ISO12944-1998色漆与清漆

德国标准1998年6月油漆保护系统对钢结构的防腐蚀保护第1部分：简介(ISO 12944-1:1998)DINEN ISO 12944-1ICS 87.020; 91.080.10关键字：油漆层，防腐蚀，钢结构本标准和DIN EN ISO 12944－2 1998版本代替DIN 55928-1, 1991年5月版本。

欧洲标准EN ISO 12944-1: 1998是DIN 标准。

前言本标准出版发行符合CEN/TC 139 决议。

且本标准没有变更，纳入欧洲标准。

参与编制本标准的德国机构包括油漆标准委员会和技术委员会。

与国际标准EN对应的DIN标准如下：ISO 标准DIN标准ISO 4628-1 DIN ISO 4628-1*)ISO 4628-2 DIN ISO 4628-2*)ISO 4628-3 DIN ISO 4628-3*)ISO 4628-4 DIN ISO 4628-4ISO 4628-5 DIN ISO 4628-5修订DIN 55928-1, 1991年5月版已被修订，现在已被DIN EN ISO 12944-1 和DIN EN ISO 12944-2两个标准代替。

先前版本DIN 55928:1956-11, 1959-06x; DIN 55928-1: 1976-11, 1991-05带有*) 的标准表示现在处于草稿阶段。

欧洲标准EN ISO 12944-1 1998年5月ICS 87. 020关键词: 油漆涂层, 防腐蚀, 钢结构油漆和清漆油漆保护系统对钢结构的防腐蚀保护第1部分：简介(ISO 12944-1:1998)前言《国际标准ISO 12944-1: 1998 油漆和清漆-油漆保护系统对钢结构的防腐蚀保护，第1部分：简介(ISO 12944-1:1998)》根据国际组织ISO/TC35‘油漆和清漆’章节编制用于实现标准化。

此标准已被技术委员会CEN/TC 139 ‘油漆和清漆’章节采用，命名为DIN，做为欧洲标准。

解析ISO12944标准（一、标准介绍）ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes —Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems(色漆和清—防护涂料体系对钢结构的防腐蚀保护)是防腐蚀涂料与涂装领域一个非常有用的标准。

笔者曾组织同行于2008年将该标准共8个部分译成了中文。

2014年，中国涂料与颜料标准化委员会已将其转化为国标，标准号为GB/T 30790。

这个标准对于那些从事涂料防腐蚀工作的业主、设计人员、咨询顾问、涂装承包商、涂料生产企业等都非常有用。

因此，笔者拟在此公众号中分期进行介绍。

朋友们可在文后留言参与讨论和提问。

ISO（国际标准化组织）是各个国家的标准化机构（ISO成员团体）共同组织的世界性联合机构。

国际标准的制订工作由ISO技术委员会负责。

每个成员团体都有权派代表参加所关注课题的技术委员会，各政府性或非政府性的国际组织，凡与ISO有联系的，也都参与这项工作。

ISO12944国际标准是由ISO/TC35技术委员会.色漆和清漆-钢结构防腐蚀涂料系统.SC14分委会制订的。

ISO12944《色漆和清漆－防护涂料体系对钢结构的防腐蚀保护》中总共包括以下部分内容：第1部分：总则第2部分：环境分类第3部分：设计内容第4部分：表面类型及表面处理第5部分：防护涂料体系（注：这部分在2007年进行了修订）第6部分：实验室性能测试方法第7部分：涂装工作的实施和监管第8部分：新建和维修防腐技术规格书的制订简介未经保护的钢材在大气、水和土壤中会因腐蚀而损坏。

因此，为了避免腐蚀损坏，在钢结构服役期间需采取一些防腐蚀保护措施。

有很多种不同的方式可以用于保护钢结构免遭腐蚀。

ISO12944 针对的是采用涂料体系和涂覆层来保护。

该标准的各部分内容的宗旨，都是为了获得适当的、成功的钢结构防腐蚀保护效果。

其它的一些防腐蚀措施也可能是有效的，但需要各相关方达成一致意见。

解析ISO12944标准（⼆、腐蚀环境分类）参看解析ISO 12944标准（⼀、标准介绍）1．范围1.1 ISO 12944 这⼀部分研究钢结构所处的主要腐蚀环境的等级分类和这些环境的腐蚀性。

包括：—基于标准样本的质量损失和厚度损耗，定义了⼤⽓环境腐蚀性级别，也描述了钢结构所处的典型⾃然⼤⽓环境，对腐蚀性评估给出了建议。

—描述了钢结构浸泡在⽔中和埋于⼟壤中的不同腐蚀性级别。

—给出了⼀些会导致腐蚀加重的特殊腐蚀应⼒或空间的相关信息，这种情况下对防护涂料体系的性能要求更⾼。

特殊环境或特种腐蚀性类别下的腐蚀应⼒情况，是调整防护涂料体系选择的必要参数。

1.2这⼀部分的ISO 12944并不包含那些含有特殊⽓体（例如：化学品⼯⼚或冶炼⼚的周围）的⼤⽓环境分类。

2．参考的标准规范下列标准通过本标准的引⽤⽽成为标准不可缺少的⽂件。

在本标准出版时，这些引⽤的标准版本都是有效。

但所有的标准都会被修订，⿎励各⽅讨论这些标准的最新版本在ISO 12944继续引⽤的可能性。

IEC和ISO的成员对⽬前有效的国际标准保持着登记。

ISO 9223：1992，⾦属与合⾦腐蚀—⼤⽓腐蚀性—分类ISO 9226：1992，⾦属与合⾦腐蚀—⼤⽓腐蚀性—为了腐蚀性评价⽽进⾏的标准样本的腐蚀速率的测定ISO 12944-1：1998，⾊漆与清漆—防护涂料体系对钢结构的防腐蚀防护—第1部分：总则EN 12501-1：—⾦属材料的防腐蚀保护—⼟壤中的腐蚀可能性—第⼀部分：总则3．术语和定义在ISO 12944这部分中，除了ISO 12944-1已给出的⼀些，以下术语被应⽤。

注意：有些定义是取之于ISO 8044：1989，⾦属和合⾦腐蚀—词汇中的说明。

3.1 腐蚀性（corrosivity）：在某个腐蚀体系中，环境造成腐蚀的能⼒[ISO 8044]。

3.2 腐蚀应⼒(corrosionstresses)：促进腐蚀的环境因素。

3.3 腐蚀体系(corrosionsystem)：由⼀种或多种⾦属和所有影响腐蚀的环境各部分因素组成的体系[ISO 8044]。

发电厂设备油漆涂刷通用技术规定为了满足火电项目主合同对电厂设施保护的要求，防止设备的腐蚀，延长使用寿命。

对投标方供货范围内的钢结构、各类设备、容器、烟风煤粉管道和汽水油管道的油漆工艺提出以下技术规定。

a.油漆供应商具有在电厂所在国和中国两个国家当地供货能力。

b.投标方应依据本规定选择其采用的具体油漆工艺方案，在现场环境条件下，防腐设计寿命应为5-15年。

c.所有油漆材料应是高质量的油漆产品。

各涂层油漆要求选用符合ISO、GB>DL等标准规定的产品。

d.本规定中所描述的“层”为不同种类漆的分界单位，“道”为每层漆的涂刷遍数。

1概述本节规范所涵盖的底漆、中间漆、面漆和相关油漆工程包括由投标方提供的所有钢结构、设备、烟风煤粉管道和汽水油管道的油漆。

投标方所供设备表面涂漆应符合有关标准的要求，除定型机电产品外，主要表面必须涂一层底漆，一层中间漆和一层面漆,并达到要求的干膜厚度。

1.1一般规定a.下述项目应进行外部油漆：不保温的设备、管道及其附件；支吊架、平台扶梯等现场制作部分。

直径较大的循环水管道、箱类、罐类等按照标准进行内部油漆。

b.设备、管道和附属钢结构在涂装前的表面预处理应根据钢材表面的锈蚀等级，进行除锈，并达到规定的处理等级。

1.2工厂油漆和现场油漆分配的原则a.所有投标方所供工厂完全装配和组装的设备（含支承结构），应在工厂完成全部油漆，现场只做补漆。

b.如果设备在现场完成组装，并有施焊等工艺的，至少在工厂应完成底漆和中间漆。

如果有二道面漆，应在工厂完成，现场仅做补漆。

c.钢结构应在工厂完成底漆和中间漆。

并有两道面漆，在工厂完成一道，最后一道面漆在现场完成。

d.所有设备供货商提供的保温管道出厂的防护底漆应由管子投标方完成，保温后现场在镀锌铁皮上刷涂色环和箭头，所有设备供货商提供的不保温管道出厂的防护底漆应由管子投标方完成，面漆和修补由施工完成。

设备应在工厂涂刷底漆、中间涂层和面漆。

1.3涂层厚度的最低要求a.钢结构应符合ISO12944《色漆和清漆一一防腐蚀涂料的钢结构腐蚀保护》的规定涂料、涂层遍数、涂层厚度均应符合设计要求，当无特殊要求时，规定涂层干漆膜总厚度，见表1、表2和表3的规定。

ISO12944是规定钢结构的涂层防腐系统的标准ISO 12944是规定钢结构的涂层防腐系统的标准(Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems)，为工程师、工程顾问、工程承包方以及涂层的供应商提供了全面的有关涂层防腐的指导。

ISO 12944 共分为8 个部分定义了涂装系统的“防腐年限(Durability)”定义了环境的“腐蚀等级(Corrosion Categories)”为选择涂装系统提供了指导表示为 3 个年限低低(Low) 2 至 5 年中(Medium)5 至15 年高(High) 大于15 年C4 H表示腐蚀环境为高盐度的工业地区和中等盐度的海岸地区，比如化工厂，游泳池，海船和船厂等在这种环境下，仅靠电镀或静电喷涂是难以达到15年以上的防腐寿命的，根据ISO12944第 5 部分–防护涂装系统可以进行涂层系统的设计厚度/ 预期防腐年限类别 DFT 范围(μm) (含富锌底漆)最小dft (μm) 预期防腐年限C2 80 低(2-5 年)80 –120 中(5-15 年)160 –200 80 高(>15 年)C3120 –160 低(2-5 年)160 –200 80 中(5-15 年)200 –240 160 高(>15 年)C4 160 –200 160 低(2-5 年)200 –240 200 中(5-15 年)240 –320 240 高(>15 年)C5IC5M 200 低(2-5 年)160 –240 160 中(5-15 年)280 –400 280 高(>15 年)一般涂层系统由底漆，中层漆和面漆三道涂层组成，在此腐蚀环境下，通常选用的油漆有：富锌底漆，环氧中层漆盒聚氨酯面漆。

1. ScopeThis International Standard specifies requirements for thickness corrosion resistance and mechanical and physical properties of non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coatings steel fasteners with metric threads.If applies to both coating with of without chromate.If fasteners with metric thread with pitch below 0.8mm ( 〈 MS )or fasteners with small internal drives or cavities are to be coated. special agreement between supplier and purchaser is required.Coatings according to this international Standard may also be applied to steel screws which from their own mating threads sush as wood screw, self tapping screws,self drilling screw,thread cutting screws and thread rolling screws as well as to non-threaded steel parts sush as washers and pins.They may be similarly applied to steel fasteners with other types of thread.Coatings according to this international Standard can be supplied with integral lubricant and/ or with an externally added lubricant.2. Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisionswhich,through reference in thistest,constitute provisions of this international Standard. At the time of publication,the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision. and parties to agreements based on this international Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standard.ISO 898-1 :1989Mechanical properties of fastener . Bolts, screws and studs ISO 1502 :1978ISO general purpose metric screw thread-GaugingISO 1463 :1982Metallic and oxide coatings-Measurement of coating thickness-Microscopical methodISO 6988 : 1085Metallic and other non-organic coatings-Sulfur dioxide test with general condensation of moisture ISO 8991 : 1986 Designation system for fastenersISO 9227 : 1990Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres-salt spray testISO/DIS 15330 : 1997Fasteners-Preloading test for the detection of hydrogen embitterment-Parallel bearing surface method3. DefinitionNon -electrolytically applied zinc flake coating( with or without integral lubricant)A coating which is produced by applying on the surface of a fastener a zinc flakedispersion,possibly with addition of aluminum flakes .in a suitable medium which under influence of heat(curing)generates a bonding of the flakes and between flakes and the substrate thus forming a sufficiently electrically conduction inorganic surface coating to ensure cathode protection. The coating may or may not contain chromate.4. GeneralIt is a characteristic df this type of coating that no hydrogen which could be absorbed by the parts is generated during the coating process. Therefore, by using pretreatment cleaning methods which do not generate nascent hydrogen (for example blast cleaning),there is not risk of hydrogen embitterment form the surface preparation procedure.If cleaning methods are applied which could lead to hydrogen absorption (such as cleaning).then for fasteners which 8 hardness above 365 Hv in process control shall be conducted to ensure that the process with regard to hydrogen embroilment is under control. This can be done by a preload test according to ISO 15330However it should be noted that a non electrolytically applied zinc flake coating has a high permeability for hydrogen which during the curing process, allows effusion of hydrogen which may have been absorbed before the coating process.5.Dimensional requirements and testingThe applicability of coating to ISO metric threads is limited by the fundamental deviation of the threads concerned as given in table 1 and, hence, by the pitch and tolerance positions. The coating shall not cause the zero line(basic size)to be exceeded in the case of external threads, nor shall it fall below in the case of internal threads. this means that for an internal thread oftolerances position H, a measurable coating thickness can only be applied to the thread if the tolerance zone is not taken up to the zero line(basic size).After coating, ISO metric screw threads shall be gauged according to ISO 1502 with a GO-gauge of tolerance position h for external threads and H for internal threads. When gauging the coated thread a maximum torque of 0,001 d3. (N.m)is acceptable, where d is the nominal thread diameter in min.Other product dimensions apply only before coating.NOTE Care should be exercised where relatively thick coatings may affect dimensions with small tolerances such as internal drives or small nuts, in these cases agreements shall be made between the supplier and the purchaser.Table 1 - Theoretical upper limits of coating thickness for ISO metric threadsIf a minimum coating thickness( t min)is required in order to achieve a specified corrosion resistance (see clause 6)the range of the coating thickness has to be taken into consideration which is approximately the same as the minimum coating itself. Therefore the maximum coating thickness to be expected is twiceas much as the required minimum coating thickness see table 2. The minimum fundamental deviation required for a specified minimum coating thickness which is 4 t max (or 8 t min )is also given in table 2.Table 2 -Coating thickness and required fundamental deviationIf for a given pitch the fundamental deviation as given in table 1 is not sufficient to allow for the required minimum coating thickness then.--either the tolerance position of the thread has to be changed ( e.g.f instead of g )--or the tolerance within the given tolerance field has to be restricted such that the threadhas to be manufactured at the upper limit for the internal thread or at the lower limit external thread of the respective tolerance.Required minimum local coating thickness to achieve specified corrosion resistance are given in table 3.If the minimum local coating thickness is specified (see table3) it may be measured by magnetic or X ray techniques. In the case of dispute the referee test shall be the microscopical method as described in ISO 1463. The surfaced to be used for thickness measurements are those given in figure1 Measuring areaFigure 1 --Measuring area for coating thickness measurement on threaded fasteners6 Testing of corrosion protectionThe neutral salt spray test according to ISO9227 is used to evaluate the quality of the coating. The test is applied to coated parts which are in the as delivered condition. Performance in the test cannot be related to corrosion protection behavior in particular service environments.NOTE In normal cases the coating shall be defined by specifying the test duration for neutral salt spray test according to table 3. see example 1 in clause 9.After the neutral salt spray test with a test duration according to table 3 there shall be no visible ferrous(red) corrosion attack on the base metal.Table 3 -- Test duration ( Neutral salt spray test )7. Mechanical and physical properties and testing7.1GeneralThe coating process shall not adversely influence the mechanical and physical properties of fasteners as specified in the relevant ISO Standards.Consideration shall be given by the manufacturer supported by testing if necessary. to determine whether the curing temperature and duration as specified by the coater are suitable foe the particular type of fastener to be coated.7.2 AppearanceThe colour of the coating is silver grey. The coated fastener shall be free from blisters, localized excess coating and uncoated areas which may have adverse effects on corrosion protection and fitness for use.Special techniques may be necessary to avoid excess coating or uncoated areas with parts such as washers. nuts and recess drive screw.7.3 Temperature resistanceAfter heating the coated fasteners for 3 hours at 150℃(part temperature) the corrosion resistance requirements as specified in clause 6 shall still be met.7.4 DuctilityAfter loading the coated fastener with the proof load specified in ISO 898-1 the corrosion resistance as specified in clause 6 shall still be met in areas other than where thread engagement has occurred. This requirement applies to bolts. screws and studs with metric thread only.7.5 Adhesion/ cohesionIf an adhesive tape with an a dhesive strength of (7 N ± 1 N) per 25 mm width is pressed by hand on the surface and is subsequently pulled off jerkily and perpendicularly to the surface.the coating shall not be peeled off the base metal. Small amounts of the coating material sticking on the tape are acceptable.7.6 Cathodic protectionThe cathodic protection capability of the coating can be tested by making the salt spray test according to be clause with a specimen which is scratched to the base metal, the scratch having a width of max.0.5 mm. After the salt spray rest of 72 h there shall be no red rust in the scratched area.7.7 Torque/tension relationship for coatings with integral lubricant or externally added lubricant The requirements for torque/tension shall be agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser.8. Applicability of tests8.1 GeneralAll requirements given in the clause 5, 6 and 7 apply as far as they are general characteristics of the coating or are separately specified by the customer. The tests included in clause 8.2 shall be carried out for each lot of fasteners. The tests included in clause 8.3 are not intended to be applied for each fastener lot, but are used for in process control.8.2 Tests mandatory for each lot--Gauging of threads ( 5 )--Appearance ( 7.2 )--Adhesion/cohesion ( 7.5 )8.3 Tests to be made for in process control--Neutral salt spray test (6)--Temperature resistance ( 7.3 )--Ductility ( 7.4 )--Cathodic protection ( 7.6 )8.4 Tests which are only to be made when specified by the customer-- Coating thickness ( 5 )--Torque/tension relationship for coating with integral lubricant ( 7.7 )9. DesignationThe designation of the coating shall be added to the product designation in accordance with the designation system specified in ISO 8991 using the symbol flZn for non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coating, a figure for the required duration of salt spray test in hours and, if necessary,the specification for a coating with chromate(yc) or without chromate (nc).EXAMPLE 1 Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 with a non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coating(flZc), with a required duration of salt spray test of 480 h:Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 - flZn - 480h if a coating with integral lubricant is required,the letter L shall be added to the designation after the symbol for the zinc flake coating:Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 - flZnL - 480h if a coating with a subsequent lubrication(external lubricant) is required, the letter L shall be added at the of the designation: Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 - flZn - 480h - LEXAMPLE 2 Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 with a non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coating without chromate flZnnc, with a required duration of salt spray test of 480 h:Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 - flZnnc - 480hEXAMPLE 3 Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 with a non-electrolytically applied zinc flake coating with chromate flZnyc, with a required duration of salt spray test of 480 h:Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M12 X 80 - 10.9 - flZnyc - 480h10. Ordering requirementsWhen ordering threaded parts to be coated according to this International Standard, the flowing information shall be supplied to the coater:a) THe reference to this International standard and the coating designation(see clause 9).b) The matrial of the part and its. condition, e.g. heat treatment, hardness ororder properties, which may be influenced by the coating process..c) Thread tolerances if different from the product standardd) Performance(torque/tension, coefficient of friction, sealing) and the testmethods for integrally lubricated or supplementary lubricated coating shallbe agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser.e) Tests to be carried out, if any(see clause 8)f) Sampling。

ÍST EN ISO 12944-1:1998Gildistaka 1.11.1998ICS: 87.02油漆和清漆――构件防腐之防护漆――第一部分：基本介绍页脚内容1欧洲标准EN ISO 12944-11998年05月ICS 87.020描述词：见ISO文件中文版油漆和清漆——构件防腐之防护漆——第一部分：基本介绍（ISO 12944-1:1998）本欧洲标准于1997年06月16日通过欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）的批准。

CEN成员必须要遵守CEN/CENELEC的内部规定，该规定对赋予本欧洲标准以一种国家标准地位的条件进行了明确的规定，其内容未做任何修改。

有关这些国家标准的最新目录和文献资料参考可在提交给页脚内容2管理中心或任何CEN成员国的申请表中看到。

本欧洲标准有三种语言的正式版本（英语、法语、德语）。

经CEN成员国翻译为其本国语言的任何其他语言版本的该欧洲标准，经通报管理中心之后，将具有与原正式版本同样的效力。

欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）成员由各国的国家标准机构组成，包括：奥地利、比利时、捷克共和国、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡公国、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国。

CEN欧洲标准化委员会管理中心：rue de Stassart，36 B-1050 Brussels©1998 CEN 本标准的任何形式、任何方式的使用权利参考编号：EN ISO 12944-1:1998 E 由全球的CEN国家成员所有。

页脚内容3EN ISO 12944-1:1998序ISO 12944-1:1998的编制工作由国际标准化组织（ISO）技术委员会的ISO/TC 35“油漆和清漆”部门负责，同时就此与欧洲国际化标准组织（CEN）技术委员会的CEN/TC 139“油漆和清漆”部门开展合作，其秘书处由DIN担任。

本欧洲标准应具有国家标准的地位，并最迟于1998年11月通过发表相同的标准内容或通过背书方式予以确立该地位，并且最迟到1998年11月，任何内容相冲突的国家标准都应进行取消。

ÍST EN ISO 12944-7:1998Gildistaka 1.11.1998ICS: 87.02油漆和清漆——构件防腐之防护漆——第七部分：油漆的执行与监督欧洲标准EN ISO 12944-71998年05月ICS 87.020；91.080.10描述词：见ISO文件中文版油漆和清漆——构件防腐之防护漆——第七部分：油漆的执行与监督（ISO 12944-7:1998）本欧洲标准于1997年11月13日通过欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）的批准。

CEN成员必须要遵守CEN/CENELEC的内部规定，该规定对赋予本欧洲标准以一种国家标准地位的条件进行了明确的规定，其内容未做任何修改。

有关这些国家标准的最新目录和文献资料参考可在提交给管理中心或任何CEN成员国的申请表中看到。

本欧洲标准有三种语言的正式版本（英语、法语、德语）。

经CEN成员国翻译为其本国语言的任何其他语言版本的该欧洲标准，经通报管理中心之后，将具有与原正式版本同样的效力。

欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）成员由各国的国家标准机构组成，包括：奥地利、比利时、捷克共和国、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡公国、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国。

CEN欧洲标准化委员会管理中心：rue de Stassart，36 B-1050 Brussels©1998 CEN 本标准的任何形式、任何方式的使用权利参考编号：EN ISO 12944-7:1998 E 由全球的CEN国家成员所有。

EN ISO 12944-7:1998序ISO 12944-7:1998的编制工作由国际标准化组织（ISO）技术委员会的ISO/TC 35“油漆和清漆”部门负责，同时就此与欧洲国际化标准组织（CEN）技术委员会的CEN/TC 139“油漆和清漆”部门开展合作，其秘书处由DIN担任。

本欧洲标准应具有国家标准的地位，并最迟于1998年11月通过发表相同的标准内容或通过背书方式予以确立该地位，并且最迟到1998年11月，任何内容相冲突的国家标准都应进行取消。