ANSI B92.1-1970(R1993) SAE美国渐开线花键-中文翻译完整版0429

花键和轮齿花键轴是一种具有一系列与轴成一体的平行键并和相应的切在轮毂或装配件上的键槽相配合的轴；这种分布与一根轴上装有一系列键槽或楔形键槽与开有很多槽的轴相配合的情形形成对比。

后一种结构会在相当程度上减弱轴的强度，因为在轴上开很多槽会降低其传递扭矩的能力。

花键轴最常用的三种场合：1)用于无滑移地传递相对比较重的负荷的联轴器轴；2）用于传递动力的齿轮、滑轮和其它旋转设备，安装方式可以为滑移安装或固定式安装；3）对于要求在角度位置上要求有位移以计数或改变的附件。

具有直齿的花键应用于很多场合（见SAE装置中软拉削的平行花键）；不过，渐开线花键的使用正得到稳步的推广，原因有：1）渐开线花键比其它花键具有更大的传递扭矩的能力，2）它们可以用生产齿轮的相同技术和设备加工，3）尽管啮合件之间存在间隙，它们在负载状态下可以自动对中。

渐开线花键美国国家标准渐开线花键＊_这些花键或多键与渐开线内齿或外齿在成形方法上很相似。

通常方法是通过滚削、轧制或成形加工方法来加工外花键，用拉削或成形方法来加工内花键。

内花键作为基准尺寸，外花键根据配合的需要而采取不同的公差。

基本渐开线花键具有最大的强度，可以被准确地分开和自定心，这样可以高速轴承和应力，并且它们可以被准确测量和装配。

在美国国家标准ANSI B92.1-1970 (R1993)，保留了许多1960版标准中的特征，加上增加的三个精度等级，总计有4个精度等级。

“渐开线轮齿”这一术语，以前应用于45度压力角，已被删除，本标准现在共有30度、37.5度、45度压力角的渐开线花键。

这些渐开线花键的有关表格已作相应的排列。

“轮齿”这一术语不再应用本标准覆盖的花键中。

对于所有齿侧配合形式，本标准只有一种配合等级，就是以前的等级2。

等级1配合由于不常使用已被删除。

平齿根齿侧配合花键的大径已修改，并应用了一种覆盖了1950年和1960年版标准的公差。

以往标准中制定的互换性公差在后面“互换性“一节中给出。

渐开线花键involute spline未注公差undeclared tolerance未注倒角undeclared chamfer调质thermal refining端口port chamfer模数modulus齿形角tooth profile angle变位系数stand-off error齿圈径向跳动geared ring radial runout公法线长度及偏差common normal跨齿数spanned tooth count高频淬火high-frequency quenching配对齿轮mating gear螺旋角spiral angle压力角pressure angle螺旋升角lead angle图号figure number齿厚tooth thickness螺旋线helix蜗杆worm齿轮gear齿轴gear shaft转子轴rotor shaft精度等级precision class汽车构造词汇汽车automobile拖拉机tractor铁路机车locomotive有轨电车tram无轨电车trolley军用车辆military vehicle蒸汽机steam engine煤气机gas engine汽油机gasoline engine国民经济national economy国内生产总值(GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散(CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散(SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放reform and opening技术引进technical import国产化localization支柱产业pillar estate轿车car客车bus, coach货车truck, lorry公路用车road vehicle非公路用车off-road vehicle发动机engine机体engine body曲柄连杆机构crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构valve timing mechanism供给系fuel supply system冷却系cooling system润滑系lubricating system点火系ignition system起动系starting system底盘chassis传动系power train离合器clutch变速器gear box传动轴propeller shaft驱动桥drive axle行驶系running gear车架frame悬架suspension前轴front axle桥壳axle housing车轮wheel转向系steering system转向盘steering wheel转向器steering gear转向传动装置steering linkage助力装置power assisting device制动系braking system控制装置control device供能装置power supply device传动装置transfer device制动器brake车身body车前板制件front end panels车身壳体body shell车门door车窗window附属装置auxiliary device货箱carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动(FR) front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动(FF) front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动(RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动(MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动(nWD) all wheel drive驱动力tractive force阻力resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance空气阻力air resistance, drag上坡阻力gradient resistance附着作用adhesion附着力adhesive force附着系数coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机two stroke engine四冲程发动机four stroke engine水冷发动机water cooled engine风冷发动机air cooled engine上止点(UDP) upper dead point下止点(LDP) lower dead point活塞行程stroke汽缸直径bore工作容积working volume排量swept volume, displacement进气行程intake stroke压缩行程compression stroke压缩比compression ratio做功行程working stroke爆燃，敲缸detonation, knock排气行程exhaust stroke示功图indicating diagram汽缸体cylinder block汽缸盖cylinder head油底壳oil sump活塞piston连杆connecting rod曲轴crankshaft飞轮flywheel进气门intake valve排气门exhaust valve挺柱tappet推杆push rod摇臂rocker凸轮轴camshaft正时齿轮timing gear燃油箱fuel tank燃油泵fuel pump汽油滤清器gasoline filter化油器carburetor空气滤清器air cleaner进气管intake manifold排气管exhaust manifold火花塞spark plug点火线圈ignition coil断电器breaker蓄电池storage battery发电机generator水泵water pump散热器radiator风扇fan放水阀drain valve水套water jacket分水管distributive pipe机油泵oil pump集滤器suction filter限压阀relief valve润滑油道oil passage机油滤清器oil filter机油冷却器oil cooler起动机starting motor有效功率effective power有效转矩effective torque燃油消耗率specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性engine speed characteristic 节气门开度throttle percentage部分特性partial characteristic外特性outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承engine mounting活塞顶piston top活塞头部piston head活塞裙piston skirt开槽slot活塞环piston ring气环compression ring油环oil ring环槽groove活塞销piston pin主轴承main bearing主轴承盖main bearing cap主轴瓦main shell连杆轴承big end bearing连杆盖big end cap起动爪cranking claw带轮pulley平衡重counter weight发火顺序firing order扭振减振器torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门(OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴(OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴(SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机multi-valve engine气门间隙valve clearance配气相位timing phase气门杆valve stem气门座valve seat气门导管valve guide气门弹簧valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气combustion mixture消声器silencer, muffler汽油gasoline, petrol分馏distil蒸发性evaporating property热值heat value抗爆性anti-knock property辛烷值(RON) Research Octane Number过量空气系数coefficient of excessive air理论混合气theoretical mixture稀混合气thin mixture浓混合气thick mixture主供油系统main supply system怠速系统idle system加浓系统thickening system加速系统accelerating system浮子float浮子室float chamber针阀needle valve量孔metering jet阻风门choke滤芯filter cartridge沉淀杯sediment cup泵膜pump diaphragm油浴式oil bath type石棉垫a**estos pad预热pre-heating汽油直接喷射gasoline direct injection电控electronic control多点喷射muti-point injection单点喷射single point injection电路控制circuit control分电器信号distributor signal空气流量信号airflow signal冷却水温信号water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵transfer pump喷油泵fuel injection pump高压油管high pressure fuel pipe发火性ignition property黏度viscosity凝点condensing point备燃期pri-combustion period速燃期rapid combustion period缓燃期slow combustion period燃烧室combustion chamber统一燃烧室united chamber球形燃烧室ball shape chamber涡流室turbulence chamber预燃室pri-combustion chamber喷油器injector精密偶件precise couple柱塞plunger出油阀delivery valve调速器governor两速调速器two speed governor全速调速器full speed governor定速调速器fixed speed governor综合调速器combined governor气动调速器pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器complex governor喷油提前角调节装置advancer飞块flyweight联轴节coupling粗滤清器primary filter细滤清器secondary filter涡轮增压器turbocharger中间冷却器intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器thermostat防冻液anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶compensation reservoirV-带V belt百叶窗shutter大循环big circulation小循环small circulation散热翅片fins第八章润滑系润滑剂lubricant压力润滑pressure lubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication润滑脂grease机油压力传感器oil pressure sensor油封oil seal旁通阀bypass valve机油散热器oil cooler机油尺dip stick加机油口oil filler曲轴箱通风crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组primary winding二次绕组secondary winding热敏电阻heat sensitive resistance点火提前ignition advance分电器distributor活动触点moving contact固定触点fixed contact分火头distributor rotor arm电容器condenser点火提前装置ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器octane number rectifier中心电极central electrode侧电极side electrode瓷绝缘体ceramic insulator跳火间隙spark gap半导体点火系semi-conductor ignition system晶体管transistor二极管diode三极管triode无触点点火系non-contact ignition system霍尔效应Hall effect正极板anode负极板cathode隔板separator电解液electrolyte蓄电池格battery cell接线柱terminal电缆cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转子rotor定子stator电刷brush风扇叶轮fan blade电压调节器voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动cranking电热塞electric heater plug串激直流发电机serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈starter ring电磁操纵机构electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞triangular piston转子发动机rotary engine自转rotary motion, rotation公转orbit motion轨迹trajectory齿轮gear齿圈ring gear往复零件reciprocal parts动平衡dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系hydro-mechanical transmission 静液式传动系static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系electrical transmission自动式传动系automatic transmission减速reduction可变速比variable ratios有级变速definite ratios无级变速indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission一般布置general layout发动机横置lateral engine positioning分动器transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和smooth engagement分离彻底thorough separation过载overload摩擦表面friction surface摩擦衬片friction liner毂hub主动部分driving part从动部分driven part花键spline压盘pressure plate离合器盖cover plate分离杠杆release lever分离套筒release sleeve分离轴承release bearing主缸master cylinder工作缸working cylinder分离* release fork间隙调整clearance adjustment打滑slip踏板pedal踏板自由行程pedal free stroke踏板工作行程pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接rivet双片离合器dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器diaphragm spring clutch 非线性non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴counter shaft倒挡轴reverse gear shaft常啮合constant mesh低速挡low gear高速挡high gear最高速挡top gear空挡neutral gear一挡the first gear二挡the second gear三挡the third gear倒挡reverse gear直接挡direct gear超速挡overdrive动力输出power take-off换挡shift啮合套sliding sleeve同步器synchronizer同步锥面synchro cone变速杆shifting lever手柄handle球铰链ball joint换挡拨* shifting fork自锁self-lock互锁inter-lock变速驱动桥transaxle加力挡low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器hydraulic coupling泵轮impeller涡轮turbine叶片blade液力变矩器torque converter导轮stator行星齿轮系planetary gear system太阳轮sun gear行星轮planet pinion行星架planet carrier齿圈ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint*子yoke, fork十字轴spider, center cross滚针轴承needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple 等角速constant angular velocity双联式万向节dual Cardan type U-joint 球*式万向节Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节Rzeppa type U-joint星形套inner race housing球形壳outer race shell保持架，球笼retainer, ball cage挠性万向节flexible U-joint无缝钢管seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器final drive主动（小）齿轮drive pinion从动（大）齿轮ring gear伞齿轮bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear单级减速single reduction双级减速double reduction贯通式主减速器penetrable final drive双速主减速器double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器wheel reduction差速器differential半轴齿轮differential side gear差速锁differential lock轴间差速器inter-axle differential lock托森差速器torque sensitive differential半轴axle shaft全浮式半轴float type axle shaft半浮式半轴semi-float type axle shaft桥壳axle housing桥壳后盖final drive rear cover第十八章行驶系行驶系running gear车架frame车桥，车轴axle悬架suspension半履带式汽车semi-caterpillar vehicle第十九章车架边梁式车架ladder type frame纵梁side rail横梁cross member保险杠bumper托架bracket支承support拖钩tow hook中梁式车架backbone type frame桁架式车架lattice type frame第二十章车桥和车轮转向桥steering axle桥梁axle beam工字形断面I-section转向节knuckle主销king pin轮毂wheel hub转向轮定位steering wheel alignment主销后倾caster主销内倾king pin inclination前轮外倾camber前轮前束toe-in转向驱动桥steering and driving axle支持桥support axle轮辋rim轮辐spoke车轮装饰罩hub cap轮胎tyre, tire胎冠crown, tread花纹pattern胎侧side wall帘布层cord, ply尼龙，锦纶nylon带束层belted layer内胎tube垫带protector胎圈bead气门嘴bleed valve气门芯valve core子午线轮胎radial tire无内胎轮胎tubeless tire刺穿puncture备胎spare tire第二十一章悬架弹性元件spring, elastic element减振器sock absorber导向机构control device横向稳定器（杆）stabilizer, anti-roll bar悬架刚度suspension stiffness簧载质量sprung mass非簧载质量unsprung mass静挠度static deformation独立悬架independent suspension车轮上跳（减振器压缩行程）jounce车轮回跳（减振器伸张行程）rebound双向作用减振器double action shock absorber 单向作用减振器single action shock absorber 筒式减振器telescopic shock absorber吊环link ring工作缸working cylinder贮油缸reservoir流通阀（进液阀）intake valve伸张阀rebound valve压缩阀compression valve补偿阀compensation valve充气减振器gas filled shock absorber压力可调减振器pressure adjustable shock absorber 钢板弹簧leaf spring中心螺栓central bolt弹簧夹clip螺旋弹簧coil spring扭杆弹簧torsional bar囊式空气弹簧bellow type air spring膜式空气弹簧diaphragm type air spring橡胶弹簧rubber spring卷耳spring eye吊耳shackleU形螺栓U-bolt弹簧盖板spring plate副簧auxiliary spring主簧main spring横臂式悬架transversal type suspension双横臂式悬架double wishbone suspension转向轴线steering axis纵摆臂式trailing arm type滑柱式strut type麦弗逊式McPhaeson type平衡悬架tandem axle suspension第二十二章转向系机械（手动）转向系manual steering system转向盘steering wheel转向轴steering shaft转向柱steering column转向传动轴steering drive shaft转向器steering gear直拉杆drag link转向节knuckle转向节臂knuckle arm梯形臂steering arm横拉杆tie rod转向轮偏转角关系steering geometry转弯半径turning radius循环球式转向器recirculating ball steering gear转向螺杆steering screw转向螺母steering nut齿扇sector齿轮齿条式转向器rack and pinion steering gear蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器worm and crankpin steering gear 动力转向power steering转向油罐steering reservoir转向油泵steering oil pump第二十三章制动系鼓式制动器drum brake制动蹄brake shoe轮缸wheel cylinder制动底板brake base plate调整凸轮adjustable cam制动蹄回位弹簧retainer spring领蹄leading shoe从蹄trailing shoe盘式制动器disc brake制动钳brake calipers制动盘brake disc液压制动系fluid braking system制动液brake fluid制动主缸master cylinder气压制动系pneumatic braking system空气压缩机air compressor制动气室brake chamber贮气筒reservoir制动阀brake valve气压调节阀air pressure governor伺服制动系servo braking system真空助力器vacuum booster防抱死制动系(ABS) Anti-lock Braking System辅助制动器auxiliary brake缓速器retarder排气制动exhaust braking第二十四章车身车身壳体body shell非承载式车身separate frame construction承载式车身unitary construction, integral body发动机舱engine compartment客厢，乘客室passenger compartment行李箱trunk发动机罩hood, bonnet前翼板front fender, front wing前挡泥板front fender apron前围板dash board, fire wall前风窗windscreen, windshield 前围cowl, shroud顶盖roof地板floor panel行李箱盖trunk lid, deck lid后围板rear end panel前柱front pillar, “A” pillar中柱center pillar, “B” pillar后柱rear pillar, “C” pillar上边梁roof rail门槛rocker panel仪表板instrument panel遮阳板sun visor刮水器wiper后视镜rear view mirror门锁door lock玻璃升降器window regulator密封条weather strip暖气装置heater空调装置air conditioner座椅seat头枕head restraint安全带safety seat belt钢化玻璃toughened glass夹层玻璃laminated glass货箱carrying platform边板side board后板tail board前板head board地板，底板floor board栓杆tightening latch第二十五章附属设备车速表speedometer里程表mileage recorder机油压力表oil pressure gauge 燃油表fuel gauge水温表water temperature gauge 电流表ammeter前大灯head lamp转向指示灯turning indicator制动信号灯braking signal light 报警信号装置warning signal附表一般工程词汇长度length宽度width高度height深度depth距离distance间隙clearance位移displacement面积area体积volume重量weight质量mass比重specific gravity密度density时间time周期period加速度velocity, speed重力加速度acceleration of gravity 力force合力resultant分力component力矩moment转矩torque, twisting moment弯矩bending moment压强pressure大气压atmospheric pressure声压级(SPL) Sound Pressure Level 应力stress应变strain变形deformation拉伸stretching压缩compressing弯曲bending扭转twisting强度strength刚度stiffness硬度hardness黏度viscosity运动黏度kinematic viscosity能量energy动能kinetic energy位能potential energy功work功率power温度temperature热heat热容量thermal capacity比热specific heat热功当量Joule’s equivalent传热系数coefficient of heat transfer 加热heating冷却cooling膨胀expansion固体solid液体liquid气体gas蒸发evaporation溶解dissolve融化melt凝结condensation凝固solidification电路electric circuit串联serial connection并联parallel connection电荷electric charge电压voltage电位potential电流current直流(D.C.) Direct Current交流(A.C.) Alternative Current电阻resistance电容量capacity电容器condenser电感inductance电极electrode正极anode负极cathode电离ionization电解electrolysis电镀electroplating电泳electrophoresis磁场强度magnetic field intensity磁通量magnetic flux光通量luminous flux光照度photometric quantity发光强度luminous intensity工程图technical drawing图板drawing board图纸drawing paper描图纸tracing paper投影projection前视图front end view侧视图side view左视图left end view右视图right end view俯视图plan view剖面section剖视section view实线full line虚线broken line, dotted line 点划线chain line尺寸线dimension line方形square长方形rectangle三角形triangle圆形circle内接圆inscribed circle外切圆circumscribed circle 直尺ruler三棱尺triangular scale三角板set square丁字尺tee square, T square 圆规compasses分规divider曲线板curve鸭嘴笔drawing pen锤子hammer斧子ax, axe螺丝刀screw driver扳手wrench, spanner活动扳手adjustable wrench 扳手套筒socket钳子pliers火钳子tongs虎钳vice刀子knife刮刀scraper剪子scissors镊子tweezers夹子clip夹紧器clamp锉刀file凿子，錾子chisel冲子punch锥子awl锯子saw刨子plane钻drill砧铁anvil直角尺square内卡规inside calipers外卡规outside calipers游标卡尺vernier calipers千分卡尺micrometer guage高度尺height gauge千分表dial indicator水平（泡）尺water level画针盘marking gauge螺纹threads螺栓bolt双头螺柱stud螺钉screw十字槽螺钉cross recessed screw 螺母nut开槽螺母castle nut蝶形螺母fly nut, wing nut垫圈washer弹簧垫圈lock washer开口销split pin, cotter pin键key花键spline直齿齿轮spur gear斜齿齿轮helical gear伞齿轮bevel gear球轴承ball bearing滚子轴承roller bearing滚针轴承needle roller bearing 轴承外圈outer race轴承内圈inner race隔离罩，保持架cage, retainer 铸造，铸件casting锻造，锻件forging轧制，轧制件rolling冲压，冲压件stamping焊接，焊缝welding电弧焊arc welding气焊oxyacetylene welding点焊spot welding铆接，铆钉rivet机械加工machine work切削cutting车削turning刨削planing铣削milling钻削drilling绞孔fraising磨削grinding镗削boring拉削broaching抛光polishing热处理heat treatment淬火hardening, quenching退火annealing回火tempering正火normalizing车床lathe龙门刨床planer牛头刨床shaper插床vertical shaper铣床milling machine钻床drilling machine磨床grinder, grinding machine 外圆磨床external grinder内圆磨床internal grinder平面磨床surface grinder镗床boring machine拉床broacher床头箱head stock (gear box) 卡盘，夹盘chuck尾座tail stock走刀箱tool carrier模具die, mold气锤pneumatic hammer压床press刀具cutter车刀，刨刀bite铣刀，绞刀fraise钻头bite磨轮，砂轮grinding wheel夹具fixture, jig汽车automobile拖拉机tractor铁路机车locomotive有轨电车tram无轨电车trolley军用车辆military vehicle蒸汽机steam engine煤气机gas engine汽油机gasoline engine国民经济national economy国内生产总值(GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散(CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散(SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放reform and opening技术引进technical import国产化localization支柱产业pillar estate轿车car客车bus, coach货车truck, lorry公路用车road vehicle非公路用车off-road vehicle发动机engine机体engine body曲柄连杆机构crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构valve timing mechanism供给系fuel supply system冷却系cooling system润滑系lubricating system点火系ignition system起动系starting system底盘chassis传动系power train离合器clutch变速器gear box传动轴propeller shaft驱动桥drive axle行驶系running gear车架frame悬架suspension前轴front axle桥壳axle housing车轮wheel转向系steering system转向盘steering wheel转向器steering gear转向传动装置steering linkage助力装置power assisting device制动系braking system控制装置control device供能装置power supply device传动装置transfer device制动器brake车身body车前板制件front end panels车身壳体body shell车门door车窗window附属装置auxiliary device货箱carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动(FR) front engine rear drive发动机前置前轮驱动(FF) front engine front drive发动机后置后轮驱动(RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动(MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动(nWD) all wheel drive驱动力tractive force阻力resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance空气阻力air resistance, drag上坡阻力gradient resistance附着作用adhesion附着力adhesive force附着系数coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机two stroke engine四冲程发动机four stroke engine水冷发动机water cooled engine风冷发动机air cooled engine上止点(UDP) upper dead point下止点(LDP) lower dead point活塞行程stroke汽缸直径bore工作容积working volume排量swept volume, displacement进气行程intake stroke压缩行程compression stroke压缩比compression ratio做功行程working stroke爆燃，敲缸detonation, knock排气行程exhaust stroke示功图indicating diagram汽缸体cylinder block汽缸盖cylinder head油底壳oil sump活塞piston连杆connecting rod曲轴crankshaft飞轮flywheel进气门intake valve排气门exhaust valve挺柱tappet推杆push rod摇臂rocker凸轮轴camshaft正时齿轮timing gear燃油箱fuel tank燃油泵fuel pump汽油滤清器gasoline filter化油器carburetor空气滤清器air cleaner进气管intake manifold排气管exhaust manifold火花塞spark plug点火线圈ignition coil断电器breaker蓄电池storage battery发电机generator水泵water pump散热器radiator风扇fan放水阀drain valve水套water jacket分水管distributive pipe机油泵oil pump集滤器suction filter限压阀relief valve润滑油道oil passage机油滤清器oil filter机油冷却器oil cooler起动机starting motor有效功率effective power有效转矩effective torque燃油消耗率specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性engine speed characteristic节气门开度throttle percentage部分特性partial characteristic外特性outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承engine mounting活塞顶piston top活塞头部piston head活塞裙piston skirt开槽slot活塞环piston ring气环compression ring油环oil ring环槽groove活塞销piston pin主轴承main bearing主轴承盖main bearing cap主轴瓦main shell连杆轴承big end bearing连杆盖big end cap起动爪cranking claw带轮pulley平衡重counter weight发火顺序firing order扭振减振器torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门(OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴(OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴(SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机multi-valve engine气门间隙valve clearance配气相位timing phase气门杆valve stem气门座valve seat气门导管valve guide气门弹簧valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气combustion mixture消声器silencer, muffler汽油gasoline, petrol分馏distil蒸发性evaporating property热值heat value抗爆性anti-knock property辛烷值(RON) Research Octane Number 过量空气系数coefficient of excessive air 理论混合气theoretical mixture稀混合气thin mixture浓混合气thick mixture主供油系统main supply system怠速系统idle system加浓系统thickening system加速系统accelerating system浮子float浮子室float chamber针阀needle valve量孔metering jet阻风门choke滤芯filter cartridge沉淀杯sediment cup泵膜pump diaphragm油浴式oil bath type石棉垫a**estos pad预热pre-heating汽油直接喷射gasoline direct injection 电控electronic control多点喷射muti-point injection单点喷射single point injection电路控制circuit control分电器信号distributor signal空气流量信号airflow signal冷却水温信号water temperature signal 第五章柴油机供给系输油泵transfer pump喷油泵fuel injection pump高压油管high pressure fuel pipe发火性ignition property黏度viscosity凝点condensing point备燃期pri-combustion period速燃期rapid combustion period缓燃期slow combustion period燃烧室combustion chamber统一燃烧室united chamber球形燃烧室ball shape chamber涡流室turbulence chamber预燃室pri-combustion chamber喷油器injector精密偶件precise couple柱塞plunger出油阀delivery valve调速器governor两速调速器two speed governor全速调速器full speed governor定速调速器fixed speed governor综合调速器combined governor气动调速器pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器complex governor喷油提前角调节装置advancer飞块flyweight联轴节coupling粗滤清器primary filter细滤清器secondary filter涡轮增压器turbocharger中间冷却器intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器thermostat防冻液anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶compensation reservoirV-带V belt百叶窗shutter大循环big circulation小循环small circulation散热翅片fins第八章润滑系润滑剂lubricant压力润滑pressure lubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication润滑脂grease机油压力传感器oil pressure sensor油封oil seal旁通阀bypass valve机油散热器oil cooler机油尺dip stick加机油口oil filler曲轴箱通风crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组primary winding二次绕组secondary winding热敏电阻heat sensitive resistance点火提前ignition advance分电器distributor活动触点moving contact固定触点fixed contact分火头distributor rotor arm电容器condenser点火提前装置ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器octane number rectifier中心电极central electrode侧电极side electrode瓷绝缘体ceramic insulator跳火间隙spark gap半导体点火系semi-conductor ignition system晶体管transistor二极管diode三极管triode无触点点火系non-contact ignition system霍尔效应Hall effect正极板anode负极板cathode隔板separator电解液electrolyte蓄电池格battery cell接线柱terminal电缆cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转子rotor定子stator电刷brush风扇叶轮fan blade电压调节器voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动cranking电热塞electric heater plug串激直流发电机serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈starter ring电磁操纵机构electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞triangular piston转子发动机rotary engine自转rotary motion, rotation公转orbit motion轨迹trajectory齿轮gear齿圈ring gear往复零件reciprocal parts动平衡dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系hydro-mechanical transmission 静液式传动系static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系electrical transmission自动式传动系automatic transmission减速reduction可变速比variable ratios有级变速definite ratios无级变速indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission 一般布置general layout发动机横置lateral engine positioning分动器transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和smooth engagement分离彻底thorough separation过载overload摩擦表面friction surface摩擦衬片friction liner毂hub主动部分driving part从动部分driven part花键spline压盘pressure plate离合器盖cover plate分离杠杆release lever分离套筒release sleeve分离轴承release bearing主缸master cylinder工作缸working cylinder分离叉release fork间隙调整clearance adjustment打滑slip踏板pedal踏板自由行程pedal free stroke踏板工作行程pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接rivet双片离合器dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器diaphragm spring clutch 非线性non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴counter shaft倒挡轴reverse gear shaft常啮合constant mesh低速挡low gear高速挡high gear最高速挡top gear空挡neutral gear一挡the first gear二挡the second gear三挡the third gear倒挡reverse gear直接挡direct gear超速挡overdrive动力输出power take-off换挡shift啮合套sliding sleeve同步器synchronizer同步锥面synchro cone变速杆shifting lever手柄handle球铰链ball joint换挡拨叉shifting fork自锁self-lock互锁inter-lock变速驱动桥transaxle加力挡low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器hydraulic coupling泵轮impeller涡轮turbine叶片blade液力变矩器torque converter导轮stator行星齿轮系planetary gear system太阳轮sun gear行星轮planet pinion行星架planet carrier齿圈ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint叉子yoke, fork十字轴spider, center cross滚针轴承needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple等角速constant angular velocity双联式万向节dual Cardan type U-joint球叉式万向节Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节Rzeppa type U-joint星形套inner race housing球形壳outer race shell保持架，球笼retainer, ball cage挠性万向节flexible U-joint无缝钢管seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器final drive主动（小）齿轮drive pinion从动（大）齿轮ring gear伞齿轮bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear单级减速single reduction双级减速double reduction贯通式主减速器penetrable final drive双速主减速器double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器wheel reduction差速器differential半轴齿轮differential side gear差速锁differential lock轴间差速器inter-axle differential lock托森差速器torque sensitive differential。

SPLINES AND SERRATIONSA splined shaft is one having a series of parallel keys formed integrally with the shaft and mating with corresponding grooves cut in a hub or fitting; this arrangement is in contrast to a shaft having a series of keys or feathers fitted into slots cut into the shaft. The latter construction weakens the shaft to a considerable degree because of the slots cut into it and consequently, reduces its torque-transmitting capacity.花键轴是一种具有“一系列相互平行的齿、并且齿与轴整体成型”的轴，它与在轮毂上或者装配体上开的键槽相配合。

这种装置与“在轴上开槽并且与一组销子或者楔键相配合”的结构相反。

后者的结构由于在轴上开槽大大降低了轴（的强度），降低了传递扭矩的能力。

Splined shafts are most generally used in three types of applications: 1 ) for coupling shafts when relatively heavy torques are to be transmitted without slippage; 2) for transmitting power to slidably-mounted or permanently-fixed gears, pulleys, and other rotating members; and 3) for attaching parts that may require removal for indexing or change in angular position. 花键轴主要用在以下三种情况：1）需要在无滑动的联轴器上传递大的扭矩；2）用于向“可滑动的装配组件”或者“固定装配的齿轮组或滑轮副”传递动力，3）用于“要求指定滑移量或转角位置”的配件上。

渐开线花键involute spline未注公差undeclared tolerance未注倒角undeclared chamfer调质thermal refining端口port chamfer模数modulus齿形角tooth profile angle变位系数stand-off error齿圈径向跳动geared ring radial runout公法线长度及偏差common normal跨齿数spanned tooth count高频淬火high-frequency quenching配对齿轮mating gear螺旋角spiral angle压力角pressure angle螺旋升角lead angle图号figure number齿厚tooth thickness螺旋线helix蜗杆worm齿轮gear齿轴gear shaft转子轴rotor shaft精度等级precision class汽车构造词汇汽车automobile拖拉机tractor铁路机车locomotive有轨电车tram无轨电车trolley军用车辆military vehicle蒸汽机steam engine煤气机gas engine汽油机gasoline engine国民经济national economy国内生产总值(GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散(CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散(SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放reform and opening技术引进technical import国产化localization支柱产业pillar estate轿车car客车bus, coach货车truck, lorry公路用车road vehicle非公路用车off-road vehicle发动机engine机体engine body曲柄连杆机构crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构valve timing mechanism供给系fuel supply system冷却系cooling system润滑系lubricating system点火系ignition system起动系starting system底盘chassis传动系power train离合器clutch变速器gear box传动轴propeller shaft驱动桥drive axle行驶系running gear车架frame悬架suspension前轴front axle桥壳axle housing车轮wheel转向系steering system转向盘steering wheel转向器steering gear转向传动装置steering linkage助力装置power assisting device制动系braking system控制装置control device供能装置power supply device传动装置transfer device制动器brake车身body车前板制件front end panels车身壳体body shell车门door车窗window附属装置auxiliary device货箱carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动(FR) front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动(FF) front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动(RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动(MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动(nWD) all wheel drive驱动力tractive force阻力resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance空气阻力air resistance, drag上坡阻力gradient resistance附着作用adhesion附着力adhesive force附着系数coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机two stroke engine四冲程发动机four stroke engine水冷发动机water cooled engine风冷发动机air cooled engine上止点(UDP) upper dead point下止点(LDP) lower dead point活塞行程stroke汽缸直径bore工作容积working volume排量swept volume, displacement进气行程intake stroke压缩行程compression stroke压缩比compression ratio做功行程working stroke爆燃，敲缸detonation, knock排气行程exhaust stroke示功图indicating diagram汽缸体cylinder block汽缸盖cylinder head油底壳oil sump活塞piston连杆connecting rod曲轴crankshaft飞轮flywheel进气门intake valve排气门exhaust valve挺柱tappet推杆push rod摇臂rocker凸轮轴camshaft正时齿轮timing gear燃油箱fuel tank燃油泵fuel pump汽油滤清器gasoline filter化油器carburetor空气滤清器air cleaner进气管intake manifold排气管exhaust manifold火花塞spark plug点火线圈ignition coil断电器breaker蓄电池storage battery发电机generator水泵water pump散热器radiator风扇fan放水阀drain valve水套water jacket分水管distributive pipe机油泵oil pump集滤器suction filter限压阀relief valve润滑油道oil passage机油滤清器oil filter机油冷却器oil cooler起动机starting motor有效功率effective power有效转矩effective torque燃油消耗率specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性engine speed characteristic 节气门开度throttle percentage部分特性partial characteristic外特性outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承engine mounting活塞顶piston top活塞头部piston head活塞裙piston skirt开槽slot活塞环piston ring气环compression ring油环oil ring环槽groove活塞销piston pin主轴承main bearing主轴承盖main bearing cap主轴瓦main shell连杆轴承big end bearing连杆盖big end cap起动爪cranking claw带轮pulley平衡重counter weight发火顺序firing order扭振减振器torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门(OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴(OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴(SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机multi-valve engine气门间隙valve clearance配气相位timing phase气门杆valve stem气门座valve seat气门导管valve guide气门弹簧valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气combustion mixture消声器silencer, muffler汽油gasoline, petrol分馏distil蒸发性evaporating property热值heat value抗爆性anti-knock property辛烷值(RON) Research Octane Number过量空气系数coefficient of excessive air理论混合气theoretical mixture稀混合气thin mixture浓混合气thick mixture主供油系统main supply system怠速系统idle system加浓系统thickening system加速系统accelerating system浮子float浮子室float chamber针阀needle valve量孔metering jet阻风门choke滤芯filter cartridge沉淀杯sediment cup泵膜pump diaphragm油浴式oil bath type石棉垫a**estos pad预热pre-heating汽油直接喷射gasoline direct injection电控electronic control多点喷射muti-point injection单点喷射single point injection电路控制circuit control分电器信号distributor signal空气流量信号airflow signal冷却水温信号water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵transfer pump喷油泵fuel injection pump高压油管high pressure fuel pipe发火性ignition property黏度viscosity凝点condensing point备燃期pri-combustion period速燃期rapid combustion period缓燃期slow combustion period燃烧室combustion chamber统一燃烧室united chamber球形燃烧室ball shape chamber涡流室turbulence chamber预燃室pri-combustion chamber喷油器injector精密偶件precise couple柱塞plunger出油阀delivery valve调速器governor两速调速器two speed governor全速调速器full speed governor定速调速器fixed speed governor综合调速器combined governor气动调速器pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器complex governor喷油提前角调节装置advancer飞块flyweight联轴节coupling粗滤清器primary filter细滤清器secondary filter涡轮增压器turbocharger中间冷却器intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器thermostat防冻液anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶compensation reservoirV-带V belt百叶窗shutter大循环big circulation小循环small circulation散热翅片fins第八章润滑系润滑剂lubricant压力润滑pressure lubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication润滑脂grease机油压力传感器oil pressure sensor油封oil seal旁通阀bypass valve机油散热器oil cooler机油尺dip stick加机油口oil filler曲轴箱通风crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组primary winding二次绕组secondary winding热敏电阻heat sensitive resistance点火提前ignition advance分电器distributor活动触点moving contact固定触点fixed contact分火头distributor rotor arm电容器condenser点火提前装置ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器octane number rectifier中心电极central electrode侧电极side electrode瓷绝缘体ceramic insulator跳火间隙spark gap半导体点火系semi-conductor ignition system晶体管transistor二极管diode三极管triode无触点点火系non-contact ignition system霍尔效应Hall effect正极板anode负极板cathode隔板separator电解液electrolyte蓄电池格battery cell接线柱terminal电缆cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转子rotor定子stator电刷brush风扇叶轮fan blade电压调节器voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动cranking电热塞electric heater plug串激直流发电机serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈starter ring电磁操纵机构electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞triangular piston转子发动机rotary engine自转rotary motion, rotation公转orbit motion轨迹trajectory齿轮gear齿圈ring gear往复零件reciprocal parts动平衡dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系hydro-mechanical transmission 静液式传动系static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系electrical transmission自动式传动系automatic transmission减速reduction可变速比variable ratios有级变速definite ratios无级变速indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission一般布置general layout发动机横置lateral engine positioning分动器transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和smooth engagement分离彻底thorough separation过载overload摩擦表面friction surface摩擦衬片friction liner毂hub主动部分driving part从动部分driven part花键spline压盘pressure plate离合器盖cover plate分离杠杆release lever分离套筒release sleeve分离轴承release bearing主缸master cylinder工作缸working cylinder分离* release fork间隙调整clearance adjustment打滑slip踏板pedal踏板自由行程pedal free stroke踏板工作行程pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接rivet双片离合器dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器diaphragm spring clutch 非线性non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴counter shaft倒挡轴reverse gear shaft常啮合constant mesh低速挡low gear高速挡high gear最高速挡top gear空挡neutral gear一挡the first gear二挡the second gear三挡the third gear倒挡reverse gear直接挡direct gear超速挡overdrive动力输出power take-off换挡shift啮合套sliding sleeve同步器synchronizer同步锥面synchro cone变速杆shifting lever手柄handle球铰链ball joint换挡拨* shifting fork自锁self-lock互锁inter-lock变速驱动桥transaxle加力挡low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器hydraulic coupling泵轮impeller涡轮turbine叶片blade液力变矩器torque converter导轮stator行星齿轮系planetary gear system太阳轮sun gear行星轮planet pinion行星架planet carrier齿圈ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint*子yoke, fork十字轴spider, center cross滚针轴承needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple 等角速constant angular velocity双联式万向节dual Cardan type U-joint 球*式万向节Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节Rzeppa type U-joint星形套inner race housing球形壳outer race shell保持架，球笼retainer, ball cage挠性万向节flexible U-joint无缝钢管seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器final drive主动（小）齿轮drive pinion从动（大）齿轮ring gear伞齿轮bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear单级减速single reduction双级减速double reduction贯通式主减速器penetrable final drive双速主减速器double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器wheel reduction差速器differential半轴齿轮differential side gear差速锁differential lock轴间差速器inter-axle differential lock托森差速器torque sensitive differential半轴axle shaft全浮式半轴float type axle shaft半浮式半轴semi-float type axle shaft桥壳axle housing桥壳后盖final drive rear cover第十八章行驶系行驶系running gear车架frame车桥，车轴axle悬架suspension半履带式汽车semi-caterpillar vehicle第十九章车架边梁式车架ladder type frame纵梁side rail横梁cross member保险杠bumper托架bracket支承support拖钩tow hook中梁式车架backbone type frame桁架式车架lattice type frame第二十章车桥和车轮转向桥steering axle桥梁axle beam工字形断面I-section转向节knuckle主销king pin轮毂wheel hub转向轮定位steering wheel alignment主销后倾caster主销内倾king pin inclination前轮外倾camber前轮前束toe-in转向驱动桥steering and driving axle支持桥support axle轮辋rim轮辐spoke车轮装饰罩hub cap轮胎tyre, tire胎冠crown, tread花纹pattern胎侧side wall帘布层cord, ply尼龙，锦纶nylon带束层belted layer内胎tube垫带protector胎圈bead气门嘴bleed valve气门芯valve core子午线轮胎radial tire无内胎轮胎tubeless tire刺穿puncture备胎spare tire第二十一章悬架弹性元件spring, elastic element减振器sock absorber导向机构control device横向稳定器（杆）stabilizer, anti-roll bar悬架刚度suspension stiffness簧载质量sprung mass非簧载质量unsprung mass静挠度static deformation独立悬架independent suspension车轮上跳（减振器压缩行程）jounce车轮回跳（减振器伸张行程）rebound双向作用减振器double action shock absorber 单向作用减振器single action shock absorber 筒式减振器telescopic shock absorber吊环link ring工作缸working cylinder贮油缸reservoir流通阀（进液阀）intake valve伸张阀rebound valve压缩阀compression valve补偿阀compensation valve充气减振器gas filled shock absorber压力可调减振器pressure adjustable shock absorber 钢板弹簧leaf spring中心螺栓central bolt弹簧夹clip螺旋弹簧coil spring扭杆弹簧torsional bar囊式空气弹簧bellow type air spring膜式空气弹簧diaphragm type air spring橡胶弹簧rubber spring卷耳spring eye吊耳shackleU形螺栓U-bolt弹簧盖板spring plate副簧auxiliary spring主簧main spring横臂式悬架transversal type suspension双横臂式悬架double wishbone suspension转向轴线steering axis纵摆臂式trailing arm type滑柱式strut type麦弗逊式McPhaeson type平衡悬架tandem axle suspension第二十二章转向系机械（手动）转向系manual steering system转向盘steering wheel转向轴steering shaft转向柱steering column转向传动轴steering drive shaft转向器steering gear直拉杆drag link转向节knuckle转向节臂knuckle arm梯形臂steering arm横拉杆tie rod转向轮偏转角关系steering geometry转弯半径turning radius循环球式转向器recirculating ball steering gear转向螺杆steering screw转向螺母steering nut齿扇sector齿轮齿条式转向器rack and pinion steering gear蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器worm and crankpin steering gear 动力转向power steering转向油罐steering reservoir转向油泵steering oil pump第二十三章制动系鼓式制动器drum brake制动蹄brake shoe轮缸wheel cylinder制动底板brake base plate调整凸轮adjustable cam制动蹄回位弹簧retainer spring领蹄leading shoe从蹄trailing shoe盘式制动器disc brake制动钳brake calipers制动盘brake disc液压制动系fluid braking system制动液brake fluid制动主缸master cylinder气压制动系pneumatic braking system空气压缩机air compressor制动气室brake chamber贮气筒reservoir制动阀brake valve气压调节阀air pressure governor伺服制动系servo braking system真空助力器vacuum booster防抱死制动系(ABS) Anti-lock Braking System辅助制动器auxiliary brake缓速器retarder排气制动exhaust braking第二十四章车身车身壳体body shell非承载式车身separate frame construction承载式车身unitary construction, integral body发动机舱engine compartment客厢，乘客室passenger compartment行李箱trunk发动机罩hood, bonnet前翼板front fender, front wing前挡泥板front fender apron前围板dash board, fire wall前风窗windscreen, windshield 前围cowl, shroud顶盖roof地板floor panel行李箱盖trunk lid, deck lid后围板rear end panel前柱front pillar, “A” pillar中柱center pillar, “B” pillar后柱rear pillar, “C” pillar上边梁roof rail门槛rocker panel仪表板instrument panel遮阳板sun visor刮水器wiper后视镜rear view mirror门锁door lock玻璃升降器window regulator密封条weather strip暖气装置heater空调装置air conditioner座椅seat头枕head restraint安全带safety seat belt钢化玻璃toughened glass夹层玻璃laminated glass货箱carrying platform边板side board后板tail board前板head board地板，底板floor board栓杆tightening latch第二十五章附属设备车速表speedometer里程表mileage recorder机油压力表oil pressure gauge 燃油表fuel gauge水温表water temperature gauge 电流表ammeter前大灯head lamp转向指示灯turning indicator制动信号灯braking signal light 报警信号装置warning signal附表一般工程词汇长度length宽度width高度height深度depth距离distance间隙clearance位移displacement面积area体积volume重量weight质量mass比重specific gravity密度density时间time周期period加速度velocity, speed重力加速度acceleration of gravity 力force合力resultant分力component力矩moment转矩torque, twisting moment弯矩bending moment压强pressure大气压atmospheric pressure声压级(SPL) Sound Pressure Level 应力stress应变strain变形deformation拉伸stretching压缩compressing弯曲bending扭转twisting强度strength刚度stiffness硬度hardness黏度viscosity运动黏度kinematic viscosity能量energy动能kinetic energy位能potential energy功work功率power温度temperature热heat热容量thermal capacity比热specific heat热功当量Joule’s equivalent传热系数coefficient of heat transfer 加热heating冷却cooling膨胀expansion固体solid液体liquid气体gas蒸发evaporation溶解dissolve融化melt凝结condensation凝固solidification电路electric circuit串联serial connection并联parallel connection电荷electric charge电压voltage电位potential电流current直流(D.C.) Direct Current交流(A.C.) Alternative Current电阻resistance电容量capacity电容器condenser电感inductance电极electrode正极anode负极cathode电离ionization电解electrolysis电镀electroplating电泳electrophoresis磁场强度magnetic field intensity磁通量magnetic flux光通量luminous flux光照度photometric quantity发光强度luminous intensity工程图technical drawing图板drawing board图纸drawing paper描图纸tracing paper投影projection前视图front end view侧视图side view左视图left end view右视图right end view俯视图plan view剖面section剖视section view实线full line虚线broken line, dotted line 点划线chain line尺寸线dimension line方形square长方形rectangle三角形triangle圆形circle内接圆inscribed circle外切圆circumscribed circle 直尺ruler三棱尺triangular scale三角板set square丁字尺tee square, T square 圆规compasses分规divider曲线板curve鸭嘴笔drawing pen锤子hammer斧子ax, axe螺丝刀screw driver扳手wrench, spanner活动扳手adjustable wrench 扳手套筒socket钳子pliers火钳子tongs虎钳vice刀子knife刮刀scraper剪子scissors镊子tweezers夹子clip夹紧器clamp锉刀file凿子，錾子chisel冲子punch锥子awl锯子saw刨子plane钻drill砧铁anvil直角尺square内卡规inside calipers外卡规outside calipers游标卡尺vernier calipers千分卡尺micrometer guage高度尺height gauge千分表dial indicator水平（泡）尺water level画针盘marking gauge螺纹threads螺栓bolt双头螺柱stud螺钉screw十字槽螺钉cross recessed screw 螺母nut开槽螺母castle nut蝶形螺母fly nut, wing nut垫圈washer弹簧垫圈lock washer开口销split pin, cotter pin键key花键spline直齿齿轮spur gear斜齿齿轮helical gear伞齿轮bevel gear球轴承ball bearing滚子轴承roller bearing滚针轴承needle roller bearing 轴承外圈outer race轴承内圈inner race隔离罩，保持架cage, retainer 铸造，铸件casting锻造，锻件forging轧制，轧制件rolling冲压，冲压件stamping焊接，焊缝welding电弧焊arc welding气焊oxyacetylene welding点焊spot welding铆接，铆钉rivet机械加工machine work切削cutting车削turning刨削planing铣削milling钻削drilling绞孔fraising磨削grinding镗削boring拉削broaching抛光polishing热处理heat treatment淬火hardening, quenching退火annealing回火tempering正火normalizing车床lathe龙门刨床planer牛头刨床shaper插床vertical shaper铣床milling machine钻床drilling machine磨床grinder, grinding machine 外圆磨床external grinder内圆磨床internal grinder平面磨床surface grinder镗床boring machine拉床broacher床头箱head stock (gear box) 卡盘，夹盘chuck尾座tail stock走刀箱tool carrier模具die, mold气锤pneumatic hammer压床press刀具cutter车刀，刨刀bite铣刀，绞刀fraise钻头bite磨轮，砂轮grinding wheel夹具fixture, jig汽车automobile拖拉机tractor铁路机车locomotive有轨电车tram无轨电车trolley军用车辆military vehicle蒸汽机steam engine煤气机gas engine汽油机gasoline engine国民经济national economy国内生产总值(GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散(CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散(SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放reform and opening技术引进technical import国产化localization支柱产业pillar estate轿车car客车bus, coach货车truck, lorry公路用车road vehicle非公路用车off-road vehicle发动机engine机体engine body曲柄连杆机构crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构valve timing mechanism供给系fuel supply system冷却系cooling system润滑系lubricating system点火系ignition system起动系starting system底盘chassis传动系power train离合器clutch变速器gear box传动轴propeller shaft驱动桥drive axle行驶系running gear车架frame悬架suspension前轴front axle桥壳axle housing车轮wheel转向系steering system转向盘steering wheel转向器steering gear转向传动装置steering linkage助力装置power assisting device制动系braking system控制装置control device供能装置power supply device传动装置transfer device制动器brake车身body车前板制件front end panels车身壳体body shell车门door车窗window附属装置auxiliary device货箱carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动(FR) front engine rear drive发动机前置前轮驱动(FF) front engine front drive发动机后置后轮驱动(RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动(MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动(nWD) all wheel drive驱动力tractive force阻力resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance空气阻力air resistance, drag上坡阻力gradient resistance附着作用adhesion附着力adhesive force附着系数coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机two stroke engine四冲程发动机four stroke engine水冷发动机water cooled engine风冷发动机air cooled engine上止点(UDP) upper dead point下止点(LDP) lower dead point活塞行程stroke汽缸直径bore工作容积working volume排量swept volume, displacement进气行程intake stroke压缩行程compression stroke压缩比compression ratio做功行程working stroke爆燃，敲缸detonation, knock排气行程exhaust stroke示功图indicating diagram汽缸体cylinder block汽缸盖cylinder head油底壳oil sump活塞piston连杆connecting rod曲轴crankshaft飞轮flywheel进气门intake valve排气门exhaust valve挺柱tappet推杆push rod摇臂rocker凸轮轴camshaft正时齿轮timing gear燃油箱fuel tank燃油泵fuel pump汽油滤清器gasoline filter化油器carburetor空气滤清器air cleaner进气管intake manifold排气管exhaust manifold火花塞spark plug点火线圈ignition coil断电器breaker蓄电池storage battery发电机generator水泵water pump散热器radiator风扇fan放水阀drain valve水套water jacket分水管distributive pipe机油泵oil pump集滤器suction filter限压阀relief valve润滑油道oil passage机油滤清器oil filter机油冷却器oil cooler起动机starting motor有效功率effective power有效转矩effective torque燃油消耗率specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性engine speed characteristic节气门开度throttle percentage部分特性partial characteristic外特性outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承engine mounting活塞顶piston top活塞头部piston head活塞裙piston skirt开槽slot活塞环piston ring气环compression ring油环oil ring环槽groove活塞销piston pin主轴承main bearing主轴承盖main bearing cap主轴瓦main shell连杆轴承big end bearing连杆盖big end cap起动爪cranking claw带轮pulley平衡重counter weight发火顺序firing order扭振减振器torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门(OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴(OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴(SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机multi-valve engine气门间隙valve clearance配气相位timing phase气门杆valve stem气门座valve seat气门导管valve guide气门弹簧valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气combustion mixture消声器silencer, muffler汽油gasoline, petrol分馏distil蒸发性evaporating property热值heat value抗爆性anti-knock property辛烷值(RON) Research Octane Number 过量空气系数coefficient of excessive air 理论混合气theoretical mixture稀混合气thin mixture浓混合气thick mixture主供油系统main supply system怠速系统idle system加浓系统thickening system加速系统accelerating system浮子float浮子室float chamber针阀needle valve量孔metering jet阻风门choke滤芯filter cartridge沉淀杯sediment cup泵膜pump diaphragm油浴式oil bath type石棉垫a**estos pad预热pre-heating汽油直接喷射gasoline direct injection 电控electronic control多点喷射muti-point injection单点喷射single point injection电路控制circuit control分电器信号distributor signal空气流量信号airflow signal冷却水温信号water temperature signal 第五章柴油机供给系输油泵transfer pump喷油泵fuel injection pump高压油管high pressure fuel pipe发火性ignition property黏度viscosity凝点condensing point备燃期pri-combustion period速燃期rapid combustion period缓燃期slow combustion period燃烧室combustion chamber统一燃烧室united chamber球形燃烧室ball shape chamber涡流室turbulence chamber预燃室pri-combustion chamber喷油器injector精密偶件precise couple柱塞plunger出油阀delivery valve调速器governor两速调速器two speed governor全速调速器full speed governor定速调速器fixed speed governor综合调速器combined governor气动调速器pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器complex governor喷油提前角调节装置advancer飞块flyweight联轴节coupling粗滤清器primary filter细滤清器secondary filter涡轮增压器turbocharger中间冷却器intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器thermostat防冻液anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶compensation reservoirV-带V belt百叶窗shutter大循环big circulation小循环small circulation散热翅片fins第八章润滑系润滑剂lubricant压力润滑pressure lubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication润滑脂grease机油压力传感器oil pressure sensor油封oil seal旁通阀bypass valve机油散热器oil cooler机油尺dip stick加机油口oil filler曲轴箱通风crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组primary winding二次绕组secondary winding热敏电阻heat sensitive resistance点火提前ignition advance分电器distributor活动触点moving contact固定触点fixed contact分火头distributor rotor arm电容器condenser点火提前装置ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器octane number rectifier中心电极central electrode侧电极side electrode瓷绝缘体ceramic insulator跳火间隙spark gap半导体点火系semi-conductor ignition system晶体管transistor二极管diode三极管triode无触点点火系non-contact ignition system霍尔效应Hall effect正极板anode负极板cathode隔板separator电解液electrolyte蓄电池格battery cell接线柱terminal电缆cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转子rotor定子stator电刷brush风扇叶轮fan blade电压调节器voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动cranking电热塞electric heater plug串激直流发电机serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈starter ring电磁操纵机构electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞triangular piston转子发动机rotary engine自转rotary motion, rotation公转orbit motion轨迹trajectory齿轮gear齿圈ring gear往复零件reciprocal parts动平衡dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系hydro-mechanical transmission 静液式传动系static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系electrical transmission自动式传动系automatic transmission减速reduction可变速比variable ratios有级变速definite ratios无级变速indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission 一般布置general layout发动机横置lateral engine positioning分动器transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和smooth engagement分离彻底thorough separation过载overload摩擦表面friction surface摩擦衬片friction liner毂hub主动部分driving part从动部分driven part花键spline压盘pressure plate离合器盖cover plate分离杠杆release lever分离套筒release sleeve分离轴承release bearing主缸master cylinder工作缸working cylinder分离叉release fork间隙调整clearance adjustment打滑slip踏板pedal踏板自由行程pedal free stroke踏板工作行程pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接rivet双片离合器dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器diaphragm spring clutch 非线性non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴counter shaft倒挡轴reverse gear shaft常啮合constant mesh低速挡low gear高速挡high gear最高速挡top gear空挡neutral gear一挡the first gear二挡the second gear三挡the third gear倒挡reverse gear直接挡direct gear超速挡overdrive动力输出power take-off换挡shift啮合套sliding sleeve同步器synchronizer同步锥面synchro cone变速杆shifting lever手柄handle球铰链ball joint换挡拨叉shifting fork自锁self-lock互锁inter-lock变速驱动桥transaxle加力挡low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器hydraulic coupling泵轮impeller涡轮turbine叶片blade液力变矩器torque converter导轮stator行星齿轮系planetary gear system太阳轮sun gear行星轮planet pinion行星架planet carrier齿圈ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint叉子yoke, fork十字轴spider, center cross滚针轴承needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple等角速constant angular velocity双联式万向节dual Cardan type U-joint球叉式万向节Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节Rzeppa type U-joint星形套inner race housing球形壳outer race shell保持架，球笼retainer, ball cage挠性万向节flexible U-joint无缝钢管seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器final drive主动（小）齿轮drive pinion从动（大）齿轮ring gear伞齿轮bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear单级减速single reduction双级减速double reduction贯通式主减速器penetrable final drive双速主减速器double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器wheel reduction差速器differential半轴齿轮differential side gear差速锁differential lock轴间差速器inter-axle differential lock托森差速器torque sensitive differential。

花键和轮齿花键轴是一种具有一系列与轴成一体的平行键并和相应的切在轮毂或装配件上的键槽相配合的轴；这种分布与一根轴上装有一系列键槽或楔形键槽与开有很多槽的轴相配合的情形形成对比。

后一种结构会在相当程度上减弱轴的强度，因为在轴上开很多槽会降低其传递扭矩的能力。

花键轴最常用的三种场合：1）用于无滑移地传递相对比较重的负荷的联轴器轴；2）用于传递动力的齿轮、滑轮和其它旋转设备，安装方式可以为滑移安装或固定式安装；3）对于要求在角度位置上要求有位移以计数或改变的附件。

具有直齿的花键应用于很多场合（见SAE装置中软拉削的平行花键）；不过，渐开线花键的使用正得到稳步的推广，原因有：1）渐开线花键比其它花键具有更大的传递扭矩的能力，2）它们可以用生产齿轮的相同技术和设备加工，3）尽管啮合件之间存在间隙，它们在负载状态下可以自动对中。

渐开线花键美国国家标准渐开线花键* -这些花键或多键与渐开线内齿或外齿在成形方法上很相似。

通常方法是通过滚削、轧制或成形加工方法来加工外花键，用拉削或成形方法来加工内花键。

内花键作为基准尺寸，外花键根据配合的需要而采取不同的公差。

基本渐开线花键具有最大的强度，可以被准确地分开和自定心，这样可以高速轴承和应力，并且它们可以被准确测量和装配。

在美国国家标准ANSIB92.1-1970（R1993），保留了许多I960版标准中的特征，加上增加的三个精度等级，总计有4个精度等级。

“渐开线轮齿”这一术语，以前应用于45度压力角，已被删除，本标准现在共有30度、37.5度、45度压力角的渐开线花键。

这些渐开线花键的有关表格已作相应的排列。

“轮齿”这一术语不再应用本标准覆盖的花键中。

对于所有齿侧配合形式，本标准只有一种配合等级，就是以前的等级2。

等级1配合由于不常使用已被删除。

平齿根齿侧配合花键的大径已修改，并应用了一种覆盖了1950年和1960年版标准的公差。

以往标准中制定的互换性公差在后面“互换性“一节中给出。

花键齿轮参数中英文对照渐开线花键 involute spline未注公差 undeclared tolerance未注倒角 undeclared chamfer调质 thermal refining端口 port chamfer模数 modulus齿形角 tooth profile angle变位系数 stand-off error齿圈径向跳动 geared ring radial runout公法线长度及偏差 common normal跨齿数 spanned tooth count高频淬火 high-frequency quenching配对齿轮 mating gear螺旋角 spiral angle压力角 pressure angle螺旋升角 lead angle图号 figure number齿厚 tooth thickness螺旋线 helix蜗杆 worm齿轮 gear齿轴 gear shaft转子轴 rotor shaft精度等级 precision class汽车构造词汇汽车 automobile拖拉机 tractor铁路机车 locomotive有轨电车 tram无轨电车 trolley军用车辆 military vehicle蒸汽机 steam engine煤气机 gas engine汽油机 gasoline engine国民经济 national economy国内生产总值 (GDP) Gross Domestic Production全拆散 (CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散 (SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放 reform and opening技术引进 technical import国产化 localization支柱产业 pillar estate轿车 car客车 bus, coach货车 truck, lorry公路用车 road vehicle非公路用车 off-road vehicle发动机 engine机体 engine body曲柄连杆机构 crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构 valve timing mechanism供给系 fuel supply system冷却系 cooling system润滑系 lubricating system点火系 ignition system起动系 starting system底盘 chassis传动系 power train离合器 clutch变速器 gear box传动轴 propeller shaft驱动桥 drive axle行驶系 running gear车架 frame悬架 suspension前轴 front axle桥壳 axle housing车轮 wheel转向系 steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向器 steering gear转向传动装置 steering linkage助力装置 power assisting device制动系 braking system控制装置 control device供能装置 power supply device传动装置 transfer device制动器 brake车身 body车前板制件 front end panels车身壳体 body shell车门 door车窗 window附属装置 auxiliary device货箱 carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动 (FR) front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动 (FF) front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动 (RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动 (MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动 (nWD) all wheel drive驱动力 tractive force阻力 resistance滚动阻力 rolling resistance空气阻力 air resistance, drag上坡阻力 gradient resistance附着作用 adhesion附着力 adhesive force附着系数 coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机 two stroke engine四冲程发动机 four stroke engine水冷发动机 water cooled engine风冷发动机 air cooled engine上止点 (UDP) upper dead point下止点 (LDP) lower dead point活塞行程 stroke汽缸直径 bore工作容积 working volume排量 swept volume, displacement进气行程 intake stroke压缩行程 compression stroke压缩比 compression ratio做功行程 working stroke爆燃，敲缸 detonation, knock排气行程 exhaust stroke示功图 indicating diagram汽缸体 cylinder block汽缸盖 cylinder head油底壳 oil sump活塞 piston连杆 connecting rod曲轴 crankshaft飞轮 flywheel进气门 intake valve排气门 exhaust valve挺柱 tappet推杆 push rod摇臂 rocker凸轮轴 camshaft正时齿轮 timing gear燃油箱 fuel tank燃油泵 fuel pump汽油滤清器 gasoline filter化油器 carburetor空气滤清器 air cleaner进气管 intake manifold排气管 exhaust manifold火花塞 spark plug点火线圈 ignition coil断电器 breaker蓄电池 storage battery发电机 generator水泵 water pump散热器 radiator风扇 fan放水阀 drain valve水套 water jacket分水管 distributive pipe机油泵 oil pump集滤器 suction filter限压阀 relief valve润滑油道 oil passage机油滤清器 oil filter机油冷却器 oil cooler起动机 starting motor有效功率 effective power有效转矩 effective torque燃油消耗率 specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性 engine speed characteristic 节气门开度 throttle percentage部分特性 partial characteristic外特性 outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套 cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承 engine mounting活塞顶 piston top活塞头部 piston head活塞裙 piston skirt开槽 slot活塞环 piston ring气环 compression ring油环 oil ring环槽 groove活塞销 piston pin主轴承 main bearing主轴承盖 main bearing cap主轴瓦 main shell连杆轴承 big end bearing连杆盖 big end cap起动爪 cranking claw带轮 pulley平衡重 counter weight发火顺序 firing order扭振减振器 torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门 (OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴 (OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴 (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴 (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机 multi-valve engine气门间隙 valve clearance配气相位 timing phase气门杆 valve stem气门座 valve seat气门导管 valve guide气门弹簧 valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气 combustion mixture消声器 silencer, muffler汽油 gasoline, petrol分馏 distil蒸发性 evaporating property热值 heat value抗爆性 anti-knock property辛烷值 (RON) Research Octane Number过量空气系数 coefficient of excessive air理论混合气 theoretical mixture稀混合气 thin mixture浓混合气 thick mixture主供油系统 main supply system怠速系统 idle system加浓系统 thickening system加速系统 accelerating system浮子 float浮子室 float chamber针阀 needle valve量孔 metering jet阻风门 choke滤芯 filter cartridge沉淀杯 sediment cup泵膜 pump diaphragm油浴式 oil bath type石棉垫 a**estos pad预热 pre-heating汽油直接喷射 gasoline direct injection电控 electronic control多点喷射 muti-point injection单点喷射 single point injection电路控制 circuit control分电器信号 distributor signal空气流量信号 airflow signal冷却水温信号 water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵 transfer pump喷油泵 fuel injection pump高压油管 high pressure fuel pipe发火性 ignition property黏度 viscosity凝点 condensing point备燃期 pri-combustion period速燃期 rapid combustion period缓燃期 slow combustion period燃烧室 combustion chamber统一燃烧室 united chamber球形燃烧室 ball shape chamber涡流室 turbulence chamber预燃室 pri-combustion chamber喷油器 injector精密偶件 precise couple柱塞 plunger出油阀 delivery valve调速器 governor两速调速器 two speed governor全速调速器 full speed governor定速调速器 fixed speed governor综合调速器 combined governor气动调速器 pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器 mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器 complex governor喷油提前角调节装置 advancer飞块 flyweight联轴节 coupling粗滤清器 primary filter细滤清器 secondary filter涡轮增压器 turbocharger中间冷却器 intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器 thermostat防冻液 anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶 compensation reservoirV-带 V belt百叶窗 shutter大循环 big circulation小循环 small circulation散热翅片 fins第八章润滑系润滑剂 lubricant压力润滑 pressure lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑脂 grease机油压力传感器 oil pressure sensor油封 oil seal旁通阀 bypass valve机油散热器 oil cooler机油尺 dip stick加机油口 oil filler曲轴箱通风 crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组 primary winding二次绕组 secondary winding热敏电阻 heat sensitive resistance点火提前 ignition advance分电器 distributor活动触点 moving contact固定触点 fixed contact分火头 distributor rotor arm电容器 condenser点火提前装置 ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置 centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置 vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器 octane number rectifier中心电极 central electrode侧电极 side electrode瓷绝缘体 ceramic insulator跳火间隙 spark gap半导体点火系 semi-conductor ignition system晶体管 transistor二极管 diode三极管 triode无触点点火系 non-contact ignition system霍尔效应 Hall effect正极板 anode负极板 cathode隔板 separator电解液 electrolyte蓄电池格 battery cell接线柱 terminal电缆 cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor 转子 rotor定子 stator电刷 brush风扇叶轮 fan blade电压调节器 voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动 cranking电热塞 electric heater plug串激直流发电机 serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈 starter ring电磁操纵机构 electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞 triangular piston转子发动机 rotary engine自转 rotary motion, rotation公转 orbit motion轨迹 trajectory齿轮 gear齿圈 ring gear往复零件 reciprocal parts动平衡 dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机 gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系 mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系 hydro-mechanical transmission 静液式传动系 static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系 electrical transmission自动式传动系 automatic transmission减速 reduction可变速比 variable ratios有级变速 definite ratios无级变速 indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission 一般布置 general layout发动机横置 lateral engine positioning分动器 transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和 smooth engagement分离彻底 thorough separation过载 overload摩擦表面 friction surface摩擦衬片 friction liner毂 hub主动部分 driving part从动部分 driven part花键 spline压盘 pressure plate离合器盖 cover plate分离杠杆 release lever分离套筒 release sleeve分离轴承 release bearing主缸 master cylinder工作缸 working cylinder分离* release fork间隙调整 clearance adjustment打滑 slip踏板 pedal踏板自由行程 pedal free stroke踏板工作行程 pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接 rivet双片离合器 dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器 central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器 diaphragm spring clutch非线性 non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft中间轴 counter shaft倒挡轴 reverse gear shaft常啮合 constant mesh低速挡 low gear高速挡 high gear最高速挡 top gear空挡 neutral gear一挡 the first gear二挡 the second gear三挡 the third gear倒挡 reverse gear直接挡 direct gear超速挡 overdrive动力输出 power take-off换挡 shift啮合套 sliding sleeve同步器 synchronizer同步锥面 synchro cone变速杆 shifting lever手柄 handle球铰链 ball joint换挡拨* shifting fork自锁 self-lock互锁 inter-lock变速驱动桥 transaxle加力挡 low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器 hydraulic coupling泵轮 impeller涡轮 turbine叶片 blade液力变矩器 torque converter导轮 stator行星齿轮系 planetary gear system太阳轮 sun gear行星轮 planet pinion行星架 planet carrier齿圈 ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节 universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint*子 yoke, fork十字轴 spider, center cross滚针轴承 needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple 等角速 constant angular velocity双联式万向节 dual Cardan type U-joint球*式万向节 Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节 Rzeppa type U-joint星形套 inner race housing球形壳 outer race shell保持架，球笼 retainer, ball cage挠性万向节 flexible U-joint无缝钢管 seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器 final drive主动（小）齿轮 drive pinion从动（大）齿轮 ring gear伞齿轮 bevel gear双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear单级减速 single reduction双级减速 double reduction贯通式主减速器 penetrable final drive双速主减速器 double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器 wheel reduction差速器 differential半轴齿轮 differential side gear差速锁 differential lock轴间差速器 inter-axle differential lock托森差速器 torque sensitive differential半轴 axle shaft全浮式半轴 float type axle shaft半浮式半轴 semi-float type axle shaft桥壳 axle housing桥壳后盖 final drive rear cover第十八章行驶系行驶系 running gear车架 frame车桥，车轴 axle悬架 suspension半履带式汽车 semi-caterpillar vehicle第十九章车架边梁式车架 ladder type frame纵梁 side rail横梁 cross member保险杠 bumper托架 bracket支承 support拖钩 tow hook中梁式车架 backbone type frame桁架式车架 lattice type frame第二十章车桥和车轮转向桥 steering axle桥梁 axle beam工字形断面 I-section转向节 knuckle主销 king pin轮毂 wheel hub转向轮定位 steering wheel alignment主销后倾 caster主销内倾 king pin inclination前轮外倾 camber前轮前束 toe-in转向驱动桥 steering and driving axle支持桥 support axle轮辋 rim轮辐 spoke车轮装饰罩 hub cap轮胎 tyre, tire胎冠 crown, tread花纹 pattern胎侧 side wall帘布层 cord, ply尼龙，锦纶 nylon带束层 belted layer内胎 tube垫带 protector胎圈 bead气门嘴 bleed valve气门芯 valve core子午线轮胎 radial tire无内胎轮胎 tubeless tire刺穿 puncture备胎 spare tire第二十一章悬架弹性元件 spring, elastic element减振器 sock absorber导向机构 control device横向稳定器（杆）stabilizer, anti-roll bar 悬架刚度 suspension stiffness簧载质量 sprung mass非簧载质量 unsprung mass静挠度 static deformation独立悬架 independent suspension车轮上跳（减振器压缩行程） jounce车轮回跳（减振器伸张行程） rebound双向作用减振器 double action shock absorber 单向作用减振器 single action shock absorber 筒式减振器 telescopic shock absorber吊环 link ring工作缸 working cylinder贮油缸 reservoir流通阀（进液阀）intake valve伸张阀 rebound valve压缩阀 compression valve补偿阀 compensation valve充气减振器 gas filled shock absorber压力可调减振器 pressure adjustable shock absorber 钢板弹簧 leaf spring中心螺栓 central bolt弹簧夹 clip螺旋弹簧 coil spring扭杆弹簧 torsional bar囊式空气弹簧 bellow type air spring膜式空气弹簧 diaphragm type air spring橡胶弹簧 rubber spring卷耳 spring eye吊耳 shackleU形螺栓 U-bolt弹簧盖板 spring plate副簧 auxiliary spring主簧 main spring横臂式悬架 transversal type suspension双横臂式悬架 double wishbone suspension转向轴线 steering axis纵摆臂式 trailing arm type滑柱式 strut type麦弗逊式 McPhaeson type平衡悬架 tandem axle suspension第二十二章转向系机械（手动）转向系 manual steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向轴 steering shaft转向柱 steering column转向传动轴 steering drive shaft转向器 steering gear直拉杆 drag link转向节 knuckle转向节臂 knuckle arm梯形臂 steering arm横拉杆 tie rod转向轮偏转角关系 steering geometry转弯半径 turning radius循环球式转向器 recirculating ball steering gear转向螺杆 steering screw转向螺母 steering nut齿扇 sector齿轮齿条式转向器 rack and pinion steering gear蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器 worm and crankpin steering gear 动力转向 power steering转向油罐 steering reservoir转向油泵 steering oil pump第二十三章制动系鼓式制动器 drum brake制动蹄 brake shoe轮缸 wheel cylinder制动底板 brake base plate调整凸轮 adjustable cam制动蹄回位弹簧 retainer spring领蹄 leading shoe从蹄 trailing shoe盘式制动器 disc brake制动钳 brake calipers制动盘 brake disc液压制动系 fluid braking system制动液 brake fluid制动主缸 master cylinder气压制动系 pneumatic braking system空气压缩机 air compressor制动气室 brake chamber贮气筒 reservoir制动阀 brake valve气压调节阀 air pressure governor伺服制动系 servo braking system真空助力器 vacuum booster防抱死制动系 (ABS) Anti-lock Braking System辅助制动器 auxiliary brake缓速器 retarder排气制动 exhaust braking第二十四章车身车身壳体 body shell非承载式车身 separate frame construction承载式车身 unitary construction, integral body发动机舱 engine compartment客厢，乘客室 passenger compartment行李箱 trunk发动机罩 hood, bonnet前翼板 front fender, front wing 前挡泥板 front fender apron前围板 dash board, fire wall前风窗 windscreen, windshield前围 cowl, shroud顶盖 roof地板 floor panel行李箱盖 trunk lid, deck lid后围板 rear end panel前柱 front pillar, “A” pillar 中柱 center pillar, “B” pillar 后柱 rear pillar, “C” pillar 上边梁 roof rail门槛 rocker panel仪表板 instrument panel遮阳板 sun visor刮水器 wiper后视镜 rear view mirror门锁 door lock玻璃升降器 window regulator密封条 weather strip暖气装置 heater空调装置 air conditioner座椅 seat头枕 head restraint安全带 safety seat belt钢化玻璃 toughened glass夹层玻璃 laminated glass货箱 carrying platform边板 side board后板 tail board前板 head board地板，底板 floor board栓杆 tightening latch第二十五章附属设备车速表 speedometer里程表 mileage recorder机油压力表 oil pressure gauge燃油表 fuel gauge水温表 water temperature gauge 电流表 ammeter前大灯 head lamp转向指示灯 turning indicator制动信号灯 braking signal light报警信号装置 warning signal附表一般工程词汇长度 length宽度 width高度 height深度 depth距离 distance间隙 clearance位移 displacement面积 area体积 volume重量 weight质量 mass比重 specific gravity密度 density时间 time周期 period加速度 velocity, speed重力加速度 acceleration of gravity 力 force合力 resultant分力 component力矩 moment转矩 torque, twisting moment弯矩 bending moment压强 pressure大气压 atmospheric pressure声压级 (SPL) Sound Pressure Level 应力 stress应变 strain变形 deformation拉伸 stretching压缩 compressing弯曲 bending扭转 twisting强度 strength刚度 stiffness硬度 hardness黏度 viscosity运动黏度 kinematic viscosity能量 energy动能 kinetic energy位能 potential energy功 work功率 power温度 temperature热 heat热容量 thermal capacity比热 specific heat热功当量 Joule’s equivalent传热系数 coefficient of heat transfer 加热 heating冷却 cooling膨胀 expansion固体 solid液体 liquid气体 gas蒸发 evaporation溶解 dissolve融化 melt凝结 condensation凝固 solidification电路 electric circuit串联 serial connection并联 parallel connection电荷 electric charge电压 voltage电位 potential电流 current直流 (D.C.) Direct Current交流 (A.C.) Alternative Current电阻 resistance电容量 capacity电容器 condenser电感 inductance电极 electrode正极 anode负极 cathode电离 ionization电解 electrolysis电镀 electroplating电泳 electrophoresis磁场强度 magnetic field intensity磁通量 magnetic flux光通量 luminous flux光照度 photometric quantity发光强度 luminous intensity工程图 technical drawing图板 drawing board图纸 drawing paper描图纸 tracing paper投影 projection前视图 front end view侧视图 side view左视图 left end view右视图 right end view俯视图 plan view剖面 section剖视 section view实线 full line虚线 broken line, dotted line 点划线 chain line尺寸线 dimension line方形 square长方形 rectangle三角形 triangle圆形 circle内接圆 inscribed circle外切圆 circumscribed circle 直尺 ruler三棱尺 triangular scale三角板 set square丁字尺 tee square, T square 圆规 compasses分规 divider曲线板 curve鸭嘴笔 drawing pen锤子 hammer斧子 ax, axe螺丝刀 screw driver扳手 wrench, spanner活动扳手 adjustable wrench扳手套筒 socket钳子 pliers火钳子 tongs虎钳 vice刀子 knife刮刀 scraper剪子 scissors镊子 tweezers夹子 clip夹紧器 clamp锉刀 file凿子，錾子 chisel冲子 punch锥子 awl锯子 saw刨子 plane钻 drill砧铁 anvil直角尺 square内卡规 inside calipers外卡规 outside calipers游标卡尺 vernier calipers千分卡尺 micrometer guage高度尺 height gauge千分表 dial indicator水平（泡）尺 water level画针盘 marking gauge螺纹 threads螺栓 bolt双头螺柱 stud螺钉 screw十字槽螺钉 cross recessed screw 螺母 nut开槽螺母 castle nut蝶形螺母 fly nut, wing nut垫圈 washer弹簧垫圈 lock washer开口销 split pin, cotter pin键 key花键 spline直齿齿轮 spur gear斜齿齿轮 helical gear伞齿轮 bevel gear球轴承 ball bearing滚子轴承 roller bearing滚针轴承 needle roller bearing 轴承外圈 outer race轴承内圈 inner race隔离罩，保持架 cage, retainer 铸造，铸件 casting锻造，锻件 forging轧制，轧制件 rolling冲压，冲压件 stamping焊接，焊缝 welding电弧焊 arc welding气焊 oxyacetylene welding点焊 spot welding铆接，铆钉 rivet机械加工 machine work切削 cutting车削 turning刨削 planing铣削 milling钻削 drilling绞孔 fraising磨削 grinding镗削 boring拉削 broaching抛光 polishing热处理 heat treatment淬火 hardening, quenching退火 annealing回火 tempering正火 normalizing车床 lathe龙门刨床 planer牛头刨床 shaper插床 vertical shaper铣床 milling machine钻床 drilling machine磨床 grinder, grinding machine 外圆磨床 external grinder内圆磨床 internal grinder平面磨床 surface grinder镗床 boring machine拉床 broacher床头箱 head stock (gear box)卡盘，夹盘 chuck尾座 tail stock走刀箱 tool carrier模具 die, mold气锤 pneumatic hammer压床 press刀具 cutter车刀，刨刀 bite铣刀，绞刀 fraise钻头 bite磨轮，砂轮 grinding wheel夹具 fixture, jig汽车 automobile拖拉机 tractor铁路机车 locomotive有轨电车 tram无轨电车 trolley军用车辆 military vehicle蒸汽机 steam engine煤气机 gas engine汽油机 gasoline engine国民经济 national economy国内生产总值 (GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散 (CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散 (SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放 reform and opening技术引进 technical import国产化 localization支柱产业 pillar estate轿车 car客车 bus, coach货车 truck, lorry公路用车 road vehicle非公路用车 off-road vehicle发动机 engine机体 engine body曲柄连杆机构 crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构 valve timing mechanism供给系 fuel supply system冷却系 cooling system润滑系 lubricating system点火系 ignition system起动系 starting system底盘 chassis传动系 power train离合器 clutch变速器 gear box传动轴 propeller shaft驱动桥 drive axle行驶系 running gear车架 frame悬架 suspension前轴 front axle桥壳 axle housing车轮 wheel转向系 steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向器 steering gear转向传动装置 steering linkage助力装置 power assisting device制动系 braking system控制装置 control device供能装置 power supply device传动装置 transfer device制动器 brake车身 body车前板制件 front end panels车身壳体 body shell车门 door车窗 window附属装置 auxiliary device货箱 carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动 (FR) front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动 (FF) front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动 (RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动 (MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动 (nWD) all wheel drive驱动力 tractive force阻力 resistance滚动阻力 rolling resistance空气阻力 air resistance, drag上坡阻力 gradient resistance附着作用 adhesion附着力 adhesive force附着系数 coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机 two stroke engine四冲程发动机 four stroke engine水冷发动机 water cooled engine风冷发动机 air cooled engine上止点 (UDP) upper dead point下止点 (LDP) lower dead point活塞行程 stroke汽缸直径 bore工作容积 working volume排量 swept volume, displacement进气行程 intake stroke压缩行程 compression stroke压缩比 compression ratio做功行程 working stroke爆燃，敲缸 detonation, knock 排气行程 exhaust stroke示功图 indicating diagram汽缸体 cylinder block汽缸盖 cylinder head油底壳 oil sump活塞 piston连杆 connecting rod曲轴 crankshaft飞轮 flywheel进气门 intake valve排气门 exhaust valve挺柱 tappet推杆 push rod摇臂 rocker凸轮轴 camshaft正时齿轮 timing gear燃油箱 fuel tank燃油泵 fuel pump汽油滤清器 gasoline filter 化油器 carburetor空气滤清器 air cleaner进气管 intake manifold排气管 exhaust manifold火花塞 spark plug点火线圈 ignition coil断电器 breaker蓄电池 storage battery发电机 generator水泵 water pump散热器 radiator风扇 fan放水阀 drain valve水套 water jacket分水管 distributive pipe机油泵 oil pump集滤器 suction filter限压阀 relief valve润滑油道 oil passage机油滤清器 oil filter机油冷却器 oil cooler起动机 starting motor有效功率 effective power有效转矩 effective torque燃油消耗率 specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性 engine speed characteristic节气门开度 throttle percentage部分特性 partial characteristic外特性 outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套 cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承 engine mounting活塞顶 piston top活塞头部 piston head活塞裙 piston skirt开槽 slot活塞环 piston ring气环 compression ring油环 oil ring环槽 groove活塞销 piston pin主轴承 main bearing主轴承盖 main bearing cap主轴瓦 main shell连杆轴承 big end bearing连杆盖 big end cap起动爪 cranking claw带轮 pulley平衡重 counter weight发火顺序 firing order扭振减振器 torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门 (OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴 (OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴 (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴 (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机 multi-valve engine气门间隙 valve clearance配气相位 timing phase气门杆 valve stem气门座 valve seat气门导管 valve guide气门弹簧 valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气 combustion mixture消声器 silencer, muffler汽油 gasoline, petrol分馏 distil蒸发性 evaporating property热值 heat value抗爆性 anti-knock property辛烷值 (RON) Research Octane Number过量空气系数 coefficient of excessive air 理论混合气 theoretical mixture稀混合气 thin mixture浓混合气 thick mixture主供油系统 main supply system怠速系统 idle system加浓系统 thickening system加速系统 accelerating system浮子 float浮子室 float chamber针阀 needle valve量孔 metering jet阻风门 choke滤芯 filter cartridge沉淀杯 sediment cup泵膜 pump diaphragm油浴式 oil bath type石棉垫 a**estos pad预热 pre-heating汽油直接喷射 gasoline direct injection电控 electronic control多点喷射 muti-point injection单点喷射 single point injection电路控制 circuit control分电器信号 distributor signal空气流量信号 airflow signal冷却水温信号 water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵 transfer pump喷油泵 fuel injection pump高压油管 high pressure fuel pipe发火性 ignition property黏度 viscosity凝点 condensing point备燃期 pri-combustion period速燃期 rapid combustion period缓燃期 slow combustion period燃烧室 combustion chamber统一燃烧室 united chamber球形燃烧室 ball shape chamber涡流室 turbulence chamber预燃室 pri-combustion chamber喷油器 injector精密偶件 precise couple柱塞 plunger出油阀 delivery valve调速器 governor两速调速器 two speed governor全速调速器 full speed governor定速调速器 fixed speed governor综合调速器 combined governor气动调速器 pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器 mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器 complex governor喷油提前角调节装置 advancer飞块 flyweight联轴节 coupling粗滤清器 primary filter细滤清器 secondary filter涡轮增压器 turbocharger中间冷却器 intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器 thermostat防冻液 anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶 compensation reservoirV-带 V belt百叶窗 shutter大循环 big circulation小循环 small circulation散热翅片 fins第八章润滑系润滑剂 lubricant压力润滑 pressure lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑脂 grease机油压力传感器 oil pressure sensor油封 oil seal旁通阀 bypass valve机油散热器 oil cooler机油尺 dip stick加机油口 oil filler曲轴箱通风 crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组 primary winding二次绕组 secondary winding热敏电阻 heat sensitive resistance点火提前 ignition advance分电器 distributor活动触点 moving contact固定触点 fixed contact分火头 distributor rotor arm电容器 condenser点火提前装置 ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置 centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置 vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器 octane number rectifier中心电极 central electrode侧电极 side electrode瓷绝缘体 ceramic insulator跳火间隙 spark gap半导体点火系 semi-conductor ignition system晶体管 transistor二极管 diode三极管 triode无触点点火系 non-contact ignition system霍尔效应 Hall effect正极板 anode负极板 cathode隔板 separator电解液 electrolyte蓄电池格 battery cell接线柱 terminal电缆 cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转子 rotor定子 stator电刷 brush风扇叶轮 fan blade电压调节器 voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动 cranking电热塞 electric heater plug串激直流发电机 serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈 starter ring电磁操纵机构 electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞 triangular piston转子发动机 rotary engine自转 rotary motion, rotation公转 orbit motion轨迹 trajectory齿轮 gear齿圈 ring gear往复零件 reciprocal parts动平衡 dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机 gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系 mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系 hydro-mechanical transmission静液式传动系 static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系 electrical transmission自动式传动系 automatic transmission减速 reduction可变速比 variable ratios有级变速 definite ratios无级变速 indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission 一般布置 general layout发动机横置 lateral engine positioning分动器 transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和 smooth engagement分离彻底 thorough separation过载 overload摩擦表面 friction surface摩擦衬片 friction liner毂 hub主动部分 driving part从动部分 driven part花键 spline压盘 pressure plate离合器盖 cover plate分离杠杆 release lever分离套筒 release sleeve分离轴承 release bearing主缸 master cylinder工作缸 working cylinder分离叉 release fork间隙调整 clearance adjustment打滑 slip踏板 pedal踏板自由行程 pedal free stroke踏板工作行程 pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接 rivet双片离合器 dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器 central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器 diaphragm spring clutch 非线性 non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴 counter shaft倒挡轴 reverse gear shaft常啮合 constant mesh低速挡 low gear高速挡 high gear最高速挡 top gear空挡 neutral gear一挡 the first gear二挡 the second gear三挡 the third gear倒挡 reverse gear直接挡 direct gear超速挡 overdrive动力输出 power take-off换挡 shift啮合套 sliding sleeve同步器 synchronizer同步锥面 synchro cone变速杆 shifting lever手柄 handle球铰链 ball joint换挡拨叉 shifting fork自锁 self-lock互锁 inter-lock变速驱动桥 transaxle加力挡 low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器 hydraulic coupling泵轮 impeller涡轮 turbine叶片 blade液力变矩器 torque converter导轮 stator行星齿轮系 planetary gear system太阳轮 sun gear行星轮 planet pinion行星架 planet carrier齿圈 ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节 universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint叉子 yoke, fork十字轴 spider, center cross滚针轴承 needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple等角速 constant angular velocity双联式万向节 dual Cardan type U-joint球叉式万向节 Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节 Rzeppa type U-joint星形套 inner race housing球形壳 outer race shell保持架，球笼 retainer, ball cage挠性万向节 flexible U-joint无缝钢管 seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器 final drive主动（小）齿轮 drive pinion从动（大）齿轮 ring gear伞齿轮 bevel gear双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear单级减速 single reduction双级减速 double reduction贯通式主减速器 penetrable final drive双速主减速器 double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器 wheel reduction差速器 differential半轴齿轮 differential side gear差速锁 differential lock轴间差速器 inter-axle differential lock托森差速器 torque sensitive differential。

翻译：朱晓峰节选至《美国机械工程师手册》第28版，有错之处，请指正。

SPLINES AND SERRATIONSA splined shaft is one having a series of parallel keys formed integrally with the shaft and mating with corresponding grooves cut in a hub or fitting; this arrangement is in contrast to a shaft having a series of keys or feathers fitted into slots cut into the shaft. The latter construction weakens the shaft to a considerable degree because of the slots cut into it and consequently, reduces its torque-transmitting capacity.花键轴是一种具有“一系列相互平行的齿、并且齿与轴整体成型”的轴，它与在轮毂上或者装配体上开的键槽相配合。

这种装置与“在轴上开槽并且与一组销子或者楔键相配合”的结构相反。

后者的结构由于在轴上开槽大大降低了轴（的强度），降低了传递扭矩的能力。

Splined shafts are most generally used in three types of applications: 1 ) for coupling shafts when relatively heavy torques are to be transmitted without slippage; 2) for transmitting power to slidably-mounted or permanently-fixed gears, pulleys, and other rotating members; and 3) for attaching parts that may require removal for indexing or change in angular position. 花键轴主要用在以下三种情况：1）需要在无滑动的联轴器上传递大的扭矩；2）用于向“可滑动的装配组件”或者“固定装配的齿轮组或滑轮副”传递动力，3）用于“要求指定滑移量或转角位置”的配件上。

ANSI B92.1-1970 SAE花键标准INVOLUTE SPLINES渐开线花键Form Circle is the circle which defines the deepest points of involute form control of the tooth profile. This circle along with the tooth tip circle (or start of chamfer circle) determines the limits of tooth profile requiring control. It is located near the major circle on the internal spline and near the minor circle on the external spline.渐开线终止圆：渐开线终止圆是用于控制齿廓上渐开线的极限距离的圆。

渐开线终止圆与齿顶圆（或者修缘线的起点所在的圆）共同限制了所要求控制的渐开线齿廓的范围。

渐开线终止圆的位置靠近内花键的大圆（齿根圆）或者外花键的小圆（齿根圆）。

译者注：这段话的意思是：只有在渐开线终止圆与齿顶圆（或者修缘线的起点所在的圆）之间的花键的齿形为渐开线齿形，其余部分不一定按照渐开线成形。

译者注2：在《GB/T 3478.1-1995 圆柱直齿渐开线花键》中，将Form Cycle定义为两个圆：内花键的渐开线终止圆和外花键的渐开线起始圆。

而在本标准中，将这两个圆统称为Form Cycle，译者将Form Cycle翻译为渐开线终止圆。

Form Clearance (c F) is the radial depth of involute profile beyond the depth of engagement with the mating part. It allows for looseness between mating splines and for eccentricities between the minor circle (internal), the major circle (external), and their respective pitch circles.齿形裕度：齿形裕度（c F）是相互配合的内、外花键的渐开线齿廓在径向方向上的间隙。