2014高中英语语法大全：代词和数词

2014⾼中英语语法⼤全：代词和数词

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代词和数词

代词

⼀. ⼈称代词

1. 主格和宾格

1) 通常，⼈称代词主格⽤做主语或表语;宾格⽤做动词或介词的宾语。句⼦的结构如有变

化，也应能加以分析，确定选⽤哪种形式。例如：

It was he who told a lie.

It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)

This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介词宾语)

2) ⼈称代词宾格可⽤在⽐较状语从句⼀类的结构中代替主格。例如：

He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).

2. 两种所有格

⼈称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：

① 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等;

② 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：

1) 漏⽤代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：

I have done my homework.(不能说 * I have done homework.)

We clean our classroom every day.(不能说 * We clean classroom every day.)

2) 误⽤代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中⽆此区别。例如：

That dictionary is not mine.(不能说 * That dictionary is not my.)

Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)

注意：形容词性的物主代词只能⽤作定语，必须与名词连⽤。例如 What's her name? I am your friend. 名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句⼦成分。如：

Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)

You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作宾语)

但是its⼀般不能单独使⽤。需要时可以⽤its own。如：

That's the cat's basket. It's its own.

3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置

当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：

He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary. He looked it up in the dictionary.

但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如： He's been looking for them all thismorning. ⼆. 反⾝代词

1. “反⾝”⽤法

反⾝代词作句中宾语时，表⽰动作返回到主语本⾝。或者说，句⼦的主语和宾语是同⼀个⼈或物。例如：

He hurt himself.(作动词宾语)

Dick bought himself a new coat.(作间接宾语)

I heard Jane talk to herself.(作介词宾语)

2. 强调⽤法

反⾝代词⽤作同位语时，在句中起强调作⽤，其位置也⽐较灵活。例如：

I went to see the mayor myself.(强调主语)

We spoke to the mayor himself.(强调宾语)

The mayor himself met us at the door.(紧随主语之后)

The mayor met us at the door himself.(在句末)

3. 使⽤反⾝代词时的常⻅错误

反⾝代词⼀般不可⽤作句⼦中的主语、表语或定语。如：

* Ourselves can do it.(误作主语)

We can do it ourselves. 我们⾃⼰能干。

* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself.(误作表语)

I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽⻋是他⾃⼰的。

* That's myself problem.(误作定语)

That's a problem of my own.那是我⾃⼰的问题。

注意：在少数习惯表达中反⾝代词可不受语法限制。

I'm not myself today. (我今天不在状态/感觉不好。)

In office myself, I helped her get a job.

(我帮她在我⾃⼰的办公室找了⼀份⼯作。)

三. 不定代词

1. ⽤some还是⽤any

1) ⼀般说来，some⽤于肯定;any⽤于否定，例如：

There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me.

some。试⽐较：

Have you any apples? (I can't see any.)

Could I have some of those apples? (which I can see.)

3) 注意其它⽅式的否定因素也可决定应该⽤any，如：

I don't think there are any letters.(主句动词否定转移，从句中⽤any。) The boy solved the problem without any difficulty.(介词without含否定意味。) Oh! Any book will do;I just want something to read on the train.

Some boys haven't done their homework.(肯定有⼈没做，尽管不⼀定知道是多少⼈。) 2) 疑问句中，⼀般⽤any，如问话⼈⼼中已经有“数”，或认为对⽅会做出肯定回答时，⽤4) any在表⽰“任何(⼈或物)”时，可⽤于肯定句中： 5) 当说话⼈⼼中有“数”(尽管可能不是具体数字)时，否定句中也⽤some，如： 6) any可⽤条件从句中，表⽰情况不明或未定，如：

Let me know if you need any help.(不知道对⽅是否需要帮助。)

试⽐较： Let me know if you need some help.(知道能如何提供帮助。)

2. all和both

1) all和both后⾯的of可有可⽆。

All / Both (of) the desks are new.

注：Both the desks... = Both of the desks... = Both desks...(the或of the可有可⽆)

2) 注意下列两种句⼦⾥all/both的位置：

They all / both agree with me. I agree with them all / both.

句中all或both直接跟在代词(主格或宾格)之后作同位语;其它不定代词不能这样⽤。

3) all/both同频度副词⼀样，可位于句中(主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中)，如：

They all / both came. They were all / both waiting.

(注;each也能这样⽤，其它不定代词都不能。)

3. either与neither

either指“两者之中任何⼀个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连⽤。但在⾮正式英语中也可与复数动词连⽤。例如：

You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong.

There are trees on either/each side of the street.

Neither of the books is worth reading.(=Neither of the books are worth reading)

4. nobody, no one, nothing和none

nobody和no one指⼈，作单数，后⾯不能接of 短语,例如：

Nobody/No one knows why she was late again.

Nobody was hurt in the match，were they?(反意疑问句中，可⽤复数代词they来代替。) nothing指物，作单数;none指⼈或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可⽤于可数名词，也可⽤于不可数名词, 例如：

None of the money on the table is mine.

None of his reasons was/were true.

There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.

Of all my classmates， none likes dancing.

5. every与each

every强调的是“全体”;each则强调的是具体“每⼀个”。例如：

On every/each side of the square there were soldiers.

(The square has more than two sides。every side = each side =all sides表⽰“每边、各边”。) 试⽐较：

On either/each side of the road there were soldiers.

(The road has only two sides. either side= each side = both sides，表⽰⼆者之中“每⼀边”。) 此外，each可作名词性代词，如：

Each has two books.(each作主语)

We each are satisfied with our own rooms.