ABOUT SCM

1. About SCMIt can be said across the twentieth century, the three "electric" era, that is, electrical era, the electronic age, and has now entered the computer age. However, such a computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor etc.. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to smart to give a variety of mechanical microcontroller (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system only used the smallest one IC, you can perform simple operations and control. Because of its small size, usually hidden in a charged mechanical "stomach" Lane. It is the entire device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole device was paralyzed. Now, this MCU has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, home appliances and so on. Once the microcontroller were using a variety of products, you can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of the product, often in the product name is preceded by the adjective - "smart", such as washing machines and so intelligent. At present, some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complex, that is, functions are too simple and easy to be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product without the use of a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM),read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that during operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.单片机的简介可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。

英文回答：Supply chain management (SCM) epasses the oversight of the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from their origin to the final point of consumption. It involves the coordination and collaboration with channel partners, suppliers, intermediaries, and customers to ensure the efficient and effective delivery of the right product, at the right place, and at the right time, while maintaining the requisite quality and cost parameters. Aprehensive SCM strategy is vital to the seamless functioning of the supply chain and to attain apetitive advantage in today's dynamic business landscape.供应链管理（SCM）通过对原材料、加工中库存和成品从原产地到最后消费点的流动和储存的监督。

它涉及与渠道伙伴、供应商、中介和客户的协调与合作，以确保在适当地点和适当时间高效和有效地交付正确的产品，同时保持必要的质量和成本参数。

全面的SCM战略对供应链的无缝运作和在当今充满活力的商业环境中取得长期优势至关重要。

The SCM strategy plan needs to cover a lot of different things like buying stuff, making stuff, getting it to where it needs to go,storing it, and making sure the customers are happy. It should lay out the big goals and objectives of the supply chain, as well as the specific things we're going to do to make them happen. This might include how we get our supplies, how we keep track of what we have, how we move things around, and how wework with our suppliers and distributors. The plan also needs to think about stuff like dealing with risks, being eco-friendly, and using new technology to make everything work better.SCM的策略计划需要涵盖很多不同的东西，比如购物东西，制作东西，把它送到它需要去的地方，储存起来，以及确保顾客的快乐。

供应链管理专业英语Title: Navigating the Intricacies of Supply Chain ManagementIntroductionIn today's global business landscape, supply chain management (SCM) plays a crucial role in ensuring that organizations can efficiently deliver products and services to their customers. SCM encompasses the planning, implementation, and control of the flow and storage of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption. The complexities involved in managing a supply chain are multifaceted and require a deep understanding of logistics, inventory, transportation, and inter-organizational relationships.Understanding the Supply Chain StructureAt its core, a supply chain consists of various entities including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. Each entity plays a critical role in ensuring the smooth operation of the chain. For instance, suppliers provide raw materials or components, manufacturers transform these inputs into finished products, distributors manage the movement of goods, and retailers facilitate the sale to end consumers.Strategic Planning in Supply Chain ManagementStrategic planning is a foundational element in SCM as it allows organizations to anticipate future demand and make informed decisions about resource allocation. This process involves market research, demand forecasting, and the development of a long-term plan to guide the entire supply chain. Strategies may include diversifying supply sources, implementing just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, or investing in technology to enhance efficiency.Operational Efficiency through Process OptimizationEfficient processes are essential for reducing waste, minimizing costs, and improving customer satisfaction. Techniques such as lean management and six sigma can be applied to identify and eliminate inefficiencies within the supply chain. By streamlining operations, companies can achieve faster throughput times, lower inventory levels, and higher quality outputs.Inventory Management and ControlInventory management is a critical aspect of SCM as it directly affects cash flow and customer service levels. Effective inventory control requires accurate forecasting, monitoring stock levels, and implementing appropriate inventory policies such as economic order quantity (EOQ) or critical ratio analysis. By maintaining optimal inventory levels, organizations can avoid stockouts and overstocking, which can lead to lost sales and increased carrying costs.Transportation and Logistics CoordinationThe transportation of goods is a significant component of SCM, involving decisions on mode of transport, route selection, and carrier management. Efficient logistics coordination ensures timely delivery of products while controlling transportation costs. Advancements in technology, such as vehicle tracking systems and real-time data analytics, have transformed the way logistics are managed, allowing for greater visibility and responsiveness in transportation networks.Technology Integration for Enhanced VisibilityThe integration of technology has become indispensable in modern supply chains. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, RFID tags, and other digital tools provide real-time data on inventory levels, supplier performance, andproduction schedules. This enhanced visibility enablescompanies to respond quickly to changes in demand or supply chain disruptions, thus maintaining operational agility.Risk Management and Contingency PlanningSupply chains are vulnerable to risks such as natural disasters, political instability, or economic fluctuations. Risk management involves identifying potential threats, assessing their impact, and developing contingency plans to mitigate these risks. Diversifying suppliers, building safety stock, and establishing alternative sourcing strategies are common approaches to safeguard against unforeseen events.Sustainability in Supply Chain ManagementSustainability has emerged as a key consideration in SCM. Organizations are increasingly held accountable for their environmental impact and social responsibilities. Sustainable practices include reducing carbon footprint through efficient transportation methods, minimizing waste through recyclinginitiatives, and ensuring ethical sourcing by monitoring labor conditions at supplier facilities.ConclusionSupply chain management is an ever-evolving field that demands continuous improvement and adaptation to remain competitive. By embracing strategic planning, process optimization, inventory control, logistics coordination, technology integration, risk management, and sustainability practices, organizations can navigate the complexities of their supply chains and achieve operational excellence. As global markets continue to expand and consumer demands shift, those who master the art of supply chain management will undoubtedly secure a competitive edge in their respective industries.。

1(LIS)——logistics information system：物流信息系统provide less cost and cycle time for panies.purchasing information system 采购信息系统transport information system 运输信息系统quality management information system 质量管理信息系统sales information system 销售信息系统2 ICO——inventory controlling system 库存控制系统3MRP——material requiring planning 物料需求归化4OMS——Operations Management System运营管理系统（order订单管理系统）5WMS——warehouse management systemTMS——transport management system6GPA——Agreement on Government Procurement政府采购协定7 LTL——less than truck load零担货运8TEU——twenty foot equivalent unit标准箱(系集装箱运量统计单位,以长20 英尺的集装箱为标准)9POS——point of sale销售点10ERP——enterprise resource planning11VMI——vendor managed inventory供应商管理库存12XML——extensible markup language可扩展标记语言13GPS——global positioning system14VMS——供应商管理系统RMS——retailer management system15 (EDI) ——electronic data interchange 电子数据交换16(GPS) ——global positioning system 全球定位系统17 W/R warehouse receipt 仓单18 ULS——unit loads systems 单位包装系统（pallet 数量大）19 OPS ——order picking system 拣货式系统20 EXW——Ex Works 工厂交货（……指定地点）FCA——free carrier货交承运人（……指定地点）FAS——Free along ship船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB——free on board船上交货（……指定装运港）CFR——cost，freight 成本加运费（……指定目的港）CIF——cost，insurance，freight成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT——Carriage Paid to运费付至（……指定目的地）CIP——Carriage and Insurance Paid to运费、保险费付至（…指定目的地）DAF——Delivered at Frontier边境交货（……指定地点）DES——Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DEQ——Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DDU——Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDP——Delivered Duty paid完税后交货（……指定目的地）21(FCL) ——full container load 整箱货22.整车货(Full-Truck-Load)23JIT——just in time（production、distribution）及时制24OEM——original equipment manufacture原始设备制造商25SCM——supply chain management26SCOR——supply chain operation reference供应链操作参考模型27TPL——third party logistics28 LLP——Lead Logistics Provider 领导物流厂商29MRp——materials requirements planning物料需求计划30EOS——electronic ordering system电子订货系统31QR——quick response32RFI——radio frequencyidentification射频自动识别33ACT——automatic cargo tracking自动货物追踪34AS\RS——automated storage and retrieval system自动储存和回收系统35DC——distribution center36upc——universal product code （bar code）37 JAZ——just aboutzero38LLP——lead logistics provider领先物流39VMI vendor managed inventory 供应商管理库存42PI——proforma invoice形式发票43CI——mercial invoice 商业发票44PU ——polyurethane聚酯45 PE ——polyethylene聚乙烯46SKU ——stock keeping unit订货存储单位短语中翻英Inventory days of supply供应天数Inventory planning 库存规划Inventory consolidation 库存合并Inventory model库存模型•Inventory deployment 配置•Inventory cycle周期•Inventory turns周转量•Inventory turnover周转率2 Aggregate inventory control库存总量控制Overall level of inventory库存总体水平3 Inside temperature库温度4cost efficiency 成本效率性Stock availability 存货可得性Stock carrying cost 存货周转成本Stock holding cost 库存维持成本Stock location 存货点•Stock rotation 库存周转•Stock sheet 库存清单Stock turnover 库存周转率5 receiving dock收货装卸平台6 Put-away 入库7 Order-picking 订单拣货8 Shipping 装车9Trigger-point method replenishment program 临界点补货法10 demand forecasting and planning 需求预测与计划11Labor planning 工作人员作业计划12Inventory-level planning 库存水平计划13Accounting report 会计报表14Status report 财务状况报表153transport document 运输单据16Warehouse stock transfer receipt advice 仓库库存周转收货单17Warehouse operation 仓库作业18Bonded warehouse 保税仓库19Bar coding条形码20销售订单sales orders21 Freight consolidation 货物拼装22Routing and scheduling shipments23Claims processing24Tracking shipments25出票Issue背书ENDORSEMENT 承兑ACCEPTANCE 贴现DISCOUNT 付款PAYMENT 拒付DISHONOR26 ex-factory price出厂价27 retail price零售价28each node（节点）in the supply chain29 point of origin 原产地30 point of consumption消费地31physical distribution实体配送32distribution of physical goods实体物资的配送33integration and optimization of resources资源的整合与优化34efficiency increase提高效率35cost reduction降低成本35 distribution processing 流通加工36安全库存safety stock37库存周期inventory cycle time38前置期（或提前期）lead time39.Customer service（客户服务）40.Order processing（订单处理）41Return goods handling.退货处理42 Material handling 物料搬运43.Parts and service support零件和服务支持44 Forecasting demands 需求预测45 Warehousing and storage仓储与保管46Plant and warehouse site selection47line’freight tariff班轮定价表48basic rate基本运费率49inquiry 询盘offer报盘counter offer还盘acceptance收盘50托盘化palletization51arrival notice 到达通知52cash—in—advance预付货款Cash—on—delivery货到付款53 continuous replenishment连续补货54proforma invoice形式发票55Customer broker关税代理人56freight consolidation合并运输57order product mixing组合订购的产品58 inbound| outbound logistics向外向物流57forward| reverse logistics 正向逆向物流58availability of goods 现货性59 stockout缺货60delayer the management level 减少管理层61 order placement 下订单62 Lose and damage 货损货差63 Channel of distribution 分销渠道64run lengths 运营时间65corrugated materials瓦楞纸材料66pick products挑拣货物67piggyback service背负式服务68mercial invoice 商业发票69receiving dock装卸平台70pick slip拣货单71Franchise dealer经销商72 throughout volume吞吐量73Documentary credit信用单证74consignment note托运单75Booking note订仓单customer power客户实力Longterm orientation 长期定位leveraging technology 杠杆技术Bullwhip effect牛鞭效应demand pull需求拉动Supply pull供应拉动benchmark标准化Data mining数据挖掘strategic alliance战略同盟Franchising 特许经营logistics outsourcing 物流外包Customized定制化的International transport cargo insuranceLabor planning总做人员作业计划status report财务状况报表2d bar code二维码Method of shipment运输方式Logistics document物流单证bined transport联运safety stock 安全库存Order cycle time订单处理周期Neural packing中性包装order picking 订单分拣Virtual warehouse 虚拟仓库landbridge transport大陆桥运输International multimodal transport国际多式联运Time |voyage charter 定期租船航次租船Consigner consignee收货人carrier shipper托运人Port congestion surcharge 港口拥堵附加费Seaworthy packaging适合海运的包装Shockproof | damage| anticorrosive | rot proof| insect proof technique防震|防破损|防锈|防霉|防虫Special| dangerous goods packagingHandling charges 处置收费Identification 识别标志Shrink wrap收缩膜cellulose wadding 纤维填充物Order picking and storage equipment牛皮纸kraft paper 瓦楞纸corrugated paper简答题1What Is Logistics Information System答：Logistics information system (LIS) is defined as the “people, equipment, and procedures used to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely and accurate information to decision makers”.2 Warehouse = place to store inventory?答：warehousing is a range of logistics operations which involve multiple functions such as storage, packaging,etc. Warehouse is viewed as a place to storeinventory to facilitate the movement of goods from suppliers to customers.Warehousing is involved in SC process:Sourcing/inbound logisticsProcessing/manufacturingOutbound distributionReverse logistics (returns, recycling, etc.)3 Logistics, supply chain, transport物流、供应链和运输三者之间的关系？答Logistics is part of the supply chain process and it involves the management of the supply chain from start to finish.Transport is the conveyance of goods or people from one place to another。

About the T utorialSAP Supply Chain Management is one of the key modules in SAP ERP and controls Production Planning, business forecasting and demand planning. It helps the organization to manage their supply chain process in a dynamic environment. SAP SCM is a complete software to cover key processes such as supply chain networking, supply chain planning and coordination, and supply chain execution.AudienceThis tutorial is meant for Project leaders, project team members, SAP consultants, sales consultant, and those related to the departments of planning and material management. PrerequisitesBefore you start proceeding with this tutorial, we are assuming you have familiarity, prior experience, and knowledge of the domain of supply chain management. However, it is sufficient if you are aware of the basics of computer applications and SAP tools. Copyright & DisclaimerCopyright 2018 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute, or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher.We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or inthistutorial,******************************************T able of ContentsAbout the Tutorial (i)Audience (i)Prerequisites (i)Copyright & Disclaimer (i)Table of Contents (ii)1.SAP SCM – Overview (1)2.SAP SCM – Components (2)3.SAP SCM – Benefits (4)4.SAP SCM – Demand Management (5)Planning Strategies (5)5.SAP SCM – Creating PIR (7)Change and Delete PIR (8)6.SAP SCM – Material Requirement Planning (10)MRP Parameters (10)Running MRP for all Products (11)MRP Evaluation – Stock / Requirement List (15)SAP PP – MRP List (16)7.SAP SCM – Planned Order Creation (17)8.SAP SCM – Production Order Creation (22)9.SAP SCM – Goods Issue (25)Goods Issue Reversal (26)10.SAP SCM – Production Order Confirmation (28)11.SAP SCM – Production Order Cancellation (30)12.SAP SCM – Integration (31)13.SAP SCM – Integration Models (32)Activation and Deactivation of Integration Model (34)14.SAP SCM – Master Data (37)Bills of Material (BOM) (37)Material Master (38)Work Center (39)Routing (40)15.SAP SCM – Resources (42)Resource Types (42)Create and Change Resources (43)16.SAP SCM – Production Data Structures (44)Production Data Structure in SAP APO (45)Production Data Structure in ERP (46)17.SAP SCM – Transfer Changed Master Data (49)18.SAP SCM – Transfer Changed BOMs (51)19.SAP SCM – Model and Versions (53)Creating Model (54)Delete Model/Planning Version (57)20.SAP SCM – Applications (60)21.SAP SCM – Advanced Planning and Optimization APO (61)Supply Chain Monitoring (61)22.SAP SCM – Extended Warehouse (63)Communication Method (63)SAP EWM – Menu Structure (64)23.SAP SCM – Transportation Management (67)Custom Settings in APO (69)24.SAP SCM – Supply Network Collaboration (71)25.SAP SCM – Forecasting & Replenishment (73)SAP F&R Administration (73)26.SAP SCM – Consultant Responsibilities (75)1.SAP SCMSAP Supply Chain Management is one of the key modules in SAP ERP and controls Production Planning, business forecasting and demand planning.The key features of SAP SCM are-∙It helps the organization to manage their supply chain process in a dynamic environment.∙SAP SCM process helps suppliers, customers, manufacturers, business partners and retailers connect with each other to manage supply chain process effectively and efficiently.∙It helps organizations to accelerate and optimize end-to-end procure-to-pay process.∙SCM products from SAP allows an organization to integrate their processes and enforce contract compliance for supply-side and supplier-side requirements throughout using supply chain processes in distributed environment.∙SAP SCM is a complete software to cover the key processes- Supply Chain networking, supply chain planning and coordination, and supply chain execution.∙It includes different planning applications related to Advanced Planning and Optimization APO, and for the integration with other SAP execution applications.∙The primary applications are SAP General Areas, SAP Supply Network Collaboration SNC, SAP Extended Warehouse Management EWM, Advanced Planning and Optimization (APO), Forecasting and Replenishment FRE and SAP Transportation Management TM.In the image shown below, you can see SAP Supply Chain Management and its integration with other R/3 modules to manage supply chain process.2.SAP SCMSAP Supply Chain Management allows organizations to perform effective planning and execution of logistics within supply network and to perform workflow management.You can see the key steps in managing Supply network in an organization. Each step consists of defined set of activities and hence helping customers, suppliers, and retailers connect with each other to provide an effective supply-chain-management solution.SAP SCM consists of the following components-∙SC Collaboration: This is used to help in making collaborative forecasts and agreements.∙SC Planning: This is used to generate the operational plans as per current and relevant data in the system.∙SC coordination: This component in Supply Chain is used to coordinate the exchange of data and information between different business units.∙SC Execution: This is used to ensure that you execute the supply chain plans in the best possible manner to get the desired result.As per functionality, you can divide SCM/APO into three parts-∙Forecasting: To perform demand planning and forecasting, you can link to Customer Relationship Management CRM to get data related to customer campaigns, etc.∙Supply Network Planning (SNP): To view organization as a network of locations and to check stock projections and stock keeping criteria. Calculations in SNP drive dependent requirements down to supplying locations production and receiving stores.∙Production Planning and Detailed Scheduling: This is to check the dependent requirements from locations within the supply network, passed down from SNP.SAP SCM This is linked with Material Requirement Planning (MRP) in Production Planning, which determines the inbound material required to complete a production order.3.SAP SCMUsing Supply Chain Management in SAP, an organization can achieve the following benefits in a distributed environment-∙Reduce accounts receivable collections with better visibility into the AR process, aging, and extension of credit and consequently, help to reduce the day’s sales outstanding.∙Effectively manage forecasting and handling sudden changes in demand and supply process.∙Effectively use Net Fixed assets NFA like plants and equipment.∙To meet customer demands, you can smartly plan and manage Supply Chain Management process in an organization.∙Proper inventory optimization, order fulfillment, and shipping of the goods.∙Distribution of the key information to all the stakeholders spread across the network.∙Improve communication and collaboration between different business lines to manage demand and supply process in an organization.∙Improve production efficiency and reduction in production quality issues and hence reduce cost of goods sold.∙To reduce transportation duties and taxes, and increase rebates and incentives. It also helps to reduce transportation errors.4.SAP SCMDemand management is used to forecast, manage, and plan the demands of goods and has defined set of processes and capabilities to produce goods.The key features of Demand Management are-∙This component is used to improve the demand planning by utilizing promotions.∙Based on historical sales data, you can handle demand for every store, product from different customers and hence you can see customer responses as per change in pricing policies, and profit for a particular product in the organization.∙You use demand models to predict consumers’ reaction with price change. As per organization goals like- increase profit, revenue, etc. you can define selling strategies for the products.In SAP PP system, demand management is performed by Planned Independent requirement PIR. Planned Independent Requirement provides input for production planning. A PIR contains one planned quantity of product and one date for material or a Planned quantity is split over a span of time period.To set your PIR version active use value 00 to specify requirement would be considered in material requirement planning. To maintain number of versions of planned independent requirement, you can set some numbers to active and others to inactive.PIRs define the planning strategy in material master, which determines planning methods- make to order and make to stock.In Make-to-Stock environment, PIRs are used where stock is built based on the forecast and not on sales order.Planning StrategiesPlanning strategies are divided into two categories-Make to Stock Planning strategy (MTS)This is planning strategy where stock is produced without sales order. It is used to meet the customer demands in future.When you use Planning strategy 10, only PIR quantity is considered for MRP run and sales order are completely ignored. In this PIR requirement type LSF is reduced when you deliver stock to customer.When you use Planning strategy 40, for MRP run maximum of 2 PIR and Sales order can be considered and PIR is reduced when enter the Sales order. PIR requirement type is VSF in this case.SAP SCMMake to Order Planning strategy (MTO)In this planning strategy, finished products are not produced until you receive sales order from a customer. For MRP run, you only consider Sales order.In MTO strategy, you only produce sales order stock and products are delivered as per sales orders from specific customer.You use Planning strategy 20 for make to order MTO process and planning strategy 25 is used to produce product variants when there is request for variant products from customer.5.SAP SCMIn this chapter, we will learn how to create, change, or delete PIRs.To create PIR, follow the given steps-Step 1: Use T-code MD61 or go to Logistics -> Production -> Production Planning-> Demand Management -> Planned Independent Requirements -> CreateStep 2: In the next window, enter the following details-∙Enter the single material for which demand needs to be created.∙Enter MRP area and Plant Code.∙Enter version as 00, which shows the active version and requirements would be considered in MRP run.∙Enter the Planning horizon dates for which demand needs to be created.∙Enter planning period as month M and click the tick mark given above.Step 3: Enter Version 00. By default, active check box is flagged. It shows it is an active requirement and would be considered in the MRP run. Enter the requirement quantity in monthly buckets.Click the save icon to save the PIR.Change and Delete PIRTo delete a PIR, select the row in above screen and click the Delete button.Step 1: To change PIR, use T-code: MD62 or go to Logistics -> Production -> Production Planning -> Demand Management -> Planned Independent Requirements -> ChangeStep 2: Enter the following details-∙Enter parent material for which PIR needs to be changed.∙Enter Plant Code.∙Enter version as 00.∙Input the planning horizon dates with planning period as month M.In the next window make changes to the requirement quantity and click the Save button to enter the changes.End of ebook previewIf you liked what you saw…Buy it from our store @ https://。

The Single-chip MicrocomputersAbstract: nowadays, almost nobody are not familiar with the computer. Exactly, people’s life will not continue without the computer. Now, the computer is more and more likely to be used in an automatic system design to imit ate human being’s brain. This essay will introduce something about Single-chip Microcomputers.Keywords: SCM, semiconductor, computer1.the history of the SCMModern computer technology, industrial revolution, the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy. Field in the electronic world, from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems. The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems), while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems.Fifties and sixties in the 20th century, the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio, wireless communications (telegraph), Amateur Radio, radio positioning, navigation and other telemetry, remote control, remote technology. The early radio technology to promote the development of electronic technology, most notably electronic vacuum tube technology to semiconductor electronic technology. The development of semiconductor technology lead to the production of integrated circuit, forming the modern electronic technology leap from discrete electronics into the era of era of integrated circuits. Semiconductor integrated circuits in the basic digital logic circuits first breakthrough. A large number of digital logic circuits, such as gates, counters, timers, shift registers, and analog switches, comparators, etc., for the electronic digital control provides excellent conditions for the traditional mechanical control to electronic control. Power electronic devices and sensor technology to make the original to the radio as the center of electronic technology turned to mechanical engineering in the field of digital control systems, testing in the field of information collection, movement of electrical mechanical servo drive control object.Semiconductor and integrated circuit technology will bring us a universal age of electronic technology, wireless technology as the field of electronic technology a part of. 70 years into the 20th century, large scale integrated circuit appeared to promote the conventional electronic circuit unit-specific electronic systems development.Now comes the embedded systems,and the Single-chip Microcomputer or MCU is a typical. If you meet the massive data-processing computer system known as general-purpose computer system, then the system can be the embeddedobject (such as ships, aircraft, motorcycles, etc.) in a computer system called the embedded computer. Embedded system is primarily a computer system, followed by it being embedded into the object system, objects in the object system to achieve required data collection, processing, status display, the output control functions, as embedded in the object system, embedded system computer does not have an independent form and function of the computer. SCM is entirely in accordance with the requirements of embedded system design, so SCM is the most typical embedded systems. SCM is the early application of technical requirements in accordance with the design of embedded computer chip integration, hence the name single chip. Subsequently, the MCU embedded applications to meet the growing demands of its control functions and peripheral interface functions, in particular, highlight the control function, so has international name the single chip microcontroller (MCU, Microcontroller Unit).2.About common single chipSTC microcontroller STC's mainly based on the 8051 microcontroller core is a new generation of enhanced MCU, the instruction code is fully compatible with the traditional 8051, 8 to 12 times faster, with ADC, 4 Road, PWM, dual serial ports, a global unique ID, encryption of good, strong anti-interference. PIC Microcontroller: MICROCHIP's products is its prominent feature is a small, low power consumption, reduced instruction set, interference, reliability, strong analog interface, the code of confidentiality is good, most of the chip has its compatibleFLASH program memory chips. EMC SCM: Elan's products in Taiwan, with much of the PIC 8-bit microcontroller compatible, and compatible products, resources, compared to the PIC's more, cheap, there are many series of options, but less interference. ATMEL microcontroller (MCU 51): ATMEl company's 8-bit microcontroller with AT89, AT90 two series, AT89 series is the 8-bit Flash microcontroller 8051 is compatible with the static clock mode; AT90 RISC MCU is to enhance the structure, all static methods of work, containing the line can be Flash MCU programming, also known A VR microcontroller. PHLIPIS 51PLC Microcontroller (MCU 51): PHILIPS company's MCU is based on the 80C51 microcontroller core, embedded power-down detection, simulation and on-chip RC oscillator and other functions, which makes 51LPC in highly integrated, low cost, low power design to meet various applications performance requirements. HOLTEK SCM: Sheng Yang, Taiwan Semiconductor's single chip, cheap more categories, but less interference for consumer products. TI company microcontroller (MCU 51):Texas Instruments MSP430 provides the TMS370 and two series of general-purpose microcontroller. TMS370 MCU is the 8-bit CMOS MCU with a variety of storage mode, a variety of external interface mode, suitable for real-time control of complex situations; MSP430 MCU is a low power, high functionality integrated 16-bit low-power microcontroller, especially for applications that require low power consumption occasions Taiwan Sonix'ssingle, mostly 8-bit machines, some with PIC 8-bit microcontroller compatible, cheap, the system clock frequency may be more options there PMW ADC internal noise filtering within the vibration. Shortcomings RAM space is too small, better anti-interference.3. Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputersIn contrast to general-purpose CPUs, microcontrollers do not have an address bus or a data bus, because they integrate all the RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Because they need fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package.Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. (Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU + external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board). This trend leads to design.A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit, commonly with the following features:central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors input/output interfaces such as serial ports (UARTs) other serial communications interfaces like I²C, Serial Peripheral Interface and Controller Area Network for system interconnect peripherals such as timers and watchdog RAM for data storage ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit many include analog-to-digital converters. This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and PCB space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips and have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s.参考文献：《自动化专业英语》王宏文PART3 UINT4 Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer胡寿松，等.自动控制原理[M].北京：科学出版社，2008《51单片机入门与提高》郭天祥丁往道，等.英语写作手册[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994《THE AUTOMATION》The microcomputer。