THE LOG OF GRAVITY

地心引力电影英语介绍In the vast expanse of the universe, where the only constant is change, "Gravity" takes us on a breathtaking journey into the unknown. Directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Sandra Bullock and George Clooney, this film is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of insurmountable challenges. Set in a bleak and desolate space environment, "Gravity" tells a story of survival against all odds.The film opens with a devastating accident on the International Space Station (ISS). A chain reaction of explosions tears through the station, leaving Bullock's character, Dr. Ryan Stone, and Clooney's character, Matt Kowalski, stranded in space with limited resources and no hope of rescue. As they struggle to survive, the film captures the stark beauty and terrifying isolation of space, making the viewer feel the weightlessness and helplessnessof their situation.Ryan and Kowalski's journey is filled with heart-pounding moments of danger and despair. They must navigate through a debris field, avoid colliding with floatingsatellites and spacecraft, and even face the challenges of space sickness and oxygen depletion. Throughout their ordeal, they rely on each other for support, showing the strength of human bonds in the face of adversity.The cinematography in "Gravity" is breathtaking, capturing the vastness of space and the minuteness of human existence in comparison. The use of 3D technology adds to the immersion, making the viewer feel as if they arefloating alongside Ryan and Kowalski. The sound design is also impeccable, with the silence of space broken only by the occasional beep of a spacecraft or the rush of air as the characters move through their environment.Bullock's performance is the emotional core of the film. Her portrayal of Ryan Stone, a medical engineer turned reluctant astronaut, is both vulnerable and resilient. She captures the panic and terror of being alone in space, as well as the determination and courage it takes to face such impossible odds. Clooney, as Kowalski, provides the comic relief and wisdom needed to balance out the film's tense atmosphere."Gravity" is not just a film about survival in space;it's a film about survival within oneself. It explores themes of fear, loneliness, and the will to live, askingthe viewer to consider what they would do in such a dire situation. The film's message is one of hope and perseverance, reminding us that no matter how dire the situation, the human spirit will always find a way to persevere.In conclusion, "Gravity" is a masterful film that combines breathtaking cinematography, heart-pounding action, and profound themes of human resilience. It is a must-seefor anyone who loves the thrill of adventure and the powerof human spirit.**地心引力：惊心动魄的太空之旅**在宇宙的无垠广阔中，唯一不变的就是变化本身。

The Gravity Model∗James E.AndersonBoston College and NBERJanuary18,2011AbstractGravity has long been one of the most successful empirical models in economics.In-corporating deeper theoretical foundations of gravity into recent practice has led toa richer and more accurate estimation and interpretation of the spatial relations de-scribed by gravity.Wider acceptance has followed.Recent developments are reviewedhere and suggestions are made for promising future research.JEL Classification:F10,R1.Contact information:James E.Anderson,Department of Economics,Boston Col-lege,Chestnut Hill,MA02467,USA.Keywords:Incidence,multilateral resistance,trade costs,migration.∗This review was prepared for Annual Review of Economics,vol.3.I thank Jeffrey H.Bergstrand,Keith Head,J.Peter Neary and Yoto V.Yotov for helpful comments.The gravity model in economics was until relatively recently an intellectual orphan,un-connected to the rich family of economic theory.This review is a tale of the orphan’s reunion with its heritage and the benefits that continue toflow from connections to more distant relatives.Gravity has long been one of the most successful empirical models in economics,order-ing remarkably well the enormous observed variation in economic interaction across space in both trade and factor movements.The goodfit and relatively tight clustering of coeffi-cient estimates in the vast empirical literature suggested that some underlying economic law must be at work,but in the absence of an accepted connection to economic theory,most economists ignored gravity.The authoritative survey of Leamer and Levinsohn(1995)cap-tures the mid-90’s state of professional thinking:“These estimates of gravity have been both singularly successful and singularly unsuccessful.They have produced some of the clearest and most robust empiricalfindings in economics.But,paradoxically,they have had virtually no effect on the subject of international economics.Textbooks continue to be written and courses designed without any explicit references to distance,but with the very strange im-plicit assumption that countries are both infinitely far apart and infinitely close,the former referring to factors and the latter to commodities.”Subsequently,gravityfirst appeared in textbooks in2004(Feenstra,2004),following on success in connecting gravity to economic theory,the subject of Section3.Reviews are not intended to be surveys.My take on the gravity model,thus licensed to be idiosyncratic,scants or omits some topics that others have found important while it emphasizes some topics that others have scanted.My emphases and omissions are intended to guide the orphan to maturity.An adoptive parent’s biases may have contaminated my judgment,caveat emptor.My focus is on theory.Incorporating the theoretical foundations of gravity into recent practice has led to richer and more accurate estimation and interpretation of the spatial relations described by gravity,so where appropriate I will point out this benefit.The har-vest reaped from empirical work applying the gravity model is recently surveyed elsewhere (Anderson and van Wincoop,2004;Bergstrand and Egger,2011).From a modeling standpoint,gravity is distinguished by its parsimonious and tractable representation of economic interaction in a many country world.Most international economic theory is concentrated on two country cases,occasionally extended to three country cases with special features.The tractability of gravity in the many country case is due to its modularity:the distribution of goods or factors across space is determined by gravity forces conditional on the size of economic activities at each location.Modularity readily allows for disaggregation by goods or regions at any scale and permits inference about trade costs not dependent on any particular model of production and market structure in full general equilibrium.The modularity theme recurs often below,but is missing from some other prominent treatments of gravity in the literature.1Traditional GravityThe story begins by setting out the traditional gravity model and noting clues to its union with economic theory.The traditional gravity model drew on analogy with Newton’s Law of Gravitation.A mass of goods or labor or other factors of production supplied at origin i,Y i, is attracted to a mass of demand for goods or labor at destination j,E j,but the potential flow is reduced by the distance between them,d ij.Strictly applying the analogy,X ij=Y i E j/d2ijgives the predicted movement of goods or labor between i and j,X ij.Ravenstein(1889) pioneered the use of gravity for migration patterns in the19th century UK.Tinbergen(1962) was thefirst to use gravity to explain tradeflows.Departing from strict analogy,traditional gravity allowed the exponents of1applied to the mass variables and of−2applied to bilateral distance to be generated by data tofit a statistically inferred log-linear relationship betweendata onflows and the mass variables and distance.Generally,across many applications,the estimated coefficients on the mass variables cluster close to1and the distance coefficients cluster close to−1while the estimated equationfits the data well:most data points cluster close to thefitted line in the sense that80−90%of the variation in theflows is captured by thefitted relationship.Thefit of traditional gravity improved when supplemented with other proxies for trade frictions,such as the effect of political borders and common language.Notice that bilateral frictions alone would appear to be inadequate to fully explain the effects of trade frictions on bilateral trade,because the sale from i to j is influenced by the resistance to movement on i’s other alternative destinations and by the resistance on move-ment to j from j’s alternative sources of supply.Prodded by this intuition the traditional gravity literature recently developed remoteness indexes of each country’s‘average’effectivedistance to or from its partners(id ij/Y i was commonly defined as the remoteness of coun-try j)and used them as further explanatory variables in the traditional gravity model,with some statistical success.The general problem posed by the intuition behind remoteness indexes is analogous to the N-body problem in Newtonian gravitation.An economic theory of gravity is required for an adequate solution.Because there are many origins and many destinations in any application,a theory of the bilateralflows must account for the relative attractiveness of origin-destination pairs.Each sale has multiple possible destinations and each purchase has multiple possible origins:any bilateral sale interacts with all others and involves all other bilateral frictions.This general equilibrium problem is neatly solved with structural gravity models.For expositional ease,the discussion focuses below on goods movements except when migration or investment is specifically treated.2Frictionless Gravity LessonsTaking a step toward structure,an intuitively appealing starting point is the description of a completely smooth homogeneous world in which all frictions disappear.Developing the implications of this structure yields a number of useful insights about the pattern of world trade.A frictionless world implies that each good has the same price everywhere.In a homoge-neous world,economic agents everywhere might be predicted to purchase goods in the same proportions when faced with the same prices.In the next section the assumptions on pref-erences and/or technology that justify this plausible prediction are the focus,but here the focus is on the implications for trade patterns.In a completely frictionless and homogeneous world,the natural benchmark prediction is that X ij/E j=Y i/Y,the proportion of spending by j on goods from i is equal to the global proportion of spending on goods from i,where Y denotes world spending.Any theory must impose adding up constraints,which for goods requires that the sum of sales to all destinations must equal Y i,the total sales by origin i,and the sum of purchases from all origins must equal E j,the total expenditure for each destination j.Total sales andexpenditures must be equal:i.e.,iY i=jE j=Y.One immediate payoffis an implication for inferring trade frictions.Multiplying both sides of the frictionless benchmark prediction X ij/E j=Y i/Y by E j yields predicted friction-less trade Y i E j/Y.The ratio of observed trade X ij to predicted frictionless trade Y i E j/Y represents the effect of frictions along with random influences.(Bilateral trade data are notoriously rife with measurement error.)Fitting the statistical relationship between the ratio of observed to frictionless trade and various proxies for trade costs is justified by this simple theoretical structure as a proper focus of empirical gravity models.Thus far,the treatment of tradeflows has been of a generic good that most of the literature has implemented as an aggregate:the value of aggregate bilateral trade in goods for example.But the model applies more naturally to disaggregated goods(and factors)becausethe frictions to be analyzed below are likely to differ markedly by product characteristics. The extension to disaggregated goods,indexed by k,is straightforward.X kij =Y kiE kjY k=s kib kjY k.(1)Here s ki =Y ki/Y k is country i’s share of the world’s sales of goods class k and b kj=E kj/Y kis country j’s share of the world spending on k,equal to the world’s sales of k,Y k.The notation and logic also readily apply to the disaggregation of countries into regions, and indeed a prominent portion of the empirical literature has examined bilateralflows between city pairs or regions,motivated by the observation that much economic interaction is concentrated at very short distances.The model can interpreted to reflect individual decisions aggregated with a probability model;see section5.1below.In aggregate gravity applications(i.e.,most applications),it has been common to use origin and destination mass variables equal to Gross Domestic Product(GDP).This is con-ceptually inappropriate and leads to inaccurate modeling unless the ratio of gross shipments to GDP is constant(in which case the ratio goes into a constant term).A possible direction for aggregate modeling is to convert trade to the same value-added basis as GDP,but this seems more problematic than using disaggregated gravity to explain the pattern of gross shipments and then uniting estimated gravity models within a superstructure to connect to GDP.That is the strategy of the structural gravity model research program reviewed here.Equation(1)generates a number of useful implications.1.Big producers have big market shares everywhere,2.small sellers are more open in the sense of trading more with the rest of the world,3.the world is more open the more similar in size and the more specialized the countriesare,4.the world is more open the greater the number of countries,and5.world openness rises with convergence under the simplifying assumption of balancedtrade.Implication1,that big producers have big market shares everywhere,follows because, reverting to the generic notation and omitting the k superscript,the frictionless gravity prediction is that:X ij/E j=s i.Implication2,that small sellers are more open in the sense of trading more with the rest of the world follows fromi=jX ij/E j=1−Y j/Y=1−s jusingjE j=iY i,which implies balanced trade for the world.Implication3is that the world is more open the more similar in size and the more special-ized the countries are.It is convenient to define world openness as the ratio of internationalshipments to total shipments,ji=jX ij/Y.Dividing(1)through by Y k and suppressingthe goods index k,world openness is given byji=jX ij/Y=jb j(1−s j)=1−jb j s j.Using standard statistical propertiesj b j s j=Nr bsV ar(s)V ar(b)+1/N,where N is the number of countries or regions,V ar denotes variance,r bs is the correlationcoefficient between b and s and1/N=is i/N=jb j/N,the average share.This equationfollows from the shares summing to one and using standard properties of covariance.Here, V ar(s)and V ar(b)measures size dis-similarity and the correlation of s and b,r bs,is aninverse measure of specialization.Substituting into the expression for world openness:ji=jX ij/Y=1−1/N−Nr bsV ar(s)V ar(b)(2)Implication3follows from equation(2)because on the right-hand side the similarity of country size shrinks the variances while specialization shrinks the correlation r bs.The country-size similarity property has been prominently stressed in the monopolistic competition and trade literature.(It is sometimes taken as evidence for monopolistic com-petition in a sector rather than as a consequence of gravity no matter what explains the pattern of the b’s and s’s.)The specialization property has also been noted in that liter-ature as reflecting forces that make for greater net international trade,the absolute value of s j−b j.Making comparisons across goods classes,variation in the right-hand side of(2) results from variation in specialization and in the dispersion of the shipment and expenditure shares.Notice again that the cross-commodity variation in world openness arises here in a frictionless world,a reminder that measures of world home bias in a world with frictions must be evaluated relative to the frictionless world benchmark.Country-size similarity also tends to increase bilateral trade between any pair of countries, all else equal.This point(Bergstrand and Egger,2007)is seen most clearly with aggregate trade that is also balanced,hence s j=b j.Equation(1)can be rewritten asX ij=s iji s ijj(Y i+Y j)2Y,where s iji ≡Y i/(Y i+Y j),the share of i in the joint GDP of i and j.The product s ijis ijjis maximized at s iji =s ijj=1/2,so for given joint GDP size,bilateral trade is increasingin country similarity.(With unbalanced trade or specialization,an analogous similarity property holds for the bilateral similarity of income and expenditure shares.Letγj=E j/Y j. Then the same equation as before holds with the right-hand side multiplied byγj.)A more novel implication of equation(2)is implication4,that world openness is ordinarilyincreasing in the number of countries.Increasing world openness due to a rise in the number of countries reflects the property that smaller countries are more naturally open and division makes for more and smaller countries.This effect is seen by differentiating the left-hand side ofji=jX ij/Y=1−jb j s j,yielding−j(b j ds j+s j db j).Increasing the number of countries tends to imply reducingthe share of each existing country while increasing the share(from zero)of the new country. The preceding differential expression should thus ordinarily be positive.The qualification‘ordinarily’is needed because the pattern of share changes will depend on the underlying structure as revealed by the left-hand side of equation(2).On the one hand,the average share1/N decreases as N rises,raising world openness.On the otherhand,the change in the number of countries will usually change r bsin waysthat depend on the type of country division(or confederation)as well as indirect effects on shares as prices change.(The apparent direct effect of N in thefirst term on the right-handside of equation(2)vanishes because1/N scalesV ar(b)V ar(s).)A practical implication of this discussion is that inter-temporal comparisons of ratios of world international trade to world income,to be economically meaningful,should be con-trolled for changes in the size distribution and the number of countries,a correction of large practical importance in the past50to100years.Alternatively,measures of openness meant to reflect the effects of trade frictions should be constructed in relation to the frictionless benchmark.Applied to aggregate trade data,gravity yields implication5,that world openness rises with convergence under the simplifying assumption of balanced trade for each country,b j= s j,∀j.The right-hand side of equation(2)becomes NV ar(s)+1/N under balanced trade, and per-capita income convergence lowers V ar(s)toward the variance of population.Baier and Bergstrand(2001)use the convergence property to partially explain postwar growth in world trade/income,finding relatively little action,although presumably more recent data influenced by the rise of China and India might give more action.Pointing toward a connection with economic theory,the shares s i and b j and the plau-sible hypothesis of the frictionless model must originate from an underlying structure of preferences and technology.Also,the deviation of observed X ij from the frictionless pre-diction reflects frictions as they act on the pattern of purchase decisions of buyers and the sales decisions of sellers,which originate from an underlying structure of preferences and technology.3Structural GravityModeling economies with trade costs works best if it moves backward from the end user. Start by evaluating all goods at user prices,applying demand-side structure to determine the allocation of demand at those prices.Treat all costs incurred between production and end use as being incurred by the supply side of the market,even though there are often significant costs directly paid by the user.What matters economically in the end is the full cost between production and end use,and the incidence of that cost on the producer and the end user.Many of these costs are not directly observable,and the empirical gravity literature indicates the total is well in excess of the transportation and insurance costs that are observable(see Anderson and van Wincoop,2004,for a survey of trade costs).The supply side of the market under this approach both produces and distributes the delivered goods,incurring resource costs that are paid by end users.The factor markets for those resources must clear at equilibrium factor prices,determining costs that link to end-user prices.Budget constraints require national factor incomes to pay for national expenditures plus net lending or transfers including remittances.Below the national accounts,individual economic agents also meet budget constraints.Goods markets clear when prices are found such that demand is equal to supply for each good.The full general equilibrium requires a set of bilateral factor prices and bilateral goods prices such that all markets clear and all budget constraints are met.This standard description of general economic equilibrium is too complex to yield some-thing like gravity.A hugely useful simplification is modularity,subordinating the economic determination of equilibrium distribution of goods within a class under the superstructure determination of the distribution of production and expenditure between classes of goods. Anderson and van Wincoop(2004)call this property trade separability.Observing that goods are typically supplied from multiple locations,even withinfine census commodity classes,it is natural to look for a theoretical structure that justifies grouping in this way. The structural gravity model literature has uncovered two structures that work,one on the demand side and one on the supply side,detailed in sections3.1and3.2.Modularity(trade separability)permits the analyst to focus exclusively on inference about distribution costs from the pattern of distribution of goods(or factors)without having to explain at the same time what determines the total supplies of goods to all destinations or the total demand for goods from all origins.This is a great advantage for two reasons.First, it simplifies the inference task enormously.Second,the inferences about the distribution of goods or factors is consistent with a great many plausible general equilibrium models of national(or regional)production and consumption.Modularity also requires a restriction on trade costs,so that only the national aggregate burden of trade costs within a goods class matters for allocation between classes.The most popular way to meet this requirement is to restrict the trade costs so that the distribution of goods uses resources in the same proportion as the production of those same goods.Samuel-son(1952)invented iceberg melting trade costs in which the trade costs were proportional to the volume shipped,as the amount melted from the iceberg is proportional to its volume. The iceberg metaphor still applies when allowing for afixed cost,as if a chunk of the ice-berg breaks offas it parts from the mother glacier.Mathematically,the generalized iceberg trade cost is linear in the volume shipped.Economically,distribution continues to require resources to be used in the same proportion as in production.Fixed costs are realistic and potentially play an important role in explaining why many potential bilateralflows are equalto zero.More general nonlinear trade cost functions continue to satisfy the production propor-tionality restriction and thus meet the requirements of modularity,but depart from the iceberg metaphor.Bergstrand(1985)derived a joint cost function that is homogeneous of degree one with Constant Elasticity of Transformation(CET).This setup allows for substi-tution effects in costs between destinations rather than the cost independence due tofixed coefficients in the iceberg model.Bilateral costs have a natural aggregator that is an iceberg cost facing monopolistically competitivefirms.A nice feature of the joint cost model is its econometric tractability under the hypothesis of profit maximizing choice of destinations. Although potentially more realistic,the joint cost refinement turns out to make relatively little difference empirically.Arkolakis(2008)develops a nonlinear(in volume)trade cost function in which hetero-geneous customers are obtained byfirms with a marketing technology featuring afixed-cost component(running a national advertisement)and a variable-cost component(leafletting or telemarketing)subject to diminishing returns as the less likely customers are encountered. Because of the Ricardian production and distribution technology,resource requirements in distribution remain proportional to production resource requirements.Arkolakis shows that the marketing technology model can rationalize features of thefirm-level bilateral shipments data that cannot be explained with the linearfixed-costs model.His setup is not economet-rically tractable but is readily applicable as a simulation model.In all applications based on the preceding cost functions,proxies for costs are entered in some convenient functional form,usually loglinear in variables such as bilateral distance,con-tiguity,membership of a country,continent or regional trade agreement,common language and common legal traditions.See Anderson and van Wincoop(2004)for more discussion.More generality in trade costs that violates the production proportionality restriction comes at the price of losing modularity.See Matsuyama(2007)for recent exploration of the implications of non-iceberg trade costs in a2country Ricardian model.See Deardorff(1980)for a very general treatment of the resource requirements of trade costs as a setting for his demonstration that the law of comparative advantage holds quite generally.3.1Demand-Side StructureThe second requirement for modularity can be met by restricting the preferences and/or technology such that the cross effects in demand between classes of goods(either interme-diate orfinal)flow only through aggregate price indexes.This demand property is satisfied when preferences or technology are homothetic and weakly separable with respect to a par-tition into classes whose members are defined by location,a partition structure called the Armington assumption.Thus for example steel products from all countries are members of the steel class.Notice that the assumption implies that goods are purchased from multiple sources because they are evaluated differently by end users,and goods are differentiated by place of origin.It is usual to impose identical preferences across countries.Differences in demand across countries,such as a home bias in favor of locally produced goods,can be accommodated, understanding that‘trade costs’now include the effect of a demand side home bias.In practice it is very difficult to distinguish demand-side home bias from the effect of trade costs, since the proxies used in the literature(common language,former colonial ties,or internal trade dummies,etc.)plausibly pick up both demand and cost differences.Henceforth trade cost is used without qualification but is understood to potentially reflect demand-side home bias.Declines in trade costs can be understood as reflecting homogenization of tastes.Separability implies that each goods class has a natural quantity aggregate and a nat-ural price aggregate,with substitution between goods classes occurring as if the quantity aggregates were goods in the standard treatment.The separability assumption implies that national origin expenditure shares within the steel class are not altered by changes in the prices of non-steel products,though of course the aggregate purchase of steel is affected by the aggregate cross effect.Homotheticity ensures that relative demands are functions onlyof relative aggregate prices.Thefirst economic foundation for the gravity model was based on specifying the expendi-ture function to be a Constant Elasticity of Substitution(CES)function(Anderson,1979). Expenditure shares in the CES case are given byX ij E j =βi p i t ijP j1−σ(3)where P j is the CES price index,σis the elasticity of substitution parameter,βi is the ‘distribution parameter’for varieties shipped from i,p i is their factory gate price and t ij>1 is the trade cost factor between origin i and destination j.The CES price index is given byP j=i(βi p i t ij)1−σ1/(1−σ).(4)Notice that the same parameters characterize expenditure behavior in all locations;prefer-ences are common across the world by assumption.Notice also that the shares are invariant to income,preferences are homothetic.With frictionless trade,t ij=1,∀(i,j)and therefore all the buyers’shares of good i must equal the sellers share of world sales(at destination prices),Y i/Y.Thus the frictionless benchmark is justified by assuming identical homothetic preferences.For intermediate goods,the same logic works replacing expenditure shares with cost shares.The‘distribution parameters’βi bear several interpretations.They could be exogenous taste parameters.Alternatively,in applications to monopolistically competitive products,βi is proportional to the number offirms from i offering distinct varieties(Bergstrand,1989). Countries with more activefirms get bigger weights.In long run monopolistic competition the number offirms is endogenous.Due tofixed entry costs,bigger countries have more active firms in equilibrium,all else equal.The number of activefirms contributes to determining the Y i’s that are given in the gravity module.The other building block in the structural gravity model is market clearance:at deliveredprices Y i=jX ij.Multiplying both sides of(3)by E j and summing over j yields a solutionforβi p1−σi,βi p1−σi =Y ij(t ij/P j)1−σE j.Define the denominator asΠ1−σi.Substituting into(3)and(4)yields the structural gravity model:Xij =EjYiYtijPjΠi1−σ(5)(Πi )1−σ=jtijPj1−σEjY(6)(Pj )1−σ=itijΠi.1−σYiY.(7)The second ratio on the right-hand side of(5)is a decreasing function(under the empirically valid restrictionσ>1)of direct bilateral trade costs relative to the product of two indexes of all bilateral trade costs in the system.Anderson and van Wincoop(2003)called the terms P j andΠi inward and outwardmultilateral resistance respectively.Note that{P1−σj ,Π1−σi}can be solved from(6)-(7)forgiven t1−σij’s,E j’s and Y i’s combined with a normalization.1Under the assumption of bilateral trade cost symmetry t ij=t ji,∀i,j and balanced trade E j=Y j,∀j,the natural normalization isΠi=P i.Anderson and van Wincoop estimated their gravity equation for Canada’s provinces and US states with a full information estimator that utilized(7)withΠi=P i. Subsequent research has focused mostly on estimating(5)with directional countryfixedeffects to control for E j/P1−σj and Y i/Π1−σi.Multilateral resistance is on the face of it an index of inward and outward bilateral trade costs,but because of the simultaneity of the system(6)-(7),all bilateral trade costs in the world contribute to the solution values.This somewhat mysterious structure has a simple1For any solution to the system{P0j ,Π0i},{λP0j,Π0i/λ}is also a solution.Thus a normalization is needed.Anderson and Yotov(2010a)find that the system(6)-(7)solves quite quickly,not surprisingly because it is quadratic in the1−σpower transforms of the P’s andΠ’s.。

Portable Density/SpecificGravity/Concentration MeterDMA 35DMA 35 …… talks the same languageYour DMA 35 communicates with you in a language youwill understand immediately. The user interface is clearly arranged and you will intuitively find your way through the menu. The display backlight, which switches on automatically when a new sample is filled, makes sure you clearly see your measuring results even in dark surroundings. The seven large keys enable operation of the instrument even when wearing protective gloves.… denies access to spills and humidity The robust DMA 35 is designed to withstand the rough conditions of industrial and field applications. The leakproof sealed housing keeps humidity out of the electronics and stops pump spills entering the instrument.… saves you time and energyOnce defined, you can choose between up to 20 different customized measuring methods and up to 100 sample IDs for easy identification of samples, users or measuring locations. With a memory capacity for 1024 measurement results including timestamp and sample ID, DMA 35 is prepared for a long working day.… uses wireless technologyDMA 35 prints your measuring results and exchanges data with your PC completely wireless via the integrated IrDA interface. Update your instrument with the latest firmware, export measuring data for archiving purposes or simply write your method list and sample ID list on the PC and import it into your instrument via IrDA.… works at the push of a button Your sample is filled into the measuring cell of DMA35 by simply pushing the lever on the built-in pump. DMA 35 measures the density of your sample or determines concentration using the preinstalled density/ concentration tables. You also have the option of adding up to ten custom functions to the list of measuring units. This is useful if you measure specific samples regularly. … lights up the cellTo obtain accurate measuring results it is essential that your sample is filled into the measuring cell without any gas bubbles. The measuring cell of DMA 35, visible from outside through an inspection window, is equipped with a backlight, making it easy for you to observe the filling process closely.© 2016 A n t o n P a a r G m b H | A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .S p e c i f i c a t i o n s s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e w i t h o u t n o t i c e .C 96I P 001E N -G。

英文汉译Unconformity不整合2D-seismic二维地震3D-seismic三维地震4D-seismic四维地震Abnormal events异常波Absolute permeability绝对渗透率Absorption吸收Absorption coefficient吸收系数Acceleration of gravity重力加速度Accumulate error累计误差Acoustic impedance波阻抗Acoustic logging声波测井Acoustic impedance声阻抗Acoustic impedance section波阻抗剖面Acoustic impedance section声阻抗剖面Acoustic log声波测井Acoustic variable density logging声波变密度测井Acoustic velocity log声速测井Acoustic wave声波Adachi formulas阿达奇公式Adaptive Deconvolution自适应反褶积Adjacent-bed effect围岩影响Adjugate伴随矩阵Aeolotropy各向异性Aerated layer风化层AGC(automatic gain control)自动增益控制Aggradation加积作用Algorithm算法Alias假频Amplitude振幅Amplitude anomaly振幅异常Amplitude distortion振幅失真Amplitude equalization振幅平衡Amplitude log声波幅度测井Amplitude modulation振幅调制Amplitude of the envelope振幅包络Amplitude recovery真振幅恢复AMT（audiomagnetotelluric method）音频大地电磁法Analog模拟Angle of incidence入射角Angular frequency 角频率Anisotropy各向异性Anticipation function 期望函数anticline背斜构造Aperture time时窗时间API unitＡＰＩ单位Apparent表观值Apparent density视密度Apparent dip视倾角Apparent polarity视极性Apparent resistivity视电阻率Apparent velocity视速度Apparent wavelength视波长Apparent wavenumber视波数Applied geophysics应用地球物理学Archie’s formulas阿尔奇经验公式Areal heterogeneity平面非均质Array排列，组合Arrival波至Asynchronous异步的Attenuation衰减Attribute属性，品质Autoconvolution自褶积Autocorrelation自相关Autocovariancet自协方差Auxiliary key horizon辅助标准层Average平均Average velocity平均速度Average velocity平均速度AVO technique AVO技术Axis轴Azimuth方位角，方位Background背景Balanced section平衡剖面Balancing a survey平差Band频带Band-pass通频带Bandwidth带宽Barrier layer隔层Base lap底超Base line基线Base map草图，底图Base station基点Base-line shift基线偏移Basin盆地bedding层理Bias偏差；偏流；偏压；偏磁Bimodal双峰的Bin面元Binary二进制Binate重采样bipole双极bland zone盲区block数据块borehole televiewer井下电视bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格校正boundary conditionBright spot亮点Bulk porosity总孔隙度caprock盖层Chemical sedimentary rock化学沉积岩Clastic sedimentary rock碎屑沉积岩Clay mineral粘土矿物Clean sandstone model纯砂岩模型CMS（chemical remanent magnetization）化学剩磁Compensate neutron log补偿中子测井Complex cycle复合旋回Comprehensive log interpretation测井资料综合解释Concentric folding同心褶皱Connectivity砂体连通性continuation延拓contour等值线convergence收敛Converted wave转换波convolution褶积Core岩芯corer取芯器，取样器correction校正correlation对比；相关；匹配Correlation coefficient相关系数Correlation filter相关滤波COS （common offset stack）共炮检距叠加Cosine law余弦定理coupling耦合Covariance协方差creep蠕变Critical angle临界角Critical damping临界阻尼Crooked line弯曲线测量Cross十字Cross bedding交错层理Crosscorrelation filter互相关滤波crossplot交会图Cross-section剖面；截面Curie point居里点curl旋度Curvature曲率Curve fitting曲线拟合Cycle skip周波跳跃Cylindrical divergence圆柱状发散datum基准面Decay constant衰减常数Decay curve衰减曲线decimate重采样Decimate重采样Declination磁偏角Decollement滑脱面Decomposition分辨Deconvolution反褶积Delay time延迟时间Demodulation解调Density logging密度测井Density contrast密度差Depositional remanent magnetism沉积剩余磁性Depositional sequence沉积层序Depth map深度图Depth migration深度偏移Depth of investigation勘探深度Development seismic开发地震Development well logging开发测井Diaper底避构造Dielectric log介电常数测井Dielectric consist介电常数Differential差异；差分Differential compaction差异压实作用Diffraction绕射Diffraction stack绕射叠加Digital数字Dim spot暗点Dip倾角Dip angle地层倾角Dip direction地层倾向Dip line倾斜测线Dip moveout倾角时差Dipole偶极Direct detection直接检测Direct problem正问题Direct wave直达波Dirichlet condition狄利赫来条件Discrete fourier transform离散傅里叶变换Disharmonic folding不谐和褶皱Dispersion curve频散曲线Displacement偏离Displacement current位移电流Dissertation Abstracts International国际学位论文文摘Distortion畸变Distributed分布Divergence发散；散度Domain域Dome丘，穹隆Dominant frequency主频Doppler effect多普勒效应Downdip下降，下倾，Downlap下超Drape披盖Drift漂移Drill钻机Dual water model双水模型Dynamic correction动校正Dynamic memory动态存储器Dynamic range动态范围Dynamite烈性硝甘炸药Effective permeability有效渗透率Effective porosity有效孔隙度Eigenvalue特征值Eigenvector特征向量Elastic弹性的Elastic constants弹性常数Elastic deformation弹性常数Elastic impedance波阻抗Elastic limit弹性限度Elastic moduli弹性模量Elastic wave弹性波Electromagnetic propagation log电磁波传播测井Elevation correction高程校正emulate仿真End-on端点放炮Engineering geophysics工程地球物理enthalpy焓entropy熵envelope包络equalization均衡Equipotential surface等位面Event同相轴Expectation期望Exponential decay指数衰减Factor analysis因子分析Fade切除Fan-filter扇形滤波Fast fourier transform快速傅里叶变换fault断层Fault断层Fault bench断阶构造Fault drop落差Fault line断层线Fault surface断层面Fault throw断距feedback反馈Fence diagram栅状图Fence effect栅栏效应Fermat’s principle费马原理Filter滤波器Finite-difference method有限差分法Finite-element method有限元法Firing引爆First break初至Flat spot平点Flattened section已拉平的剖面Flexural-slip folding挠曲滑动褶皱Floating datum浮动基准面Flow chart流程图Flushed zone冲洗带flute切除flux通量Flyer检波器串fold地层褶曲folding褶皱format格式formation地层Formation occurrence地层产状Formation sensitivity储层敏感性Formation strike地层走向Formation evaluation地层评价Formation resistivity factor地层电阻率因子Formation-density log地层密度测井Forward solution正演解four-property relationship四性关系fracture裂缝Fresnel diffraction菲涅尔衍射Gas hydrate天然气水合物geochronology地质年代学geodesy大地测量学Geodetic latitude大地纬度Geodetic reference system大地参考系统Geodynamics project地球动力学研究计划Geographic latitude大地纬度geoid大地水准面Geomagnetic pole地磁极Geomagnetic reversal地磁反转Geometric factor几何因子Geometric spreading几何扩散Geophone检波器Geophone检波器组合Geophone array检波器组合Geophone interval检波距Geophone pattern检波器组合geophysicist地球物理学家Geophysics survey地球物理测量geosyncline地槽Geothermal gradient地热梯度ghost虚反射graben地堑graben地堑gradient梯度gravimeter重力仪Gravitational folding重力褶皱Gravitational potential重力位gravity重力Gravity anomaly 重力异常Gravity reduction重力改正Gravity survey重力测量Grid网格Ground roll地滚波Group interval组距Group velocity群速度Guided wave导波hammer重锤Handshake信息交换harmonic谐波Harmonic function调和函数Head wave首波Heat conductivity热导率high-resolution seismic高分辨率地震Horizontal bedding水平层理Horizontal slice水平切片Horizontal spot平点horst地垒horst地垒Igneous rock火成岩Index bed标准层Induced polarization激发极化Inductance电感induction感应Induction electrical survey感应电测井Induction logging感应测井inductivity磁导率Information extracted信息提取Innerbeded heterogeneity层内非均质Instantaneous frequency瞬时频率Instantaneous phase瞬时相位instruction指令insulator绝缘体Integrated circuit集成电路Integrated geophysics综合地球物理Integration混波Intelligent terminal智能终端intensity强度Intensity of magnetization磁化强度Interactive人机联作Interbed夹层Interbed multiple层间多次波Interbeded heterogeneity层间非均质Intercept distortion截断失真Interpretation解释Invaded zone冲洗带Inverse cycle反旋回Inverse draw逆牵引Inversion problem反问题Key bed标志层Laterolog侧向测井Layer velocity section层速度剖面Layer velocity层速度Level calibration层位标定litho-density log岩性密度测井Log interpretation model测井解释模型Log response equation测井响应方程Logging tool standardization测井仪器标准化logging-constrained reversion测井约束地震反演Logs测井曲线Material balance equation物质平衡方程Metamorphic rock变质岩Microelectrode log微电极测井microfacies沉积微相migrated-stacked section偏移叠加剖面Model of bulk-volume rock岩石体积模型Monoclinal strata单斜层mute切除Natural gamma-ray logging自然伽马测井Natural gamma ray spectral log自然伽马能谱测井normal正断层Normal cycle正旋回Normal draw正牵引Normal fault正断层Normal-moveout corrections正常时差校正Nosing structure鼻状构造Oil layer group油层组Oil sandbody油砂体one-step 3D-migration一步三维偏移Parameter参数permeability渗透率Permeability max-mean ratio渗透率突进系数permeability max-min ratio渗透率级差permeability variation coefficient渗透率变异系数Petrophysical property油层物性phase spectrum相位谱Pinch out地层尖灭Polarity reversal极性反转Pore throat孔隙喉道potential势能Primary pore原生孔隙prospect勘探工区，勘探远景区Prospecting seismology勘探地震学Random随机的Ray tracing射线追踪Reciprocity principle互换定理Reconnaissance踏勘，Recover恢复，还原Recovery收获率Recursive filter递归滤波Reef礁Reflecting point反射点Reflection反射Reflection factor反射系数Reflection character analysis反射波特征分析Reflection coefficient反射系数Reflection polarity反射波极性Reflection strength反射波强度Reflection survey反射波勘探Reflector反射界面Refraction折射Refraction wave折射波Refractive index折射系数，折射率Refractor折射界面，折射层Regression海退Regression analysis回归分析Relative permeability相对渗透率Relaxation time驰豫时间Reserving space储集空间reservoir储集层Reservoir fundamental parameter储集层基本参数Resistivity logging电阻率测井Resistivity index电阻率指数resolution分辨率Resolution分辨率Resonance共振Reverberation鸣震reverse逆断层Reverse fault逆断层RMS(root-mean-square)均方根Rock stratum岩层Rock structure岩石构造Rock texture岩石结构Rotational旋转断层Sample ratio取样间隔Sampling theorem采样定理Sand砂岩Sands group砂层组saturation饱和度scattering散射Seal rock封堵层Secondary pore次生孔隙Secondary field二次场Secondary porosity次生孔隙度Sedimentary cycle沉积旋回Sedimentary facies沉积相Sedimentary rhythm沉积韵律Sedimentary rock沉积岩Seis检波器, 地震检波器seiscrop等时切片图Seislog地震测井seisloop三维测量排列Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic inversion地震反演Seismic normalization地震正演Seismic wavelet地震子波Seismic datum地震基准面Seismic discontinuity地震不连续面Seismic event地震同相轴Seismic exploration地震勘探Seismic facies地震相Seismic log地震测井Seismic map地震构造图Seismic profile地震剖面Seismic pulse地震脉冲Seismic record地震记录Seismic refraction method地震折射波法Seismic section地震剖面Seismic sequence analysis地震层序分析Seismic stratigraphy地震地层学Seismic survey地震勘探Seismic tomography地震层析seismic-geologic section地震地质剖面seismic-sequent stratigraphy地震层序地层学Seismogram地震记录Seismograph地震仪Seismologist地震学家Seismology地震学sensitivity灵敏度Series of development strata开发层系Shale泥岩Shaly sandstone model泥质砂岩模型Shear wave横波Shielding屏蔽，屏蔽层Shoot爆炸，放炮，激发Signal to noise ratio信噪比Significance level显著性水平Similar folding相似褶皱simulated annealing模拟退火Single layer小层Singularity奇点，奇异点，奇异性Skin depth趋肤深度Smoothing平滑SP(spontaneous potential or self potential )自然电位Spacing电极距，源距Spatial aliasing空间假频Spectrum谱，频谱Spherical球面的Spill point溢出点Spontaneous potential log自然电位测井Spread排列，布置Spreading发散，扩散Stacked section水平叠加剖面stacked-migrated section叠偏剖面Stacking velocity叠加速度Standard标准的Static correction静校正Statistical统计的Storage存储器Storm扰动Strain应变，形变，胁变Strata overlap地层超覆Stratigraphic interpretation地层学解释Stratum loss地层缺失Streamer拖缆Strike slip走向滑动断层Stringer高速薄层Structural geology构造地质Structure构造Superposition叠加定理Supervisor野外监督Suppression压制Surface wave面波Survey测量，勘测，勘探Susceptibility磁化率Synchronous同步的syncline向斜构造Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Synthetic seismogram合成地震记录Systematic error系统误差TAR（ture-amplitude recovery ）真振幅恢复Tectonic map大地构造图Telluric current大地电流Tensor张量Terrain correction地形校正Thermal conductivity热导率Three instantaneous parameter section三瞬剖面throat eveness coefficient喉道均质系数throat mean喉道平均值throat mid-value喉道中值Thrust fault冲断层Thrust fault逆掩断层Tie-line联接测线Time-distance curve时距曲线Time-slice map等时切片Time-variant时变的Tomography层析成像技术Toplap顶超Topographic correction地形校正Total reflection全反射Trace analysis道分析Trace equalization道均衡Trace gather道集Trace integration道积分Trace inversion道反演Trace sequential道序编排transform转换断层Transform fault转换断层Transformed wave转换波Transgression海侵Transient electromagnetic method瞬变电磁法Transistor晶体管Transmission coefficient透射系数Transverse wave横波Transversely isotropic横向各向同性Trap圈闭Travel path传播路径Tree-dimensional survey三维勘探Trough波谷Truncation error截断误差Tumescence火山隆起two-step 3D-migration二步三维偏移Uncertainty不定性，不确定性，不可靠性Updip上倾放炮Uphole geophone井口检波器Upward continuation向上延拓Valley波谷Variable area变面积Variable density变密度Variance方差Vector矢量Velocity analysis速度分析Velocity inversion速度倒转Velocity layering速度分层Velocity spectrum速度谱Velocity sweeping速度扫描Vibration survey振动测量Vibrator振动器Video display视频显示Virtual memory虚拟存储器Viscoelastic粘弹性的Viscosity粘度，粘滞性Water saturation含水饱和度Wave group波组wave equation波动方程Wave equation migration波动方程偏移Wave impedance波阻抗Wave velocity波速Waveform波形Wavefront波前Wavelet地震子波Wavelet equalization子波均衡Wavelet extraction子波提取Wavelet processing子波处理Wavenumber波数Wavy bedding波状层理Weathering 风化层Weathering风化层，低速带Weathering correction低速带校正Weathering layer风化层，低速带Weathering shot低速带测定Weighted array加权平均加权组合Weighted average加权平均Well logging测井Well logging series测井系列White白噪声White noise level白噪水平Young’s modulus杨氏模量Zero-phase零相位Zoeppritz’s equation佐普里茨方程。

电影地心引力英文介绍（五篇范例）第一篇：电影地心引力英文介绍电影地心引力英文介绍In short, the new sci-fi thriller Gravity is a film that’s set in space and has only two characters.Most of the time, it focuses on only one of them.How exciting could it be?简而言之，这部最新的科幻惊悚片就是一部只有两位主角的太空电影。

影片大多数时间都聚焦在其中一人身上。

所以，这样一部电影到底能有多大魅力呢？It doesn’t sound promising, but the 90-minute film, as the main character Dr Ryan Stone(Sandra Bullock)says, is “one hell of a ride”.听上去该片并不怎么样，但正如主角瑞安•斯通博士（桑德拉•布洛克饰）说的那样，这部90分钟的电影如同一次“地狱之旅”。

Stone, a NASA engineer who’s on her first voyage into space, is installing a component for the Hubble space telescope.Her guide Matt Kowalsky(George Clooney), a charming and experienced astronaut, loops around her, making small talk with Mission Control back on Earth.The camera pans in director Alfonso Cuaron’s signature long takes, framing Bullock with just the blue orb of the Earth behind her.第一次踏上太空的美国宇航局工程师斯通奉命为哈勃太空望远镜安装配件。

简介太阳是一个巨大的燃烧着的火球。

没有来自太阳的光和热，我们就不能在地球这颗行星上生存。

在这颗行星周围有臭氧层保护着我们免受太阳之火的伤害。

但是如果臭氧层破裂，将会怎样呢？现在臭氧层上已经有了小洞，有人说那些小洞会变得越来越大——直到有一天再没有任何东西挡在我们和太阳的火焰之间。

事情发生在2222年。

地球人制造了AOL——人工臭氧层。

美丽的地球又有了1000年的生命。

树又发芽了，下雨了，河里有了水……但现在是2522年，人工臭氧层已经破裂。

幼嫩的树林开始枯萎，河流也逐渐干涸。

凯和瑞拉从他们的宇宙飞船里看到了这危险的情景，可他们又能做些什么呢？月亮下面的部族里住着他们的朋友，可是路途遥远，而地球首领高格又不肯听从他们的指挥。

本书的作者罗维纳·阿金耶米是英国人。

曾在非洲居住和工作了多年。

现在她在剑桥工作和生活。

1 AOLFive hundred kilometres over Europe，ShipOM-45 moved north．In a room at the backof the ship，Kiah watched the numbers onthe computer in front of him．‘Time for dinner，’Rillasaid．The numbers changed quickly and Kiah's eyes didn't move．Rillawent across the room to his table．Shebegan to watch the numbers，too．‘What's wrong with thesatellite？’she asked．Shewas a beautiful girl，about twenty yearsold，with long black hair and big eyes．‘Nothing's wrong with thesatellite，’Kiah answered quietly．‘It'sthe AOL．’He began to write the numbersin the book on his table．Suddenly，the numbersstopped changing．Kiah looked at Rilla．‘OverEurope，’he said．‘It'shappening．The AOL is breaking up．Thereare big holes in the AOL and they're getting bigger．’‘You're right！Shallwe see Captain Seru now，before dinner？’Kiah stood up．He wasnearly two metres tall，with dark eyesand hair．‘Yes，comeon，’he said．Quickly，they went toCaptain Seru's room．They waited at thedoor．‘Come in！’captainSeru called．She was a little woman witha fat face．‘Come in！Wouldyou like a drink？’‘No，thankyou，’Kiah answered．‘I'dlike you to look at these numbers．’Kiahgave Captain Seru his book．1 人工臭氧层OM-45号宇宙飞船在欧洲上空500公里的高度向北飞行。

Accuracy 准确度AGC: Automatic gain control. 自动增益控制。

Airy Hypothesis艾里假说alias:假频amplitude spectrum振幅谱antiroots反山根Bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格改正continuation延拓density密度density contrast密度差depth of compensation补偿深度dot chart布点量板double Bouguer correction双重布格改正downward continuation向下延拓elevation correction高程改正field continuation位场延拓figure of the earth大地水准面free-air anomaly自由空间异常free-air correction自由空间改正free oscillation of the earth:地球自由震荡gal伽geodesy:大地测量学geoid大地水准面gradiomanometer压差密度计：gradiometer梯度仪gravimeter重力仪gravitational constant万有引力常数gravity重力gravity anomaly:重力异常gravity meter比重计：gravity reduction:重力改正gravity survey重力调查gravity unit重力单位Gutenberg discontinuity:古登堡不连续面horizontal cylinder水平圆柱体isostasy:地壳均衡说：isostatic correction:均衡改正：latitude correction:纬度改正local gravity局部重力值normal gravity正常重力：Poisson's equation：泊松方程：Pratt hypothesis:普拉特假说second-derivative map:二次微商图：topographic correction地形改正torsion balance扭秤Worden:沃尔登重力仪aeromagnetic航空磁测Airborne magnetometer:航空磁力仪alternating-field demagnetization:交变场退磁：Curie point:居里点declination:磁偏角diurnal variation:日变ferrimagnetism:亚铁磁性：ferromagnetic:铁磁性的field intensity:场强fluxgate magnetometer:磁通门磁力仪gamma:伽马gauss:高斯：geomagnetic pole:地磁极geomagnetic reversal: 地磁极倒转：geomagnetic-variation method:地磁变化法：geometric sounding:电磁几何测深：inclination:倾角inductivity:感应率：local magnetic anomalies:局部磁异常magnetic basement:磁性基底：magnetic dip:磁倾角magnetic disturbance磁扰magnetic equator:地磁赤道magnetic field磁场magnetic flux:磁通量magnetic intensity:磁场强度：magnetic interpretation methods磁测资料解释法magnetic meridian:地磁子午线：magnetic moment:磁矩：magnetic permeability:磁导率：magnetic polarization:磁极化：Magnetic pole:磁极：magnetic storms:磁暴：magnetization:磁化强度magnetometer:磁力仪：nanotesla:纳特斯拉：normal magnetic field:正常磁场oersted:奥斯特paleomagnetism:古地磁学：paramagnetic: 顺磁性的：permeability:磁导率，渗透率：polarity:极性：polarization:极化度，极化，偏振：reduction to the pole化向地磁极归极法：secular variation:长期变化：tesla:特斯拉weber:韦伯apparent resistivity: 视电阻率：conductivity:电导率：current electrode:供电电极：dielectric constant:介电常数：dielectric polarization:电介质极化：dipole array:偶极排列dipole-dipole array:偶极-偶极排列：electrical profiling:电剖面法：electrical sounding电测深electrical survey电法勘探，电测井electric field:电场electric susceptibility:电极化率：electrochemical SP:电化学自然电位：electrode电极：electrode equilibrium potential:电极平衡电位：electrode polarization:电极极化：electrode potential:电极电位electrode resistance:电极电阻：electrolyte:电解质：electromagnetic method:电磁法：electromagnetic spectrum:电磁波谱：electronic电子的ELF:极低频：EM:电磁的：emu:电磁单位：equipotential-line method:等位线法equipotential surface:等位面：far-field:远场：fixed-source method:定源法：free-space field:自由空间场：galvanometer:电流计heat flow unit:热流单位HFU:热流单位：horizontal-dipole sounding水平偶极测深induced polarization:激发极化：infinite electrode:无穷远电极：NMR核磁共振permittivity:电容率：polarization ellipse:极化椭圆：pole-dipole array:单极-偶极排列：pole-pole array:单极-单极排列：Primary field: 一次场：secondary field:二次场：self-potential:自然电位self-potential method:自然电位法skin depth:趋肤深度skin effect:趋肤效应sky wave:天波：sky-wave interference:天波干扰：SP:自然电位：spontaneous potential:自然电位：transient electromagnetic method:瞬变电磁法：abnormal events:异常同相轴absorption:吸收作用：acoustic声学的，声的acoustic impedance:声阻抗，波阻抗：acoustic wave: 声波，地震波：air gun:空气枪：air wave:空气波：angle of incidence:入射角：apparent velocity:视速度：apparent wavelength:视波长：arrival:波至：arrival time波至时间：attenuation:衰减average velocity:平均速度azimuth:方位角binary gain:二进制增益blind zone: 盲区：body waves:体波：break:波跳：buried focus effect:地下焦点效应：cable:电缆：chirp:线性调频脉冲:coefficient of anisotropy:各向异性系数coherence:相干性coherent:相关的：common-depth-point:共深度点：common-depth-point stack:共深度点叠加：common-offset gather:共偏移距道集：common-offset stack:共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：common-range gather:共炮检距道集（选排）：Common reflection point: 共反射点：compressional wave:压缩波：configuration:排列形式：converted wave:转换波critical angle:临界角critical reflection:临界反射：curved path:弯曲射线路径deconvolution:反褶积：deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：diffraction: 绕射：diffraction stack:绕射叠加：dilatational wave:膨胀波dispersion:扩散，频散display:显示：diving waves:弓形射线波：Dix formula:Dix公式DSS:深地震测深：dynamic corrections动校正：earthquake:天然地震：earthquake seismology: 天然地震测震学：elastic:弹性的：elastic constants:弹性常数：elastic impedance:弹性阻抗：elastic wave:弹性波：electrodynamic geophone:电动检波器：epicenter:震中：event:同相轴：expanding spread: 扩展排列：extended spread:纵排列fathometer:水深计：Fermat’s principle:费马原理：first arrival:初至：first break:初至波：floating datum: 浮动基准面flute槽focus:震源fold: 覆盖次数format:数据格式：Gardner method:加德纳法：gather:道集：geophone:地震检波器：geophone interval:检波距：ground roll:地滚波：group interval:组合间距：group velocity:群速度：guided wave:导波：hammer冲击锤：head wave:首波：：hodograph:矢端线：Hooke's law:虎克定律：horizontal stacking:水平叠加：Huygens principle:惠更斯原理：impedance:阻抗incident angle:入射角：interval velocity:层速度：Kirchoff diffraction equation:基尔霍夫绕射方程：law of reflection:反射定律：law of refraction:透射定律：least-time path:最短时程：Lg-wave: Lg-波：longitudinal wave:纵波：long-path multiple:全程多次反射波：long wave长波：love wave:勒夫波low-velocity layer:低速层：marker bed:标准层：migration: 偏移，运移：minimum-phase:最小相位：multiple:多次波：multiple coverage:多次覆盖：multiplex:多路传输，多倍仪multiplexed format:多路编排格式：mute:切除：NMO: Normal moveout.正常时差。

农业词汇英语翻译(O-T)slightly soluble fertilizer 难溶性肥料slime 粘液slime bacteria 粘液菌slime from vagina 阴道膣粘液slime molds 粘菌类slippage 打滑slipper 滑板slope 倾斜slope friction 坡面摩擦slope of water table 水面坡度slope stability 坡面稳定性sloping field 岗田slow action fertilizer 缓效肥料slow action nitrogen fertilizer 缓效性氮肥sludge 淤泥sludge manure 污泥肥料sludge utilization 污泥利用sluice 水闸sluice gate 闸口small cabbage white moth 白粉蝶small ditch 小渠small field trial 小区试验small fruited 小果的small plot experiment 小区试验small raceme 小总状花序small sample 小试样small scale soil map 小比例尺土壤图small tractor 小型拖拉机smallpox 天花smear 涂抹smoke agent 发烟剂smoking 熏制smooth tare 乌啄豆smoothing harrow 播种耙smut 黑穗病snaffle 嚼子snail 蜗牛snout 鼻子snow 雪snow damage 雪害snow mould of wheat and barley 麦类赤色雪腐病snow plough 雪犁snow white leaved 雪白叶的soaking 浸湿sociability 群集度sock lamb 哺乳羊sod horizon 生草层sodic soil 苏打土sodium 钠sodium arsenite 亚砷酸钠sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠sodium chlorate 氯酸钠sodium chloride 氯化钠sodium citrate 柠檬酸钠sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠sodium molybdate 钼酸钠sodium nitrate 硝酸钠sodium silicate 硅酸钠sodium solonchak 苏打盐土sodium sulphite 亚硫酸钠soft corn 粉质种玉米soft fibre plant 软质纤维植物soft fruits 浆果类soft leaved 软叶的soft maize 粉质种玉米soft rot 软腐病soft wheat 软质小麦softwood forest 针叶林soil 土壤soil acidity 土壤酸度soil actinomycetes 土壤放线菌soil adsorbing heat 土壤吸着热soil aeration 土壤通气soil age 土壤年龄soil air 土壤空气soil algae 土壤藻类soil analysis 土壤分析soil analysis card 土壤分析表soil animal 土壤动物soil applied herbicide 土壤用除草剂soil bacteria 土壤细菌soil bank 土壤库soil biochemistry 土壤生物化学soil biology 土壤生物学soil block 土壤营养钵soil breaking 土壤破碎soil burning 烧土soil cadastral map 土壤地籍图soil cartography 土壤图学soil characteristic list 土壤特性表soil characteristics 土壤特性soil chemistry 土壤化学soil classification 土壤分类soil climate 土壤气候soil climatic zone 土壤气候带soil cohesion 土壤凝结性soil colour 土壤颜色soil compaction 土壤压实soil complex 土壤复合体soil condition 土壤条件soil conservation 土壤保持soil conservation measure 土壤保持措施soil constituent 土壤成分soil contaminant 土壤污染物质soil covering 土壤覆盖soil cracking 土壤裂隙soil crushing 碎土块soil crust 土壤表壳soil degradation 土壤破坏soil density 土壤密度soil depletion 土壤贫瘠soil depth 土壤深度soil diagnosis 土壤诊断soil diagnostics 土壤诊断学soil disinfectant 土壤消毒剂soil disinfection 土壤消毒soil disinfector 土壤消毒器soil drought 土壤干旱soil ecology 土壤生态学soil energetics 土壤能量学soil environm ent 土壤环境soil enzyme 土壤酶soil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil erosion factor 土壤侵蚀因素soil erosion form 土壤侵蚀形态soil evaporation 土壤蒸发soil evaporativeness 土壤蒸发量soil exhaustion 土壤衰竭soil fabric 土壤组织soil fauna 土壤动物区系soil fertility 土壤肥力soil fertility component 地力组成因素soil fertility nitrogen 地力氮soil fixation 土壤固定soil flora 土壤植物区系soil formation 土壤发生soil forming factor 土壤形成因素soil forming rock 成土母岩soil friction 土壤摩擦soil fumigant 土壤烟熏剂soil fungi 土壤真菌soil genesis 土壤发生学soil geochemistry 土壤地球化学soil geography 土壤地理学soil geology 土壤地质学soil hardness 土壤硬度soil heat 土壤热soil heat source 土壤热源soil heating 土壤加热soil history 土壤来历soil horizon 土层soil humidity 土壤湿度soil humus 土壤腐殖质soil indicating map 土壤示意图soil individual 土壤个体soil inductivity 土壤诱电率soil infection 土壤传染soil information 土壤信息soil inoculation 土壤接种soil kind 土壤属soil lipid 土壤脂质soil loosening 土壤松散soil loss 土壤璃soil macroanimals 土壤大型动物soil management 土壤管理soil map 土壤图soil mass 土壤体soil mechanics 土质力学soil melioration 土壤改良soil mesoanimals 土壤中型动物soil micro region 土壤小区soil microanimals 土壤小型动物soil microbes 土壤微生物soil microbiology 土壤微生物学soil microclimate 土壤小气候soil microflora 土壤微生物区系soil micromorphological feature 土壤微形特征soil microorganisms 土壤微生物soil mineral 土壤矿物soil mineralogy 土壤矿物学soil morphology 土壤形态学soil mosaic 土壤嵌合体soil movem ent 土壤运动soil nutrient deficiency 土壤养分缺乏soil of base saturation 盐基饱和土壤soil order 土纲soil organic acid 土壤有机酸soil organic substance 土壤有机物质soil organism 土壤生物soil parent material 成土母质soil particles 土粒soil pathogen 土壤病原体soil penetrometer 土壤硬度计soil permeability 土壤渗透性soil physicochemistry 土壤物理化学soil physics 土壤物理学soil pit 土坑soil plasticity 土壤可塑性soil poison 土壤毒素soil pollutant 土壤污染物质soil pollution 土壤污染soil pore space 土壤孔隙soil porosity 土壤孔隙度soil productivity 土壤生产力soil profile 土剖面soil protection 土壤保护soil reaction 土壤反应soil reclamation plant 土壤改良植物soil region 土壤地区soil respiration 土壤呼吸soil sample 土壤样品soil sampler 采土器soil science 土壤学soil sequence 土壤系列soil solution 土壤溶液soil sorption 土壤收附soil species 土壤种soil specimen 土壤样品soil split 土壤裂隙soil sterilization 土壤灭菌soil structual unit 土壤结构单位soil structure 土壤结构soil structure amendment 土壤结构形成剂soil structure conditioner 土壤结构改良剂soil structure former 土壤结构形成剂soil suborder 土壤亚目soil subspecies 土壤变种soil substance 土壤物质soil subtype 土壤亚型soil survey 土壤甸soil taxonomy 土壤分类学soil technology 土壤技术soil temperature 土壤温度soil testing 土壤测定soil texture 土壤质地soil thermometer 土壤温度计soil thickness 土层厚度soil tilth 土壤的墒情soil toxicity 土壤毒性soil transport process 土壤搬运过程soil treatment 土壤处理soil type 土壤类形soil volum e 土壤容积soil water 土壤水soil water balance 土壤水分均衡soil water constant 土壤水分常数soil water content 土壤水分含量soil water deficit 土壤水分缺失soil water movement 土壤水动态soil water quality 土壤水质soil water regime 土壤水分状况soil water retention 土壤水分保持soil zonality 土壤带性soil zone 土壤带soil zoology 土壤动物学soiless culture 无土栽培sol 溶胶solanaceous fruit vegetable 茄果类蔬菜solanaceous plant 茄子科植物solanaceous vegetable 茄子科蔬菜solanine 茄碱solar activity 太阳活动性solar constant 太阳常数solar energy 太阳能solar heat 太阳热solar heating 太阳热供暧solar heating system of fish breeding 太阳热养鱼系统solar radiation 太阳辐射solar radiation heat 日射热solar radiation observation 日射观测solenostele 管状中柱solid 固体solid bulb 球茎solid carbon dioxide 固体二氧化碳solid culture 固体培养solid culture medium 固体培养基solid feed dispenser 固体饲料分配器solid fermentation 固体发酵solid phase of soil 土壤固相solid water 固体水solod 脱碱土solodic planosol 脱碱化粘磐土solonchak 白碱土solonetz 碱土solubility 溶解度solubility in acid 酸溶性solubility in citric acid 枸溶性solubility in water 水溶性solubility in weak acid 弱酸可溶性solubility product 溶度积soluble nitrogen compound 可溶性氮化合物soluble nutrient 可溶性营养物质soluble protein 可溶性蛋白质soluble ribonucleic acid 可溶性核糖核酸soluble rna 可溶性核糖核酸soluble saccharide 可溶性糖类soluble starch 可溶性淀粉soluble substance 可溶性物质solute 溶质solution 溶液solvability 溶解度solvent 溶剂solvent extraction 溶剂提取som atic antigen 体质抗原som atic cell 体细胞som atic cell division 体细胞分裂som atic copulation 体细胞接合som atic crossing over 有丝分裂交换som atic embryo 体细胞胚som atic hybridization 体细胞杂交som atic meiosis 体细胞减数分裂som atic mutation 体细胞突变som atic segregation 体细胞分离som atic variation 体细胞变异som atogamy 体细胞接合som atopleura 胚体壁som atopleure 胚体壁som atotrophic hormone 生长激素som atotropin 生长激素sooty blotch of apple 苹果煤病sooty mould 煤污病sooty mould of orange 柑桔黑褐煤病sorbic acid 山梨酸sorbitol 山梨糖醇sorbose 山梨糖soredium 粉芽soredium spore 粉芽孢子sorehead 鸡痘sorghum 高粱sorosis 桑椹sorter 分级机sorting 选果sorus 孢囊群sotto disease 卒倒病sour cherry tree 欧洲酸樱桃source of infection 传染源source of irrigation water 灌溉水源source of water 水源source of water supply 供水水源sourness 酸味southern blight of cucumber 黄瓜白绢病southern blight of potato 马铃薯白绢病southern sclerotium rot of kidney bean 扁豆白绢病sow 母猪sower 播种机sowing 播种sowing area 播种面积sowing date 播种日期sowing depth 播种深度sowing distance 植距sowing time 播种期sown pasture 人工草地soybean 大豆农业词汇英语翻译(O-T)soybean cake 豆饼soybean curb residue 豆腐渣soybean downey mildew大豆霜霉病soybean purple speck 大豆紫斑病soybean stunt 大豆萎缩病space survey 宇宙探查spacing 扩座spacing of drains 排水沟间隔spade 锹spadix 肉穗花序spanish chestnut 欧洲栗spanroof hothouse 双屋顶温室sparrow 麻雀sparse planting culture 疏植栽培sparse rearing 薄饲sparse seeding 稀播sparsiflorous 散生花的sparsifolious 散生叶的spasm 痉挛spathe 佛焰苞spavin 飞节内肿special botany 特用植物学special culture medium 特殊培养基special humus substance 真腐殖质special organic compound 特用有机化合物specialization 专业化speciation 种的形成species 种species hybrid 种间染种species of dryland soil 旱地土壤种类species specificity 种特异性species transformation 种变态specific combining ability 特殊配合力specific feed 特定的饲料specific gravity 比重specific heat 比热specific humus matter of soil 土壤特异腐殖物质specific pathogen free animal 特种无菌动物specific surface area 比表面积specific weight 比重specimen 标本spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrochemical analysis 光谱化学分析spectrometry 光谱测定spectrophotom eter 分光光度计spectrophotom etry 分光光度测定法spectroscopy 分光学speed of germination 发芽速度sperm 精子sperm agglutination 精子凝集sperm cell 精子sperm dilution 精液稀释sperm mobility 精子怜性sperm mother cell 精母细胞sperm viability 精子活力sperm volume 精液量spermary 睾丸spermatheca 受精囊spermatic cord 精索spermatid 精子细胞spermatocyst 生精囊spermatocyte 精母细胞spermatogenesis 精子发生spermatogonium 精原细胞spermatology 精子学spermatophore 精包spermatophyte 种子植物spermatozoid 精子spermatozoon 精子spermi duct 输精管spermid 精子细胞spermist 精源论者spermoblast 精子细胞spermoderm 种皮spica 穗状花序spice crop 香辣罪spiciferous 具穗状花序的spider 蜘蛛spike 穗状花序spikelet 小穗spillway face 溢廉面spillway slab 泄洪道面板spinach 菠菜spinach leaf miner 甜菜潜叶花蝇spinag 菠菜spinal cord 脊髓spindle 纺锤体spindle training 纺锤形整枝spindly growth 徒长spine 脊骨spinner type sprinkler 旋转式喷灌机spinneret 吐丝管spinning 吐丝spinning rate 吐丝速度spiracle 气门spiracular line 气门线spiral feed mixer 螺旋式饲料混合器spiramycin 螺旋链霉素spirillum 螺旋状细菌spirochaetes 螺旋原虫spirochetes 螺旋原虫spleen 脾splenectomy 脾切除术splenic fever 炭疽splint wood 边材split block 裂区split block experiment 裂区试验split plot design 等分试验区设计spodosol 灰土spoiled cocoon 下茧sponge 海绵spongy parenchyma 海绵组织spongy tissue 海绵组织spontaneous estrus 自然发情spontaneous mutation 自然突变sporangiophore 孢子囊梗sporangium 孢子囊spore 孢子spore bacteria 芽孢细菌spore bearing plants 孢子植物sporeless bacterium 无芽孢杆菌sporiferous layer 子实层sporocarp 孢子果sporocyst 孢囊sporogenesis 孢子形成sporogeny 孢子形成sporogon 孢子体sporogonium 孢子体sporogony 孢子发生sporophore 孢梗sporophyll 孢子叶sporophyte 孢子体sporozoit 孢子虫sport 芽变sporulation 孢子形成spot 斑点spray beam 喷杆spray boom 喷杆spray drift 喷雾偏差spray liquid 喷雾液spray powder 喷雾粉spray pump 喷淋泵sprayer 喷雾器喷雾机spraying 喷雾spraying gun for sewage 喷熔水装置spreading millet grass 粟草传播spreading of liquid manure 液肥散布spring barley 春大麦spring chinese cabbage 春播白菜spring coolness 春季寒冷spring crop 春播罪spring onion 大葱spring ploughing 春耕spring radish 春萝卜spring rearing 春育蚕spring silkworm rearing season 春蚕期spring time 春季spring tine cultivator 弹齿式中耕器spring tooth cultivator 弹齿式中耕器spring tooth harrow 簧齿耙spring vegetables 春季蔬菜spring water 泉水spring wheat 春小麦spring wood 早材sprinkler 撒水器人工降雨器sprinkling irrigation 喷灌sprinkling irrigation system 喷灌系统sprouting 催芽spur 距spurious fruit 假果square deviation 平方偏差square root transformation 平方根转换squash 南瓜stab culture 穿刺培养stabilizer 稳定剂stable 马厩stable broom 畜舍清扫器stable humus 稳定腐殖质stable isotope 稳定同位素stabling 舍饲stabling hygiene 畜舍卫生stachybotryotoxicosis 葡萄状穗霉中毒stachyose 水苏糖stack 谷堆stacker 打垛机stacking hole trailer 自动装载车stage 阶段stagnant water 滞水stagnic soil 停滞水土壤staining 染色stalk 柄stalk break 菌核病stalk separator 茎秆分离器stall 畜舍stall heat 畜舍暧气stallion 公马stam 34 二氯丙酰苯胺stamen 雄蕊staminate flower 雄花staminiferous 具雄蕊的staminiform 雄蕊状的staminigerous 具雄蕊的staminode 退化雄蕊staminodium 退化雄蕊stand pipe 竖管standard 旗瓣standard error 标准误差standard error of mean 平均标准误差standard farm 标准农场standard fertilizer 标准肥料standard heterosis 标准优势standard manuring amount 标准施肥量standard normal distribution 标准正态分布standard of drainage 排水标准standard partial regression coefficient 标准偏回归系数standard redox potential 标准氧化还原电势standard seed 标准种子standard sewage 标准污水standard type 标准类型standard variety 标准品种standardization 标准化standardized milk 标准乳standing area 营养面积staphylococcus 葡萄球菌staple crop 诛star spot 星状纹starch 淀粉starch cell 淀粉细胞starch crop 淀粉罪starch decomposition 淀粉分解starch equivalent 淀粉当量starch grain 淀粉粒starch layer 淀粉层starch residue of sweet potato 甘薯淀粉渣starch value 淀粉价starting material 原始材料stationary front 静止锋stationary thresher 固定脱粒机statistical analysis 统计分析statistical data 统计数据statistical hypothesis test 统计假设检验statistical inference 统计推断statistical method 统计方法statistical population 统计总体statistical relation 统计关系statistical significance 统计显著性statistical test 统计检验statistics 统计学steady flow 稳定流steam sterilization 蒸汽消毒stearic acid 硬脂酸stearin 硬脂精steel pipe 钢管steep gradient 陡坡steeping 浸湿steer 公牛stele 中柱stem 芝stem breeding 茎繁殖stem eelworm 茎线虫stem leaf 茎叶stem length 株高stem rot of clover 三叶草腐烂病stem rot of cucumber 黄瓜菌核病stem rot of sweet potato 甘薯蔓割病stem rot of tomato 番茄菌核病stem rust 茎锈病stem rust of wheat and barley 麦类秆锈病stem smut 秆黑粉病stenohaline 狭盐性的stenopetalous 狭瓣的stenophagous 狭食性的stenophotic 狭光性的stenophyllous 狭/叶的stenosis 压缩stenothermal 狭温的stenothermic 狭温的step 阶段step arrangement 阶梯排列stephanofilariosis of cattle 牛皮肤丝状虫病stephanurosis of swine 猪肾虫病steppe 草原steppe climate 草原气候steppe plant 草原植物steppe soil 草原土stepping cross system 梯级杂交体系stepwise regression method 逐步回归方法stereome 坚实组织stereotaxis 钎性sterile 无生殖力的sterile action 杀菌酌sterile glum e 副护颖sterile lemma 护颖sterile water 无菌水sterility 不育性sterilization 灭菌sternum 腹板steroid 甾族化合物steroid hormone 类固醇激素sterols 甾醇类stethoscope 听诊器stick culture 穿刺培养sticky hair 粘液毛stiff soil 坚硬土壤stiging hair 螫毛stigma 气门stimulant plant 嗜好罪stimulative ovulation 刺激排卵stimulus 刺激sting 螫刺stink gland 臭腺stinking smut 麦类黑穗病stinking smut of barley 大麦坚黑穗病stinking smut of wheat and barley 麦类网腥黑穗病stipe 柄stipel 小托叶stipule 托叶stirrup 马镫stock 砧木stock barn 厩stock bull 种公牛stock farm 牧场stockbreeding machine 畜牧机械stocking density 养畜密度stokes law 斯托克定律stolon 匍匐茎stoma 气孔stomach 胃stomach disease 胃病stomach poison 胃毒剂stomach ulcer 胃溃疡stomatitis 口炎stone 核stone cleaning 除石块stone culvert 石块暗渠stone dam 石坝stone fence 石围墙stone fruit 核果stonebrood 蜜蜂曲霉病stony soil 砾质土stook 谷堆stopper 塞子storage 贮藏storage carbohydrate 贮藏碳水化物storage container 贮藏容器storage decay 储存腐烂storage facilities 贮藏设备storage feed 贮藏饲料storage leaf 贮藏叶storage loss 贮存损失storage of fertilizers 肥料保存storage of irrigation water 灌溉蓄水storage organ 贮藏瀑storage pollen 贮藏花粉storage starch 贮藏淀粉storage tissue 贮藏组织store lamb 肥育羔羊storehouse 贮藏库storeroom of mulberry leaf 贮桑室storing facilities of water 蓄水设施storm 风暴storm damage 风暴害stove 炉灶straight channel 截弯取直straight seeded 直接播种strain 系统strangles 腺疫stratification 成层stratified epithelium 复层上皮stratified mass selection 分层群选stratified sampling 分层抽样stratified sampling method 分层抽样法stratigraphic soil type 层状土壤型农业词汇英语翻译(O-T)stratum bias 层滑动stratum order design 层排列stratum water 地层水straw 谷草straw bag 草袋straw bag weaving loom 编草袋机straw chopper 茎稿切碎机straw culture 谷草覆膜栽培straw elevator 茎稿升运器straw manure 草肥straw manuring 施稿秆堆肥straw mat 草席;蚕用草荐straw rope making machine 打草绳机straw shaker 逐稿器straw shredder 茎稿切碎机straw yield 稻草收获量strawberry 草莓strawberry clover 草莓车轴草strawberry plant harvester 草莓收获机stray bee 盗贼蜂stream 水流stream spring water 泉源strength 强度streptococcus 链球菌streptomyces 链霉菌属streptomycin 链霉素stress 应激stress factor 应激因子stretcher 担架striking root 返青striking root fertilizer 返青肥string rooted 绳状根的stringy stonecrop 佛甲草strip cropping 带状种植strip grazing 条牧stripe disease on barley 大麦斑叶病stripe rust of wheat and barley 麦类黄锈病strobile 球果stroma 子座strong sewage 浓污水strongyliasis 圆线虫病strongyloidosis of livestock 家畜拟圆虫病strontium 锶structural change 结构改变structural defence 结构保护structural gene 结构基因structural hybrid 结构杂种structural soil 结构土壤structural soil type 结构土壤型structure 构筑物structurelessness 无结构stubble 茬stubble cleaning 灭茬stubble field 留茬田stubble manure 残茬堆肥stubble plough 起草皮机stubble ploughing 灭茬stubble seeding 留茬地播种stud book 种畜登记簿student's t test t 检验stump 根株stump removal 拔收style 花柱styrol 苯之烯subclass 亚纲subcutaneous fat 皮下脂肪subdivision 亚门suberification 栓化suberisation 栓化suberization 栓化subestrus 短发情subfamily 亚科subgenus 亚属subhumid climate 半湿润气候subhumid zone 半湿润带sublimate 升化物sublimation 升化submerged culture 深层培养submerged fermentation 深层发酵submerged leaf 沉水叶submerged plant 水底植物submerged weir 潜堰submucosa 粘膜下层suborder 亚目subphylum 亚门subplot 副区subsidence 沉淀subsidence substance 沉降性物质subsoil 心土subsoil water 地下水subsoiler 心土铲subspecies 亚种substance for flower bud formation 花芽形成物质substitution crossing 置换杂交substitution protein feed 代用蛋白质饲料substitutive feed 代用饲料substrate 基质subsurface drainage 地下排水subsurface irrigation 地下灌溉subtending leaf 苞subterranean 地下的subterranean part 地下部subterranean stem 地下茎subterranean water level 地下水位subtropical anticyclone 亚热带高压subtropical climate 亚热带气候subtropical fruits 亚热带水果subtropical zone 亚热带subtype 亚型succession 演替succinic acid 琥珀酸succinite 琥珀succinum 琥珀succulent 多肉质succulent food 多汁饲料succulent fruit 多肉果succulents 肉质植物sucker 吸根sucking 哺乳sucking insect 吸虫sucking lamb 哺乳羊sucking pig 吃奶仔猪sucking root 吸根sucking stomach 吸胃suction tube 吸入管suctoria 吸管纲sudan grass 苏丹草sugar 糖sugar acid 糖酸sugar alcohol 糖醇sugar beet 甜菜sugar beet growing 甜菜栽培sugar by product 糖副产品sugar cane 甘蔗sugar corn 甜玉米sugar crop 糖料罪sugar minimum 最小糖含量sugar palm 糖椰子树sugar phosphate 磷酸糖类suitable humidity 适湿suitable time for growth 生育适期sulfide 硫化物sulfur amino acid 含硫氨基酸sulfur fertilizer 硫肥sulfuric acid 硫酸sulphate 硫酸盐sulphate reducing bacterium 硫酸还原细菌sulphate reducing process 硫酸还原过程sulphide 硫化物sulphonamide 硫酸酰胺sulphonic acid 磺酸sulphur bacteria 硫细菌sulphur dioxide 二氧化硫sulphur fungicide 硫磺杀菌剂sulphuric acid 硫酸sulphurizer 喷硫机sulphuryl carbamide herbicide 硫酰脲类除草剂sum of events 和事件sum of products 乘积和sum of squares 平方和sum of squares of treatment 处理平方和sumicidin 氰戊菊酯sumithion 杀螟硫磷summer coolness 夏季冷寒summer culture 夏季栽培summer pruning 夏季修剪summer radish 夏萝卜summer rearing 夏蚕饲育summer season 夏季summer sowing 夏播summer spore 夏孢子summer vegetable 夏季蔬菜summer wood 晚材sun bath 日浴sun curing 晒干sunflower 向日葵sunflower cake 向日葵籽饼sunshine 日照sunshine amount 日照量sunshine condition 日照条件sunshine shortage 日光不足sunshine time 日照时间sunstroke 日射病supercentrifuge 超速离心机supercooling 过冷superdominance 超显性superfamily 总科superficial ulcer 表面溃疡superheat 过热superinfection 重传染superior ovary 上位子房superior queen bee 优良王蜂supernumerary chromosome 超数染色体superovulation 超数排卵superparasite 复寄生物superphosphate 过磷酸钙superphosphate of potash 过磷酸钙钾supplement 补充supplementary feed of silkworm 蚕添加饲料supplementary feeding 补饲supplementary food 补料supplementary irrigation 补充灌溉supplementary pasture 补充草地supplementary pollination 辅助授粉supply 供应supply amount of fertilizer 肥料供给量support 支柱supporting tissue 机械组织supporting wheel 支重轮suppression 抑制酌suppressor mutation 抑制因子突变suppuration 化脓suprarenal gland 肾上腺surface active agent 表面活化剂surface cultivation 表面耕作surface drainage 地面排水surface fertilizing 表层施肥surface irrigation 地面灌溉surface soil 表土surface sprinkling 表面喷洒surface tension 表面张力surface tillage 表土耕作surface water 地面水surface water capacity 地表水量surplus accumulated temperature 余裕积温surplus water 溢水survey 测量survival ratio 存活比susceptibility 敏感性suspension 悬浮液suspension colloid 悬胶suspension culture 悬浮培养sutan 苏达灭swaflies 叶蜂科swamp 沼地swamp formation 沼泽形成swamp paddy soil 沼泽地水稻土swamp soil 沼泽土sward 草地sward soil 生草土swarding process 生草化过程swarm of bee 蜂群swather 铺条机sweat 汗sweet cherry 欧洲甜樱桃sweet clover 草木犀sweet corn 甜玉米sweet orange 甜橙sweet pepper 柿子辣sweet potato 甘薯sweet vernal grass 黄花草sweetener 增甜剂swelling 膨胀swelling capacity 膨润度swelling water 膨胀水swine 猪swine brucellosis 猪布氏杆菌病swine dysentery 猪痢疾swine erysipelas 猪丹毒swine fever 猪疫swine pen 猪舍swing plough 摆杆步犁swiss chard 牛皮菜syenite 闪长岩sylvinite 钾石盐sylvinite fertilizer 钾盐肥symbiont 共生体symbiosis 共生symbiotic nitrogen fixation 共生固氮酌symbiotic relation 共生关系symbol of soil horizon 土壤层位标示记号symparasitism 共寄生sympetalous 合瓣的sympetaly 合瓣symphycarpous 聚合果的symphyllous 合叶的symptom 症状symptom complex 症候群symptom of estrus 发情症状synangium 聚合囊synantherous 聚药的synapsis 配对synaptonemal complex 接合丝复合物syncarpous 合心皮的synchronization 同部性synchronous culture 同期培养synclinal fold 向斜褶皱syncytium 合体细胞syndiploid 共双倍体syndrom of laying decline 产蛋性减少症侯群syndrome 症候群synecology 群落生态学synergic relationship 协同关系syngamosis of poultry 家禽张口病syngamy 配子配对synkaryon 合子核synthesis 合成synthetase 合成酵素synthetase of fatty acid 脂肪酸合成酶synthetic amount 合成量synthetic diet 合成饲料synthetic enzyme 合成酵素synthetic estrogen 合成雌激素synthetic growth stimulator 合成生长促进剂synthetic humic acid 合成腐殖酸synthetic medium 合成培养基synthetic polyribonucleotide 合成多核糖核苷酸synthetic system 合成系统synthetic vaccine 合成疫苗synthetic variety 综合品种synthetic vitamin 合成维生素synusia 生态群syrup 糖浆systematic arrangement 顺序排列systematic design 顺序配置systematic error 系统误差t antigen t 抗原t chromosome t 染色体t distribution t 分布t distribution table t 分布表t dna 转移dnat gene t 基因t rna 转移核糖核酸t test t 检验t type budding t 型芽接table of random number 随机数表tablet 药片taenia 绦虫taeniasis 绦虫病taeniasis of dog 狗绦虫病tail 尾tail head 尾根tailing auger 杂穗推运螺旋tailing elevator 杂穗升运器tailings 尾矿tailpiece 犁尾板take all of wheat and barley 麦类立枯病takyric solonchak 龟裂盐土takyric yermosol 龟裂性漠境土talc 滑石tall crop 高秆罪tamaron 甲氨磷tamping 镇压tandem disc harrow 双列圆盘耙tank truck 液罐车tanker 粮箱tannin plant 丹宁植物tanning 革tap root 直根tapeworm 绦虫tapeworm disease 绦虫病tapeworm disease of dog 狗绦虫病tapeworm of pig 猪绦虫tapioca plant 木薯tapping 割胶tara vine 软枣猕猴桃tare 巢菜target 靶taro 芋tarragon 龙蒿tartaric acid 酒石酸tassel 雄穗tasseling stage 抽雄期taste 味道taste quality 食欲品质tattoo 刺标taxa 分类单位taxis 窃taxon 分类单位taxonomy 分类学tea plant 茶teaser bull 试情公牛teat 乳头technetium 锝telegony 先父遗传首页> 收藏> 翻译词汇> 正文农业词汇英语翻译(O-T)更新日期：2005-6-25 出处：作者：teleutospore 冬孢子teliospore 冬孢子tellurium 碲telotaxis 扦性temephos 硫甲双磷temperam ent 气质temperate climate 温带气候temperate phage 温和噬菌体temperature 温度temperature coefficient 温度系数temperature condition 温度条件temperature conductivity 温度传导率temperature for rearing of silkworm 蚕饲育温度temperature ictus 温度冲击temperature inversion 气温倒转temperature of irrigation water 灌溉水温temperature regulation 温度第temperature resistance 耐热性temperature sensive mutant 温度敏感突变体temporary diversion conduit 临时排水渠沟temporary drain 临时排水渠沟temporary humid land 临时湿地temporary seedbed 假植苗床tending of hill 棵株管理tending plants per hill 棵株农业tendon 腱tendovaginitis of chicken 鸡呼肠孤病毒性腱鞘炎tendovaginitis virus of chicken 鸡腱鞘炎病毒tendril 卷须teniarhynchosis 牛绦虫tepal 花被片teratoid egg 畸形卵teratosperm 畸形精子terbacil 特草定terbutryn 去草净teretifolious 圆柱状叶的terminal bud 顶芽terminal transferase 末端转移酶termination codon 终止密码子termination factor 终止因子terminator 终止密码子termites 白蚁目terra rossa 红色石灰土terrace 阶地terrace culture 阶田耕作terrace field 梯田terraced component 阶地组成因素terraced dam 梯田墙terraced paddy field 阶地稻田terraced rice field 阶地稻田terracing 阶田耕作terrestrial 地上的terrestrial plant 陆生植物terrestrial stem 地上茎territory division unit 领域划分单位tertiary stratum 第三纪层tertiary structure of protein 蛋白质三级结构teschen disease 猪脊髓灰质炎test 卡方测验test cross 测交test solution 试液test tube 试管testa 种皮tester line 测交品系testicle 睾丸testis 睾丸testosterone 睾丸甾酮tetanus 破伤风tethered stall 系枷牛舍tetracycline 四环素tetrad 四分体tetragynous 四雌蕊的tetramethyl thiuram disulfide 福美双tetramisol 四咪唑tetramolter 四眠蚕tetrandrous 四雄蕊的tetraploid 四倍体tetraploidy 四倍性tetraspermous 四种子的tetraspore 四分孢子tetrasporophyte 四分孢子体texas fever 焦虫病texture 结构thalamiflorous 托花的thallium 铊thallophyte 叶状体植物thallus 叶状体thaw 融雪theileria 泰累尔犁浆虫属thelaziasis 眼睑丝虫病theoretical botany 理论植物学theoretical distribution 理论分布therapeutic diet 食饵疗法饲料therapeutic fungicide 治疗杀真菌剂therapy 治疗thermal absorptivity 热吸收能力thermal analysis 热分析thermal conduction of soil 土壤导热thermal conductivity 导热率thermal luminous analysis 热发光分析thermal pollution 热污染thermal property 热特性thermal purification 热净化thermal radiation 热辐射thermal sensitive plant 感温性植物thermal treatment 热处理thermochemical property 热化学性质thermograph 温度自动记录器thermolysis 热分解thermometer 温度计thermoperiod 温周期thermoperiodic stage 温周期阶段thermoperiodism 温周期现象thermophilic 好热性的thermophilic bacterium 好热性细菌thermophilic cellulose decomposing bacteria 适温性纤维素分解细菌thermophilic microorganism 喜温微生物thermophilic vegetable 好热性蔬菜thermoregulation 温度第thermostat 恒温器定温箱thermotaxis 锹性thermotherapy 热疗法thermotropism 向温性therophytes 一年生植物thiabendazole 涕必灵thiaminase 硫胺酶thiamine 抗神经炎素thiazole 噻唑thick footed 粗柄的thick root 粗根thickening growth 加粗生长thickness 厚度thickness of joint 节子粗细thigmotaxis 钎性thigmotropism 向触性thin layer chromatography 薄层色谱thin rice seedling 细苗thin shelled cocoon 薄皮茧thinner 稀释剂thinness 瘦小thinning machine 间苗机thinning of fruit 疏果thiodan 硫丹thiol 硫羟thionic fluvisol 酸性硫酸盐冲积土thiophene 噻吩thiourea 硫脲thiram 福美双third stomach 第三胃thomas phosphate fertilizer 托马斯炉渣thomas slag 托马斯炉渣thoracic cavity 胸腔thoracic dorsal 胸背thoral cavity 胸腔thorax 胸thorium 钍thorn 螫刺thousand kernel weight 千粒重three elem ents complex fertilizer 三元复合肥料three factor design of experiment 三因子试验设计three layer mineral 三层矿物three line method 三系法three major fertilizer 三要素肥料three molter 三眠蚕three phases of soil 土壤三相three point linkage 三点悬挂装置three way cross 三元杂交threonine 苏氨酸thresher 脱粒机threshing 脱谷threshing cylinder 脱粒滚筒threshing floor 打谷场threshing ground 打谷场threshold charactrer 阈值性状thrice pinnate 三回羽状的thrips 缨翅目throat 咽喉thrombosis 血栓形成thrust culture 穿刺培养thunder damage 霹雳害。

Accuracy 准确度AGC: Automatic gain control. 自动增益控制。

Airy Hypothesis艾里假说alias:假频amplitude spectrum振幅谱antiroots反山根Bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格改正continuation延拓density密度density contrast密度差depth of compensation补偿深度dot chart布点量板double Bouguer correction双重布格改正downward continuation向下延拓elevation correction高程改正field continuation位场延拓figure of the earth大地水准面free-air anomaly自由空间异常free-air correction自由空间改正free oscillation of the earth:地球自由震荡gal伽geodesy:大地测量学geoid大地水准面gradiomanometer压差密度计：gradiometer梯度仪gravimeter重力仪gravitational constant万有引力常数gravity重力gravity anomaly:重力异常gravity meter比重计：gravity reduction:重力改正gravity survey重力调查gravity unit重力单位Gutenberg discontinuity:古登堡不连续面horizontal cylinder水平圆柱体isostasy:地壳均衡说：isostatic correction:均衡改正：latitude correction:纬度改正local gravity局部重力值normal gravity正常重力：Poisson's equation：泊松方程：Pratt hypothesis:普拉特假说second-derivative map:二次微商图：topographic correction地形改正torsion balance扭秤Worden:沃尔登重力仪aeromagnetic航空磁测Airborne magnetometer:航空磁力仪alternating-field demagnetization:交变场退磁：Curie point:居里点declination:磁偏角diurnal variation:日变ferrimagnetism:亚铁磁性：ferromagnetic:铁磁性的field intensity:场强fluxgate magnetometer:磁通门磁力仪gamma:伽马gauss:高斯：geomagnetic pole:地磁极geomagnetic reversal: 地磁极倒转：geomagnetic-variation method:地磁变化法：geometric sounding:电磁几何测深：inclination:倾角inductivity:感应率：local magnetic anomalies:局部磁异常magnetic basement:磁性基底：magnetic dip:磁倾角magnetic disturbance磁扰magnetic equator:地磁赤道magnetic field磁场magnetic flux:磁通量magnetic intensity:磁场强度：magnetic interpretation methods磁测资料解释法magnetic meridian:地磁子午线：magnetic moment:磁矩：magnetic permeability:磁导率：magnetic polarization:磁极化：Magnetic pole:磁极：magnetic storms:磁暴：magnetization:磁化强度magnetometer:磁力仪：nanotesla:纳特斯拉：normal magnetic field:正常磁场oersted:奥斯特paleomagnetism:古地磁学：paramagnetic: 顺磁性的：permeability:磁导率，渗透率：polarity:极性：polarization:极化度，极化，偏振：reduction to the pole化向地磁极归极法：secular variation:长期变化：tesla:特斯拉weber:韦伯apparent resistivity: 视电阻率：conductivity:电导率：current electrode:供电电极：dielectric constant:介电常数：dielectric polarization:电介质极化：dipole array:偶极排列dipole-dipole array:偶极-偶极排列：electrical profiling:电剖面法：electrical sounding电测深electrical survey电法勘探，电测井electric field:电场electric susceptibility:电极化率：electrochemical SP:电化学自然电位：electrode电极：electrode equilibrium potential:电极平衡电位：electrode polarization:电极极化：electrode potential:电极电位electrode resistance:电极电阻：electrolyte:电解质：electromagnetic method:电磁法：electromagnetic spectrum:电磁波谱：electronic电子的ELF:极低频：EM:电磁的：emu:电磁单位：equipotential-line method:等位线法equipotential surface:等位面：far-field:远场：fixed-source method:定源法：free-space field:自由空间场：galvanometer:电流计heat flow unit:热流单位HFU:热流单位：horizontal-dipole sounding水平偶极测深induced polarization:激发极化：infinite electrode:无穷远电极：NMR核磁共振permittivity:电容率：polarization ellipse:极化椭圆：pole-dipole array:单极-偶极排列：pole-pole array:单极-单极排列：Primary field: 一次场：secondary field:二次场：self-potential:自然电位self-potential method:自然电位法skin depth:趋肤深度skin effect:趋肤效应sky wave:天波：sky-wave interference:天波干扰：SP:自然电位：spontaneous potential:自然电位：transient electromagnetic method:瞬变电磁法：abnormal events:异常同相轴absorption:吸收作用：acoustic声学的，声的acoustic impedance:声阻抗，波阻抗：acoustic wave: 声波，地震波：air gun:空气枪：air wave:空气波：angle of incidence:入射角：apparent velocity:视速度：apparent wavelength:视波长：arrival:波至：arrival time波至时间：attenuation:衰减average velocity:平均速度azimuth:方位角binary gain:二进制增益blind zone: 盲区：body waves:体波：break:波跳：buried focus effect:地下焦点效应：cable:电缆：chirp:线性调频脉冲:coefficient of anisotropy:各向异性系数coherence:相干性coherent:相关的：common-depth-point:共深度点：common-depth-point stack:共深度点叠加：common-offset gather:共偏移距道集：common-offset stack:共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：common-range gather:共炮检距道集（选排）：Common reflection point: 共反射点：compressional wave:压缩波：configuration:排列形式：converted wave:转换波critical angle:临界角critical reflection:临界反射：curved path:弯曲射线路径deconvolution:反褶积：deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：diffraction: 绕射：diffraction stack:绕射叠加：dilatational wave:膨胀波dispersion:扩散，频散display:显示：diving waves:弓形射线波：Dix formula:Dix公式DSS:深地震测深：dynamic corrections动校正：earthquake:天然地震：earthquake seismology: 天然地震测震学：elastic:弹性的：elastic constants:弹性常数：elastic impedance:弹性阻抗：elastic wave:弹性波：electrodynamic geophone:电动检波器：epicenter:震中：event:同相轴：expanding spread: 扩展排列：extended spread:纵排列fathometer:水深计：Fermat’s principle:费马原理：first arrival:初至：first break:初至波：floating datum: 浮动基准面flute槽focus:震源fold: 覆盖次数format:数据格式：Gardner method:加德纳法：gather:道集：geophone:地震检波器：geophone interval:检波距：ground roll:地滚波：group interval:组合间距：group velocity:群速度：guided wave:导波：hammer冲击锤：head wave:首波：：hodograph:矢端线：Hooke's law:虎克定律：horizontal stacking:水平叠加：Huygens principle:惠更斯原理：impedance:阻抗incident angle:入射角：interval velocity:层速度：Kirchoff diffraction equation:基尔霍夫绕射方程：law of reflection:反射定律：law of refraction:透射定律：least-time path:最短时程：Lg-wave: Lg-波：longitudinal wave:纵波：long-path multiple:全程多次反射波：long wave长波：love wave:勒夫波low-velocity layer:低速层：marker bed:标准层：migration: 偏移，运移：minimum-phase:最小相位：multiple:多次波：multiple coverage:多次覆盖：multiplex:多路传输，多倍仪multiplexed format:多路编排格式：mute:切除：NMO: Normal moveout.正常时差。