2013年美国大学生数学建模大赛A题 一等奖

介绍今年的焦点问题是如何实现质量和数量的平衡。

在质量方面，尽可能使热量均匀地分布。

目标是降低或避免矩形烤盘四个边角发生热量聚集的情况。

所以解决热量均匀分布这方面的问题，使用圆形烤盘是最佳的选择。

在数量方面，应该使烤盘充分的占据烤箱的空间。

所以我们的目的是使用尽可能多的烤盘来充分占据烤箱的空间，此时矩形烤盘是最佳选择。

对于这方面的问题的解决，就要考虑烤盘在烤箱水平截面上所占的比率。

在这个评论中，我们首先描述判断步骤，然后再讨论队伍对于三个问题的求解。

下一个话题就是论文的灵敏度和假设，紧随其后讨论确定一个给定方法的优势和劣势。

最后，我们简短的讨论一下参考和引用之间的区别。

过程第一轮的判别被称为“分流轮”。

这些初始轮的主要思想是确定论文应被给予更详细的考虑。

每篇论文应该至少阅读两次。

在阅读一篇论文的时候，评审的主要问题是论文是否包含所有必要的成分,使它成为一个候选人最详细的阅读。

在这些初始轮中，评审的时间是有限制的，所以我们要尽量让每一篇论文得到一个好的评判。

如果一篇论文解决了所有的问题，就会让评审觉得你的模型建立是合理的。

然后评审可能会认为你的论文是值得注意的。

有些论文在初轮评审中可能会得到不太理想的评论。

特别值得注意的是，一篇好的摘要应该要对问题进行简要概述，另外，论文的概述和方法，队员之间应该互相讨论，并且具体的结果应该在某种程度上被阐述或者表达出来。

在早期的几轮中，一些小细节能够有突出的表现，包括目录，它更便于评委看论文，同时在看论文的时候可能会有更高的期待。

问题求解也很重要。

最后，方法和结果要清晰简明的表达是至关重要的。

另外，在每个部分的开始，应该对那个部分进行一个概述。

在竞赛中，建模的过程是很重要的，同时也包括结论的表达。

如果结果没有确切和充分的表达，那么再好的模型和再大努力也是没有用的。

最后的回合最后一轮阅读的第一轮开始于评委会会议。

在这个会议中，评委将进行讨论，他们会分享他们各自认为的问题的关键方面。

2013 竞赛题目
MCM
问题A：
当在矩形平底锅上烘烤食物时，热量集中在四个角，因此食物在四个角上容易烤焦（边上焦的程度较轻一点）。

在圆形平底锅内烘烤时，热量均与地分布于整个外部边缘，食物的边缘部分不会烤焦。

然而，由于大部分烤炉形状为矩形，就利用烤炉中的空间而言，使用圆形平底锅并不是最有效率的做法。

开发一个模型来展现平底锅外边缘热量分布，该平底锅的形状可为矩形或圆形，也可能是其它形状。

假设
1．矩形烤炉长宽比W/L
2．每个平底锅面积为A
3．初始烤炉中的两个架子在空间上平均分布。

开发一模型可用于在下列条件下挑选最佳类型的平底锅（形状）：
1．最大限度提高放入烤炉中的平底锅数量（N）
2．最大限度均匀分布在平底锅上的热量分布（H）
3．最优组合条件（1）和（2），其中指定权值p和（1-p）来解释这些结果如何随W/L和p 的不同值变动。

除了MCM格式化的解决方案，为新的《布朗尼美食家杂志》准备一至两页的广告，表达你的思路。

问题B：水，水，到处都是水
新鲜的水对于世界各地的发展是一个限制性因素。

建立一个数学模型用于决定一个有效、可行且成本效益最大的2013水战略来应对投射出来的2025年水需求[从下列国家中挑选一个国家]，并确认最佳水资源战略。

尤其要注意的是，你的模型必须强调存储量和水的运动；去盐渍及保水。

如果可能的话，使用你的模型来讨论你拟定战略的经济、物理和环境影响。

向政府官员提供一个非技术性意见书，阐述你的方法、可行性和成本，以及你的战略之所以为“最佳水资源战略选择”的原因。

国家：美国，中国，俄国，埃及或沙特阿拉伯。

现在需要他们的解决方案文件太solutions@为Word或PDF附件的电子邮件提交电子副本（汇总表和解决方案）队（由学生或者指导教师）。

COMAP的提交截止日期为2013年2月4日美国东部时间下午8:00，必须在收到您的电子邮件。

主题行COMAP是你的控制示例：COMAP 11111点击这里下载PDF格式的完整的竞赛说明。

点击这里下载Microsoft Word中的格式汇总表的副本。

*请务必变更控制之前选择打印出来的页面的数量和问题。

团队可以自由选择之间MCM问题MCM问题A，B或ICM问题C.COMAP镜像站点：更多：/undergraduate/contests/mcm/MCM：数学建模竞赛ICM：交叉学科建模竞赛2013年赛题MCM问题问题A：终极布朗尼潘当在一个矩形的锅热烘烤时的4个角落中浓缩，并在拐角处（以及在较小程度上在边缘处）：产品会过头。

在一个圆形盘的热量被均匀地分布在整个外缘和在边缘处的产品不过头。

然而，因为大多数烤炉使用圆形平底锅的形状是矩形的是效率不高的相对于使用在烘箱中的空间。

开发一个模型来显示横跨平底锅平底锅不同形状 - 矩形之间的圆形和其他形状的外边缘的热量分布。

假设1。

的宽度与长度之比的W / L的形状是矩形的烘箱。

2。

- 每个盘必须具有的区域A的3。

最初，两个机架在烤箱，间隔均匀。

建立一个模型，可用于选择最佳的泛类型（形状）在下列情况下：1。

适合在烤箱的锅，可以最大限度地提高数（N）2。

最大限度地均匀分布热量（H），泛3。

优化的组合的条件（1）和（2）式中的权重p和（为1 - p）被分配的结果来说明如何随不同的值的W / L和p。

在除了MCM格式解决方案中，准备一到两页的广告片的新布朗尼美食杂志突出自己的设计和结果。

问题B：水，水，无处不在新鲜的白开水是在世界大部分地区的发展限制约束。

建立一个数学模型，为确定有效的，可行的和具有成本效益的水资源战略于2013年，以满足预计的用水需求，从下面的列表]中选择一个国家，到2025年，确定最佳的水战略。

终极布朗尼烤烤盘一、摘要根据题意，我们把把要解决的分成三个问题；第一个就是建立一个模型来表示整个烤盘的外边缘热量的分布。

第二个就是优化组合题目中条件1和条件2，使得权重p和(1- p)能够描述随着W/L和p值的改变，最佳的烤烤盘形状和热量分布情况是如何改变的第三个问题就是为布朗尼美食家杂志准备一到两页的宣传广告，需要突出设计和结果。

对于第一个问题，我们结合傅里叶定律构建了二维热传导模型；然后通过模型中的S来限定范围得到六种不同形状烤盘对应的热传导偏微分方程。

然后对模型赋值和第二类边界条件（Neumann边界条件）下，应用comsol得出六种烤盘稳定热量分布图像和烤盘外边缘热量分布图像。

通过输出的图像，我们得出结论：矩形四角处温度较高，圆形外边缘热量分布比较均匀；随着烤盘边数的增加，烤盘外边缘热量分布愈加均匀，但在角处温度仍然会高一些对于问题二对于问题三关键词：二、问题重述当用一个长方形的平底烤盘（盘）烘烤时，热量被集中在4个角，在角落处，食物可能被烤焦了，而边缘处烤的不够熟。

在一个圆形的平底烤盘（盘）热量被均匀地分布在整个外边缘，在边缘处食物不会被烤焦。

但是，大多数的烤箱的形状是矩形的，采用了圆形的烤盘（盘）相对于烤箱的使用空间而言效率不高。

为所有形状的烤盘（盘）----包括从矩形到圆形以及中间的形状，建立一个模型来表示整个烤盘（盘）的外边缘热量的分布。

假设：1. 形状是矩形的烤箱宽长比为W/L；2. 每个烤烤盘（盘）的面积为A；3. 每个烤箱最初只有两个均匀放置的烤架。

根据以下条件，建立一个能使用的最佳类型或形状的烤烤盘（盘）：1.放入烤箱里的烤烤盘（盘）数量的最大值为(N)；2.烤烤盘（盘）的平均分布热量最大值为(H)；3.优化组合条件1和条件2，使得权重p和(1- p)能够描述随着W/L和p值的改变，最佳的烤烤盘形状和热量分布情况是如何改变的。

除了完成规定的解决方案，为布朗尼美食家杂志准备一到两页的宣传广告，需要突出你的设计和结果。

中国水资源战略摘要Summary为了确定中国最佳的水资源战略，将中国分为九大流域，首先借助MATLAB建立多项式拟合模型来预测出中国2013年到2025年每年各流域的供水量和需水量，接着在可持续发展的原则指导下建立区域水资源合理配置模型，对每一个流域，采用水资源综合短缺度最小为目标函数, 对地表水、地下水等多种水源统筹考虑, 用权重区别对待工业、农业、生活、生态环境等不同领域的用水需求, ,从而求出各个流域最小的缺水量。

再根据前面的两个模型所预测出来的各流域的缺水量，建立最佳的补水模型解决缺水问题：通过对实际问题的分析，可能的补水方案有两个：方案一是直接从珠江流域调水到缺水的流域，方案二是沿海流域采取海水淡化补水，内陆流域采取直接从珠江流域调水过去，经过分析、计算发现方案二是最佳的。

最后，我们统筹考虑我们所制定的水策略，发现其无论是对经济、社会还是生态环境都将产生重大影响。

In order to determine the best water resources strategy, we divided China into nine basins. Firstly, we established polynomial fitting model with the use of MATLAB to predict the water supply and the water demand of every basin from 2013 to 2025. Secondly, we established the regional water resources rational allocation model under the guidance of the principle of sustainable development. In this model, through taking the minimum comprehensive water shortage degree as objective , surface water , groundwater and other water are considered, and different weightings are used for industrial, agricultural, domestic and ecological water users in order to realize regional water resources rational allocation .In this way can we obtained the minimum amount of water scarcity in every basin. Thirdly, according to the data predicted based on the previous two models, we can establish the optimal replenishment model to solve the problem of water shortage. We identified two possible replenishment program based on the analysis of the actual problems. One is to transfer the water of the Pearl River to basins where lack of water resources, another is to transfer the water of the Pearl River to inland basins directly while we meet the water shortage of coastal basins by desalination. After analysis and calculation, we find second program is the best. Finally, we find the water strategy we developed has a significant impact on the economic, social and ecological environment after we considered the models we established.关键字：水策略多项式拟合模型区域水资源合理配置模型补水模型Keywords：Water strategythe Polynomial fitting modelThe Regional water resources rational allocation modelthe Replenishment model§1.问题重述Problem restatement水是生命之源, 是人类生存和发展不可替代的资源, 是经济、社会可持续发展的基础。

2013 ICM问题problem A:当用矩形平底锅高温加热物品时，热量一般集中于4个角落，因而在角落的物品会被焙烧过度（较小程度在角落的物品一部分会被焙烧过度）。

当用一个圆锅加热物品时，热量是均匀分布在整个外缘，因而物品不会在边缘被焙烧过度。

然而，大多数烤箱是长方形的，而圆型的锅被认为效率低的。

建立一个模型以显示不同形状如矩形圆形或者其他介于两者之间的形状的锅在整个外缘的热量分布。

假设1长方形烤箱的宽/长=W/L ；2 每个锅的面积是确定的常熟A；3 最初，烤箱里的烤架两两之间间隔均匀。

建立一个模型，该模型可用于在下列条件之下选择最佳形状的锅：1烤箱中，锅数量（N）最大；2均匀分布的热量（H）最大的锅；3 优化组合条件1和条件2，以比重p和（1-p）的不同分配来说明结果与W/L 和p的不同值的关系。

problem B :对世界来说，新鲜的水资源是限制发展的制约因素。

对2013年建立一个确实有效的，可行的和具有成本效益的水资源战略数学模型，以满足2025年[从下面的列表选择一个国家]预计的用水需求,并确定最佳水资源战略。

尤其是，你的数学模型必须解决水的存储，运动，盐碱化和保护等问题。

如果可能的话，用你的模型，探讨经济，物理和环境对于你的战略的影响。

提供一个非技术性的文件，向政府领导介绍你的方法，介绍其可行性和成本，以及为什么它是“最好的的水战略选择。

”国家有：美国，中国，俄罗斯，埃及，沙特阿拉伯3.网络建模的地球的健康背景:社会是感兴趣的发展和使用模型来预测生物和环境卫生条件我们的星球。

许多科学研究认为越来越多的压力在地球的环境和生物吗系统,但是有很少的全球模型来测试这些索赔。

由联合国支持的年生态系统评估综合报告》显示,近三分之二的地球的维持生命的生态系统——包括干净的水,纯净的空气,和稳定的气候-正在退化,被不可持续的使用。

人类是归咎于很多这次的损坏。

不断飙升的要求食品、新鲜水、燃料和木材有贡献到戏剧性的环境变化,从森林砍伐,空气,土地和水的污染。

SummaryWe build two basic models for the two problems respectively: one is to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of the pan for different shapes, rectangular, circular and the transition shape; another is to select the best shape for the pan under the condition of the optimization of combinations of maximal number of pans in the oven and the maximal even heat distribution of the heat for the pan.We first use finite-difference method to analyze the heat conduct and radiation problem and derive the heat distribution of the rectangular and the circular. In terms of our isothermal curve of the rectangular pan, we analyze the heat distribution of rounded rectangle thoroughly, using finite-element method. We then use nonlinear integer programming method to solve the maximal number of pans in the oven. In the even heat distribution, we define a function to show the degree of the even heat distribution. We use polynomial fitting with multiple variables to solve the objective function For the last problem, combining the results above, we analyze how results vary with the different values of width to length ratio W/L and the weight factor p. At last, we validate that our method is correct and robust by comparing and analyzing its sensitivity and strengths /weaknesses.Based on the work above, we ultimately put forward that the rounded rectangular shape is perfect considering optimal number of the pans and even heat distribution. And an advertisement is presented for the Brownie Gourmet Magazine.Contents1 Introduction (3)1.1Brownie pan (3)1.2Background (3)1.3Problem Description (3)2. Model for heat distribution (3)2.1 Problem analysis (3)2.2 Assumptions (4)2.3 Definitions (4)2.4 The model (4)3 Results of heat distribution (7)3.1 Basic results (7)3.2 Analysis (9)3.3 Analysis of the transition shape—rounded rectangular (9)4 Model to select the best shape (11)4.1 Assumptions (11)4.2 Definitions (11)4.3 The model (12)5 Comparision and Degree of fitting (19)6 Sensitivity (20)7 Strengths/weaknesses (21)8 Conclusions (21)9 Advertisement for new Brownie Magazine (23)10 References (24)1 Introduction1.1Brownie panThe Brownie Pan is used to make Brownies which are a kind of popular cakes in America. It usually has many lattices in it and is made of metal or other materials to conduct heat well. It is trivially 9×9 inch or 9×13 inch in size. One example of the concrete shape of Brownie pan is shown in Figure 1Figure 1 the shape of Brownie Pan (source: Google Image)1.2BackgroundBrownies are delicious but the Brownie Pan has a fetal drawback. When baking in a rectangular pan, the food can easily get overcooked in the 4 corners, which is very annoying for the greedy gourmets. In a round pan, the heat is evenly distributed over the entire outer edge but is not efficient with respect to using in the space in an oven, which most cake bakers would not like to see. So our goal is to address this problem.1.3Problem DescriptionFirstly, we are asked to develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for different shapes, from rectangular to circular including the transition shapes; then we will build another model to select the best shape of the pan following the condition of the optimization of combinations of maximal number of pans in the oven and maximal even distribution of heat for the pan.2. Model for heat distribution2.1 Problem analysisHere we use a finite difference model to illustrate the distribution of heat, and it has been extensively used in modeling for its characteristic ability to handle irregular geometries and boundary conditions, spatial and temporal properties variations1. In literature 1, samples with a rectangular geometric form are difficult to heat uniformly,particularly at the corners and edges. They think microwave radiation in the oven can be crudely thought of as impinging on the sample from all, which we generally acknowledge. But they emphasize the rotation.Generally, when baking in the oven, the cakes absorb heat by three ways: thermal radiation of the pipes in the oven, heat conduction of the pan, and air convection in the oven. Considering that the influence of convection is small, we assume it negligible. So we only take thermal radiation and conduction into account. The heat is transferred from the outside to the inside while water in the cake is on the contrary. The temperature outside increase more rapidly than that inside. And the contact area between the pan and the outside cake is larger than that between the pan and the inside cakes, which illustrate why cakes in the corner get overcooked easily.2.2 Assumptions● We take the pan and cakes as black body, so the absorption of heat in eacharea unit and time unit is the same, which drastically simplifies ourcalculation.● We assume the air convection negligible, considering its complexity and thesmall influence on the temperature increase .● We neglect the evaporation of water inside the cake, which may impede theincrease of temperature of cakes.● We ignore the thickness of cakes and the pan, so the model we build istwo-dimensional.2.3 DefinitionsΦ: heat flows into the nodeQ: the heat taken in by cakes or pans from the heat pipesc E ∆: energy increase of each cake unitp E ∆: energy increase of the pan unit,i m n t : temperature at moment i and point (m,n)C 1: the specific heat capacity of the cakeC 2: the specific heat capacity of the panipan t : temperature of the pan at moment iT 1: temperature in the oven, which we assume is a constant2.4 The modelHere we use finite-difference method to derive the relationship of temperatures at time i-1 and time i at different place and the relationship of temperatures between the pan and the cake.First we divide a cake into small units, which can be expressed by a metric. In the following section, we will discuss the cake unit in different places of the pan.Step 1；temperatures of cakes interior(m,n+1)x△Figure 2 heat flow According to energy conversation principle, we can get 0up down left right c Q E Φ+Φ+Φ+Φ+-∆=(2.4.1) Considering Fourier Law and △x=△y, we get1,,1,,1,,1,,,1,,1,,1,,1,()()()()i i m n m n i i left m n m n i i m n m n i i right m n m n i i m n m n i i up m n m n i i m n m ni i down m n m n t t y t t xt t y t t x t t x t t y t t x t t y λλλλλλλλ--++++---Φ=-∆=-∆-Φ=∆=-∆-Φ=∆=-∆-Φ=∆=-∆ (2.4.2)According to Stefan-Boltzman Law,441,[()]i m n Q Ac T t σ=- (2.4.3)Where A is the area contacting, c is the heat conductance.σis the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and equals 5.73×108 Jm -2s -1k -4.21,,()i i c m n m n E cm t t -∆=-(2.4.4) Substituting (2.4.2)-(2.4.4) into (2.4.1), we get441,1,,1,1,1,1,,4[()]()0i i i i i i m n m n m n m n m n m n i i m n m n Ac t t t t t T t cm t t σλλ-++--+++-+---=This equation demonstrates the relationship of temperature at moment i and moment i-1 as well as the relationship of temperature at (m,n) and its surrounding points.Step 2: temperature of the cake outer and the pan● For the 4 cornerscakeFigure 3 the relative position of the cake and the pan in the first cornerBecause the contacting area is two times, we get4411,1,122[()]2()i i i i m n pan pan A c T t t c M t t σλ---=-● For every edgecakeFigure 4 the relative position of the cake and the pan at the edgeSimilarly, we derive4411,,2[()]()i i i i m n m n pan pan Ac T t t c M t t σλ---=-Now that we have derived the express of temperatures of cakes both temporally and spatially, we can use iteration to get the curve of temperature with the variables, time and location.3 Results of heat distribution3.1 Basic resultsRectangularPreliminarily, we focus on one corner only. After running the programme, we obtain the following figure.Figure 5 heat distribution at one cornerFigure 5 demonstrates the temperature at the corner is higher than its surrounding points, that’s why food at corners get overcooked easily.Then we iterate globally, and get Figure 6.Figure 6 heat distribution in the rectangular panFigure 6 can intuitively illustrates the temperature at corners is the highest, and temperature on the edge is less higher than that at corners, but is much higher than that at interior points, which successfully explains the problem “products get overcooked at the corners but to a lesser extent on the edge”.After drawing the heat distribution in two dimensions, we sample some points from the inside to the outside in a rectangular and obtain the relationship between temperature and iteration times, which is shown in Figure 7Figure 7From Figure 7, the temperatures go up with time going and then keep nearly parallel to the x-axis. On the other hand, temperature at the center ascends the slowest, then edge and corner, which means given cooking time, food at the center of the pan is cooked just well while food at the corner of the pan has already get overcooked, but a lesser extent to the edge.RoundWe use our model to analyze the heat distribution in a round, just adapting the rectangular units into small annuluses, by running our programme, we get the following figure.Figure 8 the heat distribution in the circle panFigure 8 shows heat distribution in circle area is even, the products at the edge are cooked to the same extent approximately.3.2 AnalysisFinally, we draw the isothermal curve of the pan.●RectangularFigure 9 the isothermal curve of the rectangular panFigure 9 demenstrates the isothermal lines are almost concentric circles in the center of the pan and become rounded rectangles outer, which provides theory support for following analysis..●CircularFigure 10 the isothermal curve of circularThe isothermal curves of the circular are series of concentric circles, demonstrating that the heat is even distributed.3.3 Analysis of the transition shape—rounded rectangularFrom the above analysis, we find that the isothermal curve are nearly rounded rectangulars in the rectangular pan, so we perspective the transition shape between rectangular and circular is rounded rectangular, considering the efficiency of using space of the oven and the even heat distribution. In the following section, we will analyze the heat distribution in rounded rectangular pan using finite element approach.During the cooking process, the temperature goes up gradually. But at a certain moment, the temperature can be assumed a constant. So the boundary condition yields Dirichlet boundary condition. And the differential equation is:22220T T x y∂∂+=∂∂ Where T is the temperature, and x, y is the abscissa and the ordinate.And the boundary condition is T=constant.After running the programme, we get the heat distribution in a rounded rectangular pan, the results is in the following.Figure 11 the heat distribution in a rounded rectangular pan From 11, we can see the temperature of the edge and the corner is almost the same, so the food won ’t get overcooked at corners. We can assume the heat in a rounded rectangular is distributed uniformly. We then draw the isothermal curve of the rounded rectangular pan.Figure 12 the isothermal curve of the rounded rectangular pan To show the heat distribution more intuitively, we also draw the vertical view of the heat distribution in a rounded rectangular pan.Figure 13 the vertical view of the heat distribution on a rounded rectangular platform4 Model to select the best shape4.1 AssumptionsBesides the assumptions given, we also make several other necessary assumptions.●The area of the even equals the area of the pan with small lattices in it.●There is no space between lattices or small pans on the pan.4.2 DefinitionsS: the area of the ovenk : the width of the external rectangular of the rounded rectangularh :the length of the external rectangular of the rounded rectangulara1: the ratio of the width and length of the external rectangular of the rounded rectangular, equals k/ha2: the ratio of the width and length of the external rectangular of the rounded rectangular, equals W/Ln: the amounts of the rounded rectangular in each rowm: the amounts of the rounded rectangular in each columnr: the radius of the rounded rectangularIn order to illustrate more clearly, we draw the following sketch.Figure 144.3 The modelProblem ⅠWe use nonlinear integer programming to solve the problem.Figure 15 the configuration of the rounded rectangular and the pan:max objective function N n m =⋅222:,004subject to n k m h k h A r r A r r Sππ⋅≤⋅≤==≥≥≤-+≤Where n, m are integers.Both a1 and a2 are variables, we can study the relationship of a1 and N at a given a2. Here we set a2=0.8.Considering the area of the oven S and the area of the small pan A are unknown, we collect some data online, which is shown in the following table.Table 1(source: / )Then we calculate the average of S and A , respectively 169.27 inch 2 and 16.25 inch 2. After running the programme, we get the following results.Figure 16 the relationship of the maximal N and the radius of the rounded rectangular r From the above figure, we know as r increases, the optimal number of pans decreases. For the data collected can not represent the whole features, the relationship is not obvious .Then we change the area of the oven and the area of each pan, we draw another figure.Figure 17This figure intuitively shows the relationship of r and N.Appearently, the ratio of the width to length of the rounded rectangular has a big influence on the optimization of N. In the following section, we will study this aspect.Figure 18 the relationship of N and a1 Figure 18 illustrates only when the ratio of the width to the length of the rounded rectangular a1 equals the ratio of the width and length of the oven a2, can N be optimized.Finally, we take both a1 and a2 as variables and study the relationship of N and a1, a2. The result is as follows.Figure 19 the relationship of N and a1, a2 Problem ⅡTo solve this problem, we first define a function u(r) to show the degree of the even heat distribution for different shapes. ()s u r AWhere s is the area surrounded by the closed isothermal curve most external of the pan.Now we think the rationality of the function. The temperature of the same isothermal curve is equivalent. We assume the temperature of the closed isothermal curve most external of the pan is t 0 , for the unclosed isothermal, the temperature is higher than t 0, and the temperature inside is lower than t 0. So we count the number of the pixel points inside the closed isothermal curve most external of the pan num 1 and the number of the whole pixel points num 2. Consequently, u(r)=num 1/num 2. To illustrate more clearly, we draw the following figure.The following table shows the relationship of u and r. And we set a=1Figure 21 the scatter diagram of u and rFirst, we consider u and r is linear, and by data fitting we deriveu r r=+⨯()0.85110.021Then, we consider u and r is second -order relationship, and we derive anothercurve.Figure 22 another relationship of u and r2 =+⨯-⨯u r r r()0.85110.02880.001According to the points we count, we can get the following figure, demonstrating the relationship u and r, a.Figure 23 the relationship of u and r, We aFrom the analysis above, we find with r increasing, u increases, which means when the radius of the rounded rectangular r increases, the degree of the even heat distribution. Given one extreme circumstance, when r gets its maximal value, the pan becomes a circular, and the degree of the even heat distribution is also the most.Finally, we can derive that the degree of the even heat distribution increases from the rectangular, rounded rectangular with smaller r, the rounded rectangular with bigger r and the circular.Figure 24 the comparision of degree of even heat distribution for different shapes Problem ⅢIn this section, we add a weight factor p to analyze the results with the varying values of W/L and p.:max (1)(,)objective function pN p u r a +-222:,004subject to n k m h k h A r r A r r Sππ⋅≤⋅≤==≥≥≤-+≤01p ≤≤In this problem, there are three variables , a, r and p .what we need to do is to select the best shape for the pan, namely, to select a and r. Firstly, we set a and get the relationship of objective function, y and r, p.Figure 25 the relationship of y and r, p From the figure, we can see with p decreasing and r increasing, which means the degree of the even heat distribution is larger, y increases.Then we set p, and get the relationship of the y and r, a.Figure 26 the relationship of y and a, rThis figure shows that the value a has little influence on the objective function.5 Comparision and Degree of fittingComparisionWhen solving the problem to select the best shape of the pan, we only take the rounded rectangular into account and ignore other shapes, Here, we concentrate on one of the polygon—the regular hexagon as an example to demonstrate our model is correct and retional.We use finite element method to derive the heat distribution, just like analyzing the rounded rectangular.Figure 27 the heat distribution of the regular hexagon panFigure 28 the heat distribution of the regular hexagon pan in two dimensions From the above two pictures, we can see the temperature of the corners is much higher than that in other sections of the pan. So the food at corners gets overcooked more easily. In fact, the longer the distance from the center to the corner is , the higher the temperature becomes.● Degree of fittingIn the second problem of selecting the best shapes of the pan, we get two equations of u and r by data fitting. Now, we will analyze the degree of fitting, which is expressed by the residual errors.To calculate the residual errors, we use the following equations.1ˆ()ˆˆT T Y X X X X Y YX βεββ-=+== Finally, we can get the residual errors by2ˆ()L i i iS y y=-∑ Where i is the number of the data sampled, here i is 11.S 1=5.021 and S 2=0.018. Obviously, the second equation is more accuracy.6 Sensitivity● From figure 16 and 17, we know that the larger the ratio of the area of theoven and the area of the pan is, the better our model fits.● We differentiate the equation derived by figure 22,and find that with rincreasing, the value of the differential goes down, which means u will become steady as r increases.● We analyze figure 23, and find the higher the value of r is, the moreobvious the influence a has on u.●We draw another figure as follows in comparision with figure 25, and getwhen the area of the oven S is very small, the relationship of y and r, p andbe seen more apparently.Figure 29 the relationship of y and r, p7 Strengths/weaknessesStrengths:●We use different methods, infinite difference and infinite element, to buildthe model, and the conclusions are consistent with each other.●We compare the heat distribution of the rounded rectangular and the regularhexagon and then calculate the residual errors, validating our model iscorrect.●The results generated by our model agree with empirical results.●Our model is straight, common and easy to understand.Weaknesses:●We didn’t give an analytic solution for the optimal number of the pans in theoven, N.●The model doesn’t take into account detailed things, like the air convectionin the oven.8 ConclusionsWe propose several models to solve the problem of the heat distribution and the optimization of the pan’s shape combining the maximal number of pans in the ovenand the maximal even heat distribution. After detailed analysis, we can get the following conclusions:●Rectangular can best fit in the oven considering the best efficiency of usingspace in an oven.●To get the maximal number of the pans in an oven, we should set the ratio ofthe width to the length of the oven equals that of the small pans.●Generally, the heat distribution of the circular is the most even. But when itcomes to the combination of the efficiency of the using space and the evenheat distribution, the rounded rectangular fits well. And with the radiusincreasing, the degree of even heat distribution increases, resulting in lesserefficiency of using space.9 Advertisement for new Brownie MagazineLove Brownies? Of course, follow us to see our new-designed ultimate Brownie Pan!Almost every Brownie gourmet may encounter the same problems when baking Brownies, cakes or other gourmets. And the most annoying thing may lie in the uneven cooked gourmets. For the heat is distributed uneven in the present pans, after baked, the cakes often can’t be get out of the pan easily or the edge is always difficult to cut because it is too filmsy. What’s worse, the overcooked food taste bad and become unhealthy containing bad things. But now, things are different. All of these trouble problems will disappear for we have ultimate pans. After careful calculation and analysis, we designed a new Brownie Pan—the rounded rectangular shape pan. We study the heat distribution thoroughly of different shapes of pans and find that, the rounded rectangular shape is almost perfect in terms of even heat distribution. The cakes at the corner of the pan will never be overcooked as long as you set the temperature appropriately. And you can get out of your edge-crisp and chewy-inside cake whenever you want. So, is it wonderful?Another troublesome thing is that, the traditional pan usually can’t get clean easily for its straight angle., which bring about many complaints from customers at American Amazon online shop. But for our rounded rectangular pan, you won’t worry about this trifle! We guarantee our ultimate Brownie pan is simple and time-saving to clean. And we recommend aluminum as the material of the pan, for it’s light and portable.In our model, we optimize the number of pans in each oven and derive the relationship of the number N and the radius r , the ratio of the width to the length of the pan . So given the ratio of the width to the length, we can get a certain r, and the number is also determined. Or given the radius r, we can also design the pan. This wonderful because different people have different demands for the number of the pans in each oven. Considering a family party or doing baby food, we need different number, of course.I believe the following merits may be attractive for most manufactures. We guarantee the rounded rectangular shape pan can save many materials. And the simple style confirms to the values of beauty. The environment-friendly, low –carbon style pan bring a new try for customers.Bring our ultimate Brownie pan to your home, you will find more surprises!10 References1Shixiong Liu, Mika Fukuoka, Noboru Sakai, A finite element model for simulating temperature distributions in rotating food during microwave heating, Journal of food engineering, V olume 115, issue 1, March 2013 Page 49-62 2Heat transfer theory /unitoperations/httrtheory.htm。

2000 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Air traffic ControlProblem B: Radio Channel AssignmentsProblem A Air traffic ControlDedicated to the memory of Dr. Robert Machol, former chief scientist of the Federal Aviation AgencyTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analyst at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention?Requirement B: An airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector (1) at any one instant? (2) during any given interval of time?(3) during a particular time of day? How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity?Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity?In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.Problem BRadio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grid (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.Figure 1An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be allotted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1, 2, 3, ... . Each transmitter will be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided. Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assign channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several constraints on frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these constraints, what can we say about the span in,Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What can we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2001 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelProblem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Problem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on theright.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.∙Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the windspeeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in onepercent increments. (Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hilldivided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade. A riderwill lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.Problem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 intoone-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region was ordered.Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with thepattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under whatconditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters inColumbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, andmotor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there berestrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guaranteetimely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida,who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow?Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to comparestrategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2002 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem AAuthors: Tjalling YpmaTitle: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area.Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.Authors: Bill Fox and Rich WestTitle: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation:Less flights by airlines from point A to point BHeightened security at and around airportsPassengers' fearLoss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling "bumped" passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2003 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Stunt PersonAn exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.).∙determine what size boxes to use∙determine how many boxes to use∙determine how the boxes will be stacked∙determine if any modifications to the boxes would help∙generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heightsNote that, in "Tomorrow Never Dies", the James Bond character on a motorcycle jumps over a helicopter.PROBLEM B: Gamma Knife Treatment PlanningStereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a “shot.” Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points.The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.1.Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.2.Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.3.Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ.4.Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs.5.Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses.6.Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.In gamma unit treatment planning, we have the following constraints:1.Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.2.Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).3.Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But at least 90% ofthe target volume must be covered by shots.e as few shots as possible.Your tasks are to formulate the optimal treatment planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.2004 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Are Fingerprints Unique?It is a commonplace belief that the thumbprint of every human who has ever lived is different. Develop and analyze a model that will allow you to assess the probability that this is true. Compare the odds (that you found in this problem) of misidentification by fingerprint evidence against the odds of misidentification by DNA evidence.PROBLEM B: A Faster QuickPass System"QuickPass" systems are increasingly appearing to reduce people's time waiting in line, whether it is at tollbooths, amusement parks, or elsewhere. Consider the design of a QuickPass system for an amusement park. The amusement park has experimented by offering QuickPasses for several popular rides as a test. The idea is that for certain popular rides you can go to a kiosk near that ride and insert your daily park entrance ticket, and out will come a slip that states that you can return to that ride at a specific time later. For example, you insert your daily park entrance ticket at 1:15 pm, and the QuickPass states that you can come back between 3:30 and 4:30 pm when you can use your slip to enter a second, and presumably much shorter, line that will get you to the ride faster. To prevent people from obtaining QuickPasses for several rides at once, the QuickPass machines allow you to have only one active QuickPass at a time.You have been hired as one of several competing consultants to improve the operation of QuickPass. Customers have been complaining about some anomalies in the test system. For example, customers observed that in one instance QuickPasses were being offered for a return time as long as 4 hours later. A short time later on the same ride, the QuickPasses were given for times only an hour or so later. In some instances, the lines for people with Quickpasses are nearly as long and slow as the regular lines.The problem then is to propose and test schemes for issuing QuickPasses in order to increase people's enjoyment of the amusement park. Part of the problem is to determine what criteria to use in evaluating alternative schemes. Include in your report a non-technical summary for amusement park executives who must choose between alternatives from competing consultants.2005 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Flood PlanningLake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam.Two particular questions:Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?PROBLEM B: TollboothsHeavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway , Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas. Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas. Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza. Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza,the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza. Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza. When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll.Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza. Explicitly consider the scenario where there is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane. Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of "optimal" is up to you to determine.2005 ICM ProblemPROBLEM C: Nonrenewable ResourcesSelect a vital nonrenewable or exhaustible resource (water, mineral, energy, food, etc.) for which your team can find appropriate world-wide historic data on its endowment, discovery, annual consumption, and price.The modeling tasks are:ing the endowment, discoveries, and consumption data, model the depletion ordegradation of the commodity over a long horizon using resource modeling principles.2.Adjust the model to account for future economic, demographic, political andenvironmental factors. Be sure to reveal the details of your model, provide visualizations of the model’s output, and explain limitations of the model.3.Create a fair, practical "harvesting/management" policy that may include economicincentives or disincentives, which sustain the usage over a long period of time while avoiding severe disruption of consumption, degradation or rapid exhaustion of the resource.4.Develop a "security" policy that protects the resource against theft, misuse, disruption,and unnecessary degradation or destruction of the resource. Other issues that may need to be addressed are political and security management alternatives associated with these policies.5.Develop policies to control any short- or long-term "environmental effects" of theharvesting. Be sure to include issues such as pollutants, increased susceptibility to natural disasters, waste handling and storage, and other factors you deem appropriate.pare this resource with any other alternatives for its purpose. What new science ortechnologies could be developed to mitigate the use and potential exhaustion of this resource? Develop a research policy to advance these new areas2006 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for IrrigationThere are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of "hand move" irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to insure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation system is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals.Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. You should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a schedule to move the pipes, including where to move them.A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When put together the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo- Pascal's and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possiblePROBLEM B: Wheel Chair Access at AirportsOne of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who are not able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheel chair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing.Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheel chairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheel chairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports the time required to move across the airport is nontrivial. The wheel chairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheel chairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline.Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheel chairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheel chairs throughout each day in a cost effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term.Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheel chairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances.Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights. Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.2007 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: GerrymanderingThe United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state's population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way of determining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look "unnatural" by some standards.Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely "baseline" exercise to create the "simplest" shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of "simple" is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New York.PROBLEM B: The Airplane Seating ProblemAirlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward.Apart from consideration of the passengers' wait time, from the airline's point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day.The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time.Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85-210), midsize (210-330), and large (450-800).。

2013年美赛A题最终的布朗尼锅摘要关键字：目录引言题目背景近年来，电烤箱普遍采用远红外加热技术，使电烤箱的技术含量增加，耗能降低，深受广大用户的欢迎。

利用红外线加热物体，就是利用辐射波长与物体接收波长一致时，物体吸收大量的红外能，从而加剧物体内部的分子运动，使之加热升温。

加热时间短，能耗低，使用方便。

但是，当我们使用矩形烤盘烘烤食物时，热传导方程，加上一些边界条件，导致方形烤盘热量集中在的四个角上，因此四个角上的物体会因过度受热（以及在较小程度的边缘处）而变焦。

如果用圆形烤盘，热量会平均分布在整个外围边缘，在外围的物体就不会过度受热。

然而，由于大多数的烤箱都是矩形的，所以用圆形的烤盘就不能较好的利用烤箱的空间。

给烘烤食物的朋友带来了很大的不便。

为什么角部的食物肉容易烤焦，以及选择哪种形状的烤盘，，这是令人很费解的问题。

电烤箱工作原理电烤箱利用电热元件所发出的辐射热来烘烤食品，利用它我们可以制作烤鸡、烤鸭、烘烤面包、糕点等。

根据烘烤食品的不同需要，电烤箱的温度一般可在50-250℃范围内调节。

电烤箱主要由箱体、电热元件、调温器、定时器和功率调节开关等构成。

其箱体主要由外壳、中隔层、内胆组成三层结构，在内胆的前后边上形成卷边，以隔断腔体空气；在外层腔体中充填绝缘的膨胀珍珠岩制品，使外壳温度大大减低；同时在门的下面安装弹簧结构，使门始终压紧在门框上，使之有较好的密封性。

电烤箱的加热方式可分为面火（上加热器加热）、底火（下加热器加热）和上下同时加热三种。

电烤箱技术参数温度范围室温-200℃（300℃）温度稳定度±0.5℃温度分布均匀度±2℃（特佳）排气烟道叶片式设计可调出风量符号和定义l：多边形边长L: 多边形周长k: 周长与面积的比G：单位圆的周长C: 单位椭圆周长a: 椭圆的长半轴b: 椭圆的短半轴假设1、烤箱内温度同一层表分布均匀且稳定2、烤箱内风扇使空气及时流通3、假设烤盘之间相互不影响4、假设各层之间相互不影响5、假设烤盘的深度影响忽略不计6、假设烤箱内垂直分布的热辐射场为递增针对问题1问题1的说明针对问题1，考虑同一层烤架上温度稳定且分布均匀，我们提出了两个模型。

A1Square has side length . Point is on , and the area of is . What is ?2A softball team played ten games, scoring , and runs. They lost by one run inexactly five gam es. In each of the other gam es, they scored twice as m any runs as their opponent.How many total runs did their opponents score?3 A flower bouquet contains pink roses, red roses, pink carnations, and red carnations. One third of thepink flowers are roses, three fourths of the red flowers are carnations, and six tenths of the flowers are pink. What percent of the flowers are carnations?4What is the value of5Tom, Dorothy, and Sammy went on a vacation and agreed to split the costs evenly. During their tripTom paid , Dorothy paid , and Sammy paid . In order to share the costs equally, Tom gave Sammy dollars, and Dorothy gave Sammy dollars. What is ?6In a recent basketball game, Shenille attem pted only three-point shots and two-point shots. She wassuccessful on of her three-point shots and of her two-point shots. Shenille attem pted shots. How m any points did she score?7The sequence has the property that every term beginning with the third is thesum of the previous two. That is, Suppose that and. What is ?8Given that and are distinct nonzero real numbers such that , what is ?9In , and . Points and are on sides , , and ,respectively, such that and are parallel to and , respectively. What is the perimeter of parallelogram?(9th)（11 th）10Let be the set of positive integers for which has the repeating decimal representationwith and different digits. What is the sum of the elem ents of ?11Triangle is equilateral with . Points and are on and points and are onsuch that both and are parallel to . Furthermore, triangle and trapezoidsand all have the sam e perimeter. What is ?12he angles in a particular triangle are in arithmetic progression, and the side lengths are . Thesum of the possible values of equals where , and are positive integers. What is ?13Let points and . Quadrilateral is cut intoequal area pieces by a line passing through . This line intersects at point , where thesefractions are in lowest term s. What is ?14The sequence, , , ,is an arithm etic progression. What is ?15Rabbits Peter and Pauline have three offspring—Flopsie, Mopsie, and Cotton-tail. These five rabbits are to be distributed to four different pet stores so that no store gets both a parent and a child. It is not required that every store gets a rabbit. In how many different ways can this be done?16, , are three piles of rocks. The m ean weight of the rocks in is pounds, the m ean weightof the rocks in is pounds, the m ean weight of the rocks in the com bined piles and ispounds, and the m ean weight of the rocks in the combined piles and is pounds. What is thegreatest possible integer value for the mean in pounds of the rocks in the com bined piles and ?17A group of pirates agree to divide a treasure chest of gold coins am ong them selves as follows. Thepirate to take a share takes of the coins that rem ain in the chest. The number of coins initially in the chest is the sm allest number for which this arrangement will allow each pirate to receive apositive whole number of coins. How many coins doe the pirate receive?18Six spheres of radius are positioned so that their centers are at the vertices of a regular hexagon of side length . The six spheres are internally tangent to a larger sphere whose center is the center ofthe hexagon. An eighth sphere is externally tangent to the six sm aller spheres and internally tangent to the larger sphere. What is the radius of this eighth sphere?19In , , and . A circle with center and radius intersects at pointsand . Moreover and have integer lengths. What is ?20Let be the set . For , define to m ean that either or. How m any ordered triples of elem ents of have the property that ,, and ?21Consider . Which of the following intervals contains ?22A palindrome is a nonnegatvie integer number that reads t he sam e forwards and backwards when written in base 10 with no leading zeros. A 6-digit palindrome is chosen uniformly at random. Whatis the probability that is also a palindrome?23is a square of side length . Point is on such that . The square regionbounded by is rotated counterclockwise with center , sweeping out a region whosearea is , where , , and are positive integers and . What is ?24Three distinct segm ents are chosen at random among the segments whose end-points are the vertices of a regular 12-gon. What is the probability that the lengths of these three segm ents are the three side lengths of a triangle with positive area?25Let be defined by . How m any complex numbers are there suchthat and both the real and the imaginary parts of are integers with absolute value atmost ?1. E2. C3. E4. C5. B6. B7. C8. D9. C10. D11. C12. A13. B14. B15. D16. E17. D18. B19. D20. B21. A22. E23. C24. E25. A。

目录2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (3)2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control (3)2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments (3)2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough? (5)2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (7)2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (7)2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...). (8)2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain Future (10)2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (14)2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (14)2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (14)2002 ICM: Scrub Lizards (15)2003 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (19)2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (19)2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (19)2003 ICM: Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question (20)2004 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (24)2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (24)2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (24)2004 ICM: To Be Secure or Not to Be? (24)2005 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (25)2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (25)2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (25)2005 ICM: Nonrenewable Resources (25)2006 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (27)2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (27)2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (27)2006 ICM: Trade-offs in the fight against HIV/AIDS (28)2007 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (32)2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (32)2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (32)2007 ICM: Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem (33)2008 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (38)2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (38)2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (38)2008 ICM: Finding the Good in Health Care Systems (38)2009 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (40)2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (40)2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (40)2009 ICM: Creating Food Systems: Re-Balancing Human-Influenced Ecosystems41 2010年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (42)2010 MCM A: The Sweet Spot (42)2010 MCM B: Criminology (43)2010 ICM: The Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch (44)2011年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (45)2011 MCM A: Snowboard Course (45)2011 MCM B: Repeater Coordination (45)2011 ICM: Environmentally and Economically Sound (46)2012年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (48)2012 MCM A: The Leaves of a Tree (48)2012 MCM B: Camping along the Big Long River (50)2012 ICM: Modeling for Crime Busting (51)2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (59)2013 MCM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan (59)2013 MCM B: Water, Water, Everywhere (61)2013 ICM: NetworkModeling of Earth's Health (62)2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2000 MCM A: Air Traffic ControlTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analysit at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention? Requirement B: And airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector1.at any one instant?2.during any given interval of time?3.during a particular time of day?How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity? Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity? In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.2000 MCM B: Radio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grix (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be alloted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1,2,3, … . Each transmitter wil be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided.Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assugn channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several contrainsts on the frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these contraints, what can we say about the span in Figure 1?Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What cna we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough?“Ultimately, if a habitat is undesirably changed by elephants, then their removal should be considered -even by culling.”National Geographic (Earth Almanac) –December 1999 A large National Park in South Africa contains approximately 11,000 elephants. Management policy requires a healthy environment that can maintain a stable herf of 11,000 elephants. Each year park rangers count the elephant population. During the past 20 years whole herds have been removed to keep the population as close to 11,000 as possible. The process involved shooting (for the most part) and occasionally relocating approximately 600 to 800 elephants per year.Recently, there has been a public outcry against the shooting of these elephants. In addition, it is no longer feasible to relocate even a small population of elephants each year. A contraceptive dart, however, has been developed that can prevent a mature elephant cow from conceiving for a period of two years.Here is some information about eh elephants in the Park:∙There is very little emigration of immigration of elephants.∙The gender ratio is very close to 1:1 and control measures have endeavored to maintain parity.∙The gender ratio of newborn calves is also about 1:1. Twins are born about 1.35% of the time.∙Cows first conceive between the ages of 10 and 12 and produce, on average, a calf every 3.5 years until they reach an age of about 60.Gestation is approximately 22 months.∙The contraceptive dart causes an elephant cow to come into oestrus every month (but not conceiving). Elephants usually have courtship only once in 3.5 years, so the monthly cycle can cause additional stress.∙ A cow can be darted every year without additional detrimental effects. A mature elephant cow will not be able to conceive for 2 years after thelast darting.∙Between 70% and 80% of newborn calves survive to age 1 year.Thereafter, the survival rate is uniform across all ages and is very high(over 95%), until about age 60; it is a good assumption that elephantsdie before reading age 70.There is no hunting and negligible poaching in the Park.The park management has a rough data file of the approximate ages and gender of the elephants they have transported out of the region during the past 2 years. This data is available on website: icm2000data.xls. Unfortunately no data is available for the elephants that have been shot or remain in the Park.Your overall task is to develop and use models to investigate how the contraceptive dart might be used for population control. Specifically:Task 1: Develop and use a model to speculate about the likely survival rate for elephants aged 2 to 60. Also speculate about the current age structure of the elephant population.Task 2: Estimate how many cows would need to be darted each year to keep the population fixed at approximately 11,000 elephants. Show how the uncertainty in the data at your disposal affects your estimate. Comment on any changes in the age structure of the population and how this might affect tourists. (You may want to look ahead about 30-60 years.)Task 3: If it were feasible to relocate between 50 and 300 elephants per year, how would this reduce the number of elephants to be darted? Comment on the trade-off between darting and relocation.Task 4: Some opponents of darting argue that if there were a sudden loss of a large number of elephants (due to disease or uncontrolled poaching), even if darting stopped immediately, the ability of the population to grow again would be seriously impeded. Investigate and respond to this concer.Task 5: The management in the Park is skeptical about modeling. In particular, they argue that a lack of complete data makes a mockery of any attempt to use models to guide their decision. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the park management that responds to their concerns and provides advice. Also suggest ways to increase the park managers confidence in your model and your conclusions.Task 6: If your model works, other elephant parks in Africa would be interested in using it. Prepare a darting plan for parks of various sizes (300-25,000 elephants), with slightly different survival rates and transportation possibilities.2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades startingfrom zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments. (Roadgrade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by thelength of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportionalto the road grade. A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-boundlanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentiallyturning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improveevacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal regionwas ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under analternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhapscounty-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast.Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish moretemporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats,campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under whatconditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers ofvehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents ofGeorgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls ofHurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation trafficflow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used tocompare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain FutureZebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, are small, fingernail-sized, freshwater mollusks unintentionally introduced to North America via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel. Since their introduction in the mid 1980s, they have spread through all of the Great Lakes and to an increasing number of inland waterways in the United States and Canada. Zebra mussels colonize on various surfaces,such as docks, boat hulls, commercial fishing nets, water intake pipes and valves, native mollusks and other zebra mussels. Their only known predators, some diving ducks, freshwater drum, carp, and sturgeon, are not numerous enough to have a significant effect on them. Zebra mussels have significantly impacted the Great Lakes ecosystem and economy. Many communities are trying to control or eliminate these aquatic pests. SOURCE: Great Lakes Sea Grant Network /.Researchers are attempting to identify the environmental variables related to the zebra mussel infestation in North American waterways. The relevant factors that may limit or prevent the spread of the zebra mussel are uncertain. You will have access to some reference data to include listings of several chemicals and substances in the water system that may affect the spread of the zebra mussel throughout waterways. Additionally, you can assume individual zebra mussels grow at a rate of 15 millimeters per year with a life span between 4 - 6 years. The typical mussel can filter 1 liter of water each day.Requirement A: Discuss environmental factors that could influence the spread of zebra mussels.Requirement B: Utilizing the chemical data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem1.xls, and the mussel population data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 1.xls model the population growth of zebra mussels in Lake A. Be sure to review the Information about the collection of the zebra mussel data. Requirement C: Utilizing additional data on Lake A from another scientist provided at :ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem2.xls and additional mussel population data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 2.xls corroborate the reasonableness of your model from Requirement B. As a result of this additional data, adjust your earlier model. Analyze the performance of your model. Discuss the sensitivity of your model. Requirement D: Utilizing the Chemical data from two lakes (Lake B and Lake C) in the United States provided atap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeB.xls and ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeC.xls determine if these lakes are vulnerable to the spread of zebra mussels. Discuss your prediction.Requirement E: The community in the vicinity of Lake B (in requirement D) is considering specific policies for the de-icing of roadways near the lake duringthe winter season. Provide guidance to the local government officials regarding a policy on “de-icing agents.”In your guidance include predictions on the long-term impact of de-icing on the zebra mussel population. Requirement F: It has been recommended by a local community in the United States to introduce round goby fish. Zebra mussels are not often eaten by native fish species so they represent a dead end ecologically. However, round gobies greater than 100 mm feed almost exclusively on zebra mussels. Ironically, because of habitat destruction, the goby is endangered in its native habitat of the Black and Caspian Seas in Russia. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the local community leaders that responds to their recommendation to introduce the round goby. Also suggest ways to help reduce the growth of the mussel within and among waterways.Information about the collection of the zebra mussel dataThe developmental state of the Zebra mussel is categorized by three stages: veligers (larvae), settling juveniles, and adults. Veligers (microscopic zebra mussel larvae) are free-swimming, suspended in the water for one to three weeks, after which they begin searching for a hard surface to attach to and begin their adult life. Looking for zebra mussel veligers is difficult because they are not easily visible by the naked eye. Settled juvenile zebra mussels can be felt on smooth surfaces like boats and motors. An advanced zebra mussel infestation can cover a surface, even forming thick mats sometimes reaching very high densities. The density of juveniles was determined along the lake using three 15×15 cm settling plates. The top plate remained in the water for the entire sampling season (S - seasonal) to estimate seasonal accumulation. The middle and bottom plates are collected after specific periods (A –alternating ) of time denoted by “Lake Days”in the data files.The settling plates are placed under the microscope and all juveniles on the undersides of the plate are counted and densities are reported as juveniles/m^2.2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2002 MCM A: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area. Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.2002 MCM B: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations. Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation: Less flights by airlines from point A to point B Heightened security at and around airports Passengers' fear Loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, andconsider alternatives for handling “bumped”passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2002 ICM: Scrub LizardsThe Florida scrub lizard is a small, gray or gray-brown lizard that lives throughout upland sandy areas in the Central and Atlantic coast regions of Florida. The Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants classified the scrub lizard as endangered.You will find a fact sheet on the Florida Scrub Lizard at/undergraduate/contests/mcm/contests/2002/problem s/icm2002data/scrublizard.pdfThe long-term survival of the Florida scrub lizard is dependent upon preservation of the proper spatial configuration and size of scrub habitat patches.Task 1: Discuss factors that may contribute to the loss of appropriate habitat for scrub lizards in Florida. What recommendations would you make to the state of Florida to preserve these habitats and discuss obstacles to the implementation of your recommendations?Task 2: Utilize the data provided in Table 1 to estimate the value for Fa (the average fecundity of adult lizards); Sj (the survivorship of juvenile lizards- between birth and the first reproductive season); and Sa (the average adult survivorship).Table 1Summary data for a cohort of scrub lizards captured and followed for 4 consecutive years. Hatchling lizards (age 0) do not produce eggs during the summer they are born. Average clutch size for all other females is proportional to body size according to the function y = 0.21*(SVL)-7.5, where y is the clutch size and SVL is the snout-to-vent length in mm.Year Age Total NumberLivingNumber of LivingFemalesAvg. Female Size(mm)1 0 972 495 30.32 1 180 92 45.83 2 20 11 55.84 3 2 2 56.0Task 3: It has been conjectured that the parameters Fa , Sj , and Sa , are related to the size and amount of open sandy area of a scrub patch. Utilize the data provided in Table 2 to develop functions that estimate Fa, Sj , and Sa for different patches. In addition, develop a function that estimates C, the carrying capacity of scrub lizards for a given patch.Table 2Summary data for 8 scrub patches including vital rate data for scrub lizards. Annual female fecundity (Fa), juvenile survivorship (Sj), and adult survivorship (Sa) are presented for each patch along with patch size and the amount of open sandy habitat.Patch Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha) Fa Sj Sa Density (lizards/ha)a 11.31 4.80 5.6 0.12 0.06 58b 35.54 11.31 6.6 0.16 0.10 60c 141.76 51.55 9.5 0.17 0.13 75d 14.65 7.55 4.8 0.15 0.09 55e 63.24 20.12 9.7 0.17 0.11 80f 132.35 54.14 9.9 0.18 0.14 82g 8.46 1.67 5.5 0.11 0.05 40h 278.26 84.32 11.0 0.19 0.15 115Task 4: There are many animal studies that indicate that food, space, shelter, or even reproductive partners may be limited within a habitat patch causing individuals to migrate between patches. There is no conclusive evidence on why scrub lizards migrate. However, about 10 percent of juvenile lizards do migrate between patches and this immigration can influence the size of the population within a patch. Adult lizards apparently do not migrate. Utilizing the data provided in the histogram below estimate the probability of lizards surviving the migration between any two patches i and patch j.Table 3HistogramMigration data for juvenile lizards marked, released, and recaptured up to 6 months later. Surveys for recapture were conducted up to 750m from release sites.Task 5: Develop a model to estimate the overall population size of scrub lizards for the landscape given in Table 3. Also, determine which patches are suitable for occupation by scrub lizards and which patches would not support a viable population.Patch size and amount of open sandy habitat for a landscape of 29 patches located on the Avon Park Air Force Range. See:/undergraduate/contests/icm/2002problem/map.jpg for a map of the landscape.Patch Identification Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha)1 13.66 5.382 32.74 11.913 1.39 0.234 2.28 0.765 7.03 3.626 14.47 4.387 2.52 1.998 5.87 2.499 22.27 8.44。

2013美赛A题PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced. Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different values of W/L and p.In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.。