英语高级听力lesson 13 文档翻译

Lesson 13一、单词〔13*2〕1. n.故事,小说___________2. v. can的过去式_________3. ______________4. _______________5. _______________6. _______________7. vt模仿______________ 8. vt 打;打败_______________9. 扮演________________ 10. performance ___________11. keyboard________ 12. comic ___________ 13. talent __________二、词组〔8*3〕1. 在…岁时______________2. a piece of music_____________3. 写下__________________4. have a talent for_______________5. 擅长__________________6. have an interest in _____________7. 穿衣服________________ 8. on one’s own_______________三、选择填空〔5*4〕( ) 1. Children go to school ______ the age of six.A. atB. inC. onD. to( ) 2. When Mozart was six, he could play _______ violin.A. aB. anC. theD. /( ) 3. I could ______ t o 100 when I was three years old.A. countB. countedC. countingD. to count( ) 4. _____ you rea d when you were three?A. CanB. CouldC. MayD. Do( ) 5. Could you get dressed when you were three years old? Yes, I _______.A. canB. couldC. didD. would四、翻译句子：〔1-3*8; 4*6〕1. 我六岁时会拉小提琴。

英语高级听力1-12课听力原文Lesson 5The House began debate today on a three-year bill to combat trafficking and use of illegal drugs. The measure has the support of most representatives and House Speaker Thomas O'Neill says he expects it to pass by tomorrow. Among other things, the bill would increase penalties for violators, provide money to increase drug enforcement and coast guard personnel, and require drug producing countries to establish eradication programs as a condition of US support for development loans.A cultural exchange between the US and the Soviet Union may face an American boycott unless US News and World Report correspondent, Nicholas Daniloff, is freed from a Moscow jail. An American style town meeting is scheduled to take place in Latvia next week, but the two hundred seventy Americans due to take part say they won't go if Daniloff remains in jail. They add the decision is a personal one and is not being made by the Reagan Administration in retaliation for the Daniloff detention.Egyptian and Israeli negotiators have reached agreement on resolving the Taba border dispute, clearing the way for a summit between the two countries to begin tomorrow. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres will meet in Alexandria. Details of the Taba agreement have not been made available.The United States House of Representatives is debating an omnibus drug bill and expects to pass the measure tomorrow. Though the bill has attracted strong bipartisan support, NPR's Cokey Roberts reports the debate on the issue points up the differences between political parties.When Congress returned from the Fourth of July recess, House Speaker Tip O'Neill said there was only one thing members were talking about in the cloak-room: drugs. The Democrats quickly pulled together chairmen from twelve different committees to draft a drug package. Then, stung by criticism that they were acting in a partisan fashion, the Democratic leaders invited the Republicans to join them in the newly declared war on drugs. So, when the bill came to the House floor today, the party leaders led off debate. Texas Democrat Jim Wright."It's time to declare an all-out war, to mobilize our forces, public and private, national and local, in a total coordinated assault upon this menace, which is draining our economy of some two hundred and thirty billion dollars this year, slowly rotting away the fabric of our society, seducing and killing our young. That it will take money is hardly debatable. We can't fight artillery with spitballs."The question of just how much money this measure will cost has not been answered to the satisfaction of all members. Democrats say it's one and half billion dollars over three years, with almost seven hundred thousand for nextyear. Republicans claim the price tag will run higher and are trying to emphasize other aspects of the drug battle, aspects which they think play better in Republican campaigns. Minority leader Robert Michel."The ultimate cure for the drug epidemic must come from within the heart of each individual faced with the temptation of taking drugs. It is ultimately a problem of character, of will power, of family and community, and concern, and personal pride."Among other items, the bill before the House increases penalties for most drug related crimes, sets the minimum jail term of twenty years for drug trafficking and manufacturing, authorizes money for the drug enforcement administration and prison construction, beefs up the ability of the coast guard and customs service to stop drugs coming into this country, and creates programs for drug education. The various sections of the measure give House members ample opportunity to speak on an issue where they want their voices heard. Maryland Democratic Barbara McCulsky was nominated for the Senate yesterday. Today, she spoke to the part of the bill which funds drug eradication programs in foreign countries."When we fought yellow fever, we didn't go at it one mosquito at a time. We went right to the swamp. That's what the Foreign Affairs section of this legislation will do. It will go to the swamps, or where cocaine is either grown, refined, or manufactured."Republican Henson Moore is running for the Senate in Louisiana. He spoke to the part of the drug bill which changes the trade laws for countries which deal in drugs."We're moving to stop something; it's absolutely idiotic. It needs to be stopped: this situation of where a country can sell legally to us on the one hand and illegally to us under the table, selling drugs in this country poisoning our young people and our population."Today in China, in Nanjing, balloons, firecrackers and lion dancers mark the dedication of the Johns Hopkins University—Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies. For the first time since World War II, Chinese and American students will attend a graduate institution in China that is administered jointly by academic organizations that are worlds apart figuratively and literally. NPR's Susan Stanberg reports.Cross-cultural encounters can be extremely enriching; cross-cultural encounters can be utterly absurd."Let's see. That would be eighty-seven. So, ... ba-shi-qi-nian-qian, ... let's see, ... equal ... proposition equal, ..."Here's what that American was trying to say in Chinese."Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation ... a new nation conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."Now you don't have to be dealing with classic American oratory to run into problems. In planning for the Center for Chinese and American Studies, there was much debate as to whether the new auditorium on the Nanjing campus should have a flat or sloped floor. If the floor were flat, the auditorium could be used for dances, for parties, but a sloped floor would be better for listening, for viewing films and slides."The argument finally won out that for practical reasons a flat floor would be best because it ... it really would make it a multi-purpose room. You wouldn't have to fix the furniture."Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University, the US end of this Sino-American joint venture in learning."So, a flat floor was built. Only the Chinese in building it finally ended up with a flat floor but at two different levels, one higher than the other. So, if you want to use it for dances, you either have to have very short women with very tall men or vice versa."Twenty-four Americans and thirty-six Chinese of mixed heights are the first students at the Hopkins-Nanjing Center. Nanjing used to be Nanking, by the way, back in the days when Beijing was Peking. The Americans will take classes in Chinese history, economics, trade, politics, all from Chinese faculty. The Chinese will study the US with American university professors. Johns Hopkins President Stephen Muller says this is advanced study work. All the Chinese students are proficient in English; all the Americans have master's degrees plus fluency in Chinese."The twenty-four Americans come from about eighteen colleges and universities. No one institution in this country produces that many people of this character; so that's a beginning. Nanjing is not the place; the Center is not the place to go, if you want a doctorate in Chinese history or Chinese language or Chinese literature or whatever. This is a pre-professional program."Which means the men and women who spend the year at the Nanjing Center will end up as diplomats or business people in one another's country."Our hope is that the Americans, to speak about those, who are going to be incidentally rooming with Chinese roommates, which is a very interesting thing the Chinese agree to, that the Americans will not only bring a year of living in China, a year of having studied with Chinese faculty and hearing the Chinese view of Chinese foreign policy in economics and so on, that they will also have the kind of friends among Chinese roughly their age who are going to be dealing with the United States. That will slowly, over the years, create a real network, if you will, if people who, because they've had this common experience, can deal with each other very easily and, you know, be kind of a rallying point—an old boy, old girl network, as it were."Hopkins President Muller admits that a simple exchange program—Chinese students coming to the US, and American students going to China—would involve far fewer headaches than running jointly an academic institution onforeign soil. Plus the success of the Hopkins-Nanjing Center depends on undependables, like continuing sweet Sino-American relations and being able to attract funding. And there's this wrinkle.""Some of the people who will study there, without any question, will probably come from or afterwards enter the intelligence community. That it's really desirable that people who do that have that kind of background. We're very honest about that, but it's so easy to denounce the whole thing as an espionage center, or something. You know, there's a lot of fragility in this thing."Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The Hopkins-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies was dedicated today in China. I'm Susan Stanberg."How do you say good luck in Chinese?""Don't know. I don't know Chinese.""You'd better learn.""That's a phrase I should know. Yes."Lesson 6The Senate has voted to override President Reagan's veto of sanctions against South Africa by a decisive seventy-eight to twenty-one. As the House has already voted to override, the sanctions now become law. NPR's Linda Wertheimer reports. "American civil rights leaders, including Mrs. CarettaScott King, watched the Senate debate from the Senate family gallery as members argued not so much about sanctions and the efficacy of sanctions, more about the choice between affirming the bill already passed by congressor supporting the President."American food aid to southern African countries could be cut off if South Africa carries out its threat to ban imports of US grain. Foreign Minister Pic Botha said if US sanctions were imposed, his government would stop imports and would not allow its transport service to carry US grain to neighboring countries. The White House today denied that it planted misleading stories in the American news media as part of a plan to topple Libyan leader Muammar Quddafi. The Washington Post reported this morning that stories were leaked this summer alleging Quddafi was resuming his support for terrorist activities, even though National Security Adviser John Poindexter knew otherwise. Today, White House spokesman Larry Speakes said Poindexter denied the administration had involved the media in an anti-Quddafi campaign but Speakes left open the possibility a disinformation campaign was conducted in other countries.The question in Washington today is this: Did the federal government try to scare Libya's Colonel Muammar Quddafi in August by way of a disinformation campaign in the American media? The Washington Post Bob Woodward reports today that there was an elaborate disinformation program set up by the White House to convince Quddafi that the United States was about to attack again, or that he might be ousted in a coup. The White House today denies that officials tried to mislead Quddafi by using the American media. NPR's Bill Busenburg has our first report on the controversy.The story starts on August 25th when the Wall Street Journal ran a front page story saying that Libya and the United States were once again on a collision course. Quoting multiple official sources, the paper said Quddafi was plotting new terrorist attacks and the Reagan Administration was preparing to teach him another lesson. The Journal reported that the Pentagon was completing plans for a new and wider bombing of Libya in case the President ordered it. That story caused a flurry of press attention. Officials in Washington and at the western White House in California were asked if it was true. "The story was authoritative," said the White House spokesman Larry Speakes. Based on that official confirmation, other news organizations, including the New York Times , the Washington Post , NPR and the major TV networks, all ran stories suggesting Libya should watch out. US naval maneuvers then taking place in the Mediterranean might be used as a cover for more attacks on Libya as in the past.Today's Washington Post , however, quotes from an August 14th secret White House plan, adopted eleven days before the Wall Street Journal story. It was outlined in a memo written by the President's National Security Advisor John Poindexter. That plan called for a strategy of real and illusory events, using a disinformation program to make Quddafi think the United States was about to move against him militarily. Here are some examples the Post cites, suggesting disinformation was used domestically: Number one, while some US officials told the press Quddafi was stepping up his terrorist plans, President Reagan was being told in a memo that Quddafi was temporarily quiescent, in other words, that he wasn't active. Number two, while some officials were telling the press of internal infighting in Libya to oust Quddafi, US officials really believed he was firmly in power and that CIA's efforts to oust him were not working. Number three, while officials were telling the press the Pentagon was planning new attacks, in fact nothing new was being done. Existing contingency plans were several months old, and the naval maneuvers were just maneuvers. The Post says this policy of deception was approved at a National Security Planning Group meeting chaired by President Reagan and his top aides.Two new studies were published today on the links between television coverage of suicide and subsequent teenage suicide rates. The New England Journal of Medicine reports that both studies suggest that some teenagersmight be more likely to take their own lives after seeing TV programs dealing with suicide. NPR's Lorie Garrett reports.The first suicide study, done by a team from the University of California in San Diego, examines television news coverage of suicides. David Philips and Lundy Carseson looked at forty-five suicide stories carried on network news-casts between 1973 and '79. The researchers then compared the incidence of teen suicides in those years to the dates of broadcast of these stories. David Philips says news coverage of suicides definitely prompted an increase in the number of teens in America who took their lives."The more TV programs that carry a story, the greater they increase in teen suicides just afterwards."The suicide increase among teens was compared by Philips to adult suicide trends."The teen suicides go up by about 2.91 teen suicides per story. And adult suicides go up by, I think, around two adult suicides per story. The increase for teens, the percentage increase for teens is very, very much larger than the percentage increase for adults. It's about, I think, fourteen or fifteen times as big a response for teens percentagewise as it is for adults."The TV news coverage appears to have prompted a greater increase than is seen around other well-known periods of adolescent depression, such as holidays, personal birthdays, the start of school and winter. Philips could not find any specific types of stories that seem to trigger a greater response among depressed teens. Philips says it seems to simply be the word "suicide" and the knowledge that somebody actively executed the act that pushes buttons in depressed teenagers. Psychiatrists call this "imitative behavior." "What my study showed was that there seems to be imitation not only of relatively bland behavior like dress, dressing or hairstyles, but there seems to be imitation of really quite deviant behavior as well. The teenagers imitate apparently across the board, not just suicides, but everything else as well."In a separate study, Madeline Gould and David Shaeffer of Columbia University found that made-for-television movies about suicide also stimulated imitative behavior. Even though the movies were intended to portray the problem of teen suicide and offered, in some cases, suicide hot line numbers and advice on counselling, the team believes the four network movies prompted eighty teen suicides. One of the made-for-TV movies examined by the Columbia University team was a CBS production. George Schweitzer, a CBS's Vice President, is well aware of this research. He says, "It is terribly unfortunate that any teens took their lives after the broadcast, but if they had it to do over," says Schweitzer, "CBS would still run the movie.""Studies like these do not measure the most, what we think is the most important thing, which I don't think can be measured, and that is the hundreds and hundreds and probably thousands of teenagers who were positively moved by these kinds of broadcasts."Moved to call suicide hot lines, moved to seek counseling, and moved to discuss their depressions with family members. Schweitzer does not dispute today's studies: some teens may moved to suicide."But ignoring the issue for fear of that, I think, would be far more disastrous than addressing important social issues to help create awareness and again to have a positive effect."But researcher David Philips suggests the media could decrease the teen suicide problem by avoiding some suicide stories all together and changing the way the others are covered. For example, says Philips, "Don't make suicide seem heroic." He cites the story of a young Czechoslovakian dissident who set himself on fire. But the dissident action was taken to draw attention to government repression in Czechoslovakia. Should the news media really have ignored such a story? "I think it's a really difficult question. There are all these goods on all sides of the issue. And thank God, I don't have to be the one to disentangle that issue."One prominent expert in this field said the young people moved to take their lives, following a news story or movie, are particularly vulnerable, suicidal individuals. In the absence of television stories, some other events in their lives might well have triggered their actions. So while most psychiatrists agree there is an imitative component to teenage suicides, that tendency, they say, should not lead society to repress information. On the contrary, some say we are now facing a major epidemic of adolescent suicide in America. We must publicize and confront the problem. Last year some fifty-five hundred adolescents between fifteen and twenty-four years of age took their lives. At least ten times that tried. Some estimates are that 275 thousand teens attempted suicide last year. The rate of teenage suicide in America has tripled since 1955.Lesson 7Both House and Senate negotiators today approved sweeping immigration legislation that could grant amnesty to millions of illegal aliens who entered the country before 1982. The bill, as worked out in five hours of closed-door negotiations, would establish a system of fines against employers who hire illegal immigrants. It would also make those who came to the US illegally but have established roots in this country eligible for amnesty.The Supreme Court today agreed to decide if Illinois can require minors wanting abortions to notify their parents or obtain judicial consent. The justices will review the decision striking down a 1983 law, which required some girls to wait twenty-four hours after telling their parents they wanted an abortion.It was announced today that the winner of this year's Noble Peace Prize is Elie Wiesel. He has written twenty-five books on his experiences in a Naziprison of war camp and on the Holocaust. And he's been a human rights activist for thirty years. NPR's Mike Shuster reports. "Wiesel was sleeping in his Manhattan apartment when he received the word at five o'clock this morning from the Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway. Wiesel said he was flabbergasted at the news, and later at a press conference, he said he would dedicate his Prize to the survivors of the Holocaust and their children. "The honor is not mine alone. It belongs to all the survivors who have tried to do something with their pain, with their memory, with their silence, with their life." Wiesel, fifty-eight, is a native of Rumania. As a teenager, he and his family were sent to a Nazi death camp. He and two sisters survived; his mother, father, and younger sister did not. After the War, Wiesel went first to France, then to the United States. He is credited with the first use of the word'Holocaust' to describe the Nazi extermination of the Jews."A House-Senate Conference Committee has agreed to an immigration reform bill. The measure, which had died in the final days of the last two Congresses, now looks as though it will become law. NPR's Cokie Roberts reports.One of the chief advocates of the immigration bill, New York Democrat Charles Schumer, says that this year immigration became a white hat issue, that the forces fighting against the measures finally had a force on the opposite side of equal rate public opinion. The opponents of immigration reform have always been many: Hispanics in Congress and in the country have opposed the part of the bill most lawmakers consider key—punishment for employers who knowingly hire illegals. The measure, passed at a conference today, would provide civil penalties and criminal penalties for those who repeatedly hire illegal aliens. Hispanics worry the employer sanctions would cause discrimination against anyone with an accent or Spanish name, whether legal or not. The new bill includes strong anti-discrimination language for employers who do refuse to hire any Hispanics while still allowing someone to hire a citizen before an alien. To appease Hispanics and others, the immigration bill includes amnesty for aliens who have been in this country for five years. Many border state representatives fought against the legalization provisions, saying that millions of people could eventually become citizens and bring their relatives to this country. All those people could bankrupt the state's social services, said the representatives, but the idea of deporting all of those people seemed impractical as well as inhumane to most members of Congress. And aliens who came to this country before 1982 will be able to apply for legalization. The other major controversial area of the immigration bill is the farm worker program. Agricultural interests wanted to be able to bring workers into this country to harvest crops without being subjected to employer sanctions, but the trade unions opposed this section of the bill. Finally, a compromise was reached where up to three hundred and fifty thousand farm workers could come into this country, but their rights would be protected and they would also be able to apply forlegalization if they met certain conditions. The elements of the final immigration package have been there all along, but this year, say the key lawmakers around this legislation, the Congress was ready to act on them. The combination of horror stories about people coming over the borders and editorials about congressional inability to act made members of Congress decide the time had come to enact immigration reform. But supporters of reform warn the end is not here yet. The conference report must still pass both houses of Congress, and a Senate filibuster is always a possibility. I'm Cokie Roberts at the Capitol.Many photography shops are quite busy this time of the year. People back from vacation are dropping off rolls of film and hoping for the best. But commentator Tom Baudet learned a long time ago he was better off not hoping.I've been told that I take lousy pictures. It's not that my shots aren't technically OK; it's just that my pictures seem to bring out the worst in people. I hopethat's not a sign of something. I usually end up throwing half the pictures I take. It's not that they're deceiving. Not at all; they're just too honest. It's true what they say that a camera never lies, but you certainly can lie to a camera. We do it all the time; at least we exaggerate a little to a lens. The first thing you'll usually hear when you point a camera at someone is, "Wait, I'm not ready." Well, so you wait while they brush the crumbs off their chin, put out a cigarette, or throw an arm around the person next to them like they've been standing that way all day. Well, you get your picture, but it's blown all out of proportion. Everybody's having a little more fun than they really were and liking each other more than they actually do. We're all guilty of this one time or another. You're with your sweetheart travelling somewhere. You've been walking and complaining about the price of the room, the blister on your heel and the rude waitress at the cafe. But then, you stop somebody on the street, hand them your camera, and put on your very best having-a-wonderful-time smile. Well, ten years later you'll look at that picture in a scrapbook and remember what a great trip it was, whether it was or not. For it's natural thing to do: plant little seeds of contentment in our lives in case we doubt we ever had any. Well, it's good practice to take an opportunity to mug up to a camera. There never seems to be a camera around for the real special times: that make-up embrace after a long and dangerous discussion, the look on your face as you hold the phone and hear you got that promotion, the quiet ride home from the hospital after learning those suspicious lumps were benign and something to watch but not worry about. Those are the memories that should be preserved, to be remembered and relied upon when harder times take hold. Those times when a photographer like me will catch you at a party with a loneliness on your face that you didn't think would show or bitterness tugging at your lips during a conversation you didn't intend to be overheard. Well, we all slip up like this sometimes, and sooner or later we get caught with our guards down. Ithink that's why I end up with pictures like that, I like it when people leave their guards down. We all know our best sides, and it's nice to keep that face forward whenever we can. But I don't mind having pictures of the other sides. Either way they all look just like people to me.Writer Tom Baudet. He lives in Homer, Alaska.Lesson 8Two years of sensitive negotiations paid off today as seventy former Cuban political prisoners arrived in the United States. All of the prisoners had served least ten years in Cuban jails, and some had been in prison since Fidel Castro came to power in 1959. The release was arranged in part by French underwater explorer, Jacques Cousteau, and a delegation of American Roman Catholic bishops.President Reagan today unveiled plans for nine hundred million dollar plan to reduce drug abuse in the United States. It includes half a billion dollars for stepping up drug enforcement along US borders, especially in the southwest. The plan also calls for mandatory drug testing for some federal workers.NPR's Brenda Wilson reports. "As part of his national crusade against drugs, President Reagan signed an executive order today requiring federal workersin sensitive positions to undergo drug tests. The order covers employees who have access to classified information, presidentially appointed officials, law enforcement officials, and any federal worker engaged in activities which affect public health and safety or national security. But heads of government agencies may order additional workers to take the test. Federal employees who are found to have continued to use illegal drugs after a second test will be automatically fired. The overall rug testing program is expected to cost fifty-six million dollars, but administration officials could not get even a ballpark figure of how many workers may be included in the mandatory program. I'm Brenda Wilson."Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres is in Washington for talks with US leaders, including President Reagan. Earlier Peres met with Secretary of State George Shultz. Afterwards, the two told reporters that the Soviet Union will have no role in Middle East peace talks, because it has no diplomatic ties with Israel and does not permit free emigration of Soviet Jews.Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres is in Washington D. C. this week to confer with high-level US officials. His visit follows his summit with Egyptian President Mubarak last week. This afternoon, the Israeli leader and President Reagan met at the White House. NPR's Elizabeth Colton reports.Israel's Peres comes to Washington only weeks before he is scheduled to step down from the Prime Minister's post and exchange roles with the current Foreign Minister, Yitzhak Shamir. This rotation was arranged two years ago as。

Lesson 5The House began debate today on a three-year bill to combat trafficking and use of illegal drugs. The measure has the support of most representatives and House Speaker Thomas O'Neill says he expects it to pass by tomorrow. Among other things, the bill would increase penalties for violators, provide money to increase drug enforcement and coast guard personnel, and require drug producing countries to establish eradication programs as a condition of US support for development loans.A cultural exchange between the US and the Soviet Union may face an American boycott unless US News and World Report correspondent, Nicholas Daniloff, is freed from a Moscow jail. An American style town meeting is scheduled to take place in Latvia next week, but the two hundred seventy Americans due to take part say they won't go if Daniloff remains in jail. They add the decision is a personal one and is not being made by the Reagan Administration in retaliation for the Daniloff detention.Egyptian and Israeli negotiators have reached agreement on resolving the Taba border dispute, clearing the way for a summit between the two countries to begin tomorrow. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres will meet in Alexandria. Details of the Taba agreement have not been made available.The United States House of Representatives is debating an omnibus drug bill and expects to pass the measure tomorrow. Though the bill has attracted strong bipartisan support, NPR's Cokey Roberts reports the debate on the issue points up the differences between political parties.When Congress returned from the Fourth of July recess, House Speaker Tip O'Neill said there was only one thing members were talking about in the cloak-room: drugs. The Democrats quickly pulled together chairmen from twelve different committees to draft a drug package. Then, stung by criticism that they were acting in a partisan fashion, the Democratic leaders invited the Republicans to join them in the newly declared war on drugs. So, when the bill came to the House floor today, the party leaders led off debate. Texas Democrat Jim Wright."It's time to declare an all-out war, to mobilize our forces, public and private, national and local, in a total coordinated assault upon this menace, which is draining our economy of some two hundred and thirty billion dollars this year, slowly rotting away the fabric of our society, seducing and killing our young. That it will take money is hardly debatable. We can't fight artillery with spitballs."The question of just how much money this measure will cost has not been answered to the satisfaction of all members. Democrats say it's one and half billion dollars over three years, with almost seven hundred thousand for next year. Republicans claim the price tag will run higher and are trying to emphasize other aspects of the drug battle, aspects which they think play better in Republican campaigns. Minority leader Robert Michel."The ultimate cure for the drug epidemic must come from within the heart of each individual faced with the temptation of taking drugs. It is ultimately a problem of character, of will power, of family and community, and concern, and personal pride."Among other items, the bill before the House increases penalties for most drug related crimes, sets the minimum jail term of twenty years for drug trafficking and manufacturing, authorizes money for the drug enforcement administration and prison construction, beefsup the ability of the coast guard and customs service to stop drugs coming into this country, and creates programs for drug education. The various sections of the measure give House members ample opportunity to speak on an issue where they want their voices heard. Maryland Democratic Barbara McCulsky was nominated for the Senate yesterday. Today, she spoke to the part of the bill which funds drug eradication programs in foreign countries."When we fought yellow fever, we didn't go at it one mosquito at a time. We went right to the swamp. That's what the Foreign Affairs section of this legislation will do. It will go to the swamps, or where cocaine is either grown, refined, or manufactured."Republican Henson Moore is running for the Senate in Louisiana. He spoke to the part of the drug bill which changes the trade laws for countries which deal in drugs."We're moving to stop something; it's absolutely idiotic. It needs to be stopped: this situation of where a country can sell legally to us on the one hand and illegally to us under the table, selling drugs in this country poisoning our young people and our population." Today in China, in Nanjing, balloons, firecrackers and lion dancers mark the dedication of the Johns Hopkins University—Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies. For the first time since World War II, Chinese and American students will attend a graduate institution in China that is administered jointly by academic organizations that are worlds apart figuratively and literally. NPR's Susan Stanberg reports.Cross-cultural encounters can be extremely enriching; cross-cultural encounters can be utterly absurd."Let's see. That would be eighty-seven. So, ... ba-shi-qi-nian-qian, ... let's see, ... equal ... proposition equal, ..."Here's what that American was trying to say in Chinese."Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation ... a new nation conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."Now you don't have to be dealing with classic American oratory to run into problems. In planning for the Center for Chinese and American Studies, there was much debate as to whether the new auditorium on the Nanjing campus should have a flat or sloped floor. If the floor were flat, the auditorium could be used for dances, for parties, but a sloped floor would be better for listening, for viewing films and slides."The argument finally won out that for practical reasons a flat floor would be best because it ... it really would make it a multi-purpose room. You wouldn't have to fix the furniture." Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University, the US end of this Sino-American joint venture in learning."So, a flat floor was built. Only the Chinese in building it finally ended up with a flat floor but at two different levels, one higher than the other. So, if you want to use it for dances, you either have to have very short women with very tall men or vice versa."Twenty-four Americans and thirty-six Chinese of mixed heights are the first students at the Hopkins-Nanjing Center. Nanjing used to be Nanking, by the way, back in the days when Beijing was Peking. The Americans will take classes in Chinese history, economics, trade, politics, all from Chinese faculty. The Chinese will study the US with American university professors. Johns Hopkins President Stephen Muller says this is advanced study work. Allthe Chinese students are proficient in English; all the Americans have master's degrees plus fluency in Chinese."The twenty-four Americans come from about eighteen colleges and universities. No one institution in this country produces that many people of this character; so that's a beginning. Nanjing is not the place; the Center is not the place to go, if you want a doctorate in Chinese history or Chinese language or Chinese literature or whatever. This is a pre-professional program."Which means the men and women who spend the year at the Nanjing Center will end up as diplomats or business people in one another's country."Our hope is that the Americans, to speak about those, who are going to be incidentally rooming with Chinese roommates, which is a very interesting thing the Chinese agree to, that the Americans will not only bring a year of living in China, a year of having studied with Chinese faculty and hearing the Chinese view of Chinese foreign policy in economics and so on, that they will also have the kind of friends among Chinese roughly their age who are going to be dealing with the United States. That will slowly, over the years, create a real network, if you will, if people who, because they've had this common experience, can deal with each other very easily and, you know, be kind of a rallying point—an old boy, old girl network, as it were."Hopkins President Muller admits that a simple exchange program—Chinese students coming to the US, and American students going to China—would involve far fewer headaches than running jointly an academic institution on foreign soil. Plus the success of the Hopkins-Nanjing Center depends on undependables, like continuing sweet Sino-American relations and being able to attract funding. And there's this wrinkle." "Some of the people who will study there, without any question, will probably come from or afterwards enter the intelligence community. That it's really desirable that people who do that have that kind of background. We're very honest about that, but it's so easy to denounce the whole thing as an espionage center, or something. You know, there's a lot of fragility in this thing."Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The Hopkins-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies was dedicated today in China. I'm Susan Stanberg."How do you say good luck in Chinese?""Don't know. I don't know Chinese.""You'd better learn.""That's a phrase I should know. Yes."Lesson 6The Senate has voted to override President Reagan's veto of sanctions against South Africa by a decisive seventy-eight to twenty-one. As the House has already voted to override, the sanctions now become law. NPR's Linda Wertheimer reports. "American civil rights leaders, including Mrs. Caretta Scott King, watched the Senate debate from the Senate family gallery as members argued not so much about sanctions and the efficacy of sanctions, more about the choice between affirming the bill already passed by congress or supporting the President."American food aid to southern African countries could be cut off if South Africa carries outits threat to ban imports of US grain. Foreign Minister Pic Botha said if US sanctions were imposed, his government would stop imports and would not allow its transport service to carry US grain to neighboring countries.The White House today denied that it planted misleading stories in the American news media as part of a plan to topple Libyan leader Muammar Quddafi. The Washington Post reported this morning that stories were leaked this summer alleging Quddafi was resuming his support for terrorist activities, even though National Security Adviser John Poindexter knew otherwise. Today, White House spokesman Larry Speakes said Poindexter denied the administration had involved the media in an anti-Quddafi campaign but Speakes left open the possibility a disinformation campaign was conducted in other countries.The question in Washington today is this: Did the federal government try to scare Libya's Colonel Muammar Quddafi in August by way of a disinformation campaign in the American media? The Washington Post Bob Woodward reports today that there was an elaborate disinformation program set up by the White House to convince Quddafi that the United States was about to attack again, or that he might be ousted in a coup. The White House today denies that officials tried to mislead Quddafi by using the American media. NPR's Bill Busenburg has our first report on the controversy.The story starts on August 25th when the Wall Street Journal ran a front page story saying that Libya and the United States were once again on a collision course. Quoting multiple official sources, the paper said Quddafi was plotting new terrorist attacks and the Reagan Administration was preparing to teach him another lesson. The Journal reported that the Pentagon was completing plans for a new and wider bombing of Libya in case the President ordered it.That story caused a flurry of press attention. Officials in Washington and at the western White House in California were asked if it was true. "The story was authoritative," said the White House spokesman Larry Speakes. Based on that official confirmation, other news organizations, including the New York Times , the Washington Post , NPR and the major TV networks, all ran stories suggesting Libya should watch out. US naval maneuvers then taking place in the Mediterranean might be used as a cover for more attacks on Libya as in the past.Today's Washington Post , however, quotes from an August 14th secret White House plan, adopted eleven days before the Wall Street Journal story. It was outlined in a memo written by the President's National Security Advisor John Poindexter. That plan called for a strategy of real and illusory events, using a disinformation program to make Quddafi think the United States was about to move against him militarily. Here are some examples the Post cites, suggesting disinformation was used domestically: Number one, while some US officials told the press Quddafi was stepping up his terrorist plans, President Reagan was being told in a memo that Quddafi was temporarily quiescent, in other words, that he wasn't active. Number two, while some officials were telling the press of internal infighting in Libya to oust Quddafi, US officials really believed he was firmly in power and that CIA's efforts to oust him were not working. Number three, while officials were telling the press the Pentagon was planning new attacks, in fact nothing new was being done. Existing contingency plans were several months old, and the naval maneuvers were justmaneuvers. The Post says this policy of deception was approved at a National Security Planning Group meeting chaired by President Reagan and his top aides.Two new studies were published today on the links between television coverage of suicide and subsequent teenage suicide rates. The New England Journal of Medicine reports that both studies suggest that some teenagers might be more likely to take their own lives after seeing TV programs dealing with suicide. NPR's Lorie Garrett reports. The first suicide study, done by a team from the University of California in San Diego, examines television news coverage of suicides. David Philips and Lundy Carseson looked at forty-five suicide stories carried on network news-casts between 1973 and '79. The researchers then compared the incidence of teen suicides in those years to the dates of broadcast of these stories. David Philips says news coverage of suicides definitely prompted an increase in the number of teens in America who took their lives."The more TV programs that carry a story, the greater they increase in teen suicides just afterwards."The suicide increase among teens was compared by Philips to adult suicide trends. "The teen suicides go up by about 2.91 teen suicides per story. And adult suicides go up by, I think, around two adult suicides per story. The increase for teens, the percentage increase for teens is very, very much larger than the percentage increase for adults. It's about, I think, fourteen or fifteen times as big a response for teens percentagewise as it is for adults."The TV news coverage appears to have prompted a greater increase than is seen around other well-known periods of adolescent depression, such as holidays, personal birthdays, the start of school and winter. Philips could not find any specific types of stories that seem to trigger a greater response among depressed teens. Philips says it seems to simply be the word "suicide" and the knowledge that somebody actively executed the act that pushes buttons in depressed teenagers. Psychiatrists call this "imitative behavior." "What my study showed was that there seems to be imitation not only of relatively bland behavior like dress, dressing or hairstyles, but there seems to be imitation of really quite deviant behavior as well. The teenagers imitate apparently across the board, not just suicides, but everything else as well."In a separate study, Madeline Gould and David Shaeffer of Columbia University found that made-for-television movies about suicide also stimulated imitative behavior. Even though the movies were intended to portray the problem of teen suicide and offered, in some cases, suicide hot line numbers and advice on counselling, the team believes the four network movies prompted eighty teen suicides. One of the made-for-TV movies examined by the Columbia University team was a CBS production. George Schweitzer, a CBS's Vice President, is well aware of this research. He says, "It is terribly unfortunate that any teens took their lives after the broadcast, but if they had it to do over," says Schweitzer, "CBS would still run the movie.""Studies like these do not measure the most, what we think is the most important thing, which I don't think can be measured, and that is the hundreds and hundreds and probably thousands of teenagers who were positively moved by these kinds of broadcasts." Moved to call suicide hot lines, moved to seek counseling, and moved to discuss their depressions with family members. Schweitzer does not dispute today's studies: someteens may moved to suicide."But ignoring the issue for fear of that, I think, would be far more disastrous than addressing important social issues to help create awareness and again to have a positive effect."But researcher David Philips suggests the media could decrease the teen suicide problem by avoiding some suicide stories all together and changing the way the others are covered. For example, says Philips, "Don't make suicide seem heroic." He cites the story of a young Czechoslovakian dissident who set himself on fire. But the dissident action was taken to draw attention to government repression in Czechoslovakia. Should the news media really have ignored such a story? "I think it's a really difficult question. There are all these goods on all sides of the issue. And thank God, I don't have to be the one to disentangle that issue."One prominent expert in this field said the young people moved to take their lives, following a news story or movie, are particularly vulnerable, suicidal individuals. In the absence of television stories, some other events in their lives might well have triggered their actions. So while most psychiatrists agree there is an imitative component to teenage suicides, that tendency, they say, should not lead society to repress information. On the contrary, some say we are now facing a major epidemic of adolescent suicide in America. We must publicize and confront the problem. Last year some fifty-five hundred adolescents between fifteen and twenty-four years of age took their lives. At least ten times that tried. Some estimates are that 275 thousand teens attempted suicide last year. The rate of teenage suicide in America has tripled since 1955.Lesson 7Both House and Senate negotiators today approved sweeping immigration legislation that could grant amnesty to millions of illegal aliens who entered the country before 1982. The bill, as worked out in five hours of closed-door negotiations, would establish a system of fines against employers who hire illegal immigrants. It would also make those who came to the US illegally but have established roots in this country eligible for amnesty.The Supreme Court today agreed to decide if Illinois can require minors wanting abortions to notify their parents or obtain judicial consent. The justices will review the decision striking down a 1983 law, which required some girls to wait twenty-four hours after telling their parents they wanted an abortion.It was announced today that the winner of this year's Noble Peace Prize is Elie Wiesel. He has written twenty-five books on his experiences in a Nazi prison of war camp and on the Holocaust. And he's been a human rights activist for thirty years. NPR's Mike Shuster reports. "Wiesel was sleeping in his Manhattan apartment when he received the word at five o'clock this morning from the Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway. Wiesel said he was flabbergasted at the news, and later at a press conference, he said he would dedicate his Prize to the survivors of the Holocaust and their children. "The honor is not mine alone. It belongs to all the survivors who have tried to do something with their pain, with their memory, with their silence, with their life." Wiesel, fifty-eight, is a native of Rumania. As a teenager, he and his family were sent to a Nazi death camp. He and two sisters survived; his mother, father, and younger sister did not. After the War, Wiesel went first to France, then to the United States. He is credited with the first use of the word 'Holocaust' todescribe the Nazi extermination of the Jews."A House-Senate Conference Committee has agreed to an immigration reform bill. The measure, which had died in the final days of the last two Congresses, now looks as though it will become law. NPR's Cokie Roberts reports.One of the chief advocates of the immigration bill, New York Democrat Charles Schumer, says that this year immigration became a white hat issue, that the forces fighting against the measures finally had a force on the opposite side of equal rate public opinion. The opponents of immigration reform have always been many: Hispanics in Congress and in the country have opposed the part of the bill most lawmakers consider key—punishment for employers who knowingly hire illegals. The measure, passed at a conference today, would provide civil penalties and criminal penalties for those who repeatedly hire illegal aliens. Hispanics worry the employer sanctions would cause discrimination against anyone with an accent or Spanish name, whether legal or not. The new bill includes strong anti-discrimination language for employers who do refuse to hire any Hispanics while still allowing someone to hire a citizen before an alien. To appease Hispanics and others, the immigration bill includes amnesty for aliens who have been in this country for five years. Many border state representatives fought against the legalization provisions, saying that millions of people could eventually become citizens and bring their relatives to this country. All those people could bankrupt the state's social services, said the representatives, but the idea of deporting all of those people seemed impractical as well as inhumane to most members of Congress. And aliens who came to this country before 1982 will be able to apply for legalization. The other major controversial area of the immigration bill is the farm worker program. Agricultural interests wanted to be able to bring workers into this country to harvest crops without being subjected to employer sanctions, but the trade unions opposed this section of the bill. Finally, a compromise was reached where up to three hundred and fifty thousand farm workers could come into this country, but their rights would be protected and they would also be able to apply for legalization if they met certain conditions. The elements of the final immigration package have been there all along, but this year, say the key lawmakers around this legislation, the Congress was ready to act on them. The combination of horror stories about people coming over the borders and editorials about congressional inability to act made members of Congress decide the time had come to enact immigration reform. But supporters of reform warn the end is not here yet. The conference report must still pass both houses of Congress, and a Senate filibuster is always a possibility. I'm Cokie Roberts at the Capitol. Many photography shops are quite busy this time of the year. People back from vacation are dropping off rolls of film and hoping for the best. But commentator Tom Baudet learned a long time ago he was better off not hoping.I've been told that I take lousy pictures. It's not that my shots aren't technically OK; it's just that my pictures seem to bring out the worst in people. I hope that's not a sign of something. I usually end up throwing half the pictures I take. It's not that they're deceiving. Not at all; they're just too honest. It's true what they say that a camera never lies, but you certainly can lie to a camera. We do it all the time; at least we exaggerate a little to a lens. The first thing you'll usually hear when you point a camera at someone is, "Wait, I'm not ready." Well, so you wait while they brush the crumbs off their chin, put out a cigarette, orthrow an arm around the person next to them like they've been standing that way all day. Well, you get your picture, but it's blown all out of proportion. Everybody's having a little more fun than they really were and liking each other more than they actually do. We're all guilty of this one time or another. You're with your sweetheart travelling somewhere. You've been walking and complaining about the price of the room, the blister on your heel and the rude waitress at the cafe. But then, you stop somebody on the street, hand them your camera, and put on your very best having-a-wonderful-time smile. Well, ten years later you'll look at that picture in a scrapbook and remember what a great trip it was, whether it was or not. For it's natural thing to do: plant little seeds of contentment in our lives in case we doubt we ever had any. Well, it's good practice to take an opportunity to mug up to a camera. There never seems to be a camera around for the real special times: that make-up embrace after a long and dangerous discussion, the look on your face as you hold the phone and hear you got that promotion, the quiet ride home from the hospital after learning those suspicious lumps were benign and something to watch but not worry about. Those are the memories that should be preserved, to be remembered and relied upon when harder times take hold. Those times when a photographer like me will catch you at a party with a loneliness on your face that you didn't think would show or bitterness tugging at your lips during a conversation you didn't intend to be overheard. Well, we all slip up like this sometimes, and sooner or later we get caught with our guards down. I think that's why I end up with pictures like that, I like it when people leave their guards down. We all know our best sides, and it's nice to keep that face forward whenever we can. But I don't mind having pictures of the other sides. Either way they all look just like people to me.Writer Tom Baudet. He lives in Homer, Alaska.Lesson 8Two years of sensitive negotiations paid off today as seventy former Cuban political prisoners arrived in the United States. All of the prisoners had served least ten years in Cuban jails, and some had been in prison since Fidel Castro came to power in 1959. The release was arranged in part by French underwater explorer, Jacques Cousteau, and a delegation of American Roman Catholic bishops.President Reagan today unveiled plans for nine hundred million dollar plan to reduce drug abuse in the United States. It includes half a billion dollars for stepping up drug enforcement along US borders, especially in the southwest. The plan also calls for mandatory drug testing for some federal workers. NPR's Brenda Wilson reports. "As part of his national crusade against drugs, President Reagan signed an executive order today requiring federal workers in sensitive positions to undergo drug tests. The order covers employees who have access to classified information, presidentially appointed officials, law enforcement officials, and any federal worker engaged in activities which affect public health and safety or national security. But heads of government agencies may order additional workers to take the test. Federal employees who are found to have continued to use illegal drugs after a second test will be automatically fired. The overall rug testing program is expected to cost fifty-six million dollars, but administration officials could not get even a ballpark figure of how many workers may be included in the mandatory program. I'm Brenda Wilson."。

Lesson ElevenSection One: News in BriefTapescript1. Texas Air announced today that it will buy the troubled People Express Airlines for about a hundred and twenty-five million dollars. The proposed deal would allow most People Express employees to keep their jobs, although the company will eventually lose its identity and become part of Texas Air. Federal officials must approve the merger. Texas Air is also trying to buy Eastern Airlines.2. A rally on Wall Street today after six consecutive losing sessions, the Dow Jones Industrial Average ended the day up nearly nine points, to close at seventeen sixty-seven point fifty-eight.3. What's being called a 'freedom flight" of seventy former Cuban political prisoners landed in Miami today to an ecstatic reception by thousands of relatives and well-wishers. The plane also carried forty one relatives of former prisoners. The flight culminated nearly two years of negotiations with the Castro regime.Section Two: News in DetailTapescriptTexas Air Corporation today announced that it has agreed to buy People Express Airlines for one hundred twenty-five million dollars in securities. Texas Air already owns Continental Airlines and New York Air. It is in the process of acquiring Eastern Airlines. People Express, one of the first no-frills, low-fare air carriers, has been in financial trouble lately. It was forced to shut down its subsidiary, Frontier Air flights. Texas Air now says it will acquire Frontier's assets as part of its deal with People Express. Joining us now from New York, NPR's business reporter Barbara Mantel.' Barbara, it is said this is a very attractive low price, this one hundred twenty-five million dollars in securities. Besides that, why does Texas Air want People Express?' "Well, Frank Lorenzo, who is Chairman of Texas Air, will get airplanes from People Express, which he might need. He will get the lowest cost work-force in the industry at People Express. He will get a new terminal at Newark, New Jersey that People Express is building. He'll get flights to London, and he will get control over competition. People Express competes heavily, especially in the northeast corridor, with Texas Air.''This issue of competition has been a sticking point before for the Department of Transportation when two airlines wanted to get together. How will Texas Air get around it this time?''Well, they might not. Texas Air wanted to acquire East ..., or wants to acquire, Eastern Airline, and the Department of Transportation said, 'No, not unless you sell more landing slots, more slots in the northeast corridor to Pan Am so that we'll have some competition there.' And Texas Air agreed to that just last week. That may happen again here. The Department of Transportation may require that Texas Air sell some slots or some gates to another airline to ensure that there is still competition in the northeast part of the marketplace. But Texas Air has some leverage here with the Department of Transportation because People Express is a failing company. And the Department of Transportation may feel, 'Well, we'll let them buy PeopleExpress and keep it running, rather than let it fail and lose all those jobs.'"'Mm hm. Now, if the deal is approved by the Department of Transportation, what is it likely to mean for consumers? If there's less competition the fares could possibly go up. "'Well, yes. You would think that when you move from two competitors in a market to just one airliner that prices would just have to go up. But I want you to keep in mind that unrestricted fares of the kind People Express offered, you know, wholesale unrestricted fares, were being eliminated and phased out anyway, because they were not profitable. And the Department of Transportation theory here is that if you allow mergers to take place, or many mergers to take place, you might create more efficiencies and low costs, leading possibly to lower fares. And also the Department of Transportation believes that there's a lot of potential competition in the marketplace. Airlines can move planes around and buy gates, and so that if an airline in a particular market segment was making a lot of money and raising prices excessively, other airlines would move in and prices would be brought down through competition. So that it's a nice theory, the theory of potential competition keeping prices in line, but it's sort of a new idea and it's not clear that that's really the way it would work.''Thanks.' From New York, NPR's Barbara Mantel.Section Three: Special ReportTapescript"My audiences have been very devoted over the years throughout the country. And they've expanded and grown and the country audience has been just as kind and as supportive as the folk audience has been.''I was thinking though, nonetheless, when I put on this album, 'The Last of the True Believers,' especially the title cut, that I heard more country there than I'd perhaps heard before.""Well, I guess it has .-.. I've moved in that direction, mainly because I am playing with the band more. My natural roots are there in country and hillbilly music. And so I think that that just comes out more when you put the band with it."I'I want to ask you some questions, please, about this album, about the ... not so much what's on the inside right now, but what‟s on the outside - a picture on the front of you in front of a Woolworth store, someplace, I guess, in Texas or Tennessee, and 'Houston, Texas.' In Houston, Texas? Is it the Woolworth store that has the hardwood floor still 'and the parakeets in the back and that sort of thing?'"Well, this one that we shot this in front of in Houston Texas is one of the largest ones in the country. It's a two-storey and it's got the escalator that does a little pinging noise every couple of minutes. And it takes up a whole city block.""But, why a cover photo in front of Woolworth's?''Well,, that comes from the song 'Love at the Five and Dime,' which was a song that Cathy Mattea also cut this year and had my first, you know, top five country hit with. And it deals with the Woolworth store.'"There is, on the cover, you are holding a book, and you can‟t really see. ... What is the name of the book on the cover you're holding?''In the Kindness of Strangers, the latest Tennessee Williams' biography.''And on the back is Larry McMurtrie's book about a cattle drive around the turn of the century, Lonesome Dove.'"He's my main prose hero.''Now, why? Why would you do that? Why would you pose with a book?'"Well, I have, my audience consists of a lot of young people between the ages of, maybe you know, fourteen and twenty-f'ive. And I read a lot, and I also write short stories and have written a novel. And I just feel like young people are missing out because they don't read books. And any time I have the opportunity to influence the young person to pick up a book and read it, I would try to do that.''When you hear these lyrics, when the words come to you, are you hearing the stanzas as poetry or as music?''Well, I'm hearing them as music. Lyrics usually come to me, and songs come to me as a total picture. And the music and the lyrics come at the same time. Sometimes they shoot me straight up in bed, you know, in the middle of the night. 'The Wing and the Wheel' is a very special song to me. It's probably my favorite song that I've ever written. And that song was inspired at the Vancouver Folk Festival by two people who are from Managua, Nicaragua. They have a duo call Duo Guar Buranco. And just about four o'clock in the morning, I was sitting in my hotel room and listening to them sing in the room next door, and looking out the window at this little fingernail moon hanging out over the Vancouver Bay, and that song just came flowing, you know, and was inspired by those two people.''Now, that sounds easy.''Well, it IS easy. If you listen. to yourself and you listen to the inspiration that's bringing on that particular song, it's easy. It's just a matter of getting up and writing it down.' Nancy Griffith, talking with us in WPLN in Nashville. She is continuing her national tour with the Everly Brothers. Her latest album is called "The Last of the True Believers.'Lesson 12Section One: News in Brief1. American reporter Nicholas Daniloff is in Frankfurt, West Germany, on his way home from Moscow after being detained for a month on espionage charges. President Reagan in Kansas City on a campaign swing announced Daniloff‟s release, denying that any trade had been agreed to in order to win his freedom. Asked by reporters if he blinked in staring down Soviet leader Gorbachev over the Daniloff affair, the President said they blinked. The agreement to release Daniloff came after a three-hour meeting last night in New York between Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. No details of the agreement have been released, and it is not known if Daniloff‟s freedom is the first step in a trade involving accused Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov. When he arrived in Frankfurt, Daniloff thanked President Reagan, Secretary of State Shultz, and other US officials for “dotting all the i‟s and crossing the t‟s” that permitted him to be in Frankfurt tonight.2. The House of Representatives is expected to vote soon to override President Reagan‟s veto of a bill imposing economic sanctions against South Africa. NPR‟s Cokie Roberts reports that the President has promised to expand economic sanctions on his own in hopes of getting Congress tosustain his veto. “Both houses of Congress passed the economic sanctions against South Africa by wide enough margins to override a presidential veto. And it‟s expected the House will easily garner the two-thirds vote necessary for override. So it‟s in the Senate the President is concentrating his efforts. Today President Reagan sent a long letter to majority leader Robert Dole, restating his opposition to …punitive sanctions that harm the victims of apartheid. ‟ The letter went on to outline an executive order the President plans to sign which would impose some but not all of the sanctions passed by Congress. For example, there‟d be a ban on some new investments in South Africa, but not as many as called for by Congress. The President hopes the executive order will win over the fourteen additional senators he needs to sustain his veto. The Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee said today that Congress would simply come back next year with tougher sanctions if the veto is sustained. I‟m Cokie Roberts at the Capitol”Section Two: News in DetailAmerican reporter Nicholas Daniloff was freed today in Moscow. He flew into Frankfurt, West Germany this afternoon and spoke with reporters gathered at the airport.“It‟s wonderful to be back in the West. I think it‟s obvious to everybody what has happened over this last month. I was arrested without an arrest warrant. A case was fabricated against me with a narrow political purpose of giving the Soviet Union some political leverage over the case of Gennadi Zakharov in New York. The KGB did not punish me; the KGB punished itself. I cannot tell you anything about any other arrangements. All I know is that I am free in the West, very grateful, delighted to see you.” Nicholas Daniloff.When Daniloff left the Soviet Union today he had been detained there for thirty-one days, facing a possible trial on espionage charges. Daniloff left Moscow only hours after Secretary of State Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze met last night in New York in the latest of four negotiating sessions concerning the fate the American journalist. But so far no details have emerged about the arrangements that brought Daniloff his freedom. NPR‟s Mike Shuster has more from New York.Reporters in Moscow who had been staking out the American Embassy there first got wind this morning that Daniloff might be released, after he left the Embassy in a car and flashed the “V for Victory” sign. Apparently Daniloff was simply informed that he could leave, and his passport was returned to him. He was then taken to the airport along with his wife, and soon thereafter boarded a Lufthansa flight to Frankfurt, West Germany. The official American announcement of his release came from President Reagan mid-day today as he was campaigning in Kansas City, Missouri:“I have something of a news announcement I would like to make, that in case you have‟nt heard it already, that at twelve o‟clock, twelve o‟clock Central time, a Lufthansa Airliner, left Moscow bound for Frankfurt West Germany, and on board are Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Daniloff!”So far though neither the White House nor the State Department has said anything about the specific agreements that ended the negotiations on Daniloff, and lacking any fuller explanation from the government, many questions remain. First, what will happen to the Russian scientist Gennadi Zakharov whose arrest last month in New York for spying led to Daniloff‟s detention? No date has been set for Zakharov‟s trial in Brooklyn, and a representative of the Justice Department in Brooklyn said today the US attorney there was waiting for instructions on the handling of Zakharov‟s case. There have been suggestions that Zakharov might be returned to the Soviet Union at a later date in exchange for one or more jailed Soviet dissidents. There is also thequestion of the American decision to expel twenty-five Soviet personnel from their Unite Nations Mission here. Several have already left New York and the deadline for the expulsion of the rest is Wednesday. The Soviets have threatened to retaliate if the order is not rescinded. There is no word whether the agreement that freed Daniloff includes anything on the twenty-five Soviets, which naturally leads to the final question: Has Daniloff‟s release today brought the United States and the Soviet Union any closer to a summit meeting? Secretary Shultz has said that a summit could not take place without Daniloff gaining his freedom. That has now been removed as an impediment to a summit, but the Soviets have called the Zakharov case and the matter of the twenty-five Soviets diplomats obstacles to a summit as well. Until the details are made public of the agreement Shultz and Shevardnadze worked out, it will not be known what the prospects for a summit truly are. This is Mike Shuster in New York.Section Three: Special ReportOne year ago this month, a powerful earthquake in Mexico City killed more than nine thousand people. Tens of thousands of people lost their jobs because of the massive damage. Among those hardest hit by the quake were women garment workers. Who worked in sweatshops concentrated in the heart of Mexico City. One year after the earthquake, Lucie Conger reports that some of the forty thousand seamstresses who lost their jobs are changing their attitudes about work.Lesson ThirteenSection One: News in BriefTape-script1. A special committee of twelve senators today began the impeachment trial of Federal Judge Harry Claiborne. It's the first such proceeding in fifteen years. Claiborne is serving a jail sentence for tax evasion.2. President Reagan today continued his campaign for a drug-free America. He ordered mandatory testing for federal workers in sensitive positions. And he also sent Congress a legislative package that would increase federal anti-drug spending by nine hundred million dollars, much of that on increased border patrols. The President said the legislation is the federal government's way of just saying no to drugs. "We're getting tough on drugs; we mean business. To those who are thinking of using drugs, we say 'Stop.' And to those who are pushing drugs, we say 'Beware.' " Mandatory drug testing for some federal workers is the most controversial part of the President's plan. It's been condemned by some employee groups.3. One person was killed and more than fifty injured today in Paris when a bomb exploded at the drivers' permit office at police headquarters. It was the fourth blast in seven days in the French capital.Section Two: News in DetailTapescriptIn Paris today, one person was killed and more than fifty were injured when a bomb exploded at police headquarters. This is the fourth attack on a crowded public target in a week.A police officer was killed yesterday while removing a bomb from a restaurant on the Avenue Champs Elysee. Minutes after that incident, Prime Minister Jacques Chirac announced new security measures aimed at curbing terrorist activities in, France. Melodie Walker reports from Paris.A group calling itself 'the Committee for Solidarity with Arab and Middle-Eastern Prisoners' has claimed responsibility for the current series of bombings in Paris, in addition to ten other attacks in the French capital over the past year. The Committee has delivered messages to news agencies in Beirut threatening to continue its bombing campaign in Paris until the French government agrees to release three men jailed in France on charges of terrorism. One of the convicted prisoners, George Abraham Abdullah, is believed to be the leader of the Lebanese Army Faction suspected of killing a US military attached in Paris in 1982. The French government has officially declared it will not release the prisoners. In response to the repeated attacks in Paris, Prime Minister Chirac last night announced new anti-terrorist measures: military patrols along the French borders will be increased and, beginning today, all foreigners will require a visa to enter France. Citizens of European Common Market countries and Switzerland will be exempt from the visa requirement. But Americans planning to visit France will need to apply for visas at the nearest French consulate. For an initial period of fifteen days, however, emergency visas will be granted at French airports and other border checkpoints. France has been plagued with terrorism at home and abroad in recent years. In the past two weeks, three French members of the United Nations peace keeping force in Lebanon have been killed by remote-controlled bombs. Today, France, called for an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council to discuss the role and safety of the force. Seven French hostages in Beirut are also a major concern for the Chirac government. Dominique Moazi, Associate Director of the French Institute for International Relations, says the bombings in Paris, the attacks on the UN troops, and the hostage situation are all indirectly related. 'I think there is a global goal, which is looked after, and that is to punish France for its involvement in Middle-Eastern affairs, either Lebanon or the war between Iran and Iraq. And France is, at the same time, more visible than any other European actors, in Lebanon and in the Gulf.' According to Moazi, the long French tradition of granting political asylum has made France more open and accessible to terrorist activities."In the past we have given, unfortunately, the impression, which was maybe a reality, of being less resolute in our treatment of terrorist action than, for example, the Israelis. So that combination of visibility, vulnerability, and lack of resolution has made us the ideal target of terrorists now.'In a statement released today, President Francois Mitterand said, ' The fight against terrorism is the business of the entire nation.' But despite the government's determination to combat terrorism, the question of how to do it remains unanswered.For National Public Radio, this is Melodie Walker in Paris.Section Three: Special ReportTapescriptThe United States Senate Intelligence Committee today released a report calling for sweeping changes in US security policies and counter-intelligence, its first unclassified assessmentof recent spy cases. The Committee says the damage done has cost billions of dollars, threatening America's security, as never before. NPR's David Malthus has the story. The report states that the damage done from espionage and lax security is worse than anyone in the government has yet acknowledged publicly. It concludes that US military plans and capabilities have been seriously compromised, intelligence operations gravely impaired. US technological advantages have been overcome in some areas because of spying. And diplomatic secrets were exposed to adversaries. V ermont Democrat Patrick Leahy is Vice-Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee.'The national security is many times threatened more by this than by the buildup of Soviet arms, or the buildup of Soviet personnel, or breakthrough in weapon development." The Committee report says foreign intelligence services have penetrated some of the most vital parts of US defense, intelligence, and foreign policy structures. The report cites a string of recent cases, including the Walker-Whitworth spy ring, which gave the Soviets the ability to decode at least a million military communications.Despite some improvements by the Reagan Administration in security and tough talk over the last two years, the report also concludes that the administration has failed to follow through with enough specific steps to tighten security, and that its counter-intelligence programs have lacked the needed resources to be effective. Republican Dave Durenberger of Minnesota, Chairman of the Intelligence Committee, sums up the current situation this way:'Too many secrets, too much access to secrets, too many spies, too little accountability for securing our national secrets, and too little effort given to combating the very real threat which spies represent to our national security.'Senator Durenberger said the Committee found some progress has been made in toughening up security clearances for personnel, and some additional resources have been devoted to countering technical espionage, but he said much more needs to be done and he described the current security system as one 'paralyzed by bureaucratic inertia.' The Committee makes ninety-five specific recommendations, including greater emphasis on re-investigations of cleared personnel, a streamlined classification system, more money for counter-intelligence elements of the FBI, CIA and the military services, and tighter controls on foreign diplomats from hostile countries. The report cites FBI assessments on how extensively the Soviets use, diplomatic cover to hide spying activity. There are twenty-one hundred diplomats, UN officials, and trade representatives from the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries living in the United States. And according to the FBI, 30% of them are professional intelligence officers. The Committee report also says the Soviet Union is effectively using United Nations organizations worldwide to conduct spying operations. It says approximately eight hundred Soviets work for UN agencies, three hundred of them in New York, and one fourth of those are working for the KGB or the Soviet military intelligence, the GRU. Next week, the Reagan Administration is to deliver to. the Congress its, classified report on counter-intelligence. I'm David Malthus in Washington.。

Lesson 1 NapoleonToday, I’m going to talk to you about one of the most important historical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let ’s start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old,he joined the French army. In that year 1785,he began the military career that would bring himfame ,power,riches and finally defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804, at the age of 35,he became the first emperor of the France.Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N.won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat —“his end”came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone – deserted by his family and friends in 1821. Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died.=========================================================== Lesson 2 PompeiiThe lecture for this class is about the city of Pompeii. A natural disaster occurred there almost 2000 years ago.Today many rich people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat.2,000 years ago, wealthy Romans did the same thing.They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii, a beautiful city, located on the Bay of Naples.In the summer of the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. What Pliny saw was the eruption of the volcano called Mount Vesuvius.Rock and ash flew through the air. The city of P . was at the foot of Mt. V.. When the volcano first erupted, manypeople were able to get out of the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash.The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P . was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P . was forgotten for almost 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.===========================================================Lesson 4 Roller CoasterLet's talk about the physics involved in a ride on a roller coaster. I'm sure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster. A simple roller coaster consists of a frame with a track on it. The track is very much like a train track, this track goes over a series of hills and around curves. It follows a path that ends at the same place it started. A trainof cars travels around on this track, very fast. The cars have two sets of wheels. One set of wheels rolls on top of the track, and the others set of wheels rolls below the track. The wheels below the track keep the fast moving cars from coming off the track, roller coaster cars as you probably know don't have any motors or engines. Instead, a chain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepy staff hill, this is how the ride begins. Then, at the top of the hill the chain comes off the cars and gravity takes over. gravity pushes the cars down the other side of the hill. the taller and steeper the first hill is, the faster the ride will be. And the farther the cars will travel. as the cars rolled downhill they gained speed. the cars have enough speed and energy to send them up the next hill. as the cars near the top of the second hill they begin to slow down. but then, the cars reached the top of that hill, and start down the other side. gravity again pushes them toward the ground. this process repeats on each hale. Okay, so let's go over this process again. first, the cars are pulled by a chain up the first highest hill. then they go down a very steep slope, at this point, there is enough energy to pull the cars up and over the next hill. when they reached the bottom of that hill, there is enough energy to climb the next hill, the roller coaster cars lose energy as the ride continues. so, the hills have to be smaller toward the end of the track, finally we roll to a stop on ground level right where we began.======================================================== Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language.What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born,even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babiesbegin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say ―baba‖for the word ―bottle‖or ―kiki‖for ―cat.‖In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says ―juice,‖to his father, the baby seems to be saying, ―I want more juice, Daddy‖or ―May I have more juice, Daddy?‖This word ―juice‖is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called ―telegraphic‖speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like ―Daddy, up‖which actually could mean ―Daddy, pick me up, please.‖Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as ―I walked home‖and ―I kissed Mommy.‖They also begin toovergeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as ―I goed to bed‖instead of ―I went to bed,‖or ―I eated ice cream‖instead of ―I ate ice cream.‖In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as ―walk‖and ―kiss,‖but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like ―eat‖are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it ―mama‖or maybe ―papa‖? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was ―mama.‖Now, think about some of the similarities anddifferences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.===========================================================Lesson 7 RobotsWhen people think about a robot,they often picture a machine that look s something like a human being.However,that’s not always the case.Mo st robots do not look much like a human being at all,they look like machi nes because that’s what most of them are-industrial machines.Today,I’m going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physically dema nding,repetitive,dangerous or very boring.Most industrial robots work on in an assembly line in a factory.For example,a robot might put liz on j ars of fruits or start boxesfor shaping.In a car factory,robotic arms on an assembly line join the parts of a car together;other robots tighten the b oats on the car’s wheelsor paint the car.There are thousands of robots p utting cars together in___plan.These robots are very precise when repe ating a task.For example,they always tighten boats with the same exact amount of force.They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it should be and they always put ahold in the exact same place in every car d oor hour after hour.These are examples of robots doing the work human s could do but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precise ly.So,just how do robots work?To do its job a robot first needs a control s ystem.This control system directs the robots mechanical parts.The contr ol system of a robot is sort of speak--a robot brain.So how does a robot learn which action to do first and whi ch of its moving part needs to do that action?A robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human being.To teach an industrial robot to do something,first a person must use a hand-held computer.The computer is used to guide the robot’s arm and hand through the motions it needs to do.Then,the robot stores exact movem ent in its computer memory.The robot has sensors to gather information ,so now the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions.The robot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action.For example, to pick up and move a box,the robot first finds the box,next it decides t he weight of the box.Then it decides how much force is needed to lift an d move the box,and finally,it finds the correct place to put the box dow n.It repeats the process over and over until it's turned off.It does the sa me job until it is given the job and new program to follow.Some scientists think that robots of the future will be smarter than today's robots.They may also look more human like or even animal like.In fact,they may wo rk and think more like humans do.The industrial robots we've been talki ng about so far today are automatic robots.They are known as automatic robots because they have program to follo w a specific series of ually,they have parts that move but t hey really don't travel around.On the other hand,an autonomous machi ne can change itsbehavior in relation to its surroundings.For example,an autonomous robot with wheelsor legs to move around can change direc tion when it senses that there are something in its way.A robot such as …can detect the movement of people nearby.It can move to avoid bump ing into ing toward it.Asthma can even learn to dance by followi ng the movements of a dancer next to it.I don't know whether or when people would welcome autonomousmachines or human like robots.I gu ess that we will not only think about that in the future.We need to think about how we will interact with our global doctor:robal teacher,robal p et,or even our robal friend.===========================================================Lesson 8 A Tidal WaveA tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushesin from the ocean towards the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means “storm wave.” But do you know that tidal are not caused by storms and that they are not true tidal at all? A true tidal is the regular rise a waves and fall of ocean waters, at definite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake. The word “seaquake” is made up of two words, the word “sea” which means “ocean” and the word “quake”. “To quake” means “to shake” or “to tremble.” When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. It is this shaking that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins to move across the sea at great speed.Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to do this.A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidal wave, but it is possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lives.===========================================================Lesson 9 Levels of LanguageToday I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general, broad categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. I’m not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I’m talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters. For example, a letter to a university would be in formal style. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. People usually use formal English when they give classroom lectures or speeches and at ceremonies such as graduations. We also tend to use formal language in conversations with persons we don’t know well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our parents’, strangers, etc. Informal language is used in conversations with colleagues, family and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries, etc. Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. However, today I’m going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or familymember, "Close the door, please", but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door" Using words like "could" and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal. Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let’s say "I’m just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents’, I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much". Let’s say I’m telling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I might say "The cops bagged the crook". To my parents’ friend I might say "The police arrested the thief".Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clear and although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a non-native speaker of English to learn the difference is to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. Television newscasters, your college professors in class, your doctors in their offices, etc, will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc. will generally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learned over time byobserving and interacting with native speakers.===========================================================Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and Abuse John Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the mosteffective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example ofthe use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop.The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and t o gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch thatthe less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.==================================================Lesson11 Asian and African Elephants:Similarities and Diff erencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the w orld.They are really enormous animals.The African and the Asian elepha nts are alike,or similar,in many ways,but there are differences between the2types of elephants,too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian ele phant?Well,for one thing,both animals have long noses,called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand.Both kinds of ele phants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large,heavy objects.They can even pick up trees with their trunks.For another thin g,both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears,althoug h the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition,both animals are intelligent.They can be trained to do heavy work.They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people.In other words,they both work for people,and they entertain people also.As I said before,the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different,too.Let me explain what I mean.The Af rican elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian n eleph ants reach a height of about 10 feet, and African elephants reach about 13 feet tall.The African male elephant weighs between12,000and14,000pounds.I n contrast,the average Asian male elephant weighs between7,000and1 2,000pounds.So one is bigger than the other, but as you can see,both are still enormous animals.Another difference between the2kinds of elephants is the size of the ea n elephants have smaller ears than African elephants.The Africa n elephant has2very large teeth.These teeth are called tusks.The Asian elephanthowever sometimes does not have any tusks at all.The elephants differ i n color,too.The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian ele phant is light gray.Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white!The lastbig difference between the2 typesof elephants is their temperament.The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant, orin another way,the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian eleph ant.As a result,it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perfor m tricks to entertain people.That’s why the elephants you see in the circ us are probably Asian elephants and not African elephants.Yes,there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian el ephants,but as I mention at the start of mytall,there is one big similarity between the2animals:they are both fasci nating and enormous animals.===========================================================Lesson 13 Lincoln and KennedyJohn F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different times and had very different family and educational backgrounds. K ennedy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th cen tury. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born m ore than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family b ackgrounds, Kennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln’s f amily was not wealthy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand, had only one year of formal schooling. In spite of his lack of f ormal schooling, he became a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law books. Li ncoln was, in other words, a self-educated man.In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln’s backgr ounds, some interesting similarities between the 2 men are ev ident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coin cidences in the lives of these 2 men. Take forexample ,their political careers. Lincoln began his political car eer in congress. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political car eer in congress. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Repr esentatives in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. So they were elected to congress exactly 100 years apart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was e lected president of the United States in a year ending with the number 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kenne dy was elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were presiden t during years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was presid ent during the American Civil War. At the time Kennedy became president,African-Americans were fighting for theircivil rights ,unrest took the form of civil rights demonstrations.Times change and it’s just over 15 more years,the United States elected its first African-American president Barack Obama. President Obama was elected in 2008 and…,but let me get back to talk about Lincoln and Kennedy.Another striking similarity between these 2 men was that, as y ou probably know, neither president lived to complete his ter m in office. Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated whil e in office. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 inDallas, Texas, after only 1,000 days in office. Lincoln was assas sinated in 1865 a few days after the end of the American Civil War. It’s rather curious to note that both presidents were sh ot while they were sitting next to their wives.These are only a few examples of the unusual similarities in th e destinies of these 2 Americans – men who had a tremendou s impact on the social and political life in the United States an d the imagination of the American people.。

Lesson 1 NapoleonToday, I’m going to talk to you about one of the most important historical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let ’s start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old,he joined the French army. In that year 1785,he began the military career that would bring himfame ,power,riches and finally defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804, at the age of 35,he became the first emperor of the France.Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N.won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat —“his end”came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone – deserted by his family and friends in 1821. Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died.=========================================================== Lesson 2 PompeiiThe lecture for this class is about the city of Pompeii. A natural disaster occurred there almost 2000 years ago.Today many rich people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat.2,000 years ago, wealthy Romans did the same thing.They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii, a beautiful city, located on the Bay of Naples.In the summer of the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P.. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. What Pliny saw was the eruption of the volcano called Mount Vesuvius.Rock and ash flew through the air. The city of P . was at the foot of Mt. V.. When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to get out of the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unluckypeople were buried alive under the volcanic ash.The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P . was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P . was forgotten for almost 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.===========================================================Lesson 4 Roller CoasterLet's talk about the physics involved in a ride on a roller coaster. I'm sure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster. A simple roller coaster consists of a frame with a track on it. The track is very much like a train track, this track goes over a series of hills and around curves. It follows a path that ends at the same place it started. A train of cars travels around on this track, very fast. The cars have two sets of wheels. One set of wheels rolls on top of the track, and the others set of wheels rolls below the track. The wheels below the track keep the fast moving cars from coming off the track, roller coaster cars as you probably know don't have any motors or engines. Instead, a chain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepy staff hill, this is how the ridebegins. Then, at the top of the hill the chain comes off the cars and gravity takes over. gravity pushes the cars down the other side of the hill. the taller and steeper the first hill is, the faster the ride will be. And the farther the cars will travel. as the cars rolled downhill they gained speed. the cars have enough speed and energy to send them up the next hill. as the cars near the top of the second hill they begin to slow down. but then, the cars reached the top of that hill, and start down the other side. gravity again pushes them toward the ground. this process repeats on each hale. Okay, so let's go over this process again. first, the cars are pulled by a chain up the first highest hill. then they go down a very steep slope, at this point, there is enough energy to pull the cars up and over the next hill. when they reached the bottom of that hill, there is enough energy to climb the next hill, the roller coaster cars lose energy as the ride continues. so, the hills have to be smaller toward the end of the track, finally we roll to a stop on ground level right where we began.======================================================== Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language.What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are born,even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say ―baba‖for the word ―bottle‖or ―kiki‖for ―cat.‖In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says ―juice,‖to his father, the baby seems to be saying, ―I want more juice, Daddy‖or ―May I have more juice, Daddy?‖This word ―juice‖is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called ―telegraphic‖speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like ―Daddy, up‖which actually could mean ―Daddy, pick me up, please.‖Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as ―I walked home‖and ―I kissed Mommy.‖They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as ―I goed to bed‖instead of ―I went to bed,‖or ―I eated ice cream‖instead of ―I ate ice cream.‖In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as ―walk‖and ―kiss,‖but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like ―eat‖are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbscorrectly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it ―mama‖or maybe ―papa‖? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was ―mama.‖Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.===========================================================Lesson 7 RobotsWhen people think about a robot,they often picture a machine that look s something like a human being.However,that’s not always the case.Mo st robots do not look much like a human being at all,they look like machi nes because that’s what most of them are-industrial machines. Today,I’m going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physically demanding,repetitive,dangerous or very boring.Most industrial robots work on in an assembly line in a factory.For example,a robot might put liz on j ars of fruits or start boxesfor shaping.In a car factory,robotic arms on an assembly line join the parts of a car together;other robots tighten the b oats on the car’s wheelsor paint the car.There are thousands of robots p utting cars together in___plan.These robots are very precise when repe ating a task.For example,they always tighten boats with the same exact amount of force.They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it sh ould be and they always put ahold in the exact same place in every car d oor hour after hour.These are examples of robots doing the work human s could do but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precise ly.So,just how do robots work?To do its job a robot first needs a control s ystem.This control system directs the robots mechanical parts.The contr ol system of a robot is sort of speak--a robot brain.So how does a robot learn which action to do first and whi ch of its moving part needs to do that action?A robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human being.To teach an industrial robot to do something,first a person must use a hand-held computer.The computer is used to guide the robot’s arm and hand through the motions it needs to do.Then,the robot stores exact movem ent in its computer memory.The robot has sensors to gather information,so now the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions.The robot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action.For example, to pick up and move a box,the robot first finds the box,next it decides t he weight of the box.Then it decides how much force is needed to lift an d move the box,and finally,it finds the correct place to put the box dow n.It repeats the process over and over until it's turned off.It does the sa me job until it is given the job and new program to follow.Some scientist s think that robots of the future will be smarter than today's robots.They may also look more human like or even animal like.In fact,they may wo rk and think more like humans do.The industrial robots we've been talki ng about so far today are automatic robots.They are known as automatic robots because they have program to follo w a specific series of ually,they have parts that move but t hey really don't travel around.On the other hand,an autonomous machi ne can change itsbehavior in relation to its surroundings.For example,an autonomous robot with wheelsor legs to move around can change direc tion when it senses that there are something in its way.A robot such as …can detect the movement of people nearby.It can move to avoid bump ing into ing toward it.Asthma can even learn to dance by followi ng the movements of a dancer next to it.I don't know whether or when people would welcome autonomousmachines or human like robots.I gu ess that we will not only think about that in the future.We need to thinkabout how we will interact with our global doctor:robal teacher,robal p et,or even our robal friend.===========================================================Lesson 8 A Tidal WaveA tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean towards the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means “storm wave.” But do you know that tidal are not caused by storms and that they are not true tidal at all? A true tidal is the regular rise a waves and fall of ocean waters, at definite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake. The word “seaquake” is made up of two words, the word “sea” which means “ocean” and the word “quake”. “To quake” means “to shake” or “to tremble.” When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. It is this shaking that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins to move across the sea at great speed.Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to do this.A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidal wave, but it is possible to warn people that a tidal waveis coming. This warning can save many lives.===========================================================Lesson 9 Levels of LanguageToday I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general, broad categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. I’m not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I’m talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters. For example, a letter to a university would be in formal style. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. People usually use formal English when they give classroom lectures or speeches and at ceremonies such as graduations. We also tend to use formal language in conversations with persons we don’t know well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our parents’, strangers, etc. Informal language is used in conversations with colleagues, family and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries, etc. Formal language is different from informal language in several ways.However, today I’m going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please", but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door" Using words like "could" and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal. Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let’s say "I’m just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents’, I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much". Let’s say I’m telling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I might say "The cops bagged the crook". To my parents’ friend I might say "The police arrested the thief".Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clear and although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a non-native speaker of English to learn the difference is to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. Television newscasters, your college professors in class, yourdoctors in their offices, etc, will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc. will generally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learned over time by observing and interacting with native speakers.=========================================================== Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and Abuse John Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of human emotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes. The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the mosteffective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapers provide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s inJonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influ ence ―and to gain money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a r eward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch thatthe less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise;or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.================================================== Lesson11 Asian and African Elephants:Similarities and Diff erencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the w orld.They are really enormous animals.The African and the Asian elepha nts are alike,or similar,in many ways,but there are differences between the2types of elephants,too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian ele phant?Well,for one thing,both animals have long noses,called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand.Both kinds of ele phants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large,heav y objects.They can even pick up trees with their trunks.For another thin g,both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears,althoug h the African elephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition,both animals are intelligent.They can be trained to do heavy work.They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people.In other words,they both work for people,and they entertain people also.As I said before,the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways,but they are also quite different,too.Let me explain what I mean.The Af rican elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian n eleph ants reach a height of about 10 feet, and African elephants reach about 13 feet tall.The African male elephant weighs between12,000and14,000pounds.I n contrast,the average Asian male elephant weighs between7,000and1 2,000pounds.So one is bigger than the other, but as you can see,both are still enormous animals.Another difference between the2kinds of elephants is the size of the ea n elephants have smaller ears than African elephants.The Africa n elephant has2very large teeth.These teeth are called tusks.The Asian elephanthowever sometimes does not have any tusks at all.The elephants differ i n color,too.The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian ele phant is light gray.Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white!The last big difference between the2 typesof elephants is their temperament.The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant, orin another way,the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian eleph ant.As a result,it’s more difficult to train the African elephant to perfor m tricks to entertain people.That’s why the elephants you see in the circ us are probably Asian elephants and not African elephants.Yes,there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian el ephants,but as I mention at the start of mytall,there is one big similarity between the2animals:they are both fasci nating and enormous animals.===========================================================Lesson 13 Lincoln and KennedyJohn F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different times and had very different family and educational backgrounds. K ennedy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th cen tury. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born m ore than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family b ackgrounds, Kennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln’s f amily was not wealthy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He gr aduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand, had only one year of formal schooling. In spite of his lack of f ormal schooling, he became a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law books. Li ncoln was, in other words, a self-educated man.In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln’s backgr ounds, some interesting similarities between the 2 men are ev ident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coincidences in the lives of these 2 men. Take forexample ,their political careers. Lincoln began his political car eer in congress. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political car eer in congress. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Repr esentatives in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. So they were elected to congress exactly 100 years apart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was e lected president of the United States in a year ending with the number 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kenne dy was elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were presiden t during years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was presid ent during the American Civil War. At the time Kennedy became president,African-Americans were fighting for their civil rights ,unrest took the form of civil rights demonstrations.Times change and it’s just over 15 more years,the United States elected its first African-American president Barack Obama. President Obama was elected in 2008 and…,but let me get back to talk about Lincoln and Kennedy.Another striking similarity between these 2 men was that, as y ou probably know, neither president lived to complete his ter m in office. Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated whil。

Lesson 1 NapoleonToday, I ’m going to talk to you about one of the most importanthistorical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let ’by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the islandof Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him tomilitary school in France. Napoleon wasnot a very good student inmost of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 yearsold,hejoinedtheFrencharmy.Inthatyear1785,hebeganthemilitarycareerthat wouldbringhimfame ,power,riches andfinallydefeat.NapoleonbecameageneralintheFrencharmyattheyoungageof24.Napoleonhad many victories on the battlefield but he alsobecame involved in French law and politics. And in 1804, at the age of35,hebecamethefirst emperoroftheFrance.Napoleonwas many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader.His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N.won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat—“his end ”came when he decided to attack Russia. In thismilitary campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.ThegreatFrenchconquerordied alon–edesertedbyhisfamilyand friendsin 1821.Napoleonwasonly51yearsoldwhenhedied.=========================================================== Lesson 2 PompeiiThe lecture for this class is about the city of Pompeii. A natural disaster occurred there almost 2000 years ago.Today many rich people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat.2,000 years ago, wealthy Romans did the same thing.They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent theirsummers in the city of Pompeii, a beautiful city, located on the Bay of Naples.In the summer of the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy who later becamea very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle n i P.. The boy ’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky.He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This blackcloud rose high into the sky. What Pliny saw was the eruption of thevolcano called Mount Vesuvius.Rock and ash flew through the air. Thecity of P . was at the foot of Mt. V.. When the volcano first erupted, manypeople were able to get out of the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash.The eruption lasted forabout 3 days. When the eruption was over, P . was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P . wasforgotten for almost 1,700years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over theworld to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.===========================================================Lesson 4 Roller CoasterLet's talk about the physics involved in a ride on a roller coaster. I'msure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster. A simple roller coaster consists of a frame with a track on it. The track is very muchlike a train track, this track goes over a series of hills and around curves.It follows a path that ends at the same place it started. A train of carstravels around on this track, very fast. The cars have two sets of wheels. One set of wheels rolls on top of the track, and the others set of wheels rolls below the track. The wheels below the track keep the fast moving cars from coming off the track, roller coaster cars as you probably know don't have any motors or engines. Instead, a chain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepy staff hill, this is how the ride begins. Then, atthe top of the hill the chain comes off the cars and gravity takes over. gravity pushes the cars down the other side of the hill. the taller and steeper the first hill is, the faster the ride will be. And the farther the cars will travel. as the cars rolled downhill they gained speed. the cars have enough speed and energy to send them up the next hill. as the cars near the top of the second hill they begin to slow down. but then, the cars reached the top of that hill, and start down the other side. gravity again pushes them toward the ground. this process repeats on each hale. Okay, so let's go over this process again. first, the cars are pulled by a chain up the first highest hill. then they go down a very steep slope, at this point, there is enough energy to pull the cars upand over the next hill. when they reached the bottom of that hill, thereis enough energy to climb the next hill, the roller coaster cars lose energy as the ride continues. so, the hills have to be smaller toward the end of the track, finally we roll to a stop on ground level right wherewe began.======================================================== Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I ’l i d e to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to developa second language, but for a moment, let ’t hsink about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language.What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicateas soon as they are born,even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate bycrying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby inan English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say ―baba‖for the word ―bottle ‖or ―kiki‖for ―cat.‖In the next few months, babies will acquire alot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says ―juice,‖to his father, the baby seems to be saying, ―I want more juice, Daddy‖or ―May I have more juice, Daddy?‖This word ―juice‖is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called ―telegraphic‖speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might saysomething like ―Daddy, up‖which actually could mean ―Daddy, pick me up, please.‖Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say thingssuch as ―I walked home‖and ―I kissed Mommy.‖They also beginto overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammarmistakes. For example, children often say such thins as ―I goed tobed‖instead of ―I went to bed,‖or ―I eated ice cream‖insteadof ―I ate ice cream.‖In other words, the children have learned thepast tense rule for regular verbs such as ―walk‖and ―kiss,‖butthey haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Someverbs like ―eat‖are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregularverbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal,and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular andirregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it ’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar theprocess is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first languageduring the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute.What was your first word? Was it ―mama‖or maybe ―papa‖?Now think also about the process of learning English as a secondlanguage. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? Idoubt that it was ―mama.‖Now, think about some of the similaritiesand differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the firstand second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.===========================================================Lesson 7 RobotsWhen people think about a robot, they often picture a machine that looks something like a human being. Howevert,hat ’n ost always the case. Most robots do not look much like a human being at all, they look like machines becausethat ’w s hat most of them are- industrial machines.Today,I ’m going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physically dema nding, repetitive, dangerous or very boring. Most industrial robots workon in an assembly line in a factory. For example, a robot might put liz on jars of fruits or start boxesfor shaping. In a car factory, robotic arms on an assembly line join the parts of a car together; other robots tighten the boats on the car ’w s heelsor paint the car. There are thousands of robots p utting cars together in ___ plan. These robots are very precise when repe ating a task. For example, they always tighten boats with the same exactamount of force. They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it sh ould be and they always put ahold in the exact same place in every car d oor hour after hour. These are examples of robots doing the work human s could do but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precise ly.So, just how do robots work? To do its job a robot first needs a control s ystem. This control system directs the robots mechanical parts. The contr ol system of a robot is sort of speak--a robot brain. So how does a robot l earn which action to do first and which of its moving part needs to do th at action? A robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human b eing. To teach an industrial robot to do something, first a person must us e a hand-held computer. The computer is used to guide therobot ’a s r m a nd hand through the motions it needs to do. Then, the robot stores exact movement in its computer memory. The robot has sensors to gather info rmation, so now the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions. The ro bot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action. For example, to pick up and move a box, the robot first finds the box, next it decides the weight of the box. Then it decides how much force is needed to lift and move the box, and finally, it finds the correct place to put the box down. It repeats the process over and over until it's turned off. It doe s the same job until it is given the job and new program to follow. Some scientists think that robots of the future will be smarter than today's robots. They may also look more human like or even animal like. In fact, theymay work and think more like humans do. The industrial robots we've been talking about so far today are automatic robots.They are known as automatic robots because they have program to follow a specific series of movement. Usually, they have parts that move but they really don't travel around. On the other hand, an autonomous machine can change itsbehavior in relation to its surroundings. For example, an autonomous robot with wheelsor legs to move around can change direction when it senses that there are something in its way. A robot such as⋯candetect the movement of people nearby. It can move to avoid bumping into sb. coming toward it. Asthma can even learn to dance by following the movements of a dancer next to it. I don't know whether or when people would welcome autonomousmachines or human like robots. I guess that we will not only think about that in the future. We need to thinkabout how we will interact with our global doctor: robal teacher, robal pet, or even our robal friend.===========================================================Lesson 8 A Tidal WaveA tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushesin from the ocean towards the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanesetsunami means “stormwave. ”B ut do you knowthat tidal are not caused by storms and that they are not true tidal at all?A true tidal is the regular rise a waves and fall of ocean waters, atdefinite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake. Theword “seaquake ” is made up of two words, the word “sea” which me “oceana”n d the word “quake ”“.Toquake ”m eans “toshake ”o r “totremble. ” When a seaquake takes place at the bottofmthe ocean, theocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts.It is this shaking that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins tomove across the sea at great speed.Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientistscan predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to dothis. A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidal wave, but it is possible to warn people that atidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lives.===========================================================Lesson 9 Levels of LanguageToday I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably havenoticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending onthe situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general, broad categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and aninformal level. English is no exception. I ’m not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I ’m talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters.For example, a letter to a university would be in formal style. You wouldalso use formal English in compositions and essays t hat you write inschool. People usually use formal English when they give classroomlectures or speeches and at ceremonies such as graduations. We alsotend to use formal language in conversations with persons we don’tknow well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our parents ’s tr,angers, etc.Informal language is used in conversations with colleagues, family and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, aswell as in diaries, etc.Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. However, today I ’m going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takesmore words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please", but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door" Using words like "could"and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal. Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let ’s say "I ’m just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents ’I w,ould probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much". LetI ’mtelling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I might say "The cops bagged the crook". To my parents ’friend I might say "The police arrested the thief".Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clear and although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a non-native speaker of English to learn the differenceis to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. Television newscasters, your college professors in class, your doctors in their offices, etc, will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc. willgenerally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learnedover time by observing and interacting with native speakers.===========================================================Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and AbuseJohn Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that theneed for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces inhuman life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling ofpowerlessness is one of the most disturbing of humanemotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what ispower?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or tochange the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists aretrying to identify different kinds of power so that they can betterunderstand how people use these different kinds of power to gaincontrol over other people. They are trying to understand howpeople manipulate other people for good and evil purposes.Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I ’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Somepsychologist believe that information power is one of the mosteffective types of power and control. The person who hasinformation that other people want and need, but do not have, is ina position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receiveand have information. Having information increases a person ’s own sense of power. People who provide information canmanipulate those who do not have information. Often, whenpeople receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. Thepsychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapersprovide a lot of information to their readers, and that thesenewspaper readers generally believe the information they read.Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about worldevents they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, aperson may want to behave like the members of a particular group,such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a personmay identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, orsay , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that personhas power over you, and that person can influence your actionsand behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in his community died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, mostpeople moved away from the bus stop. The guard ’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is aperson who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or whoknows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these “experts ”use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―o a g n a d i n t money or admiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have thepower to reward or punish another person ’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people ’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may notcause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do,but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch thatthe less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It maycome from having information that other people want or need; itmay come from being a referent for other people to identify with orto imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate,position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; orit may come from having the power to reward or punish people.We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power overother people, and other people will try to exercise one or more ofthese kinds of power over us throughout our lives.==================================================Lesson 11 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and Diff erencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the w orld. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elepha nts are alike, or similar, in many ways, but there are differences between the 2 types of elephants, too.What are some of the similarities between the African and the Asian ele phant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses, called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of ele phants use their trunks to pick up very small objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick up trees with their trunks. For another thin g, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, althoug h the African elephant ’e as rs are considerably larger.In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertain people. In other words, they both work for people, and they entertain people also.As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain what I mean. The Af rican elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. Asian eleph antsreach a height of about 10 feet, and African elephants reach about 13 feet tall.The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. I n contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7,000 and 1 2,000 pounds. So one is bigger than the other, but as you can see,both are still enormous animals.Another difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ea rs. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African elephants . The Africa n elephant has 2 very large teeth. These teeth are called tusks. The Asian elephanthowever sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephants differ i n color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color while the Asian ele phant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian elephant is even white ! The lastbig difference between the 2 typesof elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer than the African elephant, orin another way, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asian eleph ant. As a result,it ’m s ore difficult to train the African elephant to perform tricks to entertain people. That ’w s hy the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephants and not African elephants.Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian el ephants, but as I mention at the start of mytall, there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are both fasci nating and enormous animals.===========================================================Lesson 13 Lincoln and KennedyJohn F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different timesand had very different family and educational backgrounds. Kennedy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th century. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born more than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family b ackgrounds, Kennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln ’f samily was not wealthy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthyfamily, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand,had only one year of formal schooling. In spite of his lack of formal schooling, he became a well-known lawyer. He taughthimself law by reading law books. Lincoln was, in other words,a self-educated man.In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln ’b s ackgr ounds, some interesting similarities between the 2 men are ev ident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coin cidences in the lives of these 2 men. Take forexample ,their political careers. Lincoln began his political career in congress. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political career in congress. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Repr esentatives in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. So they were elected to congress exactly 100 yearsapart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was elected president of the United States in a year ending with the number 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kennedy was elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were president during years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was president during the American Civil War. At the time Kennedybecame president,African-Americans were fighting for their。

Lesson 13No Signposts in the SeaV. Sackville-WestB ACKGROUND K NOWLEDGEV. S ACKVILLE-W ESTN O S IGNPOSTS IN THE S EAS TREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESSA NALOGYSackville-West (1892-1962)•Her family background•Her marriage•Her worksSackville-West (1892-1962)•English poet and novelist•Born into an old aristocraticfamily---Knole Castle•Only child of the family•originally a gift from QueenElizabeth I to her forebearThomas Sackville•awarded the Hawthorndenprize in 1927 and in1933.•In 1946 Sackville-West wasmade a Companion of Honor(名誉勋爵士) for her servicesto literature.•died of cancer on June 2, 1962.Bloomsbury Group•an informal group•from mostly upper\middle-classprofessional families•Virginia Woolf, JohnMaynard Keynes, E. M.Forster•literature, aesthetics,criticism, andeconomics as well asmodern attitudestowards feminism,pacifism, and sexuality.Bloomsbury Group•Almost everything aboutBloomsbury appears to becontroversial•reacted against the socialrituals•believed in pleasure...Theytried to get the maximum ofpleasure out of theirpersonal relations•one's prime objects in lifewere love, the creation andenjoyment of aestheticexperience and the pursuitof knowledge'•Same-sex relations are commonamong the Bloomsbury GroupHer marriage•In 1913, married todiplomat and critic HaroldNicolson (1886-1968)•After their marriage, theytraveled widely when hewas in foreign office.•Her passionate affairs withwomen like novelist VirginiaWoolf , etc. (Bisexuality)•The marriage endureddespite their homosexualaffairs•They had two children, theart critic Benedict Nicholsonand the publisher NigelNicholson.Her works•A prolific writer, Victoria Sackville-West authored 15 novels, as well as biographies and travel booksPoems•The Land (1926)helped her to gain theinitial recognition in thefield of literary works, through which she wasawarded HawthorndonPrize and was praised asone of the mostbeautiful bucolics (田园诗) in English literature.Novelsbest remembered for her novels•The Edwardians (1930)•All Passion Spent (1931) •Family History (1932)bestsellers•PEPITA (1937)depicted theBoth were bestsellers and portrayed English upper-class manners and life story of her grandmother, a Spanish dancer.No Signposts in the seaAbout the novel •The 144-page novel•in the form of journal,narrated by EdmundCarr, 50, a well-knownpolitical columnistand a bachelor.•about the secret loveof a man destinedshortly to die•published in the yearbefore the author'sdeath and is her lastnovel.Edmund Carr•Edmund Carr, a political journalist, who is told that he only has a few months to live• a solitary man• a self made man•has never married•almost impersonal affairs with women who were never allowed to get too closeSecret Love•in love with Laura Drysdale, a widow in her late 30s•move in the same social circles but have never been close•a Pacific cruise-----to spend his last months on the same cruise, as close to Laura as possible •Not reveal his illness or lovecruise•spend time together on the ship & on various excursions at the ports they visit.•discuss their different ideas of marriage •intensely jealous of another passenger, Colonel •Edmund & Laura go to a native market & are nearly caught up in a riot.•The highlight of the trip is their overnight stay in a villa loaned to them by a stranger they meet in a port city•Edmund’s thoughts & feelings swing from intense happiness & contentment in his love for Laura & equally intense misery & jealousy.•Inspired by the vista of the sea and also Laura, Edmund rethinks his life and contemplates the value of lifeBackground for the novel•Sackville-West’s illness•Her love cruise ----spent several months every year with her husband, Harold Nicolson, cruising the Mediterranean, the Pacific or the West Indies.•The cruise in the novel is based on the one Sackville-West took in 1959 to India, Ceylon, Singapore, Manila, Saigon & Yokohama .Background for the novel•the book as an expression of Vita’s opinions & thoughts about love, marriage & relationships.•Vita & Harold’s open marriage•Through Edmund & Laura, Vita described her idea of an ideal relationship•Mutual respect, independence, separate bedrooms & the same sense of values.•Fidelity is important but it’s more important to avoid hurting the other person.•Anyone who knows about Vita’s life & her own marriage can see that these are very close to her own views.Theme•a meditation on life, love, what motivates human beings•contains real insight into the ideas of nature vs progress, the limitations of materialism•the value of life•The power of nature’s beauty to influence or change a person's perspectives or valuesQuestion on the text for discussion andreflection:• 1. Suppose one has been informed that one’s days in the world are numbered, what do you think one may choose to do as the best option?• 2. What does life / life value(s) mean to you?• 3. What’s your perception of Happiness?Topics for discussion and reflection•What is the general function of a “signpost”?•What is the special feature of a sea?•What can you predict about the implication of the title of the text?•Signpost: A post supporting a sign that has information or directions•Sea: vast, no boundary, darkness, hopeless •Idiom: at sea•1) On the sea, especially on a sea voyage; •2) In a state of confusion or perplexity (困惑); at a loss; confused:•I'm all/completely at sea with the new coins.•No signpost in the sea: no hope in the sea of love; confused in lifeStream of consciousness•The stream-of-consciousness novel commonly uses the narrative techniques of interior monologue where novelists describe theunspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters withoutresorting to objective description or conventional dialogue.•Probably the most famous example is James Joyce's Ulysses (1922),a complex evocation of the inner states of the characters Leopoldand Molly Bloom and Stephen Daedalus. Other notable examples include Leutnant Gustl (1901) by Arthur Schnitzler, an early use of stream of consciousness to re-create the atmosphere of pre-World War I Vienna; and William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury(1929), which records the fragmentary and impressionistic responses in the minds of three members of the Compson family to events that are immediately being experienced or events that are beingremembered.•Narrative technique in non-dramatic fiction intended to render the flow of myriad impressions—visual, auditory, physical, associative, and subliminal—that impinge on the consciousness of an individual and form part of his awareness along with the trend of his rational thoughts. The term was first used by the psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology(1890).•As the psychological novel developed in the 20th century, some writers attempted to capture the total flow of their characters' consciousness, rather than limit themselves to rational thoughts.To represent the full richness, speed, and subtlety of the mind at work, the writer incorporates snatches of incoherent thought, ungrammatical constructions, and free association of ideas,images, and words at the pre-speech level.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSPara. 1Saloon•saloon vs salon•Saloon: a large comfortable room where passengers on a ship can sit and relax; pub •Salon:•barbershop; a beauty salon• a fashion salona literary / art salonWay off•(an American expression meaning) far from where you are.•I heard the bells from way off.•Way off in the distance I could see the famous towers of the Manhattan skyline.•So she sat some way off, weeping bitterly.•Some way off: at a distance•A long way of: in the distancehave an eye for•have an eye for something: be good at noticing it or making judgments about it; to have a keen appreciation of; to be good at noticing what is valuable or attractive:•v.很能鉴赏, 很能看出,有判断力她很有审美能力。

Lesson 1 NapoleonToday, I’m going to talk to you about one of the most important historical figures in European history: Napoleon Bonaparte. Let ’s start by talking about his early life. Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old,he joined the French army. In that year 1785,he began the military career that would bring him fame ,power,riches and finally defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Napoleon had many victories on the battlefield but he also became involved in French law and politics. And in 1804, at the age of 35,he became the first emperor of the France.Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N.won many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but some countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against him. His defeat —“his end”came when he decided to attack Russia. Inthis military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone – deserted by his family and friends in 1821. Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died.========================================= ==================Lesson 2 PompeiiThe lecture for this class is about the city of Pompeii. A natural disaster occurred there almost 2000 years ago.Today many rich people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat.2,000 years ago, wealthy Romans did the same thing.They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii, a beautiful city, located on the Bay of Naples.In the summer of the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P..The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. What Pliny saw was the eruption of the volcano called Mount Vesuvius.Rock and ash flew through the air. The city of P . was at the foot of Mt. V.. When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to get out of the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash.The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P . was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P . was forgotten for almost 1,700 years.In the year of 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P.. Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.===========================================================Lesson 4 Roller CoasterLet's talk about the physics involved in a ride on a roller coaster. I'm sure many of you have taken a ride on a roller coaster. A simple roller coaster consists of a frame with a track on it. The track is very much like a train track, this track goes over a series of hills and around curves. It follows a path that ends at the same place it started. A train of cars travels around on this track, very fast. The cars have two sets of wheels. One set of wheels rolls on top of the track, and the others set of wheels rolls below the track. The wheels below the track keep the fast moving cars from coming off the track, roller coaster cars as you probably know don't have any motors or engines. Instead, a chain pulls the cars up the first, tallest and steepy staff hill, this is how the ride begins. Then, at the top of the hill the chain comes off the cars and gravity takes over. gravity pushes the cars down the other side of the hill. the taller and steeper the first hill is, the faster the ride will be. And the farther the cars will travel. as the cars rolled downhill they gained speed. the cars have enough speed and energy to send them up the next hill. as the cars near the top of the second hill they begin toslow down. but then, the cars reached the top of that hill, and start down the other side. gravity again pushes them toward the ground. this process repeats on each hale. Okay, so let's go over this process again. first, the cars are pulled by a chain up the first highest hill. then they go down a very steep slope, at this point, there is enough energy to pull the cars up and over the next hill. when they reached the bottom of that hill, there is enough energy to climb the next hill, the roller coaster cars lose energy as the ride continues. so, the hills have to be smaller toward the end of the track, finally we roll to a stop on ground level right where we began.========================================= ===============Lesson 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able tocommunicate as soon as they are born,even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinese-speaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an English-speaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an English-speaking home may say ―baba‖for the word ―bottle‖or ―kiki‖for ―cat.‖In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to communicate with others. For example, if ababy holds up an empty juice bottle and then says ―juice,‖to his father, the baby seems to be saying, ―I want more juice, Daddy‖or ―May I have more juice, Daddy?‖This word ―juice‖is really a one-word sentence.Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say two-word sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called ―telegraphic‖speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An English-speaking child might say something like ―Daddy, up‖which actually could mean ―Daddy, pick me up, please.‖Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as ―I walked home‖and ―I kissed Mommy.‖They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as ―I goed to bed‖instead of ―I went to bed,‖or ―I eated ice cream‖instead of ―I ate ice cream.‖In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as ―walk‖and ―kiss,‖but they haven’t learnedthat they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like ―eat‖are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way.If we stop to think about it, actually it’s qu ite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world.Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it ―mama‖or maybe ―papa‖? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was ―mama.‖Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.========================================== =================Lesson 7 RobotsWhen people think about a robot, they often picture a machine that looks something like a human being. However, that’s not al ways the case. Most robots do not look much like a human bein g at all, they look like machines because that’s what most of the m are- industrial machines.Today, I’m going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physically demanding, repetitive, dangerous or very boring. Most industrial robots work on in an assembly line in a factory. For example, a robot might put liz on jars of fruits or start boxes for shaping. In a car factory, robotic arms on an assembly line jo in the parts of a car together; other robots tighten the boats on the car’s wheelsor paint the car. There are thousands of robots putting cars together in ___ plan. These robots are very precise when repeating a task. For example, they always tighten boats w ith the same exact amount of force. They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it should be and they always put aholdin the exact same place in every car door hour after hour. These are examples of robots doing the work humans could do but th e robots are doing the work more efficiently and precisely.So, just how do robots work? To do its job a robot first needs a control system. This control system directs the robots mechani cal parts. The control system of a robot is sort of speak--a robot brain. So how does a robot learn which action to do first and w hich of its moving part needs to do that action? A robot learns i ts job with the help and guidance of a human being. To teach a n industrial robot to do something, first a person must use a ha nd-held computer. The computer is used to guide the robot’s ar m and hand through the motions it needs to do. Then, the robo t stores exact movement in its computer memory. The robot has sensors to gather information, so now the robot will use its sen sors to direct its actions. The robot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action. For example, to pick up and move a box, the robot first finds the box, next it decides the we ight of the box. Then it decides how much force is needed to lif t and move the box, and finally, it finds the correct place to put the box down. It repeats the process over and over until it's turn ed off. It does the same job until it is given the job and new program to follow. Some scientists think that robots of the future w ill be smarter than today's robots. They may also look more hu man like or even animal like. In fact, they may work and think m ore like humans do. The industrial robots we've been talking ab out so far today are automatic robots.They are known as automatic robots because they have progra m to follow a specific series of movement. Usually, they have pa rts that move but they really don't travel around. On the other h and, an autonomous machine can change itsbehavior in relation to its surroundings. For example, an autonomous robot with wh eelsor legs to move around can change direction when it senses that there are something in its way. A robot such as …can detec t the movement of people nearby. It can move to avoid bumpin g into sb. coming toward it. Asthma can even learn to dance by following the movements of a dancer next to it. I don't know wh ether or when people would welcome autonomousmachines or human like robots. I guess that we will not only think about that in the future. We need to think about how we will interact with our global doctor: robal teacher, robal pet, or even our robal frie nd.========================================== =================Lesson 8 A Tidal WaveA tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean towards the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means “storm wave.” But do you know that tidal are not caused by storms and that they are not true tidal at all? A true tidal is the regular rise a waves and fall of ocean waters, at definite times each day, but a tidal wave comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly. A tidal wave is ca used by an underwater earthquake. The word “seaquake” is made up of two words, the word “sea” which means “ocean” and the word “quake”. “To quake” means “to shake” or “to tremble.” When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. It is this shaking that produces the tidal wave. The tidal wave begins to move across the sea at great speed.Tidal waves have taken many human lives in the past. Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land. They use a seismograph to do this. A seismograph is an instrument that records the strength, the direction, and the length of time of an earthquake or seaquake. It is not possible to hold back a tidalwave, but it is possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lives.========================================== =================Lesson 9 Levels of LanguageToday I want to talk about levels of language usage. You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general, broad categories, or levels of usage: a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. I’m not talking about correct and incorrect English. What I’m talking about are two levels of correct English. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books such as encyclopedias, and in business letters. For example, a letter to a university would be in formal style. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. People usually use formal English when they give classroom lectures or speeches and at ceremonies such as graduations. We also tend to use formal language in conversations with persons wedon’t know well or with people we have a formal relationship with, such as professors, bosses, doctors, friends of our paren ts’, strangers, etc. Informal language is used in conversations with colleagues, family and friends, and when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries, etc.Formal language is different from informal language in several wa ys. However, today I’m going to talk only about a couple of ways. First of all, formal language tends to be more polite. Interestingly, it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please", but to a stranger or someone in authority I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door" or "Excuse me, could you please close the door" Using words like "could" and "would" makes my request sound more polite, but also more formal. Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean. Let’s say "I’m just crazy about soccer!" But if I were talking to my supervisor or a friend of my parents’, I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or "I like soccer very much". Let’s say I’m telling someone some news I heard about the police arresting a criminal. To my friend I mightsay "The cops bagged the crook". To my parents’ friend I might say "The police arrested the thief".Although the line between formal and informal language is not always clear and although people are probably less formal today than in the past, it is useful to be aware that these two levels, or categories, do exist. The best way for a non-native speaker of English to learn the difference is to observe the different ways English speakers speak or write in different situations. T elevision newscasters, your college professors in class, your doctors in their offices, etc, will usually speak rather formally. However, your classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc. will generally speak in an informal fashion. The difference can be learned over time by observing and interacting with native speakers.========================================== =================Lesson 10 Power: The Kinds People Use and Abuse John Mack, who is the author of a book about power, says that the need for a sense of personal power is one of the primary forces in human life. On the other hand, he also says that a feeling of powerlessness is one of the most disturbing of humanemotions ―a feeling to be avoided at all costs. Just what is power?Psychologists define power as the ability to determine or to change the actions or behavior of other people. Psychologists are trying to identify different kinds of power so that they can better understand how people use these different kinds of power to gain control over other people. They are trying to understand how people manipulate other people for good and evil purposes. Psychologists have identified five basic types of power, and I’d like to talk about each of these briefly in the next few minutes.The first type of power is called information power. Some psychologist believe that information power is one of the most effective types of power and control. The person who has information that other people want and need, but do not have, is in a position of power. Why is this? Well, most people like to receive and have information. Having information increases a person’s own sense of power. People who provide information can manipulate those who do not have information. Often, when people receive information, they do not know that they are being manipulated by those who provided the information. The psychologist named Edwards says, for example, that newspapersprovide a lot of information to their readers, and that these newspaper readers generally believe the information they read. Readers do not question the accuracy of the reports about world events they read in the newspapers.A second type of power is called referent power. For example, a person may want to behave like the members of a particular group, such as a soccer team ( or a group of classmates), or a person may identify with and want to be like a certain teacher, a friend, or say , a rock star. If you identify with another person, that person has power over you, and that person can influence your actions and behavior. Many people imitate and are controlled by the people they identify with. Let me give you a sad example of the use of this type of power for evil purposes. In the 1970s in Jonestown, Guyana, more than 900 people committed suicide when their religious leader Jim Jones told them to kill themselves. They did what he told them to do because he had referent power over them. They identified with him; they believe him, and they did what he told them to do. More recently a man named David Koresh controlled the lives and destinies of a small community of men, women, and children in Waco, Texas. Most people in hiscommunity died in a fire, along with their leader, during a confrontation with U.S. government agents.A third kind of power is classified as legitimate power. Government officials, according to Edwards, have a lot of legitimate power. When the government decides to raise taxes or make people go to war, most people will do what their government officials tell them to do. One psychologist reported on an experiment that showed an example of this type of power. In this experiment, a researcher asked people on the street to move away from a bus stop. When he was dressed as a civilian, few people moved away from the bus stop. When the researcher was dressed as a guard, most people moved away from the bus stop. The guard’s uniform seemed to give the researcher a look of legitimate power.A fourth kind of power is called expert power. An expert is a person who is very skilled in some area, such as sports, or who knows a lot about something, such as computers. Most people are impressed by the skills or knowledge of an expert. Some of these “experts” use their skills at playing sports or knowing about computers to gain power and influence ―and to gain money oradmiration, according to Edwards. In other words, they use their expertise to gain power.Finally, reward or coercive power is used by people who have the power to reward or punish another person’s actions or behavior. Giving a reward will change people’s behavior because it offers people a chance for gain. Giving a punishment may or may not cause the people to do what the powerful person wants them to do, but the changes may not last for a long time. The person who uses coercive power may also have to carefully watch thatthe less powerful person does, in fact, change his or her actions or behavior.To sum up, then, power may be gained in many ways. It may come from having information that other people want or need; it may come from being a referent for other people to identify with or to imitate; it may come from having an official, or legitimate, position of authority; it may come from having skills or expertise; or it may come from having the power to reward or punish people. We all exercise one or more of these various kinds of power over other people, and other people will try to exercise one or more of these kinds of power over us throughout our lives.========================================= =========Lesson 11 Asian and African Elephants: Similarities and DifferencesThe African and the Asian elephants are the largest land animals in the world. They are really enormous animals. The African and the Asian elephants are alike, or similar, in many ways, but ther e are differences between the 2 types of elephants, too. What are some of the similarities between the African and the A sian elephant? Well, for one thing, both animals have long noses , called trunks. An elephant sometimes uses its trunk like a third hand. Both kinds of elephants use their trunks to pick up very s mall objects and very large, heavy objects. They can even pick u p trees with their trunks. For another thing, both the African and the Asian elephants have very large ears, although the African e lephant’s ears are considerably larger.In addition, both animals are intelligent. They can be trained to do heavy work. They can also be trained to do tricks to entertai n people. In other words, they both work for people, and they e ntertain people also.As I said before, the African and Asian elephants are alike in ma ny ways, but they are also quite different, too. Let me explain w hat I mean. The African elephant is larger and heavier than the Asian elephant. Asian elephants reach a height of about 10 feet, and African elephants reach about 13 feet tall.The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 p ounds. In contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs bet ween 7,000 and 12,000 pounds. So one is bigger than the other, but as you can see,both are still enormous animals.Another difference between the 2 kinds of elephants is the size of the ears. Asian elephants have smaller ears than African eleph ants . The African elephant has 2 very large teeth. These teeth a re called tusks. The Asian elephanthowever sometimes does not have any tusks at all. The elephant s differ in color, too. The African elephant is dark gray in color w hile the Asian elephant is light gray. Occasionally an Asian eleph ant is even white ! The last big difference between the 2 types of elephants is their temperament. The Asian elephant is tamer t han the African elephant, orin another way, the African elephant is much wilder than the Asi an elephant. As a result, it’s more difficult to train the African ele phant to perform tricks to entertain people. That’s why the elephants you see in the circus are probably Asian elephantsand not African elephants.Yes, there certainly are differences between the African and the Asian elephants, but as I mention at the start of mytall, there is one big similarity between the 2 animals: they are b oth fascinating and enormous animals.========================================== =================Lesson 13 Lincoln and KennedyJohn F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln lived in different times an d had very different family and educational backgrounds. Kenne dy lived in the 20th century; Lincoln lived in the 19th century. Ke nnedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born more than a hundred years earlier, in 1809. As for their family backgrounds, K ennedy came from a rich family, but Lincoln’s family was not we althy. Because Kennedy came from a wealthy family, he was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvar d University. Lincoln, on the other hand, had only one year of fo rmal schooling. In spite of his lack of formal schooling, he beca me a well-known lawyer. He taught himself law by reading law b ooks. Lincoln was, in other words, a self-educated man.In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln’s backgroun ds, some interesting similarities between the 2 men are evident. In fact, books have been written about the strange coincidences in the lives of these 2 men. T ake forexample ,their political careers. Lincoln began his political career in congress. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political career in congress. Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representati ves in 1847, and Kennedy was elected to the House in 1947. So they were elected to congress exactly 100 yearsapart. Another interesting coincidence is that each man was elec ted president of the United States in a year ending with the nu mber 60. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and Kennedy w as elected in 1960; furthermore, both men were president durin g years of civil unrest in the country. Lincoln was president durin g the American Civil War. At the time Kennedy became president,African-Americans were fighting for their civil rights , unrest took the form of civil rights demonstrations.Times c hange and it’s just over 15 more years,the United States elected its first African-American president Barack Obama. President Obama was elected in 2008 and…,but let me get back to talk about Lincoln and Kennedy.。

Unit 13 The Light of DepressionSection One Pre-reading Activities (2)I. Reading aloud (2)II. Cultural information (2)III. Audiovisual supplements (3)Section Two Global Reading (4)I. Main idea (4)II. Structural analysis (4)Section Three Detailed Reading (5)Text I (5)Section Four Consolidation Activities (16)I. Vocabulary Analysis (16)II. Grammar Exercises (20)III. Translation exercises (23)IV. Exercises for integrated skills (24)V. Oral activities (25)VI. Writing Practice (26)VII. Listening Exercises (28)Section Five Further Enhancement (30)I. Text II (30)II. Memorable Quotes (33)Section One Pre-reading ActivitiesI. Reading aloudRead the following sentences aloud, paying special attention to intonation. The symbol | indicates a division of tone units, while ↗ and ↘ nuclear tones.1. When we arrived at the ↗hospital, | my dad walked around to her side of the ↗car, | gathered her into his arms ↗and ↘held her.2. At a ↗time in my ↗life | when the world was supposed to be opening up to ↗me, | I ↗found myself re ↘treating.3. They regarded it as a ↘bad case | of the ↘Sunday evening blues, | believing that if I ↗tried harder | and ↘stopped feeling sorry for my ↗self, | I would “get ↘better.”4. And ↗slowly, | the desire to ↘live, | the ↘courage to want to live, | began to re ↘turn.II. Cultural information1. QuoteW. M. Thackeray: Dare and the world always yields. If it beats you sometimes, dare it again and again and it will succumb.2. DepressionSome people say that depression feels like a black curtain of despair coming down over their lives. Many people feel like they have no energy and can't concentrate. Others feel irritable all the time for no apparent reason.Most people who have gone through one episode of depression will, sooner or later, have another one. The symptoms vary from person to person, but if you feel "down" for more than two weeks, and these feelings are interfering with your daily life, you may be clinically depressed.The common symptoms including:＊poor concentration and memory＊withdrawal from social situations and activities＊an inability to experience pleasure in activities that were formerly enjoyed＊preoccupied with thoughts and feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, self-hatred, etc.＊thoughts of death or suicide, etc.Learning to recognize these early triggers or symptoms and working with your doctor will help to keep the depression from worsening. There are many forms of treatment that can help you cope with depression, including medications, psychotherapy or counseling.III. Audiovisual supplementsWatch a video clip and answer the following question.What impressed you in the video?Answer to the Question:We can see that the father and son have to stay in the toilet for the night, which means they were experiencing a hard time in life. But at the beginning, they were playing games on the subway platform. Actually, the father in the video was facing the difficulties with a positive attitude to life.Video Script:Chris: Look around! Look at all these dinosaurs!Christopher: Wow~!Chris: Can you see them?Christopher: Yeah!Chris: Wait! Come on! Come on! Wait! Watch out!Christopher: What is it?Chris:Don’t step in the fire! We’re cavemen. We need this fire, because there’s no electricity and it’s cold out here, Ok?Christopher: Watch out! Watch out!Chris: Whoa! Oh, my goodness … A.T. rex! Get your stuff! Get your stuff! Get it! We gotta find someplace safe.Christopher: Like what?Chris: Em … We need a cave.Christopher: A cave?Chris: We gotta find a cave. Come on.Christopher: Ok.Chris: Come on. Come on. Watch your back! Look out! Here it is! H ere’s a cave. Come on! Right here! Right here! Go, go, go! Go ahead. Get in! Hurry, hurry, hurry!Christopher: Are we safe?Chris: Yeah, I think so.Section Two Global ReadingI. Main ideaWhat is the story narrated in the text about?This narrative essay narrates and describes an unusual and unforgettable phase of the writer’s life, during which she experienced deep depression, voluntarily received clinical treatment, conquered the illness in the end, and benefited a great deal from the experiences associated with her suffering.II. Structural analysis1. How are the events of the essay arranged?The narration mostly follows a chronological order, but a few flashbacks are inserted in Paragraph 3 and 6.Section Three Detailed ReadingText IThe Light of DepressionAlice Johnson1.Twice, I have seen my father cry. The first time, I was 12, and my sister, Jenny, was Shewas diagnosed with juvenile diabetes and needed further testing. When we arrived at the hospital, my dad walked around to her side of the car, gathered her into his arms and held her.None of us understood what was happening to my sister’s body, but when I heard my strong dad’s voice break with tears, I knew we were on a new and unexpected path.2.Almost 10 years later, in the fall following my college graduation, I was the one myfather gathered into his arms. At 22, I was diagnosed with clinical depression and voluntarily admitted to a psychiatric hospital. At a time in my life when the world was supposed to be opening up to me, I found myself retreating. Apathetic, uncaring, tired, and with no particular vision for any future, I drifted into a world without hope. My family and I knew I needed help.3.As a child, I had great passion for life. The simplest of pleasures brought unexplainablejoy. I seldom demonstrated a melancholic personality. In fact, my parents learned that birthdays, Christmas and any reason for celebration would find me in excitement. I loved life, and I loved being alive. When depression struck, I was dropped into a world where wearing my own skin was foreign and ill-fitting.4.My mom says that one of the hardest days of her life was the day I checked into thehospital. My personal belongings were rummaged through, and I headed down the long hallway to doctors and a treatment team that became my “family” for the next month. Her drive home, leaving me behind, was heartbreaking. She was left to wonder and guess at why her daughter was in so much pain and why she couldn’t fix it this time.5.I was numb, trying to see through a haze that had settled upon what once was vivid andbright. All color had seeped from a life that used to hold such joy. Some peopl e didn’t understand my depression. They regarded it as a bad case of the Sunday evening blues believing that if I tried harder and stopped feeling sorry for myself, I would “get better.” But I wasn’t just dealing with apathy toward routine.I couldn’t remedy being sick with a strenuous run, a good movie, or simply the passing of time. Depression transcended my circumstances and invaded my soul. It was more like a day terror —like waking up to a nightmare. Clinical depression painted my world black while screaming quietly that I was worthless.6.I remember driving home from work the week before I checked into the hospital. Myco-workers hadn’t noticed any difference in my performance or behavior. I was great at keeping up appearances. I was good at performing. But that evening, I recall wishing I weren’t alive, wishing my car would turn down an empty road and I could disappear. Upon arriving home, I headed straight for my room and slipped under my covers, hoping to sleep. I wanted to escape life because it hurt to breathe.7.By the end of my first week at the hospital, I had made up my mind to leave. It wasn’tworking. I packed my bags, headed to the front desk, and announced that I was calling my parents to come and pick me up. But my treatment team told me I needed to stay. Defeated and scared, I returned to my room, unpacked my bags and cried myself to sleep. It was time to get honest with myself.8.I was angry. Me, happy Alice, with so much going for her. Stripped of the world’saccolades, it didn’t m atter what school I had attended, where I had vacationed, what awards I had won. It didn’t matter who I knew, didn’t know, or thought I knew. What mattered to those surrounding me was that I was honest about my feelings. They didn’t have to be pretty. I di dn’t have to look good. I could just be — and that was enough.9.It was the kindness, sympathy, love and truth demonstrated in the hospital that beganunlocking my wounds, hurts and distorted thinking. I was learning from the worn lives around me. Lives I would have once felt pity for or wanted to distance myself from. They were the ones who possessed strength and courage. They had suffered abuse, neglect, addiction and illnesses. They felt misplaced and forgotten; they were told they didn’t matter. I cam e from a family filled with love, but as I and others in my hospital “family” shared our suffering, I found I needed their love.10.Getting help and getting rid of the junk cluttering my mind were part of getting better.Hope came gradually, and with small steps slowly returned feeling and clarity. I was changing.My thinking was being altered.I was given a truer sense of who I was: a young woman who needed to be loved for herself, not for what she could offer — not for how she could make you feel. Being honest in the hidden places of my heart. Taking personal responsibility. And slowly, the desire to live, the courage to want to live, began to return. Once truth reveals deception, the lie can no longer deceive unless we choose to let it.11. A year and a half after my release from the hospital, I drove along a country road. Themoon was bright. The stars brighter. Snow gave a fresh milky coat to the trees, and the night air was full and dark. I felt so alive. I hadn’t believed there would ever be something good enough or rich enough to make up for the pain and darkness I had known. My pain had been deep. But on this quiet stretch of road, I knew it had all been worth it. I knew that life was different because of my experience. Suffering had painted color into my life, and I could be thankful.Paragraphs 1-3Questions1. The writer stresses at the very beginning that when her sister was suffering from juvenile diabetes, her father cried bitterly for the first time. When do you think her father cried for the second time? (Paragraph 2)It is not difficult to infer that the writer’s father cried for the second time when the writer was diagnosed with clinical depression.2. Would you describe the writer’s personality as a child before she was seized with depre ssion? (Paragraph 3)As a child, the writer had a great passion for life and enjoyed being alive. The simplest of pleasures brought her great joy. She seldom demonstrated a melancholic personality. Any reason for celebration would find her in great excitement.Words and Expressions1. diagnose:v.1) find out the nature of an illness by observing its symptomse.g. The illness was diagnosed as measles.2) find out what the cause of a fault is, after doing tests, examinations, etc.e.g. The book diagnoses our present economic ills, explaining what is wrong with the economy. Derivation:diagnosis: n.Collocations:diagnose sb. as (having) sth.e.g. Joe struggled in school before he was diagnosed as dyslexic.diagnose sth. as sth.e.g. The illness was diagnosed as mumps.diagnose sb.with sth.e.g. She was diagnosed with breast cancer.Translation:The doctor has diagnosed the illness as heart disease.医生把此病诊断为心脏病。

Page 131 Can You Send a Plumber?[00:08.99]A.Armstrong Plumbing Company.Can I help you?[00:14.26]B.Yes.There's something wrong with my kitchen sink.[00:20.01]Can you send a plumber to fix it as soon as possible?[00:25.00]A.Where do you live?[00:28.06]B.156 Grove Street in Centerville.[00:33.20]A.I can send a plumber tomorrow morning.Is that okay?[00:39.16]B.Not really.I'm afraid I won't be home tomorrow morning[00:45.40]I'll be taking my son to the dentist.[00:49.87]A.How about tomorrow afternoon?[00:53.71]B.Tomorrow afternoon?What time? A.Between one and four[01:00.26]B.That's fine.Somebody will be here then.[01:05.23]A.What's the name? B.Helen Bradley.[01:09.77]A.And what's the address again? B.156 Grove Street in Centerville. [01:17.14]A.And the phone number? B.237-9180.[01:25.00]A.Okay.We'll have someone there tomorrow afternoon.[01:30.64]B.Thank you.[01:33.39]Page 133 TROUBLE WITH CARS[01:41.56]It might seem hard to believe,[01:47.91]but my friends and I are all having trouble with our cars,[01:54.29]There's something wrong with all of them!Charlie is having trouble with his. [02:03.14]The brakes don't work.He tried to fix them by himself,[02:10.09]but he wasn't able to,since he doesn't know anything about cars.[02:16.65]Finally,he took the car to his mechanic.[02:22.99]The mechanic charged him a lot of money,[02:27.85]and the brakes still don't work!Charlie is really annoyed.[02:35.43]He's having a lot of trouble with his car,[02:40.39]and he can't find anybody who can help him.[02:46.87]Betty is having trouble with hers.It doesn't start in the morning.[02:54.52]She tried to fix it by herself,but she wasn't able to,[03:01.39]since she doesn't know anything about cars.[03:06.96]Finally,she took the car to her mechanic.[03:13.31]The mechanic charged her a lot of money,[03:18.66]and the car still doesn't start in the morning![03:23.94]Betty is really annoyed.She's having a lot of trouble with her car,[03:32.19]and she can't find anybody who can help her.[03:38.44]Mark and Nancy are having trouble with theirs.[03:44.91]The steering wheel doesn't turn.[03:49.64]They tried to fix it by themselves,but they weren't able to,[03:56.20]since they don't know anything about cars.[04:01.48]Finally,they took the car to their mechanic.[04:07.22]The mechanic charged them a lot of money,[04:12.40]and the steering wheel still doesn't turn![04:17.75]Mark and Nancy are really annoyed.[04:23.21]They're having a lot of trouble with their car,[04:27.76]and they can't find anybody who can help them.[04:32.93]I'm having trouble with mine,too.[04:38.39]The windows don't go up and down.I tried to fix them by myself,[04:46.15]but I wasn't able to,since I don't know anything about cars.[04:53.09]Finally,I took the car to my mechanic.[04:59.05]The mechanic charged me a lot of money,[05:04.01]and the windows STILL,don't go up and down![05:09.47]I'm really annoyed.I'm having a lot of trouble with my car,[05:17.41]and I can't find anybody who can help me.[05:27.08]Page 134 Listening[05:36.04]What's the word? Listen and choose the word you hear.[05:42.80]1.a.him b.her[05:47.77]2.a.him b.them[05:53.12]3.a.them b.him[05:58.06]4.a.yours b.yourselves[06:04.09]5.yourself b.yourselves[06:10.65]6.a.our b.her[06:16.56]Page 134 Listening[06:22.67]What are they talking about?[06:26.32]Listen and choose what the people are talking about.[06:32.20]1.a.stove b.sink[06:38.16]2.a.dishwasher b.garbage disposal[06:45.81] b.camcorder[06:53.26]4.a.headphones b.cell phone[07:00.31]5.a.windows b.car[07:05.98]Page 134 How to say it! Giving Advice[07:14.52]I'm having trouble with my car.[07:20.87]You should take it to a mechanic.[07:24.84]I'm having trouble with my car.[07:29.80]You ought to take it to a mechanic.[07:33.77]I'm having trouble with my car.[07:38.03]I think you should take it to a mechanic.[07:42.39]I'm having trouble with my car.[07:46.39]I think you ought to take it a mechanic.[07:51.67]Page 134 In your own words THAT'S WHAT FRIENDS ARE FOR![08:03.21]Frank has some very nice friends.He sees his friends often.[08:14.58]When he needs help,they're always happy to help him.[08:21.55]For example,last week Frank moved to a new apartment.[08:29.10]He couldn't move everything by himself,[08:34.38]and he didn't really have enough money to hire a moving company.[08:41.14]His friends came over and helped him move everything.[08:48.09]He was very grateful.[08:52.66]His friends said,"We're happy to help you,Frank.[08:59.43]That's what friends are for!"[09:04.18]Emma has some very special friends.She sees her friends often.[09:15.23]When she needs help,they're always happy to help her.[09:22.10]For example,[09:26.05]last month the faucet broke in Emma's kitchen and flooded her apartment. [09:34.90]There was water in every room.She couldn't fix everything by herself, [09:43.37]and her superintendent didnt help her at all.[09:49.53]Her friends came over[09:53.68]and helped her fix the faucetand clean up every room in the apartment. [10:01.34]She was very grateful.Her friends said,"We're happy to help you, Emma. [10:10.30]That's what friends are for!"[10:17.06]Page 136 Pronunciation Deleted h[10:32.71]Listen.Then say it![10:37.10]Tell him I said"Hello." I'll be glad to help him.[10:44.65]He can get dressed by himself. The mechanic charged him a lot of money. [10:53.90]Say it.Then listen.[10:58.29]Tell her I said "Hello." I'll be glad to help her.[11:05.55]She can make lunch by herself. The mechanic charged her a lot of money. [11:19.11]Page 137 sied by side Gazette[11:39.45]Communities[11:45.80]There are many different kinds of communities around the world.[11:54.76]Communities can be urban(in a city.),suburban(near a city),[12:04.04]or rural (in the countryside,far from a city).[12:10.57]Urban communities usually have many neighborhoods,[12:17.23]where people often live close together in apartment buildings or small houses. [12:25.90]Streets in these neighborhoods often have lots of people[12:32.25]an many stores and businesses.[12:37.71]People in urban negihborhoods often walk or take public transportation [12:45.36]to get to places.[12:49.44]In suburban communities,poeple typically live in separate houses.[12:58.50]Stores and businesses are not usually nearby,[13:05.35]and people often have to drive to get there.[13:11.30]Some suburban communities have public transportation,and others don't. [13:20.37]In rural communities,[13:25.41]people often live far apart from each other,not in neighborhoods.[13:32.98]There isn't usually any public transportation,[13:39.23]and people have to drive everywhere.[13:44.69]Whether in urban,suburban,or rural areasm,some communities are friendly, [13:54.04]and others aren't.For example,in some communities,[14:01.12]people know their neighbors,they help each other,[14:06.58]and their children play together all the time.In other communities,[14:14.62]people keep to themselves and sometimes don't even know their neighbors'names. [14:23.69]In the old days,nost people around the world lived in small towns and villages, [14:33.67]where they knew their neighbors.[14:38.34]These days,more people live in large urban communities.[14:45.89]Experts predict that in the future[14:51.06]most people will live in"megacities"of more than ten million people.[14:59.32]Will there be friendly neighborhoods in these communities of the future?[15:07.26]Time will tell.[15:13.21]Page 137 Build your vocabulary Household Repair People[15:29.38]Who's at the door? The appliance repairperson.[15:38.76]The cable TV installer.[15:50.31]The chimneysweep.[15:58.67]The exterminator.[16:06.61]The house painter.[16:13.66]The TV repairperson.[16:25.63]Page 138 Around the world Where friends get together[16:40.31]These friends are meeting in the plaza in the center of Guanajuato,Mexico. [16:48.35]These friends are meeting at a coffee shop in Los Angeles.[16:55.80]These friends are talking in a park in Shanghai.[17:02.77]Where do friends meet in different countries you know?[17:13.12]Page 138 Global Exchange[17:33.18]I'm really looking forward to next weekend.[17:38.85]Our family will be celebration my grandparent's fiftieth wedding anniversary! [17:46.79]Everbody in my family will be there-my parents,my brothers and sisters,[17:55.33]and all my aunts,uncles,and cousins.[18:00.89]We're going to have a big dinner at our home.[18:06.77]Then,all the grandchildren will present a play[18:12.52]that tells the story of my grandparents'lives together.[18:18.68](I'm going go to be my grandfather when he was 20 years old)！[18:25.66]We're going to have music and dancing,[18:30.70]and we're going to give them a special anniversary present[18:36.47]-a book of photographs of our whole family through the years.[18:43.03]I'll tell you about the party in my next message.[18:52.38]Page 138 Listening Who Are They Calling?[19:12.94]listen to the messages and conversations.[19:18.22]Match the caller with the repairperson.[19:23.26]1.Amy Francis 2.Paul Mendoza 3.JIm Carney 4.Jennifer Park 5.Ed Green。

Unit 13Task 1Mr. Jones has gone to the doctor’s because he does not feel very well. What advice does the doctor give him?Mr. Jones: Good morning, doctor.Doctor: Good morning Mr... erm... Jones. Now what can I do for you?Mr. Jones: Well. I’m not sure exactly. But I don’t feel very well. I get a lot of headaches— and I feel tired all the time.Doctor: I see. Now, these headaches... Do you smoke?Mr. Jones: Yes. I smoke rather a lot. About forty cigarettes a day. That’s because I worry about my work, you see.Doctor: Hm. And what about exercise?Mr. Jones: Well, I don’t get very much. I’m always too busy.Doc tor: Hm. You don’t look very fit, do you? How much do you weigh?Mr. Jones: I’m not sure. About a hundred kilos, I think. Perhaps I eat too much, but I’m always hungry!Doctor: Hm. Well now, Mr. Jones. There’s nothing much wrong with you. If I were you though, I’d take more exercise, eat less and smoke fewer cigarettes. Better still, stopsmoking completely! That’s my advice to you.Mr. Jones: But aren’t you going to give me any medicine, doctor?Doctor: Medicine? You don’t need medicine! Just less food, fewer cigarettes and more exercise.That’s all you need. And don’t worry about your health so much. If you worry aboutyour health, you’ll make yourself ill!Task 2【答案】A.1)b, 2) a, 3) b, 4) a, 5) bC.jobs, builders, teachers, salespeople, smaller cities, crime, traffic jam, pollution, a warmer climate, the cold, the sun【原文】Every ten years the United States conducts a census of the population. A census is a count of the people who live in a city or country. Every family receives a form with questions about family size, income, jobs, etc. They answer questions such as: How many people are there in your family? Do you live in a house or in an apartment? How long have you been living there? Where did you live before this? Where do you work? How much money do you make? The government uses all this information to get a better picture of its citizens.The last census was in 1980. The population of the United States is now 226,500,000, up by 23 million people from 1970. In 1970, the population was 203,000,000.The census shows that some areas of the United States are declining in population while other areas are growing. In the past, more people lived in the Northeast and North Central areas. But this is changing. Now, more people live in the South than in any other area. People are moving from the North to the South and the West. The population of northern cities is down from 1970. For example, the population of New York City is down 11 percent, the population of Chicago is down 12 percent. In Pennsylvania, the population of Philadelphia is down 14 percent and the population of Pittsburgh is down 18 percent. Washington D.C. has almost 16 percent less people. At the same time that northern cities are declining, southern and western cities are growing. The population of San Jose is up 24 percent. Phoenix is up 33 percent. In Texas, Houston is up 26 percent and El Paso is up 31 percent. In Florida, the population of Ft Lauderdale is up 10 percent. The population of Virginia Beach is up 52 percent.Why are people leaving the North? Why are they moving to the South and West? The main reason is jobs. Because the South and West are growing, there’s a need for more builders, teachers, salespeople, etc. Another reason is today more and more people are choosing smaller cities. They’re tired of crime, traffic jams, and pollution. Finally, people say they are looking for a warmer climate. They are moving away from the cold, toward the sun.Task 3【答案】1) F, 2) T, 3) F, 4) T, 5) F【原文】Tim and Tina spent two weeks at Grimm’s farm. Later they spoke to a reporter about their time at the farm.Reporter: Well, Tim. You’ve tried to live like an Iron Age man. Did you learn much about IronAge life?Tim: Oh, yes. I learned a lot! I learned that it was a hard life in those days. We had to work really hard. We got very tired. Those Iron Age people were really strong.Reporter: But they didn’t have to use their brains very much, did they? I mean, people weren’t very clever in those days, were they?Tim: Oh, yes they were! That’s the most important thing that we learned. People in those days didn’t go to school, and they couldn’t read or write, but they weren’t stupid. Theylearned from one another. They knew a lot about plants and animals. They could do a lotof things that we can’t do very well. They could build houses. They could make toolsand pots, and they could make fire, too — without matches, I mean. When we tried todo things like that we weren’t very successful at all. We felt very stupid!Reporter: What about you, Tina? What did you think of Iron Age life? What was it like? Did you enjoy it?Tina: Well, yes and no. In some ways it was fun. But in some ways it was very difficult, and rather boring. The best thing was that I made some very good friends. Everyone in ourgroup was very friendly. We felt very close to each other. We shared everything — food,work, ideas. But life isn’t easy with no gas or electricity, no machin es —and nobathrooms, either. I was glad to get back to civilization!Task 4【答案】1)They used to build camps in the forest or on open ground.2)They were made of branches and leaves or grass.3)Because they wanted to find more food.4)Life is a lot easier. There are fewer dangers, but there is less excitement.5)Because they try to get back to nature.【原文】Human beings have lived on this earth for at least two million years. For most of that time people did not live in towns. Sometimes they used to camp in caves. Sometimes they used to build camps in the forest or on open ground. These camps were just groups of simple houses that were made of branches and leaves or grass.Only about thirty people lived in each camp. The men used to go hunting while the women and children collected food from the trees and other plants around the camp. All the food was shared between everyone in the group. Every a few weeks they moved to another place in order to find more food there. It was a simple life, but people had to be clever. They had to make everything that they needed, and they had to know a lot about plants and animals. Man’s body and brain were formed by this kind of life.Nowadays a lot of people live in big towns and cities, and they work in offices and factories. Life is a lot easier than it was in the old days. There are fewer dangers, but there is less excitement. Most people do not have to hunt for food, but they have to stay in one place for most of their lives. They get some excitement from sport and films, but many of them feel that modern civilization is too unnatural. A few of them go looking for adventure —sailing round the world, climbing mountains, or exploring caves. Most people look forward to the holidays, because then they can enjoy a change. A lot of them go camping in the country, or by the sea. They try to get back tonature. They try to live as people did thousands of years ago. But they also take a lot of modern luxuries with them. Camping today is very different from camping in the old days.Task 5【答案】l) Because windsurfing is more exhilarating than swimming, and you can get away from it all/you can be alone with nature.2) He’s an opera singer.3) They are rather amused.4) Social tennis.5) Line decisions and the score.6) Because she is now engaged in politics.7) Because when you are playing it, you can’t think of anything else/your are totally absorbed in the game; and you feel very happy when you do a really good shot.8) The muffed shot at the net.【原文】AI think windsurfing is better than swimming. More exhilarating. You can really get away from it all. I love being alone with nature, and when you’re out there on the water you can come around a headland and suddenly find that you’re completely alone. Just me and the sea and the mind in my hair. Once, when I was working in San Diego, I suddenly felt I’d had enough of opera — studying the role and the stuffiness of the rehearsal rooms — and found going out windsurfing a tremendous escape.I think most of my singer colleagues are rather amused by the idea of me windsurfing. However, these days, at least 50 percent of singers keep physically fit in some way — playing golf, or working out in gyms. A few years ago they tended to be a lot fatter, but now they are conscious of the need to keep fit.BSocial tennis is what I like best. Playing doubles with about eight regular friends for fun. It’s generally a noisy, boisterous kind of game, with constant shouts of frustration.We have long, loud arguments about line decisions, followed up by long arguments about the score. We’re all pretty aggressive, and I think I make it worse, actually. I have noticed that since I entered politics my game has got a lot more aggressive, and I am very argumentative about the score.The wonderful thing about tennis is that when you are playing it, you can’t think of anything else. Your mind is totally absorbed in the game. And when you do that really good shot the elation is incredible. On the other hand, however, there is probably no frustration greater than the muffed shot at the net.Task 6【答案】A.1) F, 2) F, 3) F, 4) T, 5) TB.take diet, developed, food, hamburgers, overproduction, wax-like, livers, survival, narrower, blood supply, heart attack, stroke, animal fats, fresh fruit, vegetables, potatoesbegin slowly, squash, injuries, rhythmic, gentle, brisk walking, fifteen minutes, three times【原文】Dr. Martin Answay writes a column in a popular women’s magazine on health problems. He is also an expert on heart disease.Q: Is there a secret to good health? I mean, is there some way we can achieve it which is not generally known?A: It certainly isn’t a secret. However, there is a great deal of ignorance, even among supposedly educated people, about how to be reasonably healthy.Q: Well, what advice do you give, then?A: Uh... to begin with, take diet. I believe that one of the greatest dangers to health in Britain and other countries, particularly developed countries, is the kind of food we tend to prefer.Q: Such as?A: Such as that great national institution, the British breakfast, for example. Ham and eggs. Or the kind of lunch so many people in this country have: sausage and chips! Or all the convenience foods like hamburgers. Or even things we regard as “healthy”, such as full-fat milk. Or Cheddar cheese. The list is endless.Q: What’s wrong with those things?A: The excessive consumption of such things leads to the overproduction of cholesterol, which in turn results in heart atta...Q: Excuse me, but what exactly is cholesterol?A: It’s a... wax-like substance...yellowish... and it’s produced naturally in our livers. We all need some cholesterol for survival.Q: Well, if we need it, in what way is it bad for us?A: Too much of it is bad for us. It builds up in our arteries, causing them to get narrower, so that our blood supply has difficulty in getting through, and this, of course, can eventually end in a heart attack or stroke. The point I’m trying to make here is that, even though we all need some cholesterol in order to insulate our nerves, and to produce cell membranes and hormones, the things many of us eat and even consider healthy lead to the overproduction of cholesterol. And this is very dangerous.Q: How can we avoid this overproduction of cholesterol?A: By cutting down our consumption of animal fats: things like red meat, cheese, eggs, and so on. And by increasing our consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, and also by eating more potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.Q: Pasta? Potatoes? But... aren’t such things fattening?A: Nonsense. It isn’t pasta, potatoes or bread that makes us fat. It’s what we put on such things! Cheese, butter, meat!Q: So anything we like, anything that’s delicious, is bad for us. Isn’t that what you’re saying?A: Rubbish! I’m simply saying we eat too much of these thi ngs. And there are many ways of preparing delicious food without using such large quantities of animal fats.Q: Last of all, what about exercise? You recently warned against certain forms of exercise, which you said could be dangerous.A: What I said was that if people aren’t used to getting regular and vigorous exercise, they should begin slowly, and not try to do too much at the beginning! I also said that certain games, such as squash, can be dangerous, particularly if you aren’t used to playing them. A number ofinjuries are due to sudden, twisting movements that games like squash involve.Q: What kinds of exercise do you recommend, then?A: Gentle jogging, swimming, cycling, brisk walking — exercise that is rhythmic and gentle, and above all, sustained. That is, done for at least fifteen minutes uninterruptedly at least three times a week. We all need such exercise, and the fact is that far too few of us get enough of it, particularly if we live in large cities and regularly use cars.Task 7【答案】A.1) To be awakened at an unearthly hour from a deep sleep and suddenly on his way to a serious accident.2) The journey.3) People often swear at her.4) A lot of patients expect it to be painful and so a lot of patients are very nervous when they come in.5) Living in a hotel.6) He’s doing the same thing over and over and over.B.1) have an appointment, rush-hour traffic, hold-ups2) mistreating them personally, hand money out, feel sorry for3) careful, cheerful, talk back4) run a successful company5) physically hard, boredom, exhausted【原文】When the telephone rings at three o’clock in the morning I can be awakened from a deep sleep, and then suddenly on my way down the road to a very serious accident. And that really is the most stressful thing of all in this job.The worst part of my job in my opinion is the journey. The driving is quite a stressful problem with the motorways and all the traffic. If I have an appointment for say, ten o’clock in the morning, and I leave early, I get into the rush-hour traffic and there are probably hold-ups on the motorways and by the time eleven o’clock comes I might still be fifty miles away.We’re only doing our jobs. They accuse us of mistreating them personally, but we can’t just hand money out, just because we feel sorry for the person. I had a man who rang up and was very abusive to me. He said I didn’t care if his family starved. He swore at me. People often swear at me and it’s very bad sometimes.I think a lot of patients expect it to be painful and so a lot of patients are very nervous when they come in. And that puts a lot more stress on us. We have to be careful and cheerful, and then people don’t like it when we talk to them because they can’t talk back!And of course, you’re living in a hotel, which is a lonely sor t of existence, sometimes for a whole week. Or, if it’s not in one place, you’re travelling, staying in hotels. You’re flying toAmsterdam, you’re flying to France. But it’s all part of what has to be done to run a successful company.You know, you put ev erything into it but it’s so boring, it’s the same thing over and over and over. And you might not be working physically hard, but by the end of the day, because of the boredom, you’re totally exhausted.Task 8【答案】A.1) F, 2) T, 3) T, 4) F, 5) F, 6) F, 7) T【原文】Sue: ... and if we hear any further news we’ll let you know right away. Well, now it’s time for our regular look at thi s evening’s viewing and here’s Patrick Lloyd, television critic of the Daily Mail. Hello, Patrick.Patrick: Hello, Sue.Sue: Patrick, what’s worth watching this evening?Patrick: Well, Sue, it’s a very good night on all four channels and I think my firs t recommendation would be the documentary on ITV at 8:30. It’s an amazing film about the history and growth of the British Secret Service, MI5. Now it’s the first time many of the facts have been made public and it’s about the growth of what was originally called Military Intelligence Department 5 into the UK equivalent of the CIA or KGB.Sue: Mmm, sounds well worth ... watching.Patrick: Now, after that and still on ITV at 9:30 there’s another documentary. In “World in Action”there’s an inv estigation of multinational industries and this one concentrates on the food and drink industries. I wonder, Sue, did you know for example the Heinz Foods are the owners of Weightwatchers International?Sue: No, really?Patrick: Over on Channel 4 at 7:00 “Watch Your Step”. Two teams of university teachers and students have to survive for 24 hours in the North of Scotland and they’ve got to solve various problems to reach their goal. They don’t get any help and they have to do things like find clues, solve puzzles, work out how to cross rivers, how to climb cliffs, make a fire, cook food. Sounds a bit daft but it really is an exciting programme that makes you, the viewer, think too. Well worth seeing.Sue: Ha ha, rather them than me! Now, anything for sports fans?Patrick: Yes, football on BBC 1 at 7:50 —that’s live coverage of England Vs Brazil and tennis on BBC 2 at 10 with the best of today’s play from Wi mbledon.Sue: And what about films?Patrick: Ah, lots of good films on tonight, Sue. My pick of the bunch would be High Plains Drifter starring Clint Eastwood. It’s not just another one of those violent westerns and ...um ... in fact it’s a really remarkable film. A kind of allegory of the battle between good and evil. The photography i s superb and although the film wasn’t really appreciated when it was first released in 1972, it’s well worth seeing on the small screen. And this is on ITV at 10:30.Sue: All right. Thanks very much, Patrick.Patrick: Now, hold on, just one more thing I ou ght to mention and that’s the television production of Shakespeare’s Hamlet on Channel 4 at 9. It’s got a cast of little-known actors and it’s got subtitles.Sue: Subtitles?Patrick: Yes, that’s right. Channel 4 ha s taken the bold step of putting subtitles on the screen in modern English. It may sound strange, even ... even perhaps distracting, but believe me, it works remarkably well. After all, the English language has changed quite a bit in the last 400 years.Sue: All right, thanks very much, Patrick.Patrick: Not at all.Sue: That sounds as though it’s worth staying in for tonight. And now let’s hear from Ian Duncan at the sports desk...Task 9【答案】Ⅰ.1. 302. drug/chemical/chemical substance, nervesII.1. southern Ethiopia2. goat herder/goat farmer3. 8504. stimulatingIII.1. province/place2. dried, stored, crushedIV.1. Arab countries, Europe2. 1700s, 1800s【原文】Coffee is one of the most popular beverages throughout the world today. In fact, according to some estimates, over 30 percent of all adults in the world drink coffee at least once a day on the average.Coffee contains a kind of drug called caffeine. Caffeine is a chemical or a chemical substance that stimulates the nerves of the body. Drinking coffee tends to make people a little bit more awake or alert —at least for a short time —because of this stimulating effect on the nervous system. A cup of coffee has, on the average, about 3 percent caffeine in it.One story of the discovery of the coffee plant relates to this effect of caffeine. According to the story, coffee was discovered in southern Ethiopia —in East Africa —in a province called Kaffa. The story says that coffee was first found by a goat farmer, or rather a goat-herder named Kaldi. This was about the year 850, according to the story.Kaldi, the goat herder, was leading his animals through the mountains and the goats were stopping constantly to eat the plants near the path. Suddenly, according to Kaldi’s story, some of the goats started jumping up and down in a very strange way.Kaldi figured out that the goats were acting this way because of the plants they were eating. Kaldi himself tried eating some of the green beans that the goats had been eating. He, too, felt the stimulating effect of the beans.Kaldi wanted to prove what had happened, so he picked some of the beans and took them back to his home village, where he told his story.The green bean got the name “Kaffa” and later “coffee” because the beans were discovered in a place called Kaffa in Ethiopia.Then, for years, people used to eat a few of the green Kaffa beans when they were in the mountains and needed extra energy or stimulation. It was later found that the coffee beans could be picked and then dried until they turned brown, and then they could be stored. If the beans were dried and stored, they could be used at any time.When the coffee beans were dried, however, they were too hard to eat, as had been done before. Therefore, people began to crush the beans into small pieces — and then boil the pieces in hot water — and make a hot drink.Gradually, it became common to drink this hot beverage in Ethiopia. Next, the hot coffee drink became popular among Arab travelers who visited Ethiopia. The Arabic word “Kawan”means coffee.After coffee drinking became common in the Arab countries, its popularity spread to Europe. One again, it was spread by travellers. In the 16th and 17th centuries travellers and traders from Europe began to visit the Arab countries. The Arab merchants and shopkeepers served coffee to the Europeans. Apparently, the Europeans liked coffee and as travel increased, the amount of coffee drunk in Europe increased.Gradually, the European traders and explorers introduced coffee drinking to the people in north America and Asia. Coffee drinking increased rapidly in the late 1700s and 1800s. Today itremains a popular hot drink in many places.Task 10【答案】The Extended FamilyIn the Far, Middle and Near East and in parts of Africa, South America and Europe, the first thing most Western people notice is the respect everyone has for the old.Older men and women live with their married children and are important members of the family. They look after the children, help with the cooking, give advice and often rule family life. Living in an extended family has advantages for everyone. A small child, for example, knows many people from the very beginning, not just his mother and father.For a young mother and father there are also advantages. They can go out to work and grandmother will look after the house and children. This is especially important in farming communities, where both men and women work in the fields.And the older woman, for example, has something important to do. She sees her children and grandchildren grow up. She is needed and loved.。