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Lesson Eight “We’re Only Human”I．T eaching Objectives:After learning this unit, students are supposed to:1. get familiar with the rules of word formation ;2. get familiar with some grammatical points;3. get familiar with some proper noun;4. have a thorough understanding of the whole text: “We’re Only Human”5．get a list of the new words and expressions and be able to use them freely in writing and daily conversation;II.Listening and speaking activities1.Listen to the recording of the text and fill in the blanks about the main ideas of the article.2．What constitutes moral actions?III. Reading Comprehension and Language Activities1. Pre-reading discussions:1) When some people say that they are only human, what do they mean?2) Is human behavior biologically determined ( or genes-determined)?2. Background knowledge:﹡The author Dr. Laura C. Schlessinger was born in Brooklyn, New Y ork in 1947. she has a Ph.D. in physiology from Columbia University and a post-doctoral certification in marriage, family and child counseling from the University of Southern California, where, upon graduation, she became a faculty member and taught for five years. Dr. Laura Schlessinger is the recipient of many national awards and the author of many New Y ork Times best-sellers, including: Parenthood by Proxy: Don’t Have Them if You Won’t Raise Them(2000); Ten Stupid Things Men Do to Mess up Their Lives(1994); and How Could You Do That?!The Abdication of Character, Courage and Conscience(1996), a book based on Schlessinger’s conversations with her radio callers. The present text is an excerpt taken from the last book listed here, with some adaptations.﹡Every day in the United States of America:•4,219 teenagers contract sexually transmitted diseases•2,329 teenagers unintentionally become pregnant•908 teenagers who didn't intend on becoming pregnant obtain abortions•1,000 adolescents begin drinking alcohol•500 adolescents begin using illicit drugs•16,000 crimes are committed on school•There are 600,000 drug addicted children in the United States.•6% of boys between 16 and 18 carry guns outside the home for "protection."•While only four percent (4%) of inner-city school students report use of hard drugs, 13 percent (13%) report either dealing drugs or working for a drug dealer.•51% of graduating high school seniors admit having used illicit illicit [i'lisit] adj. 违法的；不正当的drugs by the time they reach their senior year of high school3.T ext analysis:The text can be divided into 4 parts:1. The first part explains altruism n. 利他；利他主义is representative of mankind in terms of moral observance.2. The second part illustrates how CHARACTER is the human source of pleasure.3. The third part describes the importance of courage for human moral development.4. The fourth part profoundly and comprehensively explains how conscience works in human morality. 4. Language points:1)Vocabulary(1). bachelor party(AmE) a party for men only, esp the night before a man’s wedding.(2). vegetable: someone who can not think or move because their brain is damaged.(3). to get in the way: to prevent somebody from doing sth(4)blueprint: (technical)the pattern in every living cell, which decides how the plant, animal or person will develop and how it will look like.(5)leap of faith: a belief or trust in something intangible or incapable of being proved, e.g.It requires a leap of faith to pursue this unusual step of transplanting an animal heart into a human patient.(6)at the expense of: with some harm done to,We have been developing our economy at the expense of our environment.It is unwise to increase production at the expense of quality.(7)to come in: to be involvedEverybody has a part to play, where do I come in?I don’t understand. It seems to be a very practical problem. Where does social responsibility come in?2)Grammatical points and structure﹡Be elevated(p2): achieve a more important rank or status•Be elevated to the post of chancellor•Emotional stress can elevate blood pressure.(to increase in amount, significance or intensity)•Elevate pop singers to idols (consider it to be more important than it really is)﹡Drive(p6): a strong need or desire ; energy and determination•n. 车道＝driveway•I thought we might go for a drive.兜风•disk drive•Rescuers battling through driving snow迎面扑来的劲雪•China’s early intellectuals with background of oversea education played a major role in our nation’s drive toward democracy.(a special effort made by a group of people)﹡Derive(p7): derive pleasure or benefit from sth or sb•He is one of those happy people who derive pleasure from helping others.•Defensive behavior patterns derive from our subconscious fears. (A word or feeling derives from / is derived from)﹡Forge(p8)•~ an alliance or relationship (create it through hard work and hope it to be lasting and strong)•~ sth (achieve sth difficult): prisons often help inmates forge new careers.•~ passport, banknote, document, painting, signature, etc. 伪造•~ a blade 铸剑﹡Honor(p10)•授予Two American surgeons were last week ~ed with the Nobel Prize.•荣幸It’s my ~ to have your/ I’m ~ed by your confidence in me.•信守The two sides agreed to ~ a ceasefire.•庆祝City Bank is holding a dinner in ~ of the opening of their new branch in Shanghai.•感谢President Bush will attend a concert in his ~ / in ~ of firefighters.﹡Commitment(p): a strong belief in an idea or system; 责任；承诺•~ to the ideals of Bolshevism•Work ~s forced her to uproot herself from V ancouver.•They made a ~ to nuclear nonproliferation.commit a crime or a sin;commit suicidebe ~ted to sth致力于The government ~ted billions of dollars for a program to reduce acid rain.(use specially专门用于)Think twice before you ~ yourself to working Sundays.(decide to do)It isn’t their diplomatic style to ~ themselves on such a delicate issue. (say what you real ly think or want to do表态) ﹡If I could project you fifteen years into the future (p14): to device in the mindProject one’s country oversea向海外介绍自己的国家----He projected the weather for the coming week. 预测下个星期的天气----The wall is projected in the middle.设计----A politician must project himself as a reformer if he wants to win an election.Project oneself as 营造自己形象project slides onto a screen 放幻灯片Project a new dam/carry out a project﹡Sustain(p17)•~ the weight / the extra expenses承受An unshakable faith ~ me.支持•~ public interest/ the product’s quality~ a family / life 养家，维持•~ hardships / the shock / comparison经受•~ a defeat / a loss蒙受Sustainable growth可持续增长•Sustained illness/attacks 久病;持续进攻﹡Initiative(p17)have/seize the initiative e.g.He did not have the initiative to start his own business.(掌握主动权)on one’s own initiative e.g He went to see the headmaster in his own initiative.(主动地)take the initiative e.g Why don’t you take the initiative and arrange a meeting? (带头)do sth. on one's own initiative 主动地做某事﹡Courage is to life what broth is to soup. (simile)Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what / as Henry Ford was to cars.﹡Conform to(p22)•The meat market can continue only if it is radically overhauled全面检查to conform with/to strict EU standards.(to meet the rules or the desired quality)•I am well aware that we all conform to one stereotype or another. (very similar to)•In conformity with a law or regulation or sb’s wishes根据，符合﹡Adam and Eve•Adam from ea rth, and Eve from Adam’s rib, The Garden of Eden•The temptation of the serpent•The fall of man, the original sin•The expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden•Fulfill vows of penance﹡Devastating(p25): very destructive•Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriage.•He returned to his best with a devastating display of galloping and jumping. (very impressive)•A few days before, a fire had devastated part of Windsor Castle.﹡T ransitory(p26): lasting only for a short time•Most teenage romances are transitory.•Temporary: lasting for only a limited time•Most adolescent problems are temporary﹡Metonymy (借代)与Metaphor (隐喻)的区别•隐喻是不同类事物的比拟(comparing materials across domains),借代是同一类事物的比拟(comparingmaterials within domains)。
Daydreaming has always had reputation, but now scientific research has revealed that daydreaming may actually improve your mental health and creativity. It can even help you achieve your desired goals.Unit 8 Daydream a Little"Daydreaming again, Barb? You'll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can't you find something useful to do?" Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered and unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. Once it was thought that nighttime dreams interfered with our needed rest. But then researchers tried interrupting the dreams of sleepers. They learned that sleepers who aren't allowed to dream lost the benefits of rest. They become tense and anxious. They become irritable. They have trouble concentrating. Their mental health is temporarily damaged. To feel well again, they must be allowed to dream.Now researchers are finding that daydreaming may also be important to mental health. Daydreaming, they tell us, is a good means of relaxation. But its benefits go beyond this. A number of psychologists have conducted experiments and have reached some surprising conclusions.Dr. Joan T. Freyberg has concluded that daydreaming contributes to intellectual growth. It also improves concentration, attention span, and the ability to get along with others, she says. In an experiment with school children, this same researcher found that daydreaming led the children to pay more attention to detail. They had more happy feelings. They worked together better. Another researcher reported that daydreaming seemed to produce improved self-control and creative abilities.But that's only part of the story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser believed that much of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. He maintained that "you can imagine your future." Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse. The young Thomas Edison pictured himself as an inventor. For these notable achievers, it appears that their daydreams came true.Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick believed that the way we picture ourselves is often the way we turn out. He offered this advice: "Hold a picture of yourself … in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it. Picture yourself vividly as defeated, and that will make victory impossible. Picture yourself as winning, and that will contribute immeasurably to success. Do not picture yourself as anything, and you will drift ……"The experiences of some athletes seem to confirm this belief. For instance, John Uelses, a former pole-vaulting champion, used daydreaming techniques before each meet. He would imagine himself winning. He would vividly picture himself clearing the bar at a certain height. He would go over all the details in his mind. He would picture the stadium and the crowds. He'd even imagine the smell of the grass and the earth. He said that this exercise of the imagination left memory traces in his mind that would later help his actual performance.Why would a mental vision of success help produce real success? Dr. Maxwel Maltz, asurgeon and author, say this: "Your nervous system cannot tell the difference between an imagined experience and real experience. In either case it reacts automatically to information that you give it …… It reacts appropriately to what you think or imagine to be true."He believes that purposeful daydreaming builds new "memories" in the brain. These positive memories improve a person's self-image. And self-image has an important effect on a person's action and accomplishments.Can you use purposeful daydreaming to shape your own future? Why not try? Here is how those who believe in creative daydreaming recommend going about it. Choose a time when you can be alone and undisturbed. Close your eyes, to permit your imagination to soar more freely. Many people find that they get best results by pretending that they are sitting before a large screen. They project the desired image of themselves onto that screen.Now picture yourself —— as vividly as possible ——the way you want to be. Remember to picture your desired goals as if you had already attained them. Go over all the details of this picture. See them clearly and sharply. Impress them strongly on your memory. The resulting memory traces will supposedly start affecting your everyday life. They will help lead you to the attainment to your goals.Of course daydreaming is no substitute for hard work. If it's athletic achievement you want, you also have to get lots of practice in your sport. You have to work hard to develop skills. If it's school success you're after, you can't neglect studying Daydreaming alone can't turn you into your heart's desire. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development, it might make a critical difference. It could be the difference between becoming merely good at something and becoming a champion.If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn't as rich and rewarding as life can be. So they suggest setting aside a few minutes each day for daydreaming. By so doing, you may improve your physical and mental well-being. By taking a ten-or fifteen-minute "vacation" into the realm of imagination each day, you may add much to the excitement and enjoyment of your life. And who knows: You might see your own daydreams come true.。
