英语语言学大全 ppt课件

-conceptual meaning: logical, cognitive, denotative content
-associative meanings: connotative meaning social/stylistic meaning affective meaning reflected meaning collocative meaning
Lecture 7
The meaning of English (I)
Review
➢ What are common means of cohesion in English?
➢ What do we mean by conversational repair?
Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
tiny (colloquial) diminutive (very formal) wee (colloquial,dialectal)
d. Affective meaning （情感意义）
➢ It has to do with the personal feelings of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. It’s often explicitly conveyed through conceptual or connotative content of the words used.

a
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Aphasia
• - Wernicke’s aphasia • -Identified 1873 by Carl Wernicke, eminent
German neurologist • -Results in difficulties in auditory
comprehension • -also called ‘sensory aphasia’
a
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Genie’s case
• In 1970 • 13 year old girl, spent most of her life tied to a chair in
small closed room • Physical, sensory, social emotional deprivation • After brought into care, she developed an ability to speak
• cortex: supports "higher" brain functions, including language ; thin, folded sheet on surface of brain
• Broca’s area: responsible for speech production (close to motor areas)
hemisphere of her brain for language functions
a
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• The lateralization process begins in early childhood
• During childhood, there is a period when human brain is most ready to receive and learn a particular language

A text is a product of all three. The three metafunctions of language are closely related to context and realized in the lexicogrammar of language. They are interwoven in discourse.
Metafunctions of Language
M.A.K. Halliday
12英语2班 翁京京 马密密 王雅莛 唐晓雯 唐苑
A British-born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic model of language.
逻辑功能
The experiential function 经验功能
It refers to the grammatical choices that enable
speakers to make meanings about the world around us
and inside us. 经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心世界） 中的各种经历的表达。换言之，就是反映客观世界中所 发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点 等环境因素。
The logical function
逻辑功能
Halliday describes the logical function as those systems
“whichnships between o
ne clausal unite and another”

Six primary factors of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact.
Jakobson’s well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication:
my group member's view
phatic function directive function informative function interrogative function expressive function evocative function performative function
emotions
Conative: to persuade and influence others
through commands and entreaties)
Phatic: to establish communion with others Metalingual function: to clear up intentions,
英语语言学function of language
Halliday’s view
Interpersonal metafunction The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations.
Jakobson’s view

4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
英语语言学语言学知识点
3
• 1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: • 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
•
phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强
•
•
geology, sociology, astrology
•
phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
• Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation

buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife
teacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee
语言学知识点
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
How speech sounds are made
fast (adj) and fast (n)
如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:
beauty, fish, ball, scale beauty: 美丽；美女 fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找 ball: 球；舞会 scale: 规模；鱼鳞 看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一
The principal suprasegmentals are:
Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’.
Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.

• Problem: What is the link?
Triangle of Reference by Ogden & Richards
Contextualism
3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context.
• morning star 启明星 , evening star冥王星
Major sense relations— homonymy 121
• Homonymy 同音/形异义,including: ➢Homophones同音词: rain/reign,
night/night, ➢Homographs同形词:bow v./ n., tear v./
• Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
• Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
5.Reflective/reflected meaning反映义
(association with another sense of the same expression) e.g. intercourse, nucleur
6. Collocative meaning 搭配义 p.116:
• The associations of a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context.

现代英语语言学理论
渭南师范学院崔建斌
LESSON PLAN
Objectives (students)
By the end of the lesson the students will be better able to know what testing is, how testing is relevant to teaching, what the relationship exists between testing and teaching.
现代英语语言学理论
渭南师范学院崔建斌
PROCEDURE OF THE LESSON
10mins. Students in pairs.
Aim: discuss the test items (Test paper on Advanced English: writing). Check and work out the criteria for the objective testing, as writing. Appoint a student as “teacher” at the board report their discussion.
现代英语语言学理论
渭南师范学院崔建斌
LESSON PLAN
Specific Target (Teaching point) Types of test
Aptitude test, Proficiency test, Achievement test Diagnostic test
Means of testing
Studies on Language Testing: Introduction and Implication, Cui Jianbin, 2002

Welcome to Linguistics
2020/10/1
Contents
名词解释；学术流派对比评论；理论解释某语言现象 语料库语言学 、修辞学 、语用学 、认知语言学 、语言哲学 、 英汉对比语言学 、 语言学概论 语言学理论流派 流派漫谈：刘润清 认知语言学（附件） 第二语言习得（附件） 语料库语言学（附件）
2020/10/1
Or maybe the reason is in fact simple: human beings are always curious in seeking what they don’t know. Consider: What are taken for granted in our course of language use without realizing its wonder?
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
tea 和 sea, /t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morpheme
What is the point of departure of phonology? A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme
What is the point of departure of phonology? A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme(音位)

– For example, a society's kinship system is generally reflected in its kinship vocabulary. 2
• The social environment can also be reflected in language, and can often have an effect on the structure and the vocabulary.
• 普通话的定义：
– 以北京语音为标准音 , 以北方话为基础方
言 , 以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范
的现代汉民族共同语。
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• Halliday: Register
– L varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.
– EE: Estuary English, commonly used by educated people in the region around London. Less rigid than RP but more standard than Cockney.
– Cockney: lower class dialect of East London, considered non-standard by educated people.
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• In Britain, accent = marker of status
– RP: a non-localized form of pronunciation, refers to the particular way of pronouncing standard English, an indicator of a public school education and thus a high social status on the part of the speaker.

The History and Development of English
Linguistics
Early Beginnings
The Growth of Philosophy
Modern Linguistics
The study of English linguistics can trace its roots back to the Renaissance, with the works of scholars such as William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon
The Creation of New Words and the Development of Vocabulary
02 03
Language Change and Evolution
Linguistics investments how languages change over time and explore the processes that lead to language evolution
Communication and Social Interaction
Annotative meaning: the emotional or cultural associations a word may have
Context and Means
Sense depends on the context in which it is used
Context can change the intended meaning of a word or phrase
the IPA symbols and their

language)



the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language) a tool for human communication. (social function) a set of rules. (rule-governed)

languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. e. g. Small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or read indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Language slowly changes. Speakers of all language employ a range of styles and a set of jargons. Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them. Writing is derivative of speech.

A system----since elements in it are