Density and Specific Gravity

Portable Density/SpecificGravity/Concentration MeterDMA 35DMA 35 …… talks the same languageYour DMA 35 communicates with you in a language youwill understand immediately. The user interface is clearly arranged and you will intuitively find your way through the menu. The display backlight, which switches on automatically when a new sample is filled, makes sure you clearly see your measuring results even in dark surroundings. The seven large keys enable operation of the instrument even when wearing protective gloves.… denies access to spills and humidity The robust DMA 35 is designed to withstand the rough conditions of industrial and field applications. The leakproof sealed housing keeps humidity out of the electronics and stops pump spills entering the instrument.… saves you time and energyOnce defined, you can choose between up to 20 different customized measuring methods and up to 100 sample IDs for easy identification of samples, users or measuring locations. With a memory capacity for 1024 measurement results including timestamp and sample ID, DMA 35 is prepared for a long working day.… uses wireless technologyDMA 35 prints your measuring results and exchanges data with your PC completely wireless via the integrated IrDA interface. Update your instrument with the latest firmware, export measuring data for archiving purposes or simply write your method list and sample ID list on the PC and import it into your instrument via IrDA.… works at the push of a button Your sample is filled into the measuring cell of DMA35 by simply pushing the lever on the built-in pump. DMA 35 measures the density of your sample or determines concentration using the preinstalled density/ concentration tables. You also have the option of adding up to ten custom functions to the list of measuring units. This is useful if you measure specific samples regularly. … lights up the cellTo obtain accurate measuring results it is essential that your sample is filled into the measuring cell without any gas bubbles. The measuring cell of DMA 35, visible from outside through an inspection window, is equipped with a backlight, making it easy for you to observe the filling process closely.© 2016 A n t o n P a a r G m b H | A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .S p e c i f i c a t i o n s s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e w i t h o u t n o t i c e .C 96I P 001E N -G。

电力行业——专业术语英文对照表一．电气名词Electric items交（直）流Alternating (direct) current短路电流Short-circuit current起始次暂态短路电流Initial subtransient short-circuit current 冲击电流Impulse current稳态短路电流Steady state short-circuit current临界电流Critical current切断电流Rupturing current熔断电流Blow-out current故障电流Fault current计算电流Calculating current极限有限电流Limit effective current过电流Over current逆电流Inverse current整定电流Setting current额定电流Rated current电流密度Current density短路电流最大有效值Maximum effective value of short-circuit current高压High-voltage , High-tension低压Low-voltage , Low-tension计算电压Calculating voltage激磁电压Exciting voltage冲击电压Impulse voltage临界电压Critical voltage残留电压Residual voltage击穿电压Puncture voltage脉动电压Pulsating voltage供电电压Supply voltage电力电压Power voltage照明电压Lighting voltage灯丝电压Filament voltage额定电压Rated voltage电压损失Voltage loss过(欠)电压Over (under) voltage线路电压Line voltage电压降Voltage drop工作电压Working voltage一次电压Primary voltage二次电压Secondary voltage电源Electric source (power supply)自控电压Power supply for process control6kV 控制闪光电源Flashing supply for 6kV control 工作电源Working power supply (electric source) 保安电源Emergency power supply (electric source) 直流稳压电源Stabilized D.C. source控制电源Control supply直流电源D.C. source交流电源A.C. source负荷计算Load calculation设备容量Installed capacity需要容量Electric demand功率因数Power factor安装高度Mounting height耐电压Breakdown voltage工频耐压High-voltage test with working frequency 表面闪络Surface flash-over直流泄漏D.C. leakage体电阻率Volume resistivity介质损失角Dielectric loss angle击穿强度Puncture intensity电压等级Voltage grade比重Specific gravity性能Feature相序Phase sequence瞬时Instantaneous倾角Angle of inclination跨度Span正极Positive pole负极Negative pole截面(积) Cross section area辅助电源Auxiliary source遮断容量Interrupting capacity载流量Current-carrying capacity校正系数Correction factor连续负荷Continuous load长期载流量Continuous capacity长时间额定值Longtime rating电动机堵转电流Locked-rotor motor current限定负荷Limited load电感负荷Inductive load感应电流Induced current二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus , circuits)母线Bus-bar合闸电源母线Closing power source bus闪光母线Flashing-bus备用母线Spare bus装在支柱上的插接式母线Post-supported plug-in bus way装在吊钩上的插接式母线Hook-supported plug-in bus way装在支架上的插接式母线Bracket-supported plug-in bus way 小母线Miniature bus电源小母线Power supply miniature bus操作小母线Operating miniature bus事故信号小母线Miniature bus for fault signal闪光小母线Flashing miniature bus主母线Main bus直流主母线D.C. main bus预告母线Prewarning bus干线Main line照明干线Lighting main line接地干线Grounding main line插座干线Receptacle main line电压干线Voltage main line端子出线Terminal outgoing中性线Neutral支线Branch-line引入线Lead-in电气线路Electric circuit交流配电线路A.C. distribution circuit直流配电线路D.C. distribution circuit事故照明线路Emergency lighting circuit控制线路Control circuit接地或接零线路Grounding or neutralizing circuit信号线路Signal circuit有接地极的接地线路网Grounding with grounding electrodes 定子绕组测温回路Temperature measuring circuit for stator winding接地信号回路Grounding signal circuit闪光信号回路Flashing-signal circuit开阀回路Circuit for opening valve关（闭）阀回路Circuit for closing valve开度计回路Circuit for opening meter电流测量回路Current-measuring circuit差动保护回路Differental protective circuit过流保护回路Over-current protective circuit合闸回路Closing circuit停车延时回路Delayed shutdown circuit掉闸回路Trip circuit激磁回路Exciting circuit备用回路Spare circuit主回路Main circuit馈路Feeder circuit现有回路Existing circuit单线回路Single-wire circuit接地回路Earthed circuit有电压的电路Live circuit三．设备Equipments高压开关柜H.V. switchgear动力配电箱Power distribution cabinet电源配电箱Source distribution cabinet直流配电屏D.C. switchboard (distribution panel)交流低压配电屏A.C.L.V. switchboard (distribution panel)静电电容器柜Static capacitor cabinet多种电源插销箱Receptacle box for miscellaneous power supplies控制箱Control cabinet照明配电箱Lighting (distribution panel)连接箱Junction box出线盒Outlet box开关箱Switch box控制台Console分段屏Sectionalizing panel进线屏Incoming line panel电控箱Electric control panel边屏Side board端子箱T erminal box供电盘Power supply box瓶车箱Synchronizing cabinet感应调压器专用变压器高压柜Special transformer H.V. cabinet for inductionvoltage regulator电压互感器柜Potential transformer cabinet信号屏Signal panel浮充屏Floating panel蓄电池屏Battery panel充电屏Charging panel母线联络柜Bus tie cabinet转换开关Transfer switch电压表转换开关Voltmeter change-over switch铁壳开关Metal-clad switch (Iron-clad switch)管式熔断器Cartridge fuse真空断路器Vacuum circuit breaker (V.C.B.)自动开关Automatic switch高压负荷开关H.V. load break switch三极高压断路器3-pole HV circuit-breaker刀开关Knife switch转换开关Transfer switch双极铁壳开关2-pole iron-clad switch风扇变速开关Fan speed regulator switch密闭照明灯开关Hermetic lighting switch防爆照明灯开关Explosion-proof lighting switch行程开关Limit switch高压隔离开关H.V. disconnecting switch明装单极板钮开关Surface-mounted single-pole toggle switch 暗装单极板钮开关Flush-mounted single-pole toggle switch 三路开关Three-way switch气密式组合开关Hermetic packet type switch防护式开关Guard type switch联锁开关Interlock switch操作方式选择开关Selecting switch for types of operation控制电源开关Switch for control supply主令开关Master switch (controller)多切点切换开关Multi-point change-over switch按钮Push-button控制按钮Control push-button防爆控制按钮Explosion-proof control push-button事故紧急按钮Emergency stopping push-button起动按钮Starting push-button停止按钮Stopping push-button现场按钮Push-button in field挡板damper音响解除按钮Push-button for sound release起动器Starter磁力起动器Magnetic starter综合起动器Combination starter (Magnetic starter combination)电力变压器Power transformer调压变压器Voltage regulating transformer电压互感器Potential transformer电流互感器Current transformer照明变压器Lighting transformer三相三绕组变压器3-phase tertiary winding transformer高压试验变压器H.V. testing transformer局部照明变压器Local lighting transformer多量程仪用电流互感器Multi-range current transformer for measurement降压变压器Step-down transformer伺服电动机Servo-motor双电压电动机Dual-voltage motor感应电动机Induction motor交流异步电动机A.C. asynchronous motor同步电动机synchronous motor三相滑环感应电动机3-phase slip-ring induction motor三相鼠笼感应电动机3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor 绕线式电动机Wound-rotor induction motor反应式电动机Reaction motor柴油发电机Diesel generator励磁发电机Excitation generator明装双极插座Surface-mounted 2-pole receptacle暗装双极插座Flush-mounted 2-pole receptacle双极带接地插座2-pole receptacle with grounding contact单相三孔明插座Surface-mounted single phase 3-pole receptacle防护式明装三相四孔插座Guard type surface-mounted 3-phase 4-pole receptacle配照型灯Standard dome lighting fitting搪瓷深照型灯Enameled high bay lighting fitting防水防尘灯Water and dust proof lighting fitting安全灯Safety lighting fitting隔爆灯Explosion-proof lighting fitting弯灯Goose-neck light壁灯Wall light高压水银灯High pressure mercury vapor lighting fitting 投光灯Flood-light (projection light)信号灯Signal lamp天棚灯Ceiling-mounted lighting fitting局部照明灯Local lighting fitting灯座Lamp holder事故照明灯Emergency lighting fitting高压水银荧光灯H.P. mercury fluorescent lighting fitting 广照型工厂灯Wide lit type industrial fitting深照型灯具High bay lighting fitting白炽灯具Incandescent lamp (bulb)圆球型灯Globe lamp嵌入式荧光灯flush type fluorescent lighting fitting红色障碍灯Red obstruction lamp for aviation厂区道路照明灯Street lighting in plant area路灯Street lamp视孔灯Inspection hole lamp立杆弯灯goose-neck post lamp , pole lamp模拟报警信号Semigraph and alarm signal自整角机Selsyn励磁机Exciter显示器Display电位器Potentiometer内电阻Internal resistance固定电阻（器） Fixed resistance脱扣Release , trip分励Shunt trip特殊失压脱扣器Special no-voltage release“或”开关放大器“Or” switch amplifier制动器Brake电容Capacitor整流器Rectifier镇流器Chock分流器Shunt油变阻器Oil immersed rheostat频敏电阻器Frequency sensitive rheostat滑线变阻器Sliding rheostat蜂鸣器Buzzer电机加热器Space heater (for motor)空气断路器电机操作机构Motor operating mechanism for air circuit-breaker可控硅励磁装置Silicon controlled rectifier excitation device 保护装置Protective device (element)闪光装置Flashing device接闪装置（避雷器） Lightning arrester断相保护Phase failure protection四．保护、继电器Protection , relays信号继电器Signal relay过电流继电器Over-current relay电压继电器Voltage relay时间继电器Time relay中间继电器Auxiliary relay热继电器Thermal relay温度继电器T emperature relay瓦斯继电器Gas relay控制电源中间继电器Auxiliary relay for control supply自动操作继电器Relay for auto-operation低电压继电器Under-voltage relay过电压继电器Over-voltage relay联锁继电器Interlock relay冲击继电器Impact relay合闸位置继电器Close position relay逆流继电器Reverse-current relay差流继电器Differential current relay差动继电器Differential relay电流继电器Current relay功率继电器Power relay接地继电器Earthing relay重合闸继电器Reclosing relay同步继电器Synchronous relay速动继电器Quick acting relay定时限继电器Definite time relay光电继电器Photoelectric relay电子继电器Electronic relay电磁式继电器Electromagnetic relay电动式继电器Electrodynamic relay气压继电器Gas-pressure relay继电器常开触点Relay N.O. contact继电器常闭触点Relay N.C. contact继电器保护触点（常开） Relay holding contact (N.O.)能自动返回的常闭按钮触点Self-return button with N.C. contact模拟信号触点Contact for semigraph signal强励磁接点Shock excitation contact电感线圈Induction coil电流线圈Current coil脱扣线圈Trip coil合闸线圈Close coil释放线圈Releasing coil掉闸线圈Tripping coil予告信号Prewarning signal掉闸回路断线信号Breakage signal of trip circuit断路器事故掉闸信号Fault trip signal of breaker掉闸音响信号Tripping audible signal重瓦斯预告信号Heavy gas prewarning signal温度预告信号Temperature prewarning signal手动、自动操作时事故信号Fault signal in manual/automatic operation保护掉闸Protective trip控制掉闸Control trip手动跳闸Manual trip变电所紧急停车Emergency shutdown at substation工艺故障Fault in process励磁故障Fault in excitation工作电源失电报警No-voltage alarm of working electric source工作电源分合闸On and off of working electric source工作电源投入Throw-in of working electric source保安电源送电supply of emergency electric source运转指示Indicating of operation投入指示Indicating of throw-in同步指示Indicating of synchronism延时停车Delayed shutdown电源切除Switch off the power supply速断及过流断通Instantaneous trip and over-current off/on自保持Self-holding自锁Self-lock联锁Interlocking绝缘监视Insulation supervision电压监视Voltage supervision联锁解除Release of interlock工作、保安电源切换Transfer of working and emergency power supply发电机与工作母线并车Synchronization of generator to working bus重瓦斯保护Heavy gas protection开或闭超扭矩保护Over-torque protection during opening and closing valve电机起动顺序Sequence of motor starting铭牌框注字Name plate denotation (inscription)五．电气仪表Electric instruments电流表Ammeter电压表Voltmeter三相三线有功电度表Three-phase three-wire kilowatt-hour meter , kWh meter单相电度表Single-phase kilowatt-hour meter三相无功电度表Three-phase kilovar-hour meter有功功率表Active power meter , kilowatt meter无功功率表Reactive power meter , kilovar meter三相瓦特表(功率表) Three-phase watt meter功率因数表Power factor meter频率表Frequency meter验电流器Galvanoscope欧姆表Ohmmeter相位表Phase meter转速表Tachometer波长表Wave-length meter三相四线制标准电度表3-phase 4-wire standard watthour-meter过载电流表Overload ammeter低功率因数瓦特表Low power-factor wattmeter交直流两用钳型电流表A.C./D.C. multi-purpose tongtester兆欧表Megger , Megohmmeter万用表Avometer微安表Microammeter毫安表Milliammeter各种测量仪表Various kind of measuring instruments接地电阻测量仪Earthing resistance tester真空管电压表Vacuum tube voltmeter电动秒表Electric second-meter六．防雷Lightning protection避雷装置Lightning protector避雷针Lightning rod避雷带Strap type lightning protector避雷网Network of lightning protector避雷针支架Lightning rod support避雷针尖Tip of lightning rod避雷针拉铁Brace for lightning rod避雷器Lightning arrester , surge discharger球型避雷器Spherical arrester管形避雷器Tubular arrester阀形避雷器Auto-valve arrester低压避雷器Low voltage arrester角形避雷器Horn arrester多隙避雷器Multigap arrester铝避雷器Aluminum cell arrester氧化膜避雷器Oxide film arrester击穿保险器Puncture lightning arrester雷击Lightning stroke直接雷击Direct lightning stroke感应雷击Induction lightning stroke雷电日Thunderbolt days雷电或然率Lightning and thunder probability 触电Electric shock静电感应Electrostatic induction七．接地Grounding , earthing接地保护Ground protection , earth protection 防雷接地Grounding for lightning保护接地Protective earthing人工接地Artificial grounding工作接地Working grounding , working earthing 重复接地Multiple earthing屏蔽接地Screen earthing , shielding ground中性点接地Neutral point grounded接地系统Grounding system , earthing system 接地故障Ground fault , earth fault单相接地Single phase earthing母线接地Bus ground接地装置Grounding device , earthing device引下线Down-lead , down conductor引下线固定Clamping plate of support for fixing 支架夹板Down lead引下线固定支脚Support for fixing down lead接地线Ground connector接地干线Ground(ing) main , (bus)接地网Grounding network , earthing network接地极Earth electrode (pole)接地电阻Earth resistance接地电路Earth (ground) circuit连接条Connecting strip断接卡Connecting clamp八．室、所Room , Substation贮藏室Storage套间Compartment蓄电池室Battery room控制室Control room配电室Distribution room维修间Repair room变电所Substation高压配电室H.V. distribution room休息室Rest room九．电修车间设备Equipments of electric repair砂轮机Emery wheel grinder台钻Bench drilling machine交流电焊机A.C. welding machine移动式空气压缩机Portable air compressor手电钻Electric hand drill单速手摇绕线机Single speed hand winding machine导线钳压器Wire jointing press-clamp油压千斤顶Hydraulic jack电吹尘器Electric dust cleaner存放柜Store chest高压试验变压器H.V. testing transformer泄漏试验变压器Leakage testing set大电流发生器Strong current generator油浸自冷感应调压器Oil-immersed self-cooled inductionvoltage regulator多量程仪用电流互感器Multi-range current transformer for measurement仪用电感互感器Instrumental voltage transformer单相自耦变压器Single-phase auto-transformer三相自耦变压器3-phase auto-transformer硅整流器Silicon rectifier仪表试验台T esting stand for instrument接触器，继电器试验台Relay and contactor testing stand慢扫描示波器Slow scanning oscillograph交流电子稳压器A.C. electronic voltage stabilizer携带式交流电桥Portable A.C. electric bridge接地电阻测量仪Earthing resistance tester电缆故障探伤仪Cable fault detector直流单臂电桥D.C. single-arm electric bridge , Wheatstone bridge十．材料Material绝缘包布Insulating tape填料Filler , packing绝缘膏Insulating compound电缆膏Cable compound防腐油Anti-corrosive oil沥青漆Bituminous varnish绝缘漆Insulating varnish瓷漆Enamel varnish有色金属Non-ferrous metal黑色金属ferrous metal白金属White metal云母Mica环氧树脂Epoxy resin聚氯乙烯Polyvinyl chloride , PVC 蜡Wax滑石粉Talc powder电胶木Bakelite聚丙烯外壳Polyacrylic cover耐油橡胶管Oil-proof rubber tubes 接地铜线Grounding copper wire 垫圈Pad塑料绝缘线Plastics insulated wire 橡套电缆Rubber sheathed cable 中间接头Splice填充剂Filling agent绝缘电线Insulated wire移动软电缆Movable flexible cable 补偿导线Extension wire套管Bushing母线槽Busway悬索Cable suspension滑触线Trolley conductor镀锌煤气管Galvanized gas pipe镀锌角钢Galvanized steel angle镀锌扁钢Galvanized steel strap钢丝绳Steel wire rope电笛Siren电磁阀Electromagnetic valve连接片Connecting link切换片Transfering link端子排T erminal board半导体二极管Semiconductor diode 开度计Opening meter逻辑元件Logical element接线盒Junction box仪表槽板Instrument trunking电缆吊架Cable hanger出线套Outgoing line sleeve十一．图名Drawings , diagrams电气图纸目录Contents of electric drawings电力系统图Electric power system diagram照明系统图Lighting system diagram电力平面布置图Electric power layout plan照明平面布置图Lighting layout plan单线图One line diagram控制箱面部布置图Surface arrangement of control box 背部接线图Back wiring (diagram)外部接线图External (outside) wiring diagram内部接线图Internal (inside) wiring diagram控制原理图Principle control diagram原理图Schematic diagram展开图Developed diagram电气标准图Electric standard drawing电气施工图Electric working drawing复用图Reproducibles (drawing)电缆联系图Cable hook-up diagram转换开关接点图Contact diagram of transfer switch箱侧视图Side view of box正视图Front view , facade背视图Back view剖面图Section参考图Reference drawing电缆敷设图Cable laying diagram箱内框架布置图Arrangement of frames inside the cabinet控制箱台面展开图Surface developed diagram of console出线端子示意图Schematic diagram of terminal outgoing lines 端子接线图Diagram of terminal connections电气管线表List of wire , cable and conduits设备材料表List of equipment and materials十二．表头Tables电力系统图Power system diagram引入线Lead in保护设备Protective device型号Type额定值Rating整定值Setting主启动设备回路Circuit to starting device导线型号、芯数、截面及管径Conductor type , cores , section & diameter of conduit线长Wire length管长Conduit length启动设备Starting device型号规格Type , specification保护元件Protective element计量装置Calculating device用电设备主回路Main circuit of electric equipment控制回路Control circuit控制装置Control device用电设备Electric equipment设备容量Consumer capacity生产设备Production equipment位号No. of location名称Name备注Remarks引入线Feed in配电箱Distribution cabinet型号及编号Type and No.开关型号Switch type保护装置Protective device回路编号Circuit No.相别Phase灯数Number of lamps插座数Number of receptacles电缆编号No. of line起点Starting终点Ending母线截面Section of bus零母线Neutral bus屏编号Panel No.型号及方案号Type and variant No.控制原理图号Principle control diagram工艺位号Process item No.十三．标准图词汇Terms from standard DWG电工系统图图形符号Graphic symbols for electric system交流电的相别A.C. phase sequence直流电的正负极D.C. positive and negative poles有中性点引出线的星形连接的三相绕组Star-connected three phase windings withneutral outlet开口三角形连接的三相绕组3-phase winding with open delta connection互相连接的导线Cross connection of wires不连接的跨越导线Crossing wires not in contact with eachother可拆卸的电气连接Removable connection电缆终端头Pothead of cable or cable end自耦变压器Auto-transformer感应调压器Induction voltage regulator凸极同步电动机Salient pole synchronous motor带接换装置的蓄电池组Accumulator battery with tap-changers 空气断路器Air circuit-breaker保持触点Holding contact热元件Thermal element自动复位的操作开关Spring-return operating switch插接器Plug-in connector电喇叭Horn电炉Electric furnace分流器Shunt可控硅整流箱屏Silicon controlled rectifier box panel直流配电屏D.C. distributing panel磁力起动器组Magnetic starter group自动开关箱Automatic switch box行程开关Limit switch局部灯Local lighting fitting荧光灯列Series fluorescent lighting fitting防护式灯开关Protective switch导线引上Conductors turning up导线引下Conductors turning down导线由上引来Conductors turning from above导线由下引来Conductors turning from below电缆沟Cable trench调压器Voltage regulator隔离变压器Isolating transformer击穿保护器Puncturing safety device晶体管Transisorized diode地坪Grade level电缆与水管平行Cable running parallel to a water supply pipe 电缆与热力管道交叉敷设Cable running across heat pipeline 车道Drive way电缆穿管与管道交叉Cable protective pipe across a pipeline 双(单)侧支架电缆沟Trench with rack on both sides (one side) 室外地坪Outdoor grade跨接线Jumper金属软管Flexible metal tube过渡接头Adapter电气工程及其自动化专业术语翻译transistor 晶体管audion 三极管capacitance 电容Diesel 柴油机AC- motors 交流电机transistorcoupling 联结耦合current carrying capacity 载流能力（最大允许电流）conductivity 传导性in isolation 绝缘lead 导线leakage current 泄漏电流inductance 感应系数loops 线圈macroprocessor 微处理器multimedia show 多媒体展示medium-power distribution 中压配电motor and soft starters 电机及软起动器numerical controls 数控系统optimal 最佳的，最理想的overload relays 过载继电器overshoot 过冲peak current 峰值电流power dissipation 电力分散process automation 过程自动化process instrumentation and analytics 过程仪表及分析仪器punch 穿孔，冲压reactance 电抗recharge 再充regulated power supply 稳压电源resistance 阻抗resistor 电阻器resonate 共振self-inductance 自感应series inductance 串联感应simulation 模拟switching 配电；交流thermal cycle 热循环thickness 厚度voltage regulator 调压器warping 扭曲，变形wiring layout 线路配置图AC-drives 交流变频器asymmetrical 非对称的attenuation 衰减bridged impedance 桥接阻抗cable bridge 电缆桥架charge 电荷circuit schematic diagram 电路原理图解coefficient 系数configuration 构造constant 常量copper sheet 铜片damping 阻尼decomposition 分解decouple 分离delay circuit 延迟电路dielectric sheets 介电原片diode clamping 钳位edge connector 边缘连接器electrical infrastructure 电气基础设施electrical installation 电气安装技术equations set 方程组four-layer 四层hookup 接线图human machine interface 人机界面impedance 阻抗incidence 入射incident wave 入射波incorporated 合成一体的instantaneous 瞬间的interleaved 交叉load admittance 负载导纳lumped 集中的modal 模式的modeling 建模motor management systems 电机管理系统mounting pads 安装垫片noise margins 噪音安全系数proximity effect 邻近效应radian 弧度resistive 有抵抗力的schematic 示意图services & industry solutions 服务和工业解决方案terminator 终结器undershoot 负脉冲信号；下。

Specific gravity(比重)Volume weight(容重)density(密度)porosity(孔隙度)Seed Sample（种子样品）Seed Lot（种子批）Seed Grading（种子分级）Seed Coat（种皮）Embryo（胚）Endosperm（胚乳）Seed Viability Test（种子活力测试）Tetrazolium Staining（四唑染色）Germination Test（发芽测试）Cold Germination Test（低温发芽测试）Accelerated Ageing Test（加速老化测试）Seed Health Testing（种子健康检测）Seed Treatment（种子处理）Seed coating（种子包衣）Seed filming （种子包膜）Seed pelleting （种子丸化）Seed Priming（种子引发）Seed Storage（种子储存）Seed Viability （种子生活力）Seed Dormancy（种子休眠）Germination percent（发芽率）Germination Energy（发芽势）Seedling（幼苗）Seed Vigour（种子活力）Genetic Purity（纯度）Varietal Purity（纯度）Seed Borne Diseases（种传病害）Seed Quality Assessment（种子质量评价）Seed Certification（种子认证）Seed Production Field Inspection（种子生产田间检验）Seedling Evaluation（幼苗评价）Field Emergence Test（田间出苗测试）Hard Seed（硬实种子）Dormant Seed（休眠种子）Abnormal Seedlings（异常幼苗）Moisture Content Determination（水分含量测定）Seed Ageing（种子老化）Purity Analysis（净度分析）Variety Identification（品种鉴定）Seed Aging（种子老化）Seed Longevity（种子寿命）Seed Bank（种子库）Inert matter 杂质。

New Words for Highway Engineering MaterialsChapter one1Petrology: 岩石学magmatic rock: 岩浆岩sedimentary rock: 沉积岩metamorphic: 变质岩plutonite: 深成岩Extrusive rock: 喷出岩specific gravity: 比重open and closed pores: 开口和闭口孔隙ratio of pores: 孔隙率The law of buoyancy：浮力定律bulk density: 毛体积密度apparent density: 表观密度surface dry density or saturated surface dry density: 饱和面干密度stacking density：堆积密度loose density : 松装密度tamping density : 捣实密度vibrating density : 振实密度loose density :松装密度neutral cock: 中性岩石1大家可将认为的单词不断的添加进去，以丰富单词汇集内容，同时也能方便大家的使用。

aggregate: 集料gravel: 砾石crushed aggregate: 碎石granular: 颗粒状的cementing material: 胶凝材料fine or coarse aggregate: 细、粗集料acid rock and alkaline aggregate: 酸性和碱性集料filler: 填料（矿粉）rock chip: 石屑skeleton: 骨架framework: 骨架elongated and flat particle: 针片状颗粒crushed value: 压碎值ratio of abrasion: 磨耗率polish value: 磨光值impact value: 冲击值abrasion value: 磨耗值gradation or grading: 级配resistance of shear failure: 抗剪rut: 车辙sieve analysis: 筛分试验maximum size and nominal maximum size: 最大粒径和公称最大粒径percentage retained: 分计筛余cumulative retained: 累计筛余passing in percentage: 通过率fineness modulus: 细度模数grading curve: 级配曲线aggregate scope、distribution range、gradation range：级配范围continuous gradation: 连续级配gap gradation: 间断级配open gradation: 开级配segregation: 离析trial error method and graphical methods: 试算法和图解法Chapter twoasphalt、bitumen: 沥青asphaltene: 沥青质saturates: 饱和分aromatics: 芳香分resin: 胶质paraffin and mineral wax: 石蜡和矿蜡（地蜡）sol type asphalt: 溶胶型沥青sol-gel type asphalt: 溶凝胶型沥青gel type asphalt: 凝胶型沥青viscosity: 黏滞性（黏性）dynamic viscosity: 动力黏度kinematic viscosity: 运动黏度shear stress: 剪应力shear rate: 剪变率apparent density: 表观黏度penetration: 针入度consistency: 稠度softening point: 软化点ductility: 延度brittle point: 脆点temperature susceptibility: 感温性penetration index: 针入度指数equivalent softening point: 当量软化点equivalent breaking point: 当量脆点durability: 耐久性thin film oven: 薄膜烘箱rotation thin film oven: 旋转薄膜烘箱aging: 老化residual: 残渣adhesiveness: 黏附性visco-elastic property: 黏弹性stiffness modulus: 劲度模量rotary viscosimeter: 旋转黏度计bending Beam Rheometer: 弯曲梁流变仪direct tension test: 直接拉伸仪dynamic shear rheometer: 动态剪切流变仪polymer: 高聚物（高分子）modified asphalt: 改性沥青resin: 树脂rubber: 橡胶thermoplastic elastomeric: 热塑性弹性体butadiene: 丁二烯styrene: 苯乙烯embedded sections of polystyrene butadiene polymer：嵌段式聚苯乙烯丁二烯聚合物glass transition temperature: 玻璃化转变温度viscous flow state transition temperature：粘流态转变温度compatibility: 相容性aromatics: 芳香度Chapter 3Flexible: 柔性的mixing, spreading and rolling: 拌合、摊铺和碾压Asphalt mortar: 沥青胶浆asphalt mixture: 沥青混合料suspended dense structure: 悬浮密实结构framework void structure：骨架空隙结构dense framework structure: 密实骨架结构deformation: 变形water damage or moisture damage: 水损害volume parameter of asphalt mixture: 沥青混合料体积参数theory maximum relative density of asphalt mixture: 沥青混合料理论最大密度compound density of mineral mixture: 矿料合成密度volume of air voids: 空隙率（VV）voids in the mineral aggregate: 矿料间隙率（VMA）voids filled with asphalt: 饱和度或填隙率（VFA）stability at high temperature: 高温稳定性dynamic stability: 动稳定度channelization: 渠化（交通）crack resistance at low temperature: 低温抗裂性freeze thawing split test: 冻融劈裂试验ordinate or vertical ordinate: 纵坐标abscissa or horizontal ordinate: 横坐标stone matrix asphalt (SMA): 多碎石沥青玛蹄脂lignin fiber: 木质素纤维voids in coarse aggregate: 粗集料骨架空隙率voids in coarse aggregate of asphalt mix: 沥青混合料粗集料骨架空隙率schellenberg Binder Drainage Test: 谢伦堡析漏试验cantabro Test: 肯塔堡飞散试验Chapter 4common Portland cement: 通用硅酸盐水泥inorganic cementitious materials: 无机胶凝材料Portland cement: 硅酸盐水泥ordinary Portland cement: 普通硅酸盐水泥portland slag cement: 矿渣硅酸盐水泥portland-pozzolana cement: 火山灰硅酸盐水泥fly-ash portland cement: 火山灰水泥composite Portland cement: 复合硅酸盐水泥ingredients: 成分rotary kiln: 转炉clinker: 水泥熟料gypsum: 石膏dihydrate calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O): 二水石膏tricalcium silicate: 硅酸三钙dicalcium silicate: 硅酸二钙tricalcium aluminate: 铝酸三钙tetracalciumaluminoferrite: 铁铝酸四钙hydration: 水化setting: 凝结hardening: 硬化hydrated calcium silicate: 水化硅酸钙hydrated calcium aluminate: 水化铝酸钙calcium sulphoaluminates: 水化硫铝酸钙ettringite: 钙矾石delay coagulation: 缓凝aggressive gases or liquids: 侵蚀性气体和液体setting time: 凝结时间soundness: 安定性water requirement at standard consistency: 标准稠度用水量flexural strength: 抗折（抗弯拉）强度compressive strength: 抗压强度njurious ingredients: 有害成分alkali-aggregate reaction: 碱集料反应calcining: 烧制slake lime: 熟石灰（消石灰）limestone: 石灰石dolomite: 白云石underfired lime: 欠火石灰over burned lime: 过火石灰recrystallization: 重结晶carbonification: 碳酸化effective composition content: 有效成分含量construction mortar: 建筑灰浆Chapter 5 rigid: 刚性的reinforcement: 钢筋reinforcement concrete: 钢筋混凝土prestressed concrete: 预应力钢筋混凝土workability: 工作性（和易性）flowability: 流动性tamping feasibility: 捣实性cohesiveness: 黏聚性segregation: 离析disintegration: 崩解waer-retaining: 保水性Bleeding: 泌水slump test: 坍落度试验vebe consistometer test: 维勃稠度试验internal causes: 内因external causes: 外因cubic compressive strength: 立方体抗压强度axis compressive strength: 轴心抗压强度flexural strength: 抗弯拉强度（抗压强度）splitting strength: 劈裂强度grades of concrete strength: 混凝土强度等级ratio of water and cement (binder): 水灰比（水胶比）(secant) Modulus: （割线）模量frost resistance: 抗冻性freeze/thaw cycling: 冻融循环abrasive resistance: 耐磨性adaptability: 适应性match: 匹配interpolation: 插入法additive: 外加剂water reducer: 减水剂air entraining agent: 引气剂retarder: 缓凝剂pumping aid: 泵送剂early strength agent: 早强剂corrosion inhibitor: 阻锈剂oriented absorption and dispersion: 定向吸附lubrication: 润滑capillary pores: 毛细管mass concrete: 大体积混凝土catalytic role: 催化作用Chapter 6 castable: 可铸造的forgeable: 可锻造的Ductile: 延展rigidity: 坚硬stubborn: 顽固的、难处理的martin Steel: 平炉钢converter steel: 转炉钢electric (furnace) steel: 电炉钢deoxidization: 脱氧rimmed steel: 沸腾钢killed steel: 镇静钢semi-killed steel: 半镇静钢alloy: 合金yield strength: 屈服强度yield ratio: 屈强比gauge length: 标距impact toughness: 冲击韧性cold brittleness of steel: 冷脆性brittle transition temperature: 脆性转变温度fatigue durability: 耐疲劳性fatigue breakdown: 疲劳破坏impurity content: 杂质含量defect: 缺陷cold bending property: 冷弯性能manufacturability: 工艺性crack: 开裂flaking: 剥落breakage: 断裂carbon structural steel: 碳素结构钢manganese(Mn): 锰silicon(Si): 硅vanadium (V): 钒alphabetical order: 字母顺序cold rolled ribbed (deformed) steel bar: 冷轧带肋钢筋hot-rolled plain or ribbed steel bar: 热轧带肋或光圆钢筋cold drawn wire: 冷拔钢丝hard drawn wire reinforcement: 冷拉钢筋steel wire rod: 盘条钢。

Unit 4 Physical and Chemical Properties of MaterialsPhysical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability and corrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties.The difference between a physical and chemical property is straightforward until the phase of the material is considered. When a material changes from a solid to a liquid to a vapor it seems like them become a difference substance. However, when a material melts, solidifies, vaporizes, condenses or sublimes, only the state of the substance changes. Consider ice, liquid water, and water vapor, they are all simply H2O. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.In general, some of the more important physical and chemical properties from an engineering material standpoint include phase transformation temperatures, density, specific gravity, thermal conductivity, linear coefficient of thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and resistivity, magnetic permeability, and corrosion resistance, and so on.Phase Transformation TemperaturesWhen temperature rises and pressure is held constant, a typical substance changes from solid to liquid and then to vapor. Transitions from solid to liquid, from liquid to vapor, from vapor to solid and visa versa are called phase transformations or transitions. Since some substances have several crystal forms, technically there can be solid to another solid from phase transformation.Phase transitions from solid to liquid, and from liquid to vapor absorb heat. The phase transition temperature where a solid changes to a liquid is called the melting point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (101.3 kPa) is called the boiling point. Some materials, suchas many polymers, do not go simply from a solid to a liquid with increasing temperature. Instead, at some temperature below the melting point, they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. The temperature at which a solid, glassy material begins to soften and flow is called the glass transition temperature.DensityMass can be thinly distributed as in a pillow, or tightly packed as in a block of lead.The space the mass occupies is its volume, and the mass per unit of volume is its densityMass (m) is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter. Weight (w) is a measure of the force exerted by a mass and this force is produced by the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, on the surface of the earth, the mass of an object is determined by dividing the weight of an object by 9.8 m/s2 (the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth). Since we are typically comparing things on the surface of the earth, the weight of an object is commonly used rather than calculating its mass.The density (r) of a material depends on the phase it is in and the temperature (the density of liquids and gases is very temperature dependent). Water in the liquid state has a density of 1g/cm3 =1000g/m3 at 4 °C. Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm3 at 0 °C, and it should be noted that this decrease in density for the solid phase is unusual. For almost all other substances, the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid phase. Water vapor has a density of 0.051 g/cm3.Some common units used for expressing density are grams/ cubic centimeter, kilograms/cubic meter, grams/milliliter, grams/liter, pounds for cubic inch and pounds for cubie inch and pounds per cubic foot; but it should be obvious that any unit of mass per any unit of volume can be used.Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water at 4 °C. At this temperature the density of water is atits greatest value and equal to 1 g/mL. Since specific gravity is a ratio, so it has no units. An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater than that of water. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than 1 will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. Specific gravity values for a few common substances are: Au, 19.3; mercury, 13.6; alcohol, 0.7893; benzene, 0.8786. Note that since water has density of 1 g/cm3, the specific gravity is the same as the density of the material measured in g/cm3.Magnetic PermeabilityMagnetic permeability or simply permeability is the ease with which a material can be magnetized. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. This constant is equal to approximately 1.257 x10-6 Henry per meter (H/m) in free space (a vacuum). In other materials it can be much different, often substantially greater than the free-space value, which is symbolized μ0.Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate magnet flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. The permeability factors of some substances change with rising or falling temperature, or with the intensity of the applied magnetic field.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative ,rather than in absolute, terms. If μ0 represents the permeability of free space and μrepresents the permeability of the substance in question (also specified in henrys per meter), then the relative permeability.For non-ferrous metals such as copper, brass, aluminum etc., the permeability is the same as that of "free space”, i. e. the relative permeability is one. For ferrous metals however the value of μr may beseveral hundred. Certain ferromagnetic materials, especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have μr that can range up to about 1,000,000. Diamagnetic materials have μr less than one. In addition, permeability can vary greatly within a metal part due to localized stresses, heating effects, etc.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by μr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core. This effect is useful in the design of transformers and eddy current probes.。

D ec he n g wa ngDensity(Specific Gravity)ASTM D-792g/cm3 (gm / cc) 2.10 - 2.20Water Absorption(Max.)ASTM D-570% ＜0.01Flammability-V-0Tensile Strength ASTM D-4894mpa 30Elongation of Break ASTM D-638%250 - 400Compressive strength ASTM D-695psi 3500Flexural Strength D790psi no break Flexural Modulus D790psi72,000Impact Strength D256J/cm 1.4-1.5HardnessASTM D-2240Shore D58 – 62Deformation under load (24 h 13.7 N/mm2 230C)ASTM D621%≤17Coefficient of Friction @Dynamic P-7 kg/cm 2V-0.50.04-0.06 @Static P-35 kg/cm 20.05-0.08Ball hardnessmpa30Service temperature (long term)ASTM D-648oC -180 to + 260Linear thermal expansion coefficient @30 - 150o C 1.5 @30 - 200o C 2.4 @30 - 250o C3.4Dielectric strength ASTM D-149Kv/mm ≥30Surface Resistivity ASTM D-258ohm>1015Volume ResistivityASTM D-257ohm cm>1018Chemical Resistance (Max.) @Permeability 0.01 @Dissolution0.01Page 1 of 1Material Data SheetDF-PN1000GeneralDF-PN1000 is a virgin PTFE (Polytetrafluorethylene) commonly referred to as Teflon or F4 in white color. The material has outstanding chemical properties and the lowest coefficient of friction of any solid material. The wide range of temperature (-180°C to +260°C) and the mechanical properties make PN1000 a universally usable material for a wide range of applications.Shenzhen Dechengwang Technology Co., LtdFloor 2-3, Bld D, Jinhengrun Industrial Park, Xintang, Guanlan,Longhua District, Shenzhen, CN 518110Tel:008675523283050Fax:008675583722725E:***************Physical propertiesMechanical propertiesASTM-D-1894Thermal propertiesASTM D-696%Electrical propertiesChemical propertiesASTM D-543%NOTE:*The data stated above are typical values intended for reference and comparison purposes only.*The data should not be used as a basis for design specifications or quality control.*The information is provided as a guide to the best of our knowledge and given without obligation or liability.*Testing under individual application circumstances is recommended.。