3-1 Compounding 英语语言学ppt

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语言学第三章chapter3

Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.
河南大学外语学院马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Allomorph
Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality) [-z]: meanings [-s]: maps [-iz]: watches [-ai-]: mice [-i:-]: feet [0]: deer
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
河南大学外语学院马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
河南大学外语学院马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Summary
Lexical morpheme
Free morpheme
morpheme
Functional morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
河南大学外语学院马应聪
Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird

英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件

Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
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教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
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Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
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See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
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1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
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The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]

《英语语言学》ppt课件

区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩

英语：《英语构词法知识》课件

合成法
方法
方式
复合形容词的构成
方式形容词＋形容词形容词＋名词例词 bitter-sweet, dark-blue first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, barefoot 形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working 形容词＋名词-ed middle-aged, cold-blooded 名词＋形容词 world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong man-made 名词＋过去分词 hard-working, far-seeing 副词＋现在分词 well-prepared, well-known 副词＋过去分词 five-year, 数词＋名词数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old, six-inch-tall four-legged, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered 数词＋名词-ed
表示“人”，加在名词上表示“人”，加在某些地点名词或某些形容词表示“人”，加在复合词上表示“物”，加在动词上
表示“物”，加在名词上
表示“物”，加在复合词上既表示 “人”也表示 “物”，加在动词上
steamer,蒸笼washer,
loudspeaker, fighter,战斗机printer,打印机印刷者 recorder,
转化法（Conversion）
taste
n. 味道
It has a good taste.
v.尝起来 It taste very good.
record
n.记录
He broke the record.

英语语言学完整版

Displacement
----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.
Language is arbitrary

Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.

语言学

●Back
4.Formation of Compound
--Compounding can take place with any of the word class
1.Noun Compounds Eg: n+n: moon walk adv+v-ing: up-bring 2.Adjective Compounds Eg: n+v-ing: record-breaking n+adj : war weary 3.Verb Compounds ①Through Conversion: nickname ②Through Backformation: lip-reading
4)Orthographical Features(拼写特征拼写特征) 拼写特征
Solid (silkworm)
Hyphenated (honey-bee)
Open (tear gas)
British Speakers ↓ Hyphenated
American Speakers ↓ Open
Watch out!!!
<二>Blending
Definition: Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Formation: 1.head+tail:cremains(cremate+remains) 2.head+head:sitcom(situation+comedy) 3.head+word:medicare(medical+care) 4.word+tail:workfare(work+welfare)

语言学同义词与反义词 ppt课件

❖ 相对同义词, 这些词在概念意义上基本相同, 但在所表达的理性意义、色彩意义和用法方面存在着细微差别, 所以也称为近义词。
E.g. help --- aid careful --- cautious end --- finish --- complete care --- concern --- anxiety --- worry able --- capable --- competent --- qualified
C. Social opposites : husband – wife teacher-student finance -fiancée
反义词的应用
❖ 把反义词放在一起用，使两个词相得益彰，可产生对比强烈，形象鲜明的效果。英语的成语当中，有一类成对词就是用反义词组成的:
❖ first and last(总的来说), ❖ to play fast and loose(反复无常)，等等。 ❖ 许多谚语里都成对地使用反义词: ❖ “More haste, less speed”(欲速则不达)， ❖ “United we stand, divided we fall”(团结则存，分裂则亡)， ❖ "Hope for the best and prepare for the worst"(从最好处希望
(1)The assertion of one means the denial of the other,and the denial of one means the assertion of the other.
(2)can’t be modified by “very” (3)Do not have comparative and superlative degrees (4)Do not have intermediate degrees

英语语言学Syntax PPT

VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation

compound

heir apparent
Semantic Criteria
According to the semantic criteria,compounds have meanings which are not predictable. That is to say, they have new meanings.
• Another example, the collocation “pull
one's socks up”
• This phrase has both a literal meaning(穿上袜子） and an idiomatic meaning（振作起来）. • According to the semantic criteria, we can not identify this kind of expressions as compounds or not. (并丌是所有有新意义的就是compounds)
generate add -tion generation
Comparison between Compounding and Word-formation
• In compouding word,we are concerned with • (1) the meaning of the lexemes • (2) the relationship between lexemes. • eg, boathouse and houseboat base formation semantic •
复合词内部的语义关系
(1) 因果关系(cause) : sleeping bill (2) 所有关系(have) : picture book (3) 组成关系 (make) : rainwater (4) 使用关系(use) : waterwheel (5) 性质关系(be) :whiteflour (6) 所处关系 ( in) : country club (7) 来源关系(from) : fingerprint Miller (1996 :118)

英语词汇学课件 Unit 3

#.前缀（主要改变词义）
Negative prefixes: a-/dis-/in-/non-/unReversative prefixes: de-/dis-/unPejorative prefixes: mal-/mis-/pseudoPrefixes of degree or size: arch-/extra/hyper-/macro-/micro-/mini-/over-/sub/super-/sur-/ultra-/underPrefixes of orientation and attitude: anti/contra-/counter-/proLocative prefixes: extra-/fore-/inter/transPrefixes of time and order: ex-/fore-/post/pre-/reNumber prefixes: bi-/multi-/poly-/semi/hemi-/tri-/uni-/monoMiscellaneous prefixes: auto-/neo-/pan/vice-
3.3.2 Nouns V. →n. (*contrast, abstract) Adj. →n (full & partial conversion)
the poor
3.3.3 Adjectives
名词做定语：street light VP →Adj. nonce word（临时词）：本身是自由词组或习语，但用连字符连接起来构成单个的词。 stay-at-home, forget-me-not, ahead-of-schedule
最古老的构词方法之一。语义关系: 第一部分限定或修饰第二部分（也有例外）形式相同的复合词其内部的语义关系可能是各不相同的。 (Ex.5) 词性：复合介词，复合连接词，复合副词，复合代词，复合数词，句式复合词，等等。

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Bound morphemes:
Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently , but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
shield law: a law that pretexts journalists from forced disclosure of confidential news sources. 新闻来源保障法
encounter group: a group of people who meet to develop understanding of others by honest exchange of feelings, opinions, etc.交朋友小组
answering service: a commercial service that answers telephone calls for its clients.营利性的代客接听电话的服务处
siege economics: extremely strict economical measures (极其严格的节约措施)
In military fields:
cruise missile: a low-flying subsonic guided missile (巡航导弹)
laser bomb: bomb guided by laser 激光导弹
Word Formation
Compounding, Blending, Backformation, Shortening
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机)
In science and technology:
black hole: a hypothetical celestial region formed from a collapsed star. (黑洞)
biological clock: inherent mechanism that regulates cyclic physiological process in a living organism.(生物钟)
Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.
`old /friends
strobe light: higher intensity flashing light 频闪放电管
In social life:
identity crisis: a state of psychological confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy: the treatment of a group of patients in regular sessions where problems are shared in group discussion: 小组疗法
(热线)
hard-liner: a person following an uncompromising or extreme policy
In economics:
unit pricing: the pricing of a commodity expressed per unit of weight, volume,etc. (单价与兑价分标法)
Morphology
Compounding
Types of es:
Free morphemes:
Free morphemes are the morphemes which are free in the sense that they are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
A darkroom is not just a room that is dark, rather a room used for photographic processing.
1. Noun Compounds
In politics:
a hot line: a telephone line for swift communication in emergencies between Moscow and Washington.
A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid, such as bedtime
2)hyphenated, such as abovementioned
3) open, such as reading material
`new /friends
`pure /scientists
Semantically, compounds can often be identified as “ having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.