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— 35 —CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANATOMY V ol.44 No.1 2021 解剖学杂志 2021年第44卷第1期雷公藤甲素对2型糖尿病小鼠耳蜗毛细胞的保护作用扶玉珍1 姚方辉2△（1 湖北医药学院组织学与胚胎学教研室，2 十堰市太和医院（湖北医药学院附属太和医院）普外科，十堰 442000）摘要 目的：探讨雷公藤甲素对2型糖尿病小鼠耳蜗毛细胞的保护作用及机制。
方法：选取 Balb/c 雄性小鼠，随机分为正常组、糖尿病组和雷公藤甲素组。
制备2型糖尿病小鼠模型后，雷公藤甲素组给予雷公藤甲素0.1 mg/kg 灌胃，正常组和糖尿病组小鼠均给予等体积生理盐水灌胃。
观察3组小鼠耳蜗毛细胞的变化，检测耳蜗毛细胞内氧化应激相关信号通路、抗氧化蛋白及凋亡分子的表达变化。
结果：糖尿病组和雷公藤甲素组耳蜗毛细胞均有不同程度的丢失，且雷公藤甲素组耳蜗毛细胞的丢失率小于糖尿病组。
雷公藤甲素组小鼠耳蜗毛细胞中的p-ERK 、E2核因子相关因子2（Nrf2）、硫氧还蛋白（Trx ）表达量及Erk 磷酸化水平高于糖尿病组， JNK 磷酸化水平和凋亡分子cleaved-caspase-3的蛋白表达量低于糖尿病组。
结论：雷公藤甲素可以减缓糖尿病小鼠耳蜗毛细胞凋亡，其机制与上调ERK 、Nrf2和Trx 的表达，下调JNK 信号，抑制凋亡分子cleaved-caspase-3的表达有关，有望成为治疗2型糖尿病耳蜗病变的有效药物。
关键词 雷公藤甲素； 糖尿病； 耳蜗；毛细胞； E2核因子相关因子2； 硫氧还蛋白； 氧化应激； 细胞凋亡Protective effect of triptolide on cochlea hair cells in type 2 diabetic miceFu Yuzhen 1， Yao Fanghui 2△（1. Department of Histology and Embryology ， Hubei University of Medicine ， 2. Department of General Surgery ，Shiyan Taihe Hospital ， Taihe Hospital affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine ， Shiyan 442000， China ）Abstract Objective ： To discuss the protective effect and mechanism of triptolide on cochlea hair cells in diabetic mice. Methods ： Male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into control ， diabets and triptolide group ．Diabetic mice models were established and then triptolide group was lavaged with 0.1 mg/kg triptolide ， while the control group and diabetes group were lavaged with the same volume of physiological saline. Among three groups ， changes of hair cells in the cochlea were observed and expression of antioxidant and apoptosis protein within cochlea hair cells was detected. Results ： The loss of cochlea hair cells in diabets and triptolide groups were more than that in control group ， and the loss of cochlea hair cells in triptolide group was less than that in diabets group. In triptolide group ， antioxidant molecule protein expression of p-ERK ， Nrf2 and Trx in cochlea hair cells was significantly higher ， while expression of p-JNK and cleaved-caspase-3 was significantly lower than those in diabets group ．Conclusion ： Triptolide can slow the apoptosis of cochlea hair cells in diabetic mice ， which is related to the increased expression of p-ERK ， Nrf2 and Trx protein and decreased expression of p-JNK and cleaved-caspase-3， and therefore it is expected to become an effective drug for treatment of diabetic cochlea disease.Key words triptolide ； diabetea ； cochlea ； hair cell ； nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2； thioredoxin ； oxidative stress ； apoptosisdoi ： 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2021.01.008·论 著·第1作者E-mail ：********************△通信作者，E-mail ：********************收稿日期： 2019-08-22； 修回日期：2020-07-27糖尿病性耳聋是一种以高频听力下降为主的感音神经性耳聋，长期高血糖及糖基化终末产物（advanced glycation end-products ， AGEs ）的不断聚积导致的氧化应激可激活多种凋亡信号通路造成耳蜗毛细胞的不可逆性损害[1]。
J Apoplexy and Nervous Diseases, July 2024, Vol 41，No. 7偏头痛发病机制及生物标志物研究进展毛西京， 朱博驰综述， 于挺敏审校摘要： 偏头痛是一种具有多种亚表型的异质性疾病，其诊断主要基于临床标准，缺乏特异性的生物标志物进行客观评估，影响了偏头痛的精确诊断、治疗选择以及预后评估。
近年来偏头痛在遗传、生化、影像等方面研究取得重大进展，为临床诊断及治疗偏头痛提供了客观的检测指标。
如能在临床工作中选择特异性、敏感性、易检测、可行性高的标志物将推动偏头痛早期诊断、精准化治疗的步伐。
关键词： 偏头痛； 生物标志物； 神经元； 胶质细胞中图分类号：R747.2 文献标识码：A Research advances in the pathogenesis and biomarkers of migraine MAO Xijing ，ZHU Bochi ，YU Tingmin. （The Sec⁃ond Hospital of Jilin University ， Changchun 130000， China ）Abstract ： Migraine is a heterogeneous disease with various subtypes ， and the diagnosis of migraine mainly relies on clinical criteria. The lack of specific biomarkers for objective assessment impacts the precise diagnosis ， treatment selec⁃tion ， and prognostic assessment of migraine. In recent years ， great progress has been made in migraine in terms of genet⁃ics ， biochemistry ，and imaging ， which provides objective indicators for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of migraine. Identifying specific ，sensitive ，easily detectable ，and highly feasible markers in clinical practice will accelerate the early di⁃agnosis and precise treatment of migraine.Key words ： Migraine ； Biomarkers ； Neurons ； Glial cells偏头痛的发病机制尚不完全明确，越来越多的研究发现神经元-神经胶质细胞-血管交互作用的炎性病理生理过程参与其中，并且从血液、脑脊液、唾液、影像检查中均发现了有意义的标志物，这些标志物成为偏头痛诊疗的潜在靶点。
恩格列净联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的效果评价林智化厦门大学附属第一医院同安院区（厦门市第三医院）内分泌科，福建厦门361100[摘要]目的分析恩格列净联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的效果。
方法选取2021年3月—2022年4月厦门大学附属第一医院同安院区（厦门市第三医院）收治的98例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象，按照随机数表法分为观察组和对照组，每组49例。
两组均予以二甲双胍治疗，同时观察组加行恩格列净治疗。
比较两组血糖水平、血脂水平、胰岛β细胞功能、不良反应发生率以及临床疗效。
结果治疗6个月后，与对照组相比，观察组血糖水平、血脂水平均较低，胰岛β细胞功能的改善情况较好，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
观察组不良反应发生率8.16%与对照组6.12%对比，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
观察组治疗总有效率95.92%较对照组83.67%更高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
结论应用恩格列净联合二甲双胍治疗，效果突出，可有效调节糖脂代谢，纠正胰岛β细胞功能。
[关键词] 恩格列净；二甲双胍；2型糖尿病；糖脂代谢；胰岛β细胞功能[中图分类号] R446.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-4062（2023）08（a）-0087-04 Efficacy Evaluation of Empagliflozin Combined with Metformin in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes MellitusLIN ZhihuaDepartment of Endocrinology, Tong'an District of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University (Xiamen Third Hospital), Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361100 China[Abstract] Objective To analyze the effect of Empagliflozin combined with metformin in the treatment of type 2 dia⁃betes mellitus. Methods From March 2021 to April 2022, 98 patients with type 2 diabetes treated in Tong 'an District the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University (Xiamen Third Hospital) were selected as the research objects. Ac⁃cording to the random number table method, they were divided into observation group and control group, 49 cases in each group. Both groups were treated with metformin, while the observation group was treated with empagliflozin. The blood glucose level, blood lipid level, islet β cell function, incidence of adverse reactions and clinical efficacy were compared between the two groups. Results After 6 months of treatment, compared with the control group, the blood glucose level and blood lipid level in the observation group were lower, and the improvement of islet β cell function was better, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the observation group (8.16%) and the control group (6.12%) (P>0.05). The to⁃tal effective rate of treatment in the observation group was 95.92% higher than that in the control group (83.67%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The treatment of Empagliflozin combined with metfor⁃min has a remarkable effect, which can effectively regulate the metabolism of glucose and lipid and correct the func⁃tion of islet beta cells.[Key words] Empagliflozin; Metformin; Type 2 diabetes; Glycolipid metabolism; Islet beta cell function2型糖尿病是最为常见的糖尿病类型，由于多发于成年，故又称成人发病型糖尿病，疾病早期症状不典型，随着疾病进展，患者可出现多饮、多食、多尿、消瘦或短期内体质量减轻等典型症状[1]。
在细胞自噬机制方面的发现
细胞自噬机制的发现始于20世纪50年代，最早的描述来源于细胞内
的诱导细胞自溶机制。
随着对该领域研究的深入，科学家们发现细胞自噬
是一种细胞内的废弃物清除过程，在细胞出现问题时可以帮助细胞完成废
物的降解和回收重用。
在细胞自噬的过程中，细胞通过形成一些特殊的结
构体——自噬体来实现废物的降解和清除。
在细胞自噬机制研究中，首要的贡献者是荷兰科学家亨德里
克·德·莫特(Hendrik de Vries)。
他在1954年首次提出自噬这一概念。
1963年，克里斯汀.德杜弗(Cristiane de Duve)根据研究成果确定了自
噬体的形态和结构，并首次将自噬体和溶酶体区分开来。
20世纪90年代，在日本科学家橘正直(Masato Tashiro)的带领下，科学家们发现了第一个
与自噬有关的基因——APG1，在此基础上揭示了自噬的分子机制。
2016年，关于细胞自噬的发现和研究成果的重要贡献被授予了最高
荣誉之一——诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
日本细胞生物学家大隅良典和美国
分子生物学家威廉·萨特哥尔德因对自噬相关的基因和蛋白质的发现被授
予了该奖项。
这次授予进一步促进了对自噬机制的研究，正如官方授奖词
所说：“该发现不仅对生命之谜的解决起到了关键作用，同时也开辟了在
治疗疾病方面的潜在治疗手段。
”。
生物专业文献翻译技巧乔凌燕刘勇(阜阳师范学院安徽阜阳236037)【摘要】在高等院校生命科学类专业选修课程之一生物专业英语中,翻译结构复杂的句子是生物专业英语教学中的困难点。
本文将以生物专业英语教材中的具体语句作为例子,阐述了中长复杂语句的名词性短语、被动时态、用It 引导的强调句和主语从句的转换翻译技巧,与倒置法、拆句法等在翻译过程与生物专业的巧妙结合。
【关键词】生物专业英语;翻译技巧;拆句法;倒置法【中图分类号】H319【文献标识码】B 【文章编号】2095-3089(2016)11-0040-01生物专业英语是在高等院校中由生命科学专业开展的一门专业选修课程,通常在学生学习完基础英语课程和相关专业课程后开展的。
该课程是以使学生能轻松阅读国外相关的专业文献和了解国内外本专业发展的最新动态,能使用英语进行专业学术交流,并拥有能检索专业英语文献和撰写英语专业论文能力为教学目标。
生物专业,是描述自然界生物的特点和发展过程等。
同时生物专业英语表达要求客观精确,句子的结构严密。
生物专业英语通常具有词汇的词形较长,被动句出现频率高、专业高、词性转换频繁强等特点,较为枯燥乏味。
在教学中,发现学生主要是被专业文献中的难句和长句翻译所难住。
因此,难句和长句的翻译是教师提高生物专业英语教学质量的重要突破点与难点,也是提高学生实际阅读生物英语参考文献能力的关键所在。
一、以it 引导的强调句或主语从句的翻译it 引导的主语从句和强调句在生物英语专业中是非常常见的。
通常情况,强调句型是为了强调某一成分,主语从句则是为了保证句子结构的平衡。
进行这种句子的翻译要注意汉语的语法规则与逻辑顺序:有it 引导的主语从句只用译出句子中的逻辑主语意思即可;由it 引导的强调句,主要是为了强调,需在译文中加上相应强调词,如“就是’“正是”等。
二、将被动转换成主动生物专业英语作为科技英语的一种,通常是表达事理,常不用说出当事人;而且,常为了表示客观,通常会避免使用具有较强的主观性的主动时态,而是尽量使用被动语态。
2019,14(8)：2109-2112.)2**阿地力江・ ，周文婷，艾尼瓦尔•吾买尔•糖原合基金项目"017年 市卫生计生委青年人才科技项目（编号:QN201725）作者简介：刘晖，女，硕士，副主任医师*通信作者：吴薇，女，硕士，副主任医师激酶3激与 茨海默病中的 西北药学杂志,2019,34(6):838844.)3*任，苏志强，沈翠茹•轻型脑卒中后认知功能障碍的相关研究进展)*.卒中与神经疾病,2019,26 (3)： 367-370)4* Nurcan Yurtsever Kum,Yavuz F Ylmaz,Seren G Gur gen etal E f ectsofparenteralpapaverineandpiracetamadministration on cochlea following acoustic trauma)*. Noise Health 2018 20(93):47-52()5*张露，白强黎，辜超(艮杏合前列地尔治疗血管性痴呆的临床研究)*.现代药物与临床,2019,34(7)： 1984-1987()16* Wei Zhang $Linjing Shi $Hao Zhang $et al(E f ect of al-prostadil on serum level of miRNA-155in uremicpa-tients )J *(Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban $ 2015 40(7)：735-741()17* Khaled Habas $Lijun Shang(Alterations in interce l ularadhesion molecule1 (ICAM-1) andvascularce l adhe- sion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in human endothelial ce l s )J *(TissueCe l 2018 54：139-143()8*周兴盛，高山，王京娥，等(半认知功能障碍脑梗死患者血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子1水平与认知功能损害的关系)*.广西医学 2019,41(17)=2171-21732190.)9* Shan Wang,Xiaowei Zhang,Liuyu Zhai,et al Atorvasta-tina t enuatescognitive deficitsand neuroinflammation induced by A "1-42 involving modulation of TLR4/TRAF6/NF-k B pathway [J *. J Mol Neurosci , 2018, 64(3)：363-373()0*郑乃智，王敏，赵娟，等.淀粉样蛋白与癫痼合并阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的神经网络和病理学相关性研究)*.中国临床神经科学201927(3):252-25 8.(收稿日期"020-05-16)优思弗辅助阿拓莫兰治疗婴儿胆汁淤积症的效果刘 晖】，徐 岳2，吴 薇3*（1.南通大学附属常州儿童医院消化感染科，常州2130032南通大学附属常州儿童医院儿童内镜中心，常州 213003 '.南通大学附属常州儿童医院新生儿科，常州213003）摘要：目的分析优思弗辅助阿拓莫兰对婴儿胆汁淤积症（IC ）临床症状与肝功能的改善效果@及毒性和不良反应发生情况9（响°方法 选取78例IC 婴儿，按照入院ID 采用随机数字表法均分为对照组和观察组，每组39例"除了针对原发病9治疗外， 对照组给予优思弗和门冬氨酸钾钱治疗，观察组给予优思弗辅助阿拓莫兰治疗，疗程为14 d "分析2组患儿在治疗过程中9临 床症状评分、临床治疗效果、肝功能指标［谷丙转氨酶（ALT ）、总胆红素（TBIL ）、直接胆红素（DBIL ）、总胆汁酸（TBA ）、1-谷氨酰移酶（1-GGT ）、谷草酶（AST ）和碱 酶（ALP ）］、肝纤4项［透明质酸（HA ）、4（LN ）、m 型前胶9 （PC ,）及N 型胶原（c.）］水平以及毒性和不良反应发生情况°结果 治疗14 d 后，观察组患儿9临床总有效率（89.74 %）明显高于对照组（71. 79%）,3<0.05"治疗前，2组患儿9各项临床症状评分、肝功指标比较差异无统计学•义（3>0. 05）；治疗14d 后，2 组患儿9各项临床症状评分均明显降低（3<0.05）,且观察组9各项临床症状评分均明显低于对照组（3<0.05） 治疗7,14 d 后，2组患儿9肝功指标ALT 、ALP 、AST 、TBIL 、DBIL 、TBA 和r-GGT 水平均明显降低，且观察组9以上各项肝功指标水平均明 显低于对照组（3<0. 05） 治疗14d 后，2组患儿9 LN 水平比较差异无统计学•义（3>0. 05）；组患儿9 HA 、PC ,及c .水平均明显降低，且观察组9 HA 、PC ,和c .水平低于对照组（3<0.05） 观察组患儿9毒性和不良反应发生率为12.82%，明显低于对照组9 33. 33 %（3<0.05） 结论 优思弗辅助阿拓莫兰治疗IC 患儿9临床效果明显，可有效恢复肝功能，改善临床症状，且毒性和不良反应低°关键词：阿拓莫兰；优思弗；婴儿胆汁淤积症；肝功能；毒性和不良反应DOI ：10. 3969/j. issn. 1004-2407. 2021. 01. 027中图分类号：R985文献标志码:A 文章编号=1004-2407（2021）01-0126-05Clinical effect of Yousifu-assisted atomolan in the treatment of infantile cholestasssLIU Hui 】，XU Yue 2 ,WU Wei 3* （1. Department of Digestive Infection , Affiliated Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong Un--versity,Changzhou 213003 ,China 2 Pediatric Endoscopy Center , Affiliated Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong Univers--ty,Changzhou 213003 , China ； 3. Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Changzhou Children z s Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou213003$China ）Abstract : To analyze the effect of Yousifu-assisted atomolan on the clinical symptoms, liver function improvement andtoxicity and adverse reactions of infantile cholestasis （IC ）.78 infants with IC were randomly divided into control groupand observat-on group accord-ng to the random number table of adm-ss-on ID 39 cases-n each group. In add-t on to the treatmentfor the primary disease,the control group was given the treatment of Yousifu and magnesium asparate potassium ,and the observa-tion group was given Yisifu-assisted atomolan.The course of treatment was14 d.The clinical symptom score,clinical treatment effect,liver function index[alanine aminotransferase(ALT),total bilirubin(TBIL),direct bilirubin(DBIL),total bile acid (TBA)，■/-glutamyltransferase(y-GGT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)),4items of liver fiber [hyaluronic acid(HA),laminin(LN),procollagen,(PC,)and collagen.(c.)and toxicity and adverse reactions were analyzed.After14d of treatment,the total clinical effective rate of the observation group was89.74%,which was significantly higher than that of the control group(71.79%)(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no significant difference in clinical symptom scores and liver function indexes between the2groups(P〉0.05).After14d of treatment,the clinical symptom scores of the2groups were significantly lower(P<0.05),the clinical symptom scores of the observation group were significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05).After7d and14d of treatment,the liver function indexes of ALT,ALP,AST,TBIL, DBIL,TBA and r-GGT were significantly lower in the2groups,the above indicators of liver function in the observation group were significantly lower in the control group(P<0.05).After14d of treatment,there was no significant difference in LN level between the2groups(P〉0.05),while the levels of HA,PC,and c.in the2groups were significantly lower,the levels of HA,PC,and c.in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of toxicity and adverse reactions in the observation group was12.82%,which was significantly lower than that in the control group(33.33%)(P <0.05).The clinical effect of Yousifu-assisted atomolan in the treatment of children with IC is obvious,it can effectively restore liver function,improve clinical symptoms,and shows low toxicity and adverse reactions.Key words：atomolan；Yousifu；infantile cholestasis；liver function；toxicity and adverse reactions婴儿胆汁淤积症（IC）是由于婴儿胆汁生成障碍或/和胆汁流动障碍所致的一种疾病，又名胆汁淤积综合征，是新生儿或婴儿常见的病症。
血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）是一种由脑血管病变导致的疾病，其临床症状包括引起记忆和执行功能障碍等。
它被认为是继阿尔茨海默病之后的第二大常见痴呆类型[1]。
目前，在亚洲和发展中国家的痴呆病例中，VD 约占30%，高于北美和欧洲（15%～20%）[2-3]。
据研究资料显示，我国60岁及以上人群的血管性痴呆发病率为每年每千人中有2.42例[4-5]。
研究表明，我国约有1507万人60岁以上的痴呆患者，其中约有392万人为VD 患者[6]。
VD 会造成日常生活质量不断下降，而且不能扭转，给家庭和社会带来极大的冲击和负担。
复方苁蓉益智胶囊是由王永炎院士多年临床实践研制的具有益智养肝,化浊活血和增智健脑等功效的中成药[7]，主料何首乌、肉苁蓉、荷叶、地龙、漏芦等。
Progress of compound ciYizhi capsule in the treatment of vascular dementia Di Shuai, Zhang Jiapeng, Liu Yixuan, LiYanan, Zhang Jiang, Zhou Fuling. The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China【Abstract 】Compound ciYizhi capsule has the effect of nourishing liver,promoting turbidity and activating blood, and increasing wisdom and brain. It is suitable for mild to moderate vascular dementia with liver and kidney deficiency and phlegm stasis blocking collateral syndrome. Recently, it has been widely used in the long-term and synergistic treatment of vascular dementia with remarkable efficacy.To summarizes the clinical and experimental studies of compound ciYizhi capsule. It is found that compound ciYizhi capsule can treat vascular dementia by reducing the expression of MARKS mRNA in hippocampus, inhibiting oxidative stress in brain tissue, protecting mitochondria, reducing the range of cerebral infarction, protecting cerebral ischemic injury and pound ciYizhi capsule combined with other anti-dementia drugs can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of patients with vascular dementia and improve the self-care ability and quality of life.In order to provide some reference for the subsequent study of compound cistanche qianyi capsule.【Key words 】Vascular dementia; Compound ciYizhi capsule; Dementia; Clinical application 复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗血管性痴呆的研究进展邸帅 张佳朋 刘乙璇 李亚楠 张江* 周福玲作者单位：063000 河北省唐山市，华北理工大学附属医院神内二、四病区*通讯作者【摘要】 复方苁蓉益智胶囊具有益智养肝,化浊活血和增智健脑的功效，适用于肝肾亏虚兼痰瘀阻络证的轻中度血管性痴呆。
·论 著·重组人促红细胞生成素对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马Bax表达的影响史志勤 于江华 史诺菲 苏旭东 周 毅 李 彬 王 珊 贾丽景 赵 博 朱梦楚冯晓红 耿丽淳【摘要】 目的 观察重组人红细胞生成素（rHuEPO）对戊四氮（PTZ）点燃的癫痫持续状态（SE）的SD大鼠海马神经元的影响，应用磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）抑制剂LY294002，观察Bax的变化情况，探讨rHuEPO为临床处理SE提供实验依据。
方法 采用PTZ点燃大鼠SE模型，将大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NS）、PTZ组（PTZ+NS）、rHuEPO组（PTZ+rHuEPO）、LY294002组（PTZ+LY294002+rHuEPO）、二甲基亚砜（DMSO）对照组（PTZ+DMSO+rHuEPO），检测各组大鼠行为学和脑电图的改变；TUNEL法检测海马神经细胞的凋亡情况；免疫组织化学法观察磷酸化蛋白激酶B（p-PKB/p-Akt）、Bax的表达；反转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测各组大鼠海马BaxmRNA的表达， Western blot方法检测各组大鼠海马Akt、p-Akt、Bax蛋白的表达。
结果 rHuEPO可以增加p-Akt蛋白的表达、下调Bax蛋白的表达，发挥神经保护作用；加入PI3K抑制剂LY294002，p-Akt的表达较rHuEPO组减少，海马Bax蛋白、BaxmRNA的表达较rHuEPO组增加，减弱了rHuEPO的保护作用（P<0.05），差异具有统计学意义。
结论 rHuEPO的抗凋亡从应用PI3K/Akt激活剂和抑制剂两个方面证实作用可能是通过了PI3K/Akt信号通路，通过对线粒体凋亡途径的相关调控因子Bax的表达进行调控，发挥神经保护作用。
【关键词】 癫痫持续状态；重组人红细胞生成素；磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B；Bcl-2 Associated X的蛋白质中图分类号：R742.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-351X（2018）06-0369-06Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on the expression of Bax in hippocampus of status epileptic rats kindledby Pentylenetetrazol Shi Zhiqin, Yu Jianghua, Shi Nuofei, Su Xudong, Zhou yi, Li Bin, Wang Shan, Jia Lijing, Zhao Bo,Zhu Mengchu, Feng Xiaohong, Geng Lichun. Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang050000, ChinaCorresponding author: Yu Jianghua, Email: yujianghua321@【Abstract】 Objective To observe the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin（rHuEPO） in hippocampal neurons of status epilepticus （SE） SD rats kildled by Pentylenetetrazol（PTZ）, and the expression changes of Bax post the application of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase（PI3K） inhibitor LY294002, then discuss the possible mechanisms of rHuEPO. Method The SE rats kindled by the PTZ were randomly divided into normal control group （normal saline, NS）, PTZ group （PTZ+NS）, rHuEPO group （PTZ+rHuEPO）, LY294002 group（PTZ+LY294002+rHuEPO）, LY294002 solvent dimethyl sulfoxide（DMSO） control group （rHuEPO+PTZ+DMSO）. The behavior changes and electroencephalogram（EEG） recording of rats were detected; The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons were detected by TUNEL method; The expression of phosphorylation protein kinase B（p-PKB/p-Akt） and Bax were detected by immunohistochemistry method; the expression of BaxmRNA in hippocampal neurons of rats were detected through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） method; The expression of Akt, p-Akt 基金项目: 河北省卫计委重点课题（20160658）作者单位：050000 河北石家庄 河北医科大学实验诊断教研室（史志勤、赵博、朱梦楚、冯晓红）； 河北医科大学第二医院神经内科（于江华、苏旭东、周毅、李彬、王珊、贾丽景），远程医学中心（史诺菲）；石家庄铁道大学（耿丽淳）通讯作者：于江华，Email：yujianghua321@and Bax protein in hippocampal neurons of rats were detected through Western blot method. Results rHuEPO can promote the he expression of p-Akt protein while down-regulate the expression of Bax protein and play a neuroprotective role. The expression of Bax protein and BaxmRNA in hippocampus increased while the p-Akt decreased compared with that in rHuEPO group post the application of PI3K inhibitor LY294002, which decreased the protective effects of rHuEPO and the difference was statistical significant. Conclusion The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is one of the pathways through that rHuEPO play neuroprotective effects and testified from the two aspects of positive and negative. rHuEPO regulates the expression of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway related factor Bax to inhibit apoptosis and promote neuronal survival. 【Key words】 Status epilepticus; Recombinant human erythropoietin; Phosphorylated protein kinase B; Bcl-2 asscialion protein癫痫可致脑神经受损，癫痫持续反复发作后启动一系列的程序性死亡-凋亡。
药学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "pharmacology" refers to the study of:A. The origin of drugsB. The effects of drugs on the bodyC. The synthesis of drugsD. The distribution of drugs答案：B2. Which of the following is not a route of drug administration?A. OralB. IntravenousC. InhalationD. Electrolysis答案：D3. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to:A. DoubleB. TripleC. QuadrupleD. Decrease by half答案：D4. Which of the following is a common side effect of antibiotics?A. Dry mouthB. DiarrheaC. InsomniaD. All of the above答案：B5. The abbreviation "IV" stands for:A. IntravenousB. IntramuscularC. IntraperitonealD. Intradermal答案：A6. The term "bioavailability" refers to the:A. Percentage of a drug that is absorbed into the systemic circulationB. Percentage of a drug that is excreted unchangedC. Percentage of a drug that is metabolized in the liverD. Percentage of a drug that is stored in fat tissues答案：A7. Which of the following is a type of drug interaction?A. SynergismB. AntagonismC. PotentiationD. All of the above答案：D8. The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its:A. EfficacyB. SafetyC. Cost-effectivenessD. Taste答案：B9. The term "prodrug" refers to a drug that:A. Is already active when administeredB. Requires metabolic activation to become activeC. Is a combination of two drugsD. Is a drug that has been discontinued答案：B10. Which of the following is a method for enhancing drug solubility?A. Salt formationB. Coating with a polymerC. MicronizationD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The ________ of a drug refers to its ability to reach the site of action in the body.答案：pharmacokinetics2. A drug that is administered as a liquid and is intended to be swallowed is called a ________.答案：solution3. The ________ of a drug is the maximum amount that can be given without causing harmful effects.答案：therapeutic dose4. A drug that is used to treat a specific disease or condition is called a ________.答案：therapeutic agent5. The ________ of a drug is the minimum amount that will produce a therapeutic effect.答案：therapeutic dose6. A drug that is used to prevent a disease or condition is called a ________.答案：prophylactic agent7. The ________ of a drug is the study of its effects on biological systems.答案：pharmacodynamics8. A drug that is used to alleviate symptoms without treating the underlying cause is called a ________.答案：symptomatic agent9. The ________ of a drug is the process by which it isremoved from the body.答案：elimination10. A drug that is used to treat a wide range of conditionsis called a ________.答案：broad-spectrum agent三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between a generic drug and a brand-name drug.答案：A generic drug is a copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage form, safety, strength, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use. A brand-name drug is the original version of a drug that has beendeveloped by a pharmaceutical company and is protected by a patent.2. What are the factors that can influence the absorption ofa drug?答案：Factors that can influence the absorption of a drug include the route of administration, the formulation of the drug, the presence of food in the stomach, the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and the individual's health status.3. Describe the process of drug metabolism.答案：Drug metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs. It typically involves two phases: Phase I reactions, which involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to make the drug more polar, and Phase。
