑假怎样过?学生说想留在学校，因为这里是hometown。

学生希望教授给她个reference(此处reference意为推荐信，而非参考文献)。

学生去年在教授去墨西哥时曾协助教授照看房子。

教授说，今年我也有个工作给你，做我的研究助理(research assistant)，去图书馆查资料。

学生很开心，觉得有钱赚，又不耽误她找其他工作。

最后教授让学生与秘书约时间，下次详谈。

工作场景是对话中经常出现的场景，能够参考的题目包括：P9高级讲义中的TEST 6-C2，TEST 7-C1，TPO 40-C2，35-C1，18-C1，17-C2，12-C2和6-C1.讲座1音乐史讲座，讲了madrigal(意大利牧歌)起源与发展。

教授说我们今天来讲madrigal，它不但仅起源于意大利，也融合了其他地区但音乐。

它是一个4-6人的合唱，分低中高声部。

它是将诗人的诗歌配上音乐(set poem to music小黑板上举了一个诗人的例子)，用来传达诗歌中的情感(convey emotion)。

不同的音乐能够表达不同的情感。

而后madrigal发展的越来越复杂，不但仅表达情感，增加了更多的戏剧性效果(more dramatic)。

最后教授说，我这么说太抽象了，所以我给你们布置了作业，听CD。

背景资料补充：Madrigal在很多篇听力真题中都有涉及，因为它是16世纪欧洲世俗音乐(secular music)的代表。

而听力题目中经常涉及文艺复兴时期艺术开始世俗化(secularization)的话题。

这种世俗化体现在各种艺术形式当中，当然其中也包括音乐。

Madrigal的歌词(lyric)多是感伤或爱情内容的田园诗，室内复调音乐的风格。

音乐家在写作牧歌时特别注重对诗文内容的表达，体现在音乐上就是“表情性”的增强。

在16世纪后半叶，欧洲还出现了诗歌的情感与音乐的规则孰轻孰重的争论(音乐理论家Giovanni Artusi和作曲家Claudio Monteverdi的争论)。

托福写作机经范文When it comes to TOEFL writing, there are so many things to consider! You know, I've been through this whole process myself, and it can be quite a journey.Let's just jump right into a sample essay topic. Say the topic is about whether it's better to study alone or in a group.I might start off like this: "Studying is an essential part of our lives, and the way we study can really make a huge difference. Some people swear by studying alone, while others think group study is the way to go. In my opinion, both have their merits, but I lean more towards group study." Notice how I just kind of eased into the topic? I didn't go for some super - fancy, overly - complicated opening. Just a simple statement to get things rolling.Now, for the body of the essay. I could say, "Group study allows for different perspectives. You see, when you're with a bunch of people, everyone has their own way of looking at things. For example, in a math study group, one person might approach a problem from a more visual angle, while another might use a more formula - based method. This sharing of ideas can really open your eyes to new ways of thinking! And it's not just about getting different solutions. It also makes the whole study process more interesting. You're not just sitting there alone, staring at your books all day. You get to interact with others, have discussions, and sometimes even debates. And these interactions can help you remember things better too. I mean, who doesn't remember a lively debate about a history event or a scientific theory?"But then, I can't just ignore the other side of the coin. So I'd add, "However, studying alone has its own charm. It gives you complete focus. There are no distractions from other people. You can really dig deep into the material at your own pace. If you're the type of person who likes to take your time and mull over every single detail, studying alone might be your best bet. For instance, when I was preparing for a really tough English literature exam, I found that I could concentrate better on analyzing the complex themes and characters when I was by myself. I could stop and start whenever I wanted, without having to worry about keeping up with others."In this part of the essay, you can see how I'm kind of bouncing back and forth between the two ideas. It's important to show that you understand both sides of the argument.Now, for the conclusion. I might write, "All in all, while both studying alone and in a group have their advantages, I still think group study is more beneficial overall. The exchange of ideas, the social aspect, and the added motivation from your peers really make it a great option. But that's just my view. What do you think? Would you rather study alone or in a group?" This kind of conclusion not only sums up my main points but also invites the reader to think about their own stance on the issue.You see, when writing a TOEFL essay, it's important to be clear and concise. But also don't be afraid to inject a bit of your own personality into it. Don't worry too much about making it perfect right away. Juststart writing and let your thoughts flow. And if you find that your essayis a bit all over the place at first, that's okay! You can always go back and tidy it up.I really hope this gives you some inspiration for your own TOEFL writing! Do you feel more confident now?。

托福TPO24综合写作及材料原文托福TPO24综合写作范文及材料原文因为化石里面的动物活性组织大部分都被矿物质代替了，所以动物化石很难帮助人们研究动物的软组织。

当时科学家们发现一个7千万年前的霸王龙化石中可能存在真正的动物软组织。

下面是店铺分享的关于这方面的托福TPO24综合写作范文材料，希望能对大家有所帮助!托福TPO24综合写作范文The reading passage points out three evidences that indicate the existence of actually tissue in dinosaur fossil. However, the professor doubts the accuracy ofthese evidences. In fact, he offers some alternative explanations for the substances found in the fossil.First and foremost, he challenges the existence of blood vessels. Instead, he points out that bacteria may occupy the hollows inside the bones. Therefore, it is highly possible that the soft substance in the branching channels of the bone is the moist residue of bacteria, rather than blood vessels of the dinosaur.Moreover, the professor casts doubt about the red substance in sphere, which according to the reading passage is the remain of red blood cells. In fact, the professor claims that this red substance was also found in some other animals, which lived in the same place but had no red blood vessels at all. The professor argues that the sphere can be pieces of red minerals.Additionally, the professor doubts the existence of collagen in the fossil. On the contrary to the reading passage, he points out that the earliest collagen that has ever found is in fossils 100000 ago. It is unlikely for collagen to last for more than 70 million years. As a result, the professor suggests that the collagenmay come from recent sources, such as the skin of researchers who handed the fossil.托福TPO24综合写作阅读材料：Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a70-‐million-‐year-‐old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might stillcontain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made whenresearcher s deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.动物化石很难帮助人们研究动物的软组织，这是因为化石里面的动物活性组织大部分都被矿物质代替了。

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to attract good students, a university should spend a lot of money funding social activities.（399）There is an ongoing trend that universities are investing more and more money into funding social activities, in order that more outstanding students will be attracted. However, from my perspective, spending a lot of money on such activities does not necessarily benefit the universities' reputation and may not attract many good students as they originally expect.Firstly,the priority of a university is to provide the best education for students sitting in the classrooms. There is no denying that nowadays when it comes to valuing the quality of a university or college, people generally refer to how many scientific prizes it gets, how much paper its professors publish and how well students get educated. These are, obviously, important criteria that are related to academic development, far from having something to do with students' social activities.Many excellent students have realized the significance of the academic level of a university when choosing their own ones. Therefore, it is not unusual that those universities that possess the best professors and have laboratories with pretty good conditions attract the most students. For instance, Peking University and Tsinghua University are two of the best choices for students to choose as their own universities, simply because these two colleges are renowned for their peerless academic level.As a result, universities with high quality of education generally attract more good students. These students tend to expose themselves in an academic atmosphere that allows them to drown in a certain field of study. Spending a lot of money on social activities has little to do to spread the universities reputation in cultivating good students. Thus a greater amount of money should be invested into the increase of the faculties' salaries, enhancement of laboratories equipment and other education related things.Granted, social activities do benefit the students all-round development by improving their communication and organization skills and enable them be more familiar with the operation of society. Nevertheless, we are supposed to keep in mind that students' priority is to learn more knowledge. And when it comes to priority, many unrelated things that contribute less to students' academic performance should give way.In summary, I suggest that universities should put most expenditure on the improvement of their education rather than on social activities. Only in this way can universities attract more good students and send the future elites to our society.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students could receivea better, more efficient education if they spend 11 months a year studying. (481)Most schools around the world provide students with at least two months vacation that aims to enable them adjust themselves and get temporarily relaxed after months of heavy academic burden in the schools. Nevertheless, I suggest that this will not result in the original expectation of schools. Rather, it can substantially decrease students' learning efficiency. Spend at least 11 months a year studying, therefore, will lead to a better education.Firstly, it is not unusual that nowadays students have been complaining about the large amount of homework after class assigned by their teachers. In addition, they have to take a lot of examinations during school hours as well. It seems that they are under great academic pressure and their lives are filled with homework and tests. That they should have more vacations seems reasonable. However, there is no denying that adolescence is the most valuable time for studying and absorbing knowledge. Thus, young students are supposed to receive heavy academic burdens that indeed stimulate their potential abilities and motivate them to go forward.Conversely speaking, if students have long vacations free from homework and tests , which restrict them from being distracted by temptation unrelated to their school works, the consequences can be serious. For example, they will no longer care about what they have learned in classrooms and seldom have a review on textbooks. Furthermore, some younger students who are not mentally mature enough may be mislead to think that studying has nothing to do with their future development. Obviously, this is not the initial expectation of schools.Judging from the statements above, it is simple to conclude that schools should not give students vacations such long as 2 months. A 11-months school year can be pretty beneficial to students in many aspects. First of all, teachers do not have to spend large amount of time to refresh the memory of students after long vacations, since students seldom review the knowledge they have learnt in the past semester. In addition, one month break is enough for students to get fully relaxed and do want they enjoy to do. Meanwhile, it will not be long enough for them to forget about the knowledge they have learnt, and it is still possible to pick up the memory rapidly after vacations.Consequently, one month vacation combines with 11 months in school can be very effective in improving students' learning efficiency. On the one hand, they get enough rest during the 30 days; on the other hand, they can make use of the 11 months to optimize the utilization of their sharp mind and stamina to learn more knowledge, which gets them well prepared for future career and lives.In summary, students will receive a better education if they spend 11 months in school and only take one month's break. In this way, both schools and the society can expect a better group of elites appearing in the near future.3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to truly relax and reduce stress is to spend time alone. （502）When it comes to relaxation, the ways to relieve one's stress vary from person to person. Some prefer to gather together with their friends to enjoy the hilarious atmosphere while the other choose to stay alone and relax by themselves. As far as I am concerned, the best way to relieve our stress and reduce pressure is to spend time alone.Firstly, there is no denial that staying alone can cultivate our mind in that we can calm ourselves down and temporarily escape the hustle and bustle brought by the busy society. Nowadays people are in such rapid living pace that they seldom have time to reflect on what they have done and their own psychological states. From most people's perspective, occupying themselves with works and assignments is a symbol that they are making endeavor, hoping that the result can be as satisfying as they originally expect. This, however, is not the case. Taking a break between heavy works also serves as an important role in allowing people to return to themselves and do something that they really enjoy.For instance, Albert Einstein had to write papers and read articles everyday and he only took four hours' sleep every day. Nevertheless, he still managed to squeeze out half an hour between works to practice playing the violin. It goes beyond saying that staying alone and take a good break gives us a valuable chance to organize our thoughts and thus enhance our working efficiency. Einstein also stated that drowning in the music world helped him to reflect on the abstract physics ideas that require scrupulous consideration. The rhythm of the violin music, therefore, provided him with this opportunity. Obviously, if we have a rest with many people, we will lose the opportunity to improve ourselves and get fully relaxed. (写得略跑题，例子也偏了,考试时改一下,比如从上一段开始可以说自己一个人可以做自己喜欢做的事，培养长期爱好)In addition, spending free time to stay together with others can even has nothing to do with making us feel relaxed. Many teenagers prefer to stay out at night in weekends with them friends, playing computer games or singing in music bars. The next weekday, of course, there is no surprise that they will be so exhausted and find it difficult to concentrate on the lessons. That is not a good way to reduce stress. The best way to take a rest not only enables us to forget about our heavy burdens, but also helps to restore our stamina and makes us feel much more energetic than before the rest. Therefore, staying alone seems to be a perfect way to get relaxed.Granted, spending time with friends allows us to share our experiences and renders us a chance to express our emotions to someone else. But considering the negative effect brought by staying together with others, I will suggest that it will be better for us to just stay alone and enjoy the relaxation by ourselves.In summary, the best way to reduce stress and to help us recover our stamina to get more prepared for future works should be to stay alone.机经第四题120525NAW24. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the modern world, we should never be impolite to another person. （455）As the society becomes increasingly modernized, the conception of being polite to others has gained its increasing momentum among the public. From my perspective, people are supposed to be polite to everyone in order that they can stand out the fierce competition and be "the fittest" to survive.There is no denying that with the rapid development of the world, people are engaging with more and more contact with various kinds of people. When it comes to communication, it is not surprising that different people have different efficiency in conveying their own ideas or promoting themselves to others. What makes the difference is clear. Many people nowadays lack the realization of being polite to others, and with no idea of what may brings them if they behave impolitely. As a result, they may easily offend their customers when promoting their products, just because of a casual but inappropriate comment on products from other companies; or they may remain confused when they are blamed by people around them due to their loud talking in the libraries.It goes beyond saying that politeness is one of the most significant qualities of being a member of the society. A winner of Nobel Prize in chemistry once said that the most important lesson that he had ever took was in his kindergarten. His teacher told him some basic decorum and explained that always being polite to others could be a large amount of mental property, since it was this quality that drove people go forward both academically and socially. Therefore, when fighting for our academy scholarship, we should never refuse to give instructions for those in need of help just because we are afraid that we may be surpassed; when successfully finishing working on a project with co-workers, we should never seize the outcomes by ourselves and are supposed to share the good results and get rewards with them.Granted, there are some cases that we simply cannot tolerate a person who is very imprudent and offends us a lot. But in this case, instead of being impolite in the same way to him, we can choose some methods that are much more suitable. For example, we can avoid to argue with this person and try to deal with his problems mildly, in a more calm and suitable way. On the contrary, if we try to fight back and say some things impolite and inappropriate to those people, we simply become such kind of disgusting people as well.In summary, being polite to everyone is of vital significance in that it helps us go farther on the way to success. Only in this way can we communicate with people better and behave well to get more chances for future promotions.机经第五题5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The food we eat today is much healthier than in the past. (513)(1)第一篇We are living in a world where diverse food has been put on the shelves and offered by various restaurants that provides the food with beautiful outlook to attract the customers. Nevertheless, even though that nowadays food has nicer outlook and seems to contain a higher amount of nutrients compared to that in the past, I still suggest that the food we eat today is not healthier but, instead, much worse than decades ago.There is no denying that the production of healthier and organic food has gained its momentum recently. Due to the enhancement of the efficiency of producing food, many companies need to seek other methods to attract more customers rather than merely produce large amount of food. The most convenient and attractive way seems to be putting a "healthy" label on their food and proposing that the food has an edge over others because it provides people with various nutrients that satisfy the basic intakes that a person need. Nutrients such as vitamins and proteins have been printed on the surface of the food containers, serving as an irreplaceable role to draw the customers' eyes. This is especially true when it comes to selling food that is specifically designed for the elder and children.Simply by printing some text on the food containers can attract more customers and boost the selling of the food, there is no surprise that food companies spend most of their time designing the outlook of the food rather than pay enough attention to truly increase the quality of the food. Most of the food we buy from supermarkets contains chemical stuff that can prevent the food from being out-dated; the fruits we buy from fruit markets may have high pesticides on their surface, which are harmful to our body. These examples are all effective illustrations to suggest that nowadays the food is not as healthy as before, but even has worse effect on human beings.Take a look at the past time. People in the past seldom bought food from others. Instead, they ate what they planted or cultivated, which was free from being polluted or over processed. In addition, they hardly had their meals outside and thus had no access to food that was not healthy and wholesome. Therefore, compare the past time with present, we can easily conclude that these days food becomes worse in quality and we even have more access to eat them, which means that we should pay more attention to what we eat every day since it is concerned with our own body health. Now that food companies are making endeavors to make the outlook of the food seems better, we are supposed to distinguish different kinds of food and choose the one that is the most healthy.In summary, the food we eat nowadays is worse than in the past so we should care more about what we take in as food every day in order that we can get food that is truly healthy and does not contain chemical stuffs that do harm to our body.(2)第二篇（470）We are living in a world where chips, fried chicken and other kinds of junk food prevail. Under such living conditions, it is very hard to say that the food we eat today is much healthier than in the past.There is no denying that nowadays people tend to value what they eat as something worth considering, unlike in the past time when people seldom had many alternatives to decide what to eat. Due to the development of the society, food diversity increases in a rapid speed, leading to various food being put on the shelves. People generally have much wider choices than long ago.Nevertheless, with the rapid development also comes the speeding living pace. People have to deal with heavy works day and night and thus leave less time to even enjoy a simple meal. Therefore, there is a tendency to buy fast food as temporarily energy supply. Instant noodle comes to the dining table, while microwavable canned meat serves as the major food. What people take in every day is increasingly in low nutrients and contains a lot of chemical stuff and artificial dyes which make the food look nicer or smell better. Obviously, these unnatural material added to the fast food cannot be beneficial to our health. Rather, it can be toxic and causes a lot of discomfort in the body.Judging from the statement mentioned above, it is easy to conclude that the food we eat today become less healthy than in the past time. In the past, what people took in as food mainly was those product that they planted or cultivated by themselves. Furthermore, they seldom had the opportunity to eat outside. Therefore, they had fewer chances to take in unwholesome food which may damaged their health. In addition, food in the past time contains almost no, if any, pesticides and other artificial chemical stuff which is added to the food in order that it grows better and attracts more customers.This situation can be very worrying. Now that every one needs food to survive, the food safety problem should alarm us of the worsening health conditions of us. It cannot be avoided. The food companies merely aim at earning as much money as possible, without any consideration that what they add in the food and how they process it are directly concerned with the health of the people who take it in. And we seldom pay attention to it, either. Therefore, the entire public awareness should be raised to realize the potential danger that unhealthy food may imposes on us.In summary, the statement that the food we eat today is much healthier than in the past is far from being correct. Thus we are supposed to care about what we take in as food every day in order to eat more healthily.effect on the society than the airplane has done.(455)We are living in a world where various ways of transportation provide us with unprecedented convenience. Mobiles are renowned for their agility and flexibility while airplanes are probably the fastest but feasible for general people to travel from one place to another. From my perspective, however, I think that the car has had greater effect on the society than the airplane does.The proliferation of technology has made it way too easy to produce cars. So there is no denying that nowadays, almost every modern family owns a car or even more. Therefore, people seldom give consideration to the distances when it comes to go outside, thanks to the convenience brought by mobiles. On weekends, they drive cars to the parks; on the weekdays, they drive cars to go to work, without having to take public transportations such as buses and subways. The fear of taking public buses or subways which are thronged by crowds adds to the wider use of cars.In addition, it is obvious to conclude that the mobile have also made irreplaceable contributions to the society in that it often serves as the main role in transporting goods quickly. Delivery companies are known for their incredibly fast speed in sending shipments to the customers by mobiles. And the mobile also possesses an important advantage that the train does not have-i.e. the mobile is very flexible in traveling to areas where the terrains are not suitable for trains to pass by, such as mountain areas. Therefore, the effect brought by the wide use of cars cannot be ignored.In other words, airplanes are of high speed and are relatively more safe than vehicles on the ground. Many people, especially businessmen, tend to take airplanes to fly here and there in order that they can save a large amount of time. Furthermore, taking planes can also be comfortable without the experience of the jolting and shaking of the moving cars. Nevertheless, it is hard to say that airplanes have done a lot in improving the development of the society. There are few, if any, examples that can be pointed out to illustrate the airplanes' influences on human-beings, while we have to admit that airplanes truly change the living patterns of some people.Thus, a world without airplanes could be as normal as before, but a world without mobiles is hard to imagine. People in that world would have to think twice before considering traveling to somewhere else; even though delivery companies could still use domesticated horses to deliver goods and letters, they would be impotent when it comes to large cargos.In summary, the car has greater effect on the society than airplanes do. It is hard to imagine a world without cars.strict rules to their children if they want them to succeed in the future.(473)There is an ongoing trend that parents are increasingly involved in the education of their children. Their high expectation on children is easy to understand, since every parent all expect to see that their children can become future elites of the society. Consequently, many parents set quite strict rules to their children to help improve their all-round development, i.e. both physically and mentally. And from my perspective, I agree these rules will certainly benefit children.There is no denying that young children are generally not mentally mature enough to behave themselves properly: they are just too young and naive to realize that speaking with their mouth full of food, pointing on others with their chopsticks and throwing rubbish on the ground are not what a civilized man should do. It is not their fault, however, since they are still under junior education and are forming the basic understanding of the relationship between themselves and the society. And in addition, parents play an irreplaceable role in guiding them and teaching them to conform to specific rules that are obeyed by all social members.Parents' education on their children, therefore, can be very effective in that they spend most of time with children and are most familiar with them, thus they can modify some bad behavior of their children according to personal situations. Furthermore, most children are clung to their parents so that they regard what parents say as truth. In this way, parents' proper instruction and guidance on children sometimes can even change their behavior entirely, leading to more developed minds.What's more, being restricted by strict rules often results in personal success. It is not unusual that many celebrities who had done great contributions to academic and scientific fields were brought up by strict mothers or fathers. Take Lu Xun, a renowned writer in China, as an example. In his childhood, his father seldom gave him time for entertainment. Rather, unlike other kids who had plenty of time playing outside, Lu Xun was always forced to read books and write articles at home every day. But eventually, he had written many famous articles and accomplished great success. When asked about why he succeeded, he simply said that it was due to his father's strict rules.Thus, it goes beyond saying that strict rules will be beneficial to children in the long run, despite that it may seems a little bit cruel to a little kid. Granted, compulsory rules limit children's freedom and deprive them happiness in their childhood. But giving consideration to their long-term development, there is no denial that these rules help them a lot on the way to success.In summary, parents should set strict rules to their children. Only in this way can children fully develop their potential and be better prepared for future career, which is of great significance.8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to reduce the air pollution problem is for the government to raise the cost of fuel.(459)As the environment is becoming increasingly contaminated by air pollution problems, there is an ongoing debate as to what we can do to retrieve this situation that is getting worse. Some people argue that the best way to reduce air pollution is to raise the cost of fuel by government, but as far as I am concerned, this is far from a good idea.There is no denying that fuel is the main energy source for various kinds of vehicles, i.e. mobiles, motorcycles and etc. These vehicles serve as an irreplaceable role in transporting daily shipments and enabling people to travel from one place to another easily. Therefore, raising the cost of fuel may brings about economic and even social problems. For instance, the price of goods will raise according to the raise of fuel cost, which can influence people a lot since that some goods are often indispensable for daily lives. Thus, with the raising cost comes that more people cannot afford necessary goods to survive, and the shaking of the fabric of government can be expected.Obviously, we can conclude that raising the cost of fuel is not acceptable in that it may causes the instability of the society. Some other methods, however, can be very effective to deal with the worsening air pollution problem.On the one hand, It only starts up when people begin to realize how serious the problem is and determine to take some methods. For we citizens, therefore, many accessible ways in which we can contribute to the improvement of air conditions are presented to us. Using less electricity can be one of them, such as shutting off the computer screen when we are not using it or turning off the light when we are going to bed; in addition, we can even spread the basic conception of conserving the environment and protecting the quality of atmosphere to the old and young children, who are relatively less informed about the seriousness of the air pollution problem.On the other hand, governments also plays a significant role in controlling the worsening situation. It is obvious that if a government can encourage local industry factories to filter out the toxic gases before releasing them, a more clean and fresh sky can be expected. Furthermore, governments can strengthen the superstition of PM2.5 more frequently to provide the public with clearer ideas about the current air condition and thus can react to it. There are various responsibilities that governments should shoulder in preventing the air pollution from getting worse.In summary, the best way to reduce air pollution is not for governments to raise the cost of fuel. Rather, we citizens should combine with the efforts of governments to solve this long-lasting problem together.。

学校教育Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges or universitiesshould offer students a better job preparation before they can start working. With the competition in the job market increasingly intense these days （随着就业市场的竞争越来越紧张）, college students are under great pressure even before they set out to hunt for jobs.Since it is in universities that students come to learn about and choose their future professions, it is of great significance for colleges or universities to prepare students in areas like making career plans, professional skills and cooperation with others（因为学生是在学校了解和选择未来的职业，所以学院或学校为学生做职业规划，工作技能或与人合作这样的领域的准备至关重要）..Colleges should offer students career planning courses which provide them with direction on how to set their goals and formulate a specific plan to achieve the goals. Many college students do not have a definite idea what they want to do in the future.A survey conducted in many universities over a period of ten years, however, suggests that those with clear goals are more likely to enjoy a successful career. Therefore it will be of considerable use for students to explore their interest and capabilities, as well as to set sensible targets for themselves.In addition, professional skills are a must at work in the future. Man universities focus on the impartation of specialized knowledge, overlooking the fact that professional skills are just as important and should be mastered by undergraduates. There should therefore be more courses that train students in skills which will be applied to their specialized fields. A biology major, for instance, should be capable of carrying out microbial experiments.Furthermore, courses on how to cooperate with colleagues are also needed for the reason that good cooperation is the prerequisite for satisfactory performance at work. Students should be instructed in methods for building good relationship with co-workers, for reaching a consensus on plans, and for distributing tasks appropriately. Not only will this kind of training benefit students’ efficiency at work, but it will exert a profound influence on their everyday life.Therefore, colleges should provide students with a better job preparation with the aim of helping them to achieve what they desire at work. Students, on the other hand, should seize the precious time in universities and try their utmost to get themselves prepared for the career after graduation.The friends that you can have fun with are more important than the friends that you can get help from?Friendship is regarded an indispensable part of life by most people. We cherish friends for a variety of reasons, ranging from the happiness they bring to the favor they do us. Some people maintain that the friends that you can have fun with are more important than the friends you can get help from. But in my view, both kinds of friends are of great importance and we cannot live with either of them absent from our lives.Elevate the learning efficiencyFriends we can have fun with, in some senses, are those who brighten our lives. People all need someone who can share their happiness. We can get a lot of pleasure out of time spent with friends, doing something we all take an interest in. I have some good friends at college, with whom I often go to movies, play sports and enjoy some delicious food that I’ve never tasted. Sometimes we even take a train and travel somewhere far away from our city. We can always enjoy ourselves together. When I am in low spirits, being with them never fails to cheer me up. Their friendship is what I will always treasure.Friends we can get help from, on the other hand, are just as precious to us. They may not necessarily be with us all the time, but they are those to whom we can always turn in our hour of need. Since we cannot manage to handle everything we are faced with, friends who are willing to help us are people we cannot live without. The encouragement they give us in gloomy days, the support they offer when we are in trouble, and the warmth they bring when we are dismayed, are what help us conquer our fear, face difficulties and keep endeavoring regardless of the hardships. As an old saying goes, ‘a friend in need is a friend indeed’. Rather than expect to obtain something, these friends are ready to give us a hand at any time.In conclusion, friends we can have fun with and friends that will help us are of the same significance and neither can be ignored by us. Actually, there are friends that can help us and have fun with us at the same time. And they are friends that deserve to be cherished by us all our life.Compared with people who live in cities, people who live in rural areas can take better care of their families.I agree with the statement that people living in the countryside are able to take better care of their families than those urban residents. People who reside in cities have access to better education resources and health services, admittedly, but there are also many drawbacks that keep them from enjoying leisure time with families and paying close attention to family members’ physical or mental condition. People living in rural areas, on the contrary, are not confronted with these problems.People living in cities are eternally afflicted with stress imposed on them by competition, long working hours, congestion and so on. It is never a piece of cake to keep up with the fast pace of city life. As a result, it is really hard for them to spare some time to be with their families and enjoy the leisure hours. My father is a really diligent engineer who often works overtime. So it is not surprising that my mother keeps complaining about his coming home late. My father, in turn, is getting tired of these complaints. So stress of urban residents can have a negative influence on relationship between family members.In addition, in rural areas it is common to see people live with their parents, while in cities, sons and daughters usually have their own homes after they get married. Living with parents allows people to care for their parents, whose delicate health may be threatened in the aging process. Furthermore, it is always parents’ wish that their sons or daughters can spend more time with them, so living together is a real comfort for parents. There are thousands of empty-nest seniors in cities of China, while the elders in rural areas usually have at least one son or daughter living with them.Besides, the environment in the countryside is much better than that in cities. Children are exposed to the nature, having opportunities to enjoy the beauty of the wild. Kids growing up in cities, however, have to jump from one extra class to another arranged by their parents. When they are not doing their homework, what they do is just watching TV or surfing the Internet. Better education as they may receive, they are deprived of the happiness gained from the nature. Consequently, parents in rural areas can provide their children with more chances to embrace the nature and grow up in more agreeable surroundings.Admittedly, living in urban areas does have its positive facets, but there is no denying that people living in the countryside can take better care of their families. Many people move to cities in pursuit of their fortune, but what they have sacrificed may never be regained.The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.Should we follow our grandparents’advice or not in today’s rapidly developing society? Positive. Although many people believe that experience of grandparents is obsolete with the society progressing at such a high speed, their advice is still of great value to us.To begin with, change as the society may, the basic criteria have been the same over the past 50 to 100 years. Grandparents’ opinion about what is right and what is wrong can still apply to today’s circumstances. Take my grandmother for example. When I lived with her as a kid, she would tell me stories about the virtues of ancient people, like the modesty of Confucius, the diligent of Kong Rong, and the intelligence of Zhuge Liang. I was fascinated with the characters and determined to be a person like them. Thus my grandmother’s advice helped to shape my personality.In addition, some traditional knowledge grandparents retain is still of great use today. Having been utilized by people throughout the history for thousands of years, the knowledge has been proved right and efficient, which is not going to change just because science and technology has developed. For instance, traditional Chinese medicine is known to many old people. In treating some diseases, the effect of Chinese medicine is amazing. Therefore the knowledge grandparents have may be still useful.Last but not least, our grandparents are aged, admittedly, but that does not mean that they do not change with the society. They may also have new ideas as we do. My grandfather is a good example. He pay close attention to political and economical events happening around the world. So it is unfair to assume that all the elderly people are old fossils. Grandparents’ advice can also keep pace with the society.OutdatedObsoleteIn conclusion, it is unfair to say that the advice from grandparents are of no use for their grandchildren. Instead of just ignoring what they say, we should listen to their advice and decide for ourselves whether we should follow it.Parents should allow their children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.It is never easy to educate a child. Some people believe it is parents’ responsibility to tell their children what is wrong and prevent them from making mistakes. But it seems a wiser choice to allow children to make mistakes and let them learn from what they do themselves.The impression a mistake leaves on a child is considerably deep. It is right to say that making mistakes and correcting them is one of the best ways for children to become mature. When they make mistakes, they are supposed to take on the responsibility and make up for the loss they cause, which will not only make them remember the consequence of mistakes and try not to do the same thing again, but will help build up their sense of responsibility as well. If parents just tell their children what is right, they may never actually understand it.Another reason why making mistakes is important is that those who do not fear mistakes tend to be more creative. Only by attempting over and over again can people learn what is the best way to solve a problem. Children should be encouraged to try different methods and not to fear mistakes. Edison made thousands of mistakes before he eventually invented the light bulb. If he had been afraid of failure and had not tried so many times, we could still be using candles today.Admittedly, however, there are some mistakes that children had better not make. If the consequence of a mistake is severe and may not be compensated, it is not a good idea to allow children to make it. For instance, when the behavior of a child may offend the moral or law, the child’s parents should prevent the behavior without hesitation, otherwise they may regret not protecting their child later.In conclusion, parents should allow their children to make some mistakes because mistakes help children to grow up and come up with creative ideas. But some mistakes, on the other hand, should never be allowed to occur.。

TPO1-24综合写作：阅读+听力文本【YeeaooBox推荐】特别推荐，感谢原作者目录TPO1 (2)TPO2 (3)TPO3 (4)TPO4 (5)TPO5 (7)TPO6 (8)TPO7 (9)TPO8 (11)TPO9 (12)TPO10 (13)TPO11 (15)TPO12 (16)TPO13 (17)TPO14 (18)TPO15 (20)TPO16 (21)TPO17 (22)TPO18 (23)TPO19 (25)TPO20 (26)TPO21 (27)TPO22 (28)TPO23 (29)TPO24 (30)是免费的托福真题备考网站 (31)随心的YeeaooBox iPhone客户端 (33)是免费的托福真题备考网站我们致力于提供最全的托福纯真题备考资料http:TPO1ReadingIn the United States,employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However,many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so.A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths(80percent)of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert,and as a result,they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid80percent of the normal rate.In the end,companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money,which would increase company profits.For the country as a whole,one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours,some of their workload would have to be shifted to others.Thus,for every four employees who went on an80percent week,a new employee could be hired at the80percent rate.Finally,the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families,pursuing private interests,or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First,offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more,possibly a lot more.Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits.Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five.And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers.These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second,with respect to overall employment,it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek,many more jobs will become available.Hiring new workers is costly,as I argued a moment ago.And companies have other options.They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference.Worse,companies might raise expectations.They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days.If this happens,then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally,while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives,it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life.Working a shorter week can decrease employees'job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn.They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations,perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all,a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise,and skills than any single individual is likely to possess.Also,because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess,a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake.This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others.Also,the individual team member has a much better chance to“shine”,to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant,because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people,and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done.After about six months,the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team,some members got almost a"free ride"...they didn't contribute much at all,but if their team did a good job,they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues?Well...the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole,nonames were named.So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process,their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly.Why?Because it took so long to reach consensus;it took many,many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.On the other hand,there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said"That will never work"about an idea the group was developing,the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed.And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was"highly creative."And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work,they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story?When the project failed,the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters.However,there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him.One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style,and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt.But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First,there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed.She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford.Rembrandt,who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’clothing,would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.Second,Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow,but in this painting these elements do not fit together.The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below.But below the face is the dark fur collar,which would absorb light rather than reflect it.So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears.Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally,examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together.Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels,no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about"Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet"is true,and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting,a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt.Here is why.First,the fur collar.X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting.The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made.Why?Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.Second,the supposed error with light and shadow.Once the paint of the added fur color was removed,the original could be seen,in the original painting,the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth.The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face.That's why the face is not in partial shadow.So in the original painting,light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally,the wood panel.It turns out that when the fur collar was added,the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable.So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood,as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting.And in fact,researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of"Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet"is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt,his"Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant.For instance,humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of37°C,no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.Because dinosaurs were reptiles,and modern reptiles are not endotherms,it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms.However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles,and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were,in fact,endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions.Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of thesurrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs.The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity,such as running.But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body,not at the body's side,as they are for crocodiles and many lizards.The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs.This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure.The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals.These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly,and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy.The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm,and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage.They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument.When dinosaurs lived,even the polar regions,where dinosaur fossils have been found,were much warmer than today,warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live.And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do.So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well,what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies,not out to the side like crocodiles.That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running.There is another explanation for having legs under the body.This body structure supports more weight,so with the legs under their bodies,dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs,so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok,so how about bone structure?Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals,that's true.The dinosaur bones also have growth rings.Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing.These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods.This pattern of periodic growth,you know,rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth,and then rapid growth again,is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms.Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D.,the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their"great houses,"massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high.Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used.While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation,there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential,with each housing hundreds of people.Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies.In particular,the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large,well-known"apartment buildings"at Taos,New Mexico,in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies.One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize,which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food.The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere,and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers.Close to one house,called Pueblo Alto,archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies.At the ceremonies,they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served.Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First,sure,from the outside,the great houses look like later and native American apartment building,but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there.I'll explain.If hundreds of people were living in the great houses,then there would have to be many fireplaces,where each family did its daily cooking,but there are very few fireplaces.In one of the largest great houses,there were fireplaces for only around ten families.Yet there wereenough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families,so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second,the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize is unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage,but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers.If the great houses were used for storage,why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor?Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third,the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either.You know that mound at Pueblo Alto?It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots,stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies.For example,there are large quantities of building materials, sands,stones,even construction tools.This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material,stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too,leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies.TPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects.What is specific to these online encyclopedias,however,is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one.As a result,the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users.The idea might sound attractive,but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional,printed encyclopedias.First,contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials,thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second,even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct,the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate,delete,and corrupt information in the encyclopedia.Once changes have been made to the original text,an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with.None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third,the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently,and in too great a depth,on trivial andpopular topics,which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not.A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as,say,a single long-running television program.The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online"democratic"communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect,but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer.The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First,errors.It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors.Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate,if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes,you are not going to find it,on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia.But with the printed and bound encyclopedia,the errors remain for decades.Second,hacking.Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers.One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format,which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable.Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third,what's worth knowing about?The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space,so they have to decide what's important and what's not.And in practice,the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have.But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias.The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias,but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users'interests.The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices,an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling panies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as eco-certified.Around the world,many wood companies haveadopted new,ecologically friendly practices in order to receive eco-certification.However,it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same,for several reasons.First,American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the eco-certification label.Because so many mediocre products are labeled'new" or improved,''American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.Second,eco-certified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn eco-certification,a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency.This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price,and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly,American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain eco-certificationThird,although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world,this argument is not convincing.Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad.But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States,catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell,despite what many people say,there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek eco-certification for the wood products.First off,companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies.Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecological-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with an international reputation for trustworthiness.Second point,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone determines consumers'decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small,say,less than5percent,as is the case with certified wood,American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third,US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally.Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors.AsI just told you,there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested ineco-certified products,and guess why?If American companies are slow capturing those consumers,you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets,offering eco-certified wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life,the Chevalier de Seingalt(1725-1798)wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures.The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure,but since he met many famous people,including kings and writers,his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century.However,some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir.They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.For example,in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland,he was very wealthy,and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However,evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant.Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich,he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire.No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed.However,critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately,because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice,Italy.He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof.Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading,it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him.They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail,but still,the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall,and is,by and large,a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.。

托福TPO24综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。

如何使用这个文件呢？做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！在托福考试前来做跟读，口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。

熟悉托福考试的专业词汇。

不少托福考生之所以在听力考试里面不够给力，是因为对于里面的专业词汇不够熟悉。

毕竟在托福考试过程中，如果核心词汇都不懂的话，那么在听力部分只能是束手就擒了。

TPO24 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingAnimal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made whenresearchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.ListeningAs much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacterialived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。

2020托福写作机经为了帮助大家高效备考托福，下面小编给大家带来2020托福写作机经，仅供参考！2020托福写作机经1您是否同意以下说法?一些学生进入大学后学习习惯较差。

所有学生都应参加必修课以养成良好的习惯。

2020托福写作机经2您是否同意以下说法?大学会在宿舍上花钱，以改善学生的生活质量，您认为以下哪种方法是最好的?提供一个安静的学习空间;-建立健身室;提供娱乐场所(观看电影)。

2020托福写作机经3您是否同意以下说法?儿童过分依赖技术，例如计算机，智能手机，视频游戏来娱乐和娱乐。

玩简单的玩具或和朋友一起在外面玩会更好地促进孩子的成长。

2020托福写作机经4您是否同意以下说法?学生没有像过去那样尊重老师。

2020托福写作机经5您是否同意以下说法?教育的最重要目标是教人们如何进行自我教育。

托福写作让步段写法解析托福写作中，一个好的让步段会让文章的逻辑关系更严密，论证更丰富，更符合学术文章的要求。

然而，很多考生尝试着写让步段，却也有凑字数的目的，无法发挥让步段的最佳威力。

到底怎样写出好的让步段?今天小就来和大家详细讲讲让步段的写法，助力你的托福写作!写还是不写?这是个问题Q：很多同学有疑问，在一篇完整的独立作文中，让步段是不是一定要写呢?可不可以不写呢?老师：让步段不是必须要写的，考生们可以在作文里只提出支持自己观点的两至三个正面的理由，这样也可以得出最后的结论。

比如说是否同意“新的科技产品发布，过段时间购买比马上购买要好”，我们完全可以只提出过段时间购买的两个正面理由：一. 价格会更便宜; 二. 产品的性能会更优化，这样整篇作文的论点还是明确的。

但是这篇文章当然也可以加上让步段，过段时间再买的坏处，或是马上购买的好处。

这样会显得这篇文章论证的逻辑更加严密和全面，我们确实是进行了优劣对比后，才得出自己的观点。

尤其要注意的是，如果作文题目本身的观点的反面并不能够被忽略，那么建议让步段是一定要写的，这样显得我们得出自己的观点才不牵强。