Palestinian Elections Postponed Indefinitely

medicinal药品,药物, 药的,药用的be split into 分成，分为pharmaceutical 药学的，制药的，药品starting materialsynthetic, 合成的，人造的，；synthetics化学合成品, synthesis合成(法), semisynthetic, synthesize, synthesesalkaloid 生物碱lead structure 先导结构intermediate 中间体isolation 分离natural source 天然来源enzyme 酶heart glycoside 强心苷steroid 甾体precursor 前体organ/target organ 靶器官peptide [peptaɪd]译n. [生化] 缩氨酸Peptide:肽| 缩氨酸| 多肽hormone 激素insulin ['ɪnsjʊlɪn]n. [生化][药] 胰岛素pancreas ['pæŋkrɪəs] n. [解剖] 胰腺vaccine ['væksiːn] n. 疫苗；牛痘苗adj. 疫苗的；牛痘的polysaccharide [,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd]n. [有化] 多糖；多聚糖（等于polysaccharid）serum ['sɪərəm]n. 血清；浆液；免疫血清；乳清；树液cholesterol 胆固醇amino acid [ə,mi:nəu 'æsid] n. [生化] 氨基酸acid酸gelatine ['dʒɛlətn]n. 胶质；果子冻；白明胶hydrolysis水解/hydrolysate水解产物/hydrolyze水解hydroxylationantibiotic 抗生素，抗菌的antibody ['æntɪbɒdɪ]n. [免疫] 抗体interferon 干扰素fermentation 发酵dextran 葡聚糖-lactam ['læktæm] n. [有化] 内酰胺natural producttherapy/therapeutic治疗的/therapeutic margin ['mɑːdʒɪn]n. 边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白vt. 加边于；加旁注于网络释义Margin:保证金| 利润| 边缘caffeine咖啡因yeast [jiːst] n. 酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素网络释义yeast:酵母| 酵母菌| 发酵粉microbiological ['maɪkrobaɪo'lɑdʒɪkl]adj. 微生物学的mutant ['mjuːt(ə)nt]n. 突变体；突变异种adj. 突变的网络释义Mutant:畸形| 突变体| 突变型microorganism [maɪkrəʊ'ɔːg(ə)nɪz(ə)m]n. [微] 微生物；微小动植物网络释义microorganism:微生物| 微小动植物| 微有genetic [dʒɪ'netɪk]adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的mould [məʊld] n. 模具；霉vt. 浇铸；用泥土覆盖vi. 发霉high performance高性能；高效能的bacterial [bæk'tɪrɪəl]adj. [微] 细菌的protein mucous membrane黏膜metabolism新陈代谢metabolite代谢物plasma 血浆molecular weight[化学] 分子量food additive食品添加剂organic [ɔː'gænɪk]adj. [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的lactic acid乳酸citric acid 柠檬酸penicillin [penɪ'sɪlɪn]n. 盘尼西林（青霉素）penicillium [,penɪ'sɪlɪəm]n. 青霉菌；青霉菌属tetracycline [,tetrə'saɪkliːn]n. [药] 四环素（抗生素的一种）derivative衍生物contamination污染sterile ['steraɪl] adj. 不育的；无菌的；贫瘠的；不毛的；枯燥乏味的aerobic [eə'rəʊbɪk]adj. 需氧的；增氧健身法的oxygen ['ɒksɪdʒ(ə)n]n. [化学] 氧气，[化学] 氧carbon dioxide [无化] 二氧化碳carbohydrate [kɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]n. [有化] 碳水化合物；[有化] 糖类starch [stɑːtʃ]n. 淀粉；刻板，生硬vt. 给上浆saccharide ['sækəraɪd]n. 糖；糖类polysaccharide [,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd] n. [有化] 多糖；多聚糖（等于polysaccharid）glucose葡萄糖nitrogen ['naɪtrədʒ(ə)n] n. [化学] 氮urea [jʊ'riːə; 'jʊərɪə] n. [肥料] 尿素phosphate ['fɒsfeɪt]n. 磷酸盐；皮膜化成optimal ['ɒptɪm(ə)l] adj. 最佳的；最理想的ammonium sulfate[肥料] 硫酸铵ammonium [ə'məʊnɪəm]n. [无化] 铵；氨盐基,氨气ammonia [ə'məʊnɪə]n. [无化] 氨，阿摩尼亚separate ['sep(ə)rət]adj. 单独的；分开的n. 分开；抽印本vt. 使分离；使分开；使分居vi. 分开；隔开；分居filtrate ['fɪltreɪt]n. [化学] 滤液vt. 过滤；筛选vi. 过滤absorption [əb'zɔːpʃ(ə)n; -'sɔːp-]n. 吸收；全神贯注，专心致志extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 取出；抽出；拔出；抽出物；出身recombinant [rɪ'kɒmbɪnənt]n. 重组；重组体encode [ɪn'kəʊd; en-]vt. [计] 编码，译码purificationchromatographic procedure色谱分析程序calcium ['kælsɪəm]n. [化学] 钙regiospecific reaction区域专一性反应stereospecific reaction 立体专一性反应isomerization [aɪ,sɒməraɪ'zeɪʃən]n. [化学] 异构化；异构化作用isomeric ['aisəu'merik]adj. [化学] 同分异构的；[化学][核] 同质异构的fructose ['frʌktəʊz; -s]n. [有化] 果糖；左旋糖countless ['kaʊntlɪs]adj. 无数的；数不尽的diagnose ['daɪəgnəʊz; -'nəʊz]vt. 诊断；断定vi. 诊断；判断diagnostic [daɪəg'nɒstɪk] n. 诊断法；诊断结论adj. 诊断的；特征的analysis [ə'nælɪsɪs]n. 分析；分解；验定analyst ['æn(ə)lɪst] n. 分析者；精神分析医师；分解者analytical [ænə'lɪtɪk(ə)l]adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的analyze ['ænə,laɪz]vt. 对进行分析，分解（等于analyse）protease ['prəʊtɪeɪz]n. [生化] 蛋白酶ingredient [ɪn'griːdɪəntn. 原料；要素；组成部分adj. 构成组成部分的in combination with与结合，与联合digestion [daɪ'dʒestʃ(ə)n; dɪ-] n. 消化；领悟enyzmatic cleavage酶法分析产物by means of用，依靠fumaric acid[有化] 富马酸；反丁烯二酸bind [baɪnd]n. 捆绑；困境；讨厌的事情；植物的藤蔓vt. 绑；约束；装订；包扎；凝固vi. 结合；装订；有约束力；过紧immobilize [ɪ'məʊbɪlaɪz]vt. 使固定；使不动；使停止流通racemate ['ræsɪmeɪt]n. 外消旋酒石酸盐；外消旋酸盐；[植] 外消旋物racemic [rə'siːmɪk; rə'semɪk]adj. 外消旋的；消旋酸的acetyl ['æsɪtaɪl; -tɪl] n. [有化] 乙酰；乙酰基heterogeneous [,het(ə)rə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs; -'dʒen-] adj. [化学] 多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的catalysis [kə'tælɪsɪs]n. 催化作用；刺激作用medium ['miːdɪəm]n. 方法；媒体；媒介；中间物adj. 中间的，中等的；半生熟的ester ['estə]n. [有化] 酯synthetic route合成路线registration [redʒɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 登记；注册；挂号compoundorganometallic [ɔː,gænəʊmɪ'tælɪk]adj. 有机金属的Organometallic:化合物pyridine ['pɪrɪdiːn]n. 嘧啶；氮苯（等于pyridina）aromatic [ærə'mætɪk]n. 芳香植物；芳香剂adj. 芳香的，芬芳的；芳香族的toluene ['tɒljʊiːn]n. [有化] 甲苯xylene ['zaɪliːn]n. [有化] 二甲苯phenol ['fiːnɒl]n. 石碳酸，[有化] 苯酚Phenol:苯酚| 酚| 防腐剂recrystallization [riː,krɪstəlaɪ'zeɪʃən]n. 再结晶crystal ['krɪst(ə)l]adj. 水晶的；透明的，清澈的n. 结晶，晶体；水晶；水晶饰品methanolethanolacetone ethyl acetate[有化] 乙酸乙酯Benzenechlorobenzene [,klɔːrəʊ'benziːn]n. [有化] 氯苯diethyl ether乙醚，[有化] 二乙醚sodium hydroxiden. [无化] 氢氧化钠hydrochloric acid[无化] 盐酸sulfuric acid[无化] 硫酸nitric acid[无化] 硝酸nitric acid:硝酸| 硝酸类| 硝镪水acetic acid[有化] 醋酸，[有化] 乙酸potassium carbonate[无化] 碳酸钾chlorine ['klɔːriːn]n. [化学] 氯（17号化学元素）网络释义:氯| 氯气| 液氯chloride ['klɔːraɪd]n. 氯化物iodine ['aɪədiːn; -aɪn; -ɪn]n. 碘；碘酒iodide ['aɪədaɪd]n. [无化] 碘化物fluorine ['flʊəriːn; 'flɔː-]n. [化学] 氟fluoride ['flʊəraɪd; flɔː-]n. 氟化物bromine ['brəʊmiːn]n. [化学] 溴bromide ['brəʊmaɪd] n. [无化] 溴化物；庸俗的人；陈词滥调impurity n.杂质；不纯；不洁quality certificate品质证明书；技师证明书,质量认证GMP [,dʒi:em'pi:]abbr. 药品生产质量管理规范（Good Manufacturing Practice）large amount大量；巨额；大批facility [fə'sɪlɪtɪ]n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧inspection [ɪn'spekʃn] 网络释义:检验| 检查| 视察analogous [ə'næləgəs] adj. 类似的；[昆] 同功的；可比拟的hygienic [haɪ'dʒiːnɪk]adj. 卫生的，保健的；卫生学的be subjected to受到；经受administer [əd'mɪnɪstə]vt. 管理；执行；给予vi. 给予帮助；执行遗产管理人的职责；担当管理人administer:管理| 实施| 治理administration [ədmɪnɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构biologic response 生物反应biologic membrane ['membreɪn] n. 膜；薄膜；羊皮纸to a large extent在很大程度上penetration [penɪ'treɪʃ(ə)n]n. 渗透；突破；侵入；洞察力spatial arrangementn. 空间布置，空间排列pharmacologicadj. 药理学的；药物学的stereochemistry [,sterɪə(ʊ)'kemɪstrɪ; ,stɪərɪə(ʊ)-]n. [化学] 立体化学three-dimensional structure立体结构三维结构lipid ['lɪpɪd] n. [生化] 脂质；油脂structure-activity relationship steric ['sterɪk; 'stɪərɪk]adj. 位的（副词sterically，异体字sterical）；（原子的）空间（排列）的steric:空间的| 立体的correlation [,kɒrə'leɪʃ(ə)n; -rɪ-]n. [数] 相关，关联；相互关系parameter [pə'ræmɪtə]n. 参数；系数；参量partition coefficient[分化] 分配系数（等于distribution coefficient）distribution function [力] 分布函数；分配函数conformation [kɒnfɔː'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. 构造；一致，符合conformation:构象| 构造| 组成extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 取出；抽出；拔出；抽出物；出身optical isomerism[物化] 光学异构；[物化] 旋光异构optical isomer[物化] 光学异构体enantiomorphic [en,æntiə'mɔ:fik]adj. 镜象体的；对映异构的enantiomorph [ɪ'næntɪə(ʊ)mɔːf; e-]n. [有化]对映体，左右像by no means:决不| 并没有| 并不tartaric acid [有化] 酒石酸manually ['mænjuəli]adv. 手动地；用手magnification [,mægnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 放大；放大率；放大的复制品drug design药物设计polarized light[光] 偏振光dextrorotatory [,dekstrəʊ'rəʊtət(ə)rɪ]adj. 右旋的；右旋性的levorotatory [,liːvəʊ'rəʊtətərɪ]adj. 左旋的clockwise ['klɒkwaɪz]adj. 顺时针方向的adv. 顺时针方向地countclockwiseantipode ['æntɪpəʊd]n. 正相反的事物；[有化] 对映体nonsuperimposable mirror imagecoincide with符合；与...相一致glyceraldehyde [,ɡlɪsə'rældəhaɪd]n. [生化] 甘油醛absolute ['æbsəluːt]adj. 绝对的；完全的；专制的n. 绝对；绝对事物literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]n. 文学；文献；文艺；著作configuration [kən,fɪgə'reɪʃ(ə)n; -gjʊ-]n. 配置；结构；外形crystallography [,krɪstə'lɒgrəfɪ]n. [晶体] 结晶学asymmetric [,esɪ'mɛtrɪk]adj. 不对称的；非对称的access ['ækses] n. 进入；使用权；通路vt. 使用；存取；接近isomeric ['aisəu'merik]adj. [化学] 同分异构的；[化学][核] 同质异构的enantiom er [en'æntiəmə,-mɔ:f]n. [有化] 对映体；[数][有化] 对映异构体diastereoisomer['daiə,steriəu'aisəmə, ,daiə'steriəumə]n. [有化] 非对映异构体atomic number基本翻译[化学] 原子序数（指元素在周期表中按次序排列的序号）网络释义atomic number:原子序数| 原子数| 原子序priority [praɪ'ɒrɪtɪ]n. 优先；优先权；[数] 优先次序；优先考虑的事magnifica tion [,mægnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 放大；放大率；放大的复制品solubility:溶解度| 溶解性| 溶度spatial ['speɪʃ(ə)l]adj.:空间| 立体的| 空间性的sequencein vivo [in'vi:vəu, -'vai-]（拉）[生物] 在活的有机体内in vitro [in'vi:trəu, -'vi-]在体外；在试管内receptor [rɪ'septə]n. [生化] 受体；接受器；感觉器官intravenous injection静脉注射be susceptible to敏感的with respect to 关于；至于contract ['kɒntrækt]n. 合同；婚约vt. 感染；订约；使缩短vi. 收缩；感染；订约Contract in simpler means a promise or a series of promise made by a person to another and in this...substrate ['sʌbstreɪt]n. 基质；基片；底层（等于substratum）；酶作用物epoxidation [,epɔksi'deiʃən]n. [有化] 环氧化作用carcinogen [kɑː'sɪnədʒ(ə)n]n. 致癌物质oxidation [ɒksɪ'deɪʃ(ə)n]n. [化学] 氧化oxidation:氧化| 氧化作用| 自动氧化oxidase preparation [,prepə'reɪʃ(ə)n]n. 预备；准备predominant [prɪ'dɒmɪnənt]adj. 主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影响的predominant:支配| 主要的| 优势的species ['spiːʃiːz; -ʃɪz; 'spiːs-]n. [生物] 物种；种类adj. 物种上的complex ['kɒmpleks]adj. 复杂的；合成的n. 复合体；综合设施dehydrase [diː'haɪdreɪs]n. 脱水酶dehydrase:脱水酶| 脱氢酶| 去水酶dehydrogenase [,diːhaɪ'drɒdʒəneɪz]n. [生化] 脱氢酶decarboxylase [,di:kɑ:'bɔksileis]n. [生化] 脱羧酶（等于carboxylase）hydrolytic enzymes水解酶isomerase [ai'sɔməreis]n. [生化] 异构酶permease ['pɜːmɪeɪs]n. [生化] 透性酶；[生化] 通透酶choline ['kəʊliːn; -lɪn]n. [生化] 胆碱；维他命B 复合体之一one out of every ten 十分之一clinical 临床的interaction [ɪntər'ækʃ(ə)n]n. 相互作用；[数] 交互作用n. 互动excrete [ɪk'skriːt; ek-]vt. 排泄；分泌网络释义excretion [ɪk'skriːʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 排泄，排泄物；分泌，分泌物inversion [ɪn'vɜːʃ(ə)n]n. 倒置；反向；倒转coordination [ko,ɔrdɪ'neʃən]n. 协调，调和；对等，同等Coordination:协调| 配位| 同等delay [dɪ'leɪ]n. 延期；耽搁；被耽搁或推迟的时间vt. 延期；耽搁vi. 延期；耽搁efficacy ['efɪkəsɪ]n 功效，效力Efficacy:疗效| 功效| 效力in place相称的，合适的entity ['entɪtɪ]n. 实体；存在；本质drug development药物开发attrition [ə'trɪʃ(ə)n]n. 摩擦；磨损；消耗toxicity [tɔk'sisəti]n. [毒物] 毒性toxic ['tɒksɪk]adj. 有毒的；中毒的toxicology [,tɒksɪ'kɒlədʒɪ]n. [毒物] 毒物学，[毒物] 毒理学anti-infective [,æntiin'fektiv]adj. 【医学】抗感染的n. 【药物】抗感染药物(或药剂) healthcare ['helθkεə]n. 医疗保健；健康护理，健康服务；卫生保健repro-toxicologytoxicology [,tɒksɪ'kɒlədʒɪ] n. [毒物] 毒物学，[毒物] 毒理学genotoxicityn. 基因毒性、遗传毒性drug candidateindication [ɪndɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 指示，指出；迹象；象征pharmacokinetics [,fɑ:məkəuki'netiks, -kai-]n. 药物（代谢）动力学adverse ['ædvɜːs]adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）profile ['prəʊfaɪl]n. 侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面、属性formulary ['fɔːmjʊlərɪ]n. 公式集；处方一览表；套话adj. 规定的；公式的；药方的formulation [,fɔrmjə'leʃən]n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述、公式化、剂型formular ['fɔ:mjulə]adj. 公式的NSET:表面能量转移| 调速器无负荷速度调节|国家地震技术协会dose/once a day dosingdosage ['dəʊsɪdʒ]n. 剂量，用量dosage form[药] 剂型overdosage ['əuvə'dəusidʒ]n. 过剂量regulatory ['reɡjulətəri]adj. 管理的；控制的；调整的interdependent [,ɪntɚdɪ'pɛndənt]adj. 相互依赖的；互助的Interdependent:共生| 相互依赖的| 互相依赖的subacute亚急性的chronic ['krɒnɪk]adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的clinical ['klɪnɪk(ə)l]adj. 临床的；诊所的preclinical [priː'klɪnɪk(ə)l]adj. 临床前的；现出症状之前的潜伏期的vitaloptimum ['ɒptɪməm]n. 最佳效果；最适宜条件adj. 最适宜的optimize ['ɑptɪmaɪz]vt. 使最优化，使完善vi. 优化；持乐观态度impurity [ɪm'pjʊərɪtɪ]n. 杂质；不纯；不洁pilot plantn. 试验工场；小规模试验厂critical path:关键路径| 关键路线| 关键线路criteria [krai'tiəriə]n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）update [ʌp'deɪt]n. 更新；现代化vt. 更新；校正，修正；使现代化网络释义in parallel并行的；并联的；平行的adequate ['ædɪkwət]adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的stability [stə'biliti]n. 稳定性；坚定，恒心potency ['pəʊtnsɪ]n. 效能；力量；潜力；权势dermal ['dɜːməl]adj. 真皮的；皮肤的cardiovascular 心血管的respiratory [rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ; 'resp(ə)rət(ə)rɪ;rɪ'spaɪ-]adj. 呼吸的/呼吸系统/ 呼吸道nervous ['nɜːvəs]adj. 神经的；紧张不安的；强健有力的concurrently [kən'kʌrəntli]adv. 兼；同时发生地label ['leɪb(ə)l]n. 标签；商标；签条vt. 标注；贴标签于synergies协同作用antagonize [æn'tæɡənaɪz]拮抗作用vt. 使…敌对；使…对抗；对…起反作用vi. 引起反抗antagonize:敌对| 起反作用| 使成敌人reversible [rɪ'vɜːsɪb(ə)l]adj. 可逆的；可撤消的；可反转的n. 双面布料irreversible [ɪrɪ'vɜːsɪb(ə)l]adj. 不可逆的；不能取消的；不能翻转的permissible [pə'mɪsɪb(ə)l]adj. 可允许的；获得准许的lifespan ['laɪfspæn]n. 寿命；预期生命期限；预期使用期限| 生命值| 使用寿命diseasetumourinhaler [ɪn'heɪlə]n. [临床] 吸入器；空气过滤器；吸入者capsule ['kæpsjuːl; -sjʊl]n. 胶囊；[植] 蒴果；太空舱；小容器adj. 压缩的；概要的vt. 压缩；简述rodent ['rəʊd(ə)nt]adj. 啮齿类的；咬的，嚼的；侵蚀性的n. [脊椎] 啮齿动物foetal ['fitl]adj. 胎儿的；似胎儿的teratology [,terə'tɒlədʒɪ]n. [胚] 畸形学；怪异研究exposure [ɪk'spəʊʒə; ek-]n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列patch [pætʃ]n. 眼罩；斑点；碎片；小块土地vi. 打补丁vt. 修补；解决；掩饰set-up ['sɛtʌp]n. 计划；组织；机构；装配hazard ['hæzəd]n. 危险，冒险；冒险的事vt. 赌运气；冒…的危险，使遭受危险网络释义on a large scale大规模地shelf-lifen. 贮藏寿命tannin ['tænɪn]n. 丹宁酸；鞣酸caffeine ['kæfiːn]n. [有化][药] 咖啡因；茶精（兴奋剂）In commonvacuum titration真空滴定homogeneous [,hɒmə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs; -'dʒen-]adj. 均匀的；[数] 齐次的；同种的gallic acid没食子酸，[化学] 五倍子酸鞣酸hydroxyl group羟基esterify [e'sterɪfaɪ]vt. 使酯化vi. 酯化phenolic [fi'nɔlik]n. [胶粘] 酚醛树脂adj. [有化]酚的；[胶粘] 酚醛树脂的；石碳酸的Phenolic:酚醛树脂| 酚的| 苯酚的precipitate [prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt]n. [化学] 沉淀物vt. 使沉淀；促成；猛抛；使陷入adj. 突如其来的；猛地落下的；急促的vi. [化学] 沉淀；猛地落下；冷凝成为雨或雪non-hydrolyzablehydrolyzableadj. 可水解的carboxyl group羧基carboxyl group:酰基| 第二个糖为具有羧基acidic [ə'sɪdɪk]adj. 酸的，酸性的；产生酸的calcium carbonaten. [无化] 碳酸钙carbonate ['kɑːbəneɪt]n. 碳酸盐vt. 使充满二氧化碳；使变成碳酸盐carbonate:碳酸盐| 碳酸酯| 碳酸根chloroform ['klɔːrəfɔːm; 'klɒr-]n. 氯仿；三氯甲烷vt. 用氯仿麻醉flavonoiddistillationsublimationsalicylic acid three neck round bottom flask separatory funnel steam bathdistillation flask beaker rinse ozone ice water bathcondenserheparindigestionAside from fall intoProvide for as with CationcompendialBatch –to batchcoagulation clot decolorizeanticoagulantprecipitationmethodologyextraneousintestinalmucosacasingnitrateproteolyticdegrade/ degradationperoxideantithrombinthrombinplateletaggregationintratrachealparenteraltopicalcomatoserelegate tablet syrupsuspensionemulsion versus breakageleakagechip crack taste maskingexpirationEven partially portable Adsorbent be free of / be free fromPreference 偏爱otherwise ad. 另外，别样Burden 负担，负重，on standing 搁置microbiologicpreservationdispensebioavailabilitysystemic effectsself-administration of medicationmotion sickness medical emergencysterile ophthalmic irrigate mucous abradeViable 能生长发育的，生存的Mucous menbraneBody compartment 体室，体腔Body cavityCircumvent 围绕，包围，智胜，防止…发生，迂回Exceptionally 特殊地，异常地Wound受伤Vessel管，脉管Specialized 专业的，专业性的By far 非常，更加Monograph专题文章，专题论文Stringent 严格的，严厉的Inclusive 范围广的Gravimetric 重量分析法的Electrolytic 电介质的，电解的Conductivity 电导率Conductance 电导，电导性Immerse 将…浸入Electrode 电极Specific 比的ResistanceWithstand 经受得住Stress 恶劣的Redictable 可预报的Reproducible 可重现的Necessary 必然的Solubilizers 加溶剂Chelate 螯合Excipient 赋型剂Ingredient 配料Medicinal agentDispense 使分散，使疏开，配方（药）Ingenuity 独创性，精明FormulatorMeager 贫乏的Continuance 持续pellet vehicle gravimetricinstantaneousosmosisdissociatepyrogenantioxidantbuffer tonicity antifungal inhibitor antifoamingcolligativeextemporaneousspecificationpreparationoptimizeaccumulationavailabilitydelivery/ deliver peroral release sustain gastrointestinal predefine cavity margin ionic/ion simulate distinctly efficacy paddleintestinalinterval a steady-state blood or tissue level elimination blood vesselelectrode/electrolyticconductivity/conductanceresistanceexcipient thermal viabledisintegrationresidence time accomplish maximum/maximize potentiate prescribe uniformity compliance specification physiologic agitation In the face of 面临Fluctuation 波动Deliberate 深思熟虑的Peroral 经口的Depot 仓库Repository 仓库Sustained release，Sustained action，prolonged action，controlled release，extended action，timed release，repository dosage forms Implicit 固有的peak 峰dump maintenance dosemaintenance periodmethane, ethane, Propane, butane/tetrane, pentaneethylene, Propylene/propene, butylene,1-pentenemethanol,ethanol/ethyl alcohol, Propanol/ propyl alcohol, Butanol/Butyl alcohol,1-pentanolcalibrate aseptic stoichiometryreplenishmenttubular product yieldscirculate atomize discrete reactant material transfer regeneration reactant conversion deviate from viscosityexothermic endothermic short-circuiting 短路laminar flow adiabatic radial product yields well-stirred batch reactorreactor configuration semibatch reactorcontinous-flow stirred-tank reactorback-mixing返混cross-section pressue dropcountercurrentpacked-column rate-limiting stepfluidized or fluid bed tubular reactor tubular plug-flow reactor batch operation turbulent trickle bed multiplicity in series 逐次的，串联的feed Cross－flow 错流，横向流Panel－bed 板式床reaction driving froces 反应驱动力Chain－terminating Hydraulic 水力学的mechanical seal 机械密封viscous 粘滞的Be prone to 倾向于, 易于中药traditional Chinese drug生药crude drug草药medicinal herb民族药ethnic drug地产药材native drug道地药材famous-region drug中成药Chinese patent medicine海洋生药学marine pharmacognosy药用植物学medicinal botany植物化学phytochemistry植物化学分类学plant chemotaxonomy生药拉丁名Latin name of crude drug学名scientific name来源source混淆品adulterant类同品allied drug伪品counterfeit drug代用品substitute掺伪adulteration天然产物natural product化学成分chemical constituent有效成分effective constituent主成分main constituent活性成分active constituent莽草酸途径shikimic acid pathway乙酸一丙二酸途径acetate-malonate pathway乙酸- 甲瓦龙酸途径acetate-mevalonate pathway单糖monosaccharide戊糖pentose己精hexose庚糖heptose辛糖octose脱氧糖deoxysaccharide, deoxysugar呋喃糖furanose吡喃糖pyranose寡糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide四糖tetrasaccharide五糖pentosacc haride多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch树胶gum果胶pectin半纤维素hemicellulose纤维素cellulose甲壳质chitin肝素heparin硫酸软骨素chondroitin sulfate玻璃酸hyaluronic acid直链淀粉amylose支链淀粉amylopectin糖原glycogen费林试验Fehling test苷glycoside糖杂体heteroside苷元aglycone苦杏仁酶emulsin氰苷cyanogenic glycoside, cyanogenetic glycoside酚苷phenolic glycoside多酚polyphenol醛苷aldehyde glycoside醇苷alcoholic glycoside吲哚苷indole glycoside树脂醇苷resinol glycoside硫苷thioglycoside呫吨酮xanthone呫吨酮苷xanthonoid glycoside蒽醌anthraquinone蒽醌苷anthraquinone glycoside 蒽酚anthranol氧化蒽酚oxanthranol蒽酮anthrone二蒽酮dianthrone羟基蒽醌hydroxyanthraquinone博恩特雷格反应Borntrager reaction 黄酮类flavonoid黄酮苷flavonoid glycoside黄酮flavone黄烷flavane黄酮醇flavonol黄烷酮flavanone黄烷酮醇flavanonol异黄酮isoflavone异黄烷酮isoflavanone新黄酮类neoflavonoid裂环烯醚萜苷secoiridoid glycoside 木脂体lignan木脂内酯lignanolide新木脂体neolignan木素lignin萜terpene萜类terpenoid半萜hemiterpene单萜monoterpene倍半萜sesquiterpene二萜diterpene三萜triterpene四萜tetraterpene多萜polyterpene齐墩果烷oleanane挥发油volatile oil精油essential oil鞣质tannin鞣酸tannic acid可水解鞣质hydrolysable tannin缩合鞣质condensed tannin鞣酐phlobaphene鞣花鞣质ellagitannin没食子鞣质gallotannin双缩脲反应biuret reaction脂肪fat脂肪油fatty oil去油de-fatting蜡wax环烯醚萜苷iridoid glycoside环烯醚萜iridoid裂环烯醚苷secoiridoid皂化saponification酸败rancidity饱和脂肪酸saturated fatty acid不饱和脂肪酸unsaturated fatty acid有机酸organic acid树脂resin油树脂oleoresin树胶树脂gum resin香树脂balsam香脂酸balsamic acid苷树脂glycosidal resin苦味素bitter principle色素pigment微量元素trace element生物碱alkaloid吖啶生物碱acridine alkaloid阿朴啡类生物碱aporphine alkaloid苄基异喹啉生物碱benzylisoquinoline alkaloid双苄基异喹啉生物碱bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid双吲哚生物碱bisindole alkaloid咪唑生物碱imidazole alkaloid吲哚生物碱indole alkaloid吲哚联啶生物碱indolizidine alkaloid吲哚烷胺生物碱indolylalkylamine alkaloid 异喹啉生物碱isoquinoline alkaloid大环生物碱macrocyclic alkaloid吗啡烷生物碱morphinane alkaloid羟吲哚生物碱oxindole alkaloid菲啶生物碱phenanthridine alkaloid苯烷胺生物碱phenylalkylamine alkaloid哌啶生物碱piperidine alkaloid嘌呤生物碱purine alkaloid吡啶生物碱pyridine alkaloid吡咯生物碱pyrrolidine alkaloid吡咯联啶生物碱pyrrolizidine alkaloid喹唑啉生物碱quinazoline alkaloid喹啉生物碱quinoline alkaloid喹啉联啶生物碱quinolizidine alkaloid甾体生物碱steroid alkaloid萜类生物碱terpenoid alkaloid四氢异喹啉生物碱tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid碘化汞钾试剂Mayer's reagent碘化铋钾试剂Dragendorff's reagent碘化钾碘试剂Wagner's reagent硅钨酸试剂Bertrand's reagent, silicotungstic acid reagent磷钼酸试剂Sonnenschein's reagent, phospho-molybdic acid reagent苦味酸试剂Hager's reagent, picric acid reagent矾酸铵-浓硫酸试液Mandelin test solution 钼酸铵-浓硫酸试液Frohde test solution甲醛-浓硫酸试液Marquis test solution莨菪烷tropane莨菪烷生物碱tropane alkaloid除虫菊素类pyrethroid-acetal 醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰acid 酸-al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基alkoxy- 烷氧基-amide 酰胺amino- 氨基的-amidine 脒-amine 胺-ane 烷anhydride 酐anilino- 苯胺基aquo- 含水的-ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷bromo- 溴butyl 丁基-carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2 chloro- 氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca- 十deci 10-1-dine 啶dodeca- 十二-ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧-ester 酯-ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基ethyl 乙基fluoro- 氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca- 十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa- 六hexadeca- 十六-hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo- 低级的，次-ic 酸的，高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替…胺，酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺iodo- 碘代iso- 异，等，同-ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间，偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一，单nano- 10-9 nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十octa- 八octadeca- 十八-oic 酸的-ol 醇-one 酮ortho- 邻，正，原-ous 亚酸的，低价金属oxa- 氧杂-oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟oxo- 酮oxy- 氧化-oyl 酰para- 对位，仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高，过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基pico- 10-12poly- 聚，多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sexi- 六sulfa- 磺胺sym- 对称syn- 顺式，同，共ter- 三tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代trans- 反式，超，跨-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基，价在不同原子上）-yne 炔。

医学英语词汇accredited质量合格的, 可信任的ache痤疮acupuncturist针灸医生aerobe需氧微生物aerobic需氧的alimentary tract消化道alveolus肺泡anaerobic厌氧的alkaline碱性的analgesia©痛觉缺失(的) anorexia厌食anemia贫血症angina(or –pectoris) 心绞痛angioplasty血管造影anoxia缺氧(症) antifebrile退热药, 退热的antioxidant抗氧化剂antiplatelet抗血小板aorta主动脉apnea窒息, 呼吸暂停arrhythmia心律不齐atrium心房atrophy虚脱, 萎缩auscultation听诊autosomal 常染色体的bed-bound卧床的beta-caroteneB胡萝卜素biliary胆汁的biopsy活检bronchitis支气管炎bronchus支气管bronchovascular支气管血管的cadaver(解剖用的)尸体canker口疮, 溃疡capillary毛细血管carcinogen 致癌物, 诱癌剂cardiac arrect心搏停止cardiovascular心血管的cartilage软骨catabolism分解代谢catheter导管caustic腐蚀剂, 腐蚀性的celiac腹(腔)的cellulose纤维素cephalic头(部)的cerebellum小脑cerebrum大脑chiropractor 按摩师chloride氯化物chlorophyll叶绿素cholecystitis胆囊炎cholesterol胆固醇chromosome染色体cilia睫, 纤毛circadian生理节奏的cirrhosis肝硬化climacteric更年期, 转折点coagulation凝血colic绞痛, 急腹痛collagen胶原蛋白colloid胶(体)的concomitant伴随(发)的condication(indication) 适应证congenital先天的, 天生的congestion充血contraception避孕(法) contraceptive 避孕药(工具), 避孕的contraindication禁忌证contralateral对侧的convalescent恢复的, 渐愈的cornea角膜coronary heart disease冠心病coronary atherosclerosis冠脉粥样硬化corpuscle小体, 细胞, 血球cortex皮层costal肋骨的countenance脸色, 面部表情cranium颅cutaneous皮的cyanosis 青紫, 发绀cyst囊(肿) debilitate使衰弱decompensate代偿失调defecate排便, 澄清defervescence潜伏期dementia痴呆denture一副假牙deodorant除臭剂(的)depilate脱去…毛dermatology皮肤病学dermis(derma)真皮dextral右侧的dialysis透析diaphoresis发汗, 出汗diaphragm隔(膜) diarrhea腹泻diastole(心)舒张(期) disincentive阻止的, 抑制的disinfect杀菌, 消毒disposable可处理的, 一次性的dispensary药房dissemination传播, 散布distal末梢的, 远侧的dorsum背(部) dropsy水肿病duodenum十二指肠dysentery痢疾dysfunction 机能障碍(失调) dyspepsia消化不良dysphagia吞咽困难dysplasia发育异常dyspnea呼吸困难dystrophy营养不良edema水肿efferent传出的efficacy功效ejaculate射出(液体), 突然喊出electrolyte电解质elongate延伸, 拉长emaciate衰弱, 消瘦emancipate解放embolism栓塞embolus栓子embryology 胚胎学emphysema(肺)气肿endemic地方病的endermic皮下的, 经皮的endocrine内分泌的endogenic内源的endoscope内镜endotoxin内毒素epidemiologist流行病学专家exotoxin外毒素epidemic流行病, 流行的epidermis表皮, 外皮epilepsy癫痫esophagus食道etiology病因学exacerbate 恶化, 加剧exanimate已死的, 无生命的, 无生气的excipient赋形剂excise切除, 删去excrete分泌, 排泄exhalation呼气, 散发expectorate咳出, 吐(血等) exudate渗出物febrifuge解热药febrile发热的fecal粪便的femur大腿fermentation发酵(作用) fetus胎儿fibrosis纤维化flaccid松弛的flatulence肠胃胀气, 浮夸fluoroscopy X线检查fulminant(疾病) 暴发性的fulminate暴发fuzzy模糊的, 有绒的gape打呵欠, 张口gastric胃的gastritis胃炎gastroenteritis胃肠炎geneticist遗传学家genital生殖的genitalia生殖器geriatric老年(症) 的geriatrist老年学家gerontology老年医学gestation妊娠globulin球蛋白glossal舌的glucose葡萄糖goiter甲状腺肿gonorrhea淋病graft移植grogginess四肢无力, 头昏眼花gynecology妇科学hallucination幻觉, 幻想hectic肺病的, 发热的hematology血液病hematoma血肿hematuria血尿hemiplegia偏瘫hemorrhage出血hemostasis止血(法) hepatic肝的hepatosis肝病hernia疝histology组织学homeostasis体内平衡hormonal激素的humoral体液的hydration水合(作用) hydrocarbon碳水化合物hydropic水肿的hyperplasia增生hypnosis催眠药hypnotic催眠药, 催眠的hypotension低血压hypoplasia发育不全hypoxia缺氧症icteric黄疸的idiopathic特发的, 原发的, 先天的immunization免疫接种immunodeficiency免疫缺陷impedement 缺陷, 障碍incitant兴奋剂incontience失禁, 无节制incubate潜伏inefficacious疗效不好的infarct梗死infirmary医务室, 医院infiltrate渗入inflammation炎症, 发炎, 激动inflame发炎inflammatory炎症的, 使激动的intensive-care unit重症监护室ingestion吸收, 摄取innocuous无害(毒)的inoculate给…接种insinuate使潜入insolation中暑, 日光浴insomnia失眠(症) inspection望诊instillation滴注insulin胰岛素interferon干扰素interm实习医生interview问诊intrapleural胸膜内的intravenously从静脉注射invertebrate 无脊椎动物iodine碘ischemia©局部缺血(的) isotope同位素jaundice黄疸, 厌恶, 偏见, 妒忌labium唇lactate喂奶languish失去活力, 变得软弱无力laporotomy剖腹术larynx喉lassitude疲乏, 无精打彩latency潜伏(期) laxative 轻泻药lesion损害(伤)leukemia白血病leukocyte白细胞libido性欲litigation 诉讼lucid易懂的,神清的luetic梅毒的,传染病的lumbar腰的lymph淋巴(液) lysis消散, 渐退macula斑点malaise欠安, 不适manometer血压计marrow活力, 精华, 骨髓maternity母性, 怀孕, 产科医院matron护士长, 总干事measles麻疹medicare医疗保险medicolegal法医学的medulla髓(质) membrane膜meningitis脑膜炎menstrual月经的metabolish新陈代谢metastasis转移(瘤) microbiology微生物学midwife助产士, 接生员mind-boggling不可思议的, 莫名其妙的misbirth流产, 堕胎miscarriage失败,流产mitigate镇静, 缓和, 安慰, 减轻monocyte单核morbid病的, 致病的, 可怕的morbidity发病率mucosa粘膜mumps流行性腮腺炎mutagen诱变剂(因素) mutate突变, 变异mycology真菌学myocardial infarction心梗myocardium心肌myopia近视naprapathy推拿(矫正) 疗法narcolepsy嗜眠病narcotherapy睡眠疗法, 麻醉疗法narcotic麻醉性的necropsy尸解, 尸检necrosis坏死neonate新生儿nephritis肾炎neurology神经元, 神经细胞neurologic神经病的nipper镊子, 钳子nocturia夜尿noxious有毒(害)的, 不卫生的nutriology营养学obesity肥胖症oblivious健忘的obstetrics产科学occlude堵塞occlusive堵塞的occult隐(伏) 的, 秘密的ocular眼的, 视觉的officinal现成有售的, 药用的, 成药oncology肿瘤学opiate鸦片制剂opium鸦片, 麻醉剂ophthalmology眼科学orthopedics矫形外科学orthopnea端坐呼吸osmosis渗透(作用) ovary卵巢ovum卵子oxygenate氧合, 高氧oxygen free radicals氧自由基pallor苍白, 灰白palpation触诊palpitate悸动pancreas胰(腺) pandemic流行病, 流行性的pap软食papula丘疹paralysis麻痹, 瘫痪paralyse使麻痹paroxysm阵发, 突发patch膏药, 贴剂pathogen病原体pathology病理学pediatrics儿科学peptic(助)消化的percussion叩诊percutaneous经皮的pernicious有害(毒)的, 恶性的pharmacology药理学pharmacy药房pharynx咽phobia恐惧(症) placebo安慰剂plaque血小板, 斑plasma 血浆pleura胸膜plenary完全的, 绝对的plolyp息肉pneumothorax气胸polymer聚合体(物) polypeptide多肽porous有孔的, 能渗透的portal肝门的, 门静脉的potassium钾precancerous癌前期的predispose使易感染, 预先安排premed医学院预科prenatal胎儿期的, 出生前的prodrome先兆prognosis预后prolapse下垂prophylaxis预防(法) prostate前列腺(的) prostrate 虚脱mutation突变psychosis精神病psychoprophylactic精神(心理) 预防的puberty青春期pulmonary肺的purulent化脓的pus脓(液) pyrexia发热quarantine检疫(处), 隔离(区) quiescence休眠, 静止rabies狂犬病radiograph 放射片rale罗音ramify分枝, 成网状rampant不可控制的, 蔓延的reagent试验, 反应力(物) recrudesce(病)复发refractory顽固的, 难治疗的regimen生活方式社会制度, 养生法, 服药时间表rehydrate输液relapse复发, 再发renal 肾性的resect切除retina视网膜rheumatism风湿病rheumatoid类风湿病的rhinitis鼻炎ricket佝偻病rigor发冷, 寒颤rubella风疹saline盐水saliva唾液salubrious有益健康的, 有利的salutary有益健康的, 有益的, 有治疗作用的salve药膏, 止痛药sanatorium疗养院sanitary卫生的, 清洁的sanitarian保健的, 公共卫生的, 保健专家scab痂scalpel手术刀sclerosis硬化(症) screen 普查seclude隔离secretory分泌的sedative镇静药, 止痛药senesce开始衰老senile老年的septic腐败性的, 败血病的sequel后发病, 后遗症, 后果serum 血清sopor昏睡, 酣睡somascope超声波检查仪somatic肉体的, 身体的sonograph(y) 超声检查仪(术), 声波(学) spasm痉挛, 抽搐, 一阵发作spell一次发作, 轮班, 发病时的, 招致sperm精子spinal脊椎的sporadic散见的sputum痰, 唾液starch淀粉stenosis(器官)狭窄sterilization消毒, 灭菌stethoscope听诊器stricture狭窄, 责难, 批评strut肿起, 支撑, 炫耀stupe热敷stupor昏迷subcutaneous皮下的subtlety微妙, 细微的差别sudorific发汗剂(的) supervene伴随产生, 意外发生supine仰卧的suppuration化脓, 生脓suture缝合, 缝线swab药签, 擦洗syncope晕厥syphilis梅毒syringe注射器systole心脏收缩(期) tabes消瘦, 痨症tachycardia心动过速taint污点, 感染,tampon棉球, 止血塞tenesmus下坠, 里急后重tertian间日(复发)的testis 睾丸tetanus破伤风therapeutic治疗(学)的thermotaxis体温调节thorax胸(膛) thrombosis栓塞, 血栓形成thrombi血栓thymus胸腺thyroid甲状腺tonic滋补的(品), 强身的tonsil扁桃体tonsillitis扁桃体炎torpid麻痹的, 麻木的, 迟钝的toxicity毒力(性) trachea气管tracheitis气管炎trance发呆, 恍惚tranfix 刺穿, 麻木tranquilizer镇定剂tumefy肿起(大) turgid肿胀的, 浮肿的tympanitis中耳炎ultrasound超声unicellular单细胞的uptick兴旺, 上升uremia尿毒症ureter输尿管urethra尿道uretic利尿剂urinary(泌)尿的urinate 排尿urine尿urology泌尿学uterus子宫vaccinate接种vasoactive血管作用的vasospasm血管痉挛venenous有毒的venereal性交(病)的venous静脉的ventral腹(侧)的ventricle(心)室vertebra椎骨vesicle泡,囊veterinarian兽医villus绒毛virile男性的,强有力的virility(男)性功能virology病毒学virulence 毒力, 毒性viscera内脏viscous粘性的vital signs生命体征vitiate使污染, 使堕落, 腐败vivisect解剖windpipe气管workup病情的检查(en)zyme酶。

[听故事记GRE单词青霉素的发现]青霉素v钾片一天医生带来了一种新的药粉，有了它以后，奇迹出现了，垂死的病人recovered了。

这种神奇的药粉是一种antibiotic，叫penicillin，是一位叫弗莱明的医生发现的，他又是怎样发现这种arcane的药物的呢?尽管巴甫洛夫早就apprised(通知,告知)大家伤口腐败的原因是bacteria在作怪，但当时，所有antique/antiquated的药物都无法有效的杀死bacteria。

弗莱明培养了一些bacteria来研究。

一天，他发现了个antic的apparition(离奇出现的东西):有些培养皿生了mildew(霉, 霉菌, (植物的)霉病)，再一看，mildew旁边的bacteria 都死掉了。

弗莱明有着aquiline一样锐利的观察力，他立刻asserted 这种mildew里一定有一种。

因为以往的archive中从未报道过，弗莱明就给它起了个artless的appellation叫penicillin。

最初，因为arrogant(傲慢)而arbitrary(专横)的医学界arbiter/arbitrator总以assay(化验)不通过为由，认为这种药不appropriate/apposite/apropos用于人体，所以尽管ardent的弗莱明一再assure绝对无害，仍然没人敢尝试它。

有一天，一个不小心伤了aorta(大动脉)/artery的aristocrat被送到了弗莱明的诊所，由于病情紧急，家属不得不assent尝试新药。

用药之后大家都异常anxious，只有弗莱明很aplomb，他appeased家属说：“保险没事”.果然，正如他anticipated的一样，药效很apparent，一天之后，病人疼痛assuaged，一周之后，他有了appetite，再过几周，就能自己下床溜到arena(舞台，竞技场)里去听aria(独唱曲, 咏叹调, 唱腔)了。

八年级科技前沿英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) has been making remarkable strides in the medical field in recent years. AI - powered systems are being increasingly utilized in various aspects of healthcare, bringing about significant improvements and new possibilities.One of the most prominent applications of AI in medicine is in disease diagnosis. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data, such as patient symptoms, medical histories, and test results. For example, deep - learning algorithms can scan X - rays, CT scans, and MRIs to detect early signs of diseases like cancer, pneumonia, or heart diseases. These algorithms can often spot minute details that might be overlooked by human doctors, thus enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses.In the realm of drug development, AI also plays a crucial role. It can accelerate the process by predicting how different molecules will interact with the human body. AI - based models can sift through thousands of potential drug candidates in a short time, identifying those with the highest probability of success. This not only saves time but also reduces the cost associated with traditional trial - and - error methods in drug research.Medical robots are another area where AI is making an impact.Surgical robots, for instance, can be guided by AI systems to perform complex surgeries with greater precision. These robots can filter out the natural tremors of a surgeon's hand, allowing for more delicate and accurate incisions. Additionally, there are robots designed to assist in patient care, such as those that can help patients with limited mobility to move around or perform simple tasks.However, the application of AI in medicine also faces some challenges. Issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory approval are important considerations. But overall, the potential of AI to transform the medical field is vast and holds great promise for the future of healthcare.1. What is one of the main applications of AI in the medical field according to the article?A. Designing hospital buildings.B. Disease diagnosis.C. Training medical students.D. Managing hospital finances.答案：B。

河南省创新发展联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Join a Zion National Park ranger (护林人) to learn about what makes Zion National Park unique. Programs are free and created for classrooms and individuals. We connect to your school or home through a free web-based program. You will be provided with a link to the video conference ahead of time via an email invite. Registration is open! Click on the program below for more information. Program 1—Chat with a RangerIn Chat with a Ranger, students learn about Zion National Park, the park service, and the life of a ranger. Students prepare and send questions ahead of time. This program can be adapted to fit different curriculum objectives, and is appropriate for any age group. Program 2—Pollination InvestigationIn this distance learning program, students will discover what pollination is and how important it is to all ecosystems. Looking at the relationship between plants and pollinators, participants will see how they have influenced each other and will be challenged to create their own perfect pollinator. Program 3—Whooo’s in the Canyon?Who left these clues behind here in the high canyons of Zion National Park? A feather, small bones, and hoot hooting in the trees can be heard as your classroom goes on a virtual hike of Zion to discover the Mexican spotted owl. Learn it about how the owl uses its special adaptations to survive in this desert environment. Program 4—The Forests, Wetlands, and Deserts of Zion This distance learning program focuses on the plants and animals that live in Zion's varying ecosystems. Students will learn about their adaptations and relationships to each other in this interactive lesson with a creative and critical thinking activity.1．Which program requires participants to make preparations in advance?A．Chat with a Ranger.B．Pollination Investigation.C．Whooo's in the Canyon?D．The Forests, Wetlands, and Deserts of Zion. 2．What can participants learn from program 3?A．Survival strategies taken by owls in the park.B．Ways to prepare a hike tour in the park.C．Threats brought by the desert environment.D．A variety of ecosystems in ZionNational Park.3．What do the listed programs have in common?A．They involve interactive activities.B．They include a virtual tour of different trails.C．They are accessible through web-based program.D．They require participants to visit the park in person.On a hot June day in 2015, I retired after 34 years of teaching high school. Then, I drove to meet my new piano teacher, Mark.I had worked for more than three decades as a busy English teacher with an endless stream of papers to mark and precious little time to experiment or learn new skills. I was determined to make up for all I had been missing. I wanted to finally master the piano and learn how to make music.I told Mark I had a specific concrete goal: to play Clair de lune by Claude Debussy, a piece I remember hearing from early childhood.Determined that there would be a day when I would totally master this piece, I set myself a deadline: I would perform before a gathering of friends on my 60th birthday. For months I did nothing but furiously (猛烈地) practise. When the day came, around 30 friends and relatives crowded into my dining room to hear me play, and aside from a few minor slips, I managed to pull it off without embarrassing myself. People clapped warmly. I made it. I had risen to a challenge, but I still didn’t feel that I was really “making music”.After that, my progress was painfully slow. I had come to hate hearing myself play music badly. I got no pleasure from the act of missing notes.I began focusing on what few things I could do: gardening and cycling. I came to understand that I didn’t have to be that man I’d always thought I ought to be. I could just do what feels good. So, after nearly five years of lessons, I quit.I still love music; I regularly go out to concerts. But now my piano does nothing more than sit silently in my dining room, displaying family photos and collecting dust. And I’m perfectly happy with that.4．Why did the author learn the piano after retiring from teaching?A．To impress his friends and relatives.B．To avoid the boredom of retirement.C．To start a new career as a concert pianist.D．To pursue a long-time passion for music. 5．What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A．The author attended a concert of piano music.B．The author performed successfully despite a few errors.C．The author felt embarrassed about his piano performance.D．The author quit his piano immediately after his 60th birthday.6．What does the author do with his piano now?A．He uses it for music lessons.B．He uses it for performance.C．He uses it for something unrelated to music.D．He plays it for personal enjoyment occasionally.7．Which of the following can best describe the author?A．Inner- directed and hardworking.B．Conventional and careless.C．Ambitious and kind-hearted.D．Lazy and pessimistic.When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024.The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specificspecies of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium.The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass.The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 8．What’s new according to the research?A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation.B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants.C．The procedure of exploring carbon.D．The system of building biomass.9．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on?A．The causes of climate change.B．The grasp of the carbon cycle.C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms.D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide.10．What do we know from paragraph 3?A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria.B．The diatom lives on plankton.C．Water samples are key factors for the research.D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight11．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in OceansC．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling DataAccording to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar.In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off?The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs.But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes.For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs.12．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2?A．Put out.B．Defend against.C．Keep up.D．Count on. 13．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies.B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies.C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies.D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report.14．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text?A．They cost little B．They tend to last long.C．They can control variables and determine causality.D．They require participants to self-report related data15．How should the government help RCTs?A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial supportC．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related governmentagenciesTo make science’s stories more concrete and engaging, it’s important to use some effective strategies. Here are four of them. Put people in the storyScience’s stories often lack human characters. 16 . Characters can be also people affected by a scientific topic, or interested in learning more about it. Besides, they can be storytellers who are sharing their personal experiences.17People often think of science as objective and fair. But science is actually a human practice that continuously involves choices, missteps and biases (偏见) . If you explain science as a course, you can walk people through the sequence of how science is done and why researchers reach certain conclusions. 18 . And they can also stress the reason why people should trust the course of science to provide the most accurate conclusions possible given the available information. Include what people care aboutScientific topics are important, but they may not always be the public’s most pressing concerns. In April 2024, a polling company found that “the quality of the environment” was one of thelowest-ranked priorities among people in the US. The stories about the environment could weave in connections to higher-priority topics. 19 . Tell science's storiesScientists, of course, can be science communicators, but everyone can tell science’s stories. When we share information online about health, or talk to friends and family about the weather, we contribute to information that circulates about science topics. 20 . Think about all of a story’s characteristics - character, action, sequence, scope, storyteller and content - and how you might incorporate them into the topic.A．Explain science as a processB．Shoot attractive short science videosC．Scientists themselves can actually become ideal onesD．This practice is to stress why the content is importantE．You can tell growth stories of remarkable teenage scientistsF．Science communicators can emphasize how science is conductedG．You may as well borrow features from stories to strengthen your message二、完形填空In 2018, Molly Baker unfortunately lost her husband in a severe skiing accident. She was 21 . In the first several weeks after his passing, her friends and family 22 a great deal of support. But after a while, the cards and meals started to 23 . “People had to get back to their normal 24 . And so things kind of dropped off,” Baker recalled.That was when one of Baker's friends, Carla Vail, thought up a way to 25 the help for an entire year. She called it the “Calendar Girls”. V ail gathered the names of 31 of Baker's friends who wanted to help, and 26 each friend a particular day. Vail also gave Baker the names on the 27 , so Baker could know what to 28 each day.“And what that looked like for them was that on that day, they would reach out to me in some 29 ways—maybe via text, or a card,” Baker said.Looking back, Baker feels that Vail's 30 was essential to helping her cope with her husband's death, because she was 31 at that time.“A lot of people are really uncomfortable around 32 ,” Baker said. “So what they do is, instead of doing something, that they 33 do nothing. It was nice to have that ‘Calendar Girls’ setup.”Today, Baker tries to do something similar for her friends going through 34 . In hard times, she knows how 35 it is to have something to look forward to every day. 21．A．cautious B．unconscious C．desperate D．impassive 22．A．extended B．demanded C．announced D．assumed 23．A．pass down B．show up C．break up D．slow down24．A．exercise B．routine C．diet D．growth 25．A．resist B．continue C．explain D．test 26．A．ordered B．sent C．owed D．assigned 27．A．furniture B．file C．calendar D．Internet 28．A．expect B．absorb C．propose D．define 29．A．rare B．strange C．specific D．generous 30．A．curiosity B．thoughtfulness C．ambition D．toughness 31．A．innocent B．optimistic C．tolerant D．lonely 32．A．panic B．evidence C．failure D．grief 33．A．simply B．hardly C．skillfully D．secretly 34．A．distraction B．addiction C．loss D．annoyance 35．A．amusing B．valuable C．astonishing D．universal三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

广州2024年03版小学六年级下册英语第4单元期中试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：A tiger is a powerful _______ that lives in the wild.2. 选择题：What do you use to brush your teeth?A. CombB. BrushC. ToothpasteD. Soap答案:B3. 填空题：The __________ (历史的历史) shapes our understanding.4. 选择题：What do you wear on your head?A. ShoesB. HatC. GlovesD. Scarf答案：B5. 选择题：What do you call a group of stars forming a pattern?A. GalaxyB. ConstellationC. ClusterD. Nebula答案:BWhat is the opposite of 'happy'?A. SadB. JoyfulC. ExcitedD. Cheerful答案:A7. 填空题：A ________ (湖泊) can be fresh or saltwater.8. 听力题：The Earth's surface is shaped by both natural and ______ influences.9. 听力题：The park is ___ (full/empty) of kids.10. 选择题：Which animal lives in a hive?A. AntB. BeeC. SpiderD. Worm11. 填空题：The rabbit's ears help it hear _________. (声音)12. 填空题：The _______ (猫) purrs when it is content.13. 听力题：The atomic number of an element tells you the number of _____ it has.14. 听力题：My dad is a ________.15. 填空题：I love my new ________ that's shaped like a dinosaur.16. 听力题：A _______ is a chemical reaction that occurs in the kitchen.17. 填空题：The hummingbird can hover in one ________________ (位置).What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. Copenhagen答案: A. Reykjavik19. 听力题：The antelope is quick and agile, escaping from ____.20. 填空题：The ________ jumps high in the air.21. 填空题：I enjoy ______ (玩耍) with my cousins.22. 选择题：What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?a. The Screamb. Starry Nightc. Mona Lisad. The Last Supper答案:c23. 选择题：What do we call the part of a plant that grows above the ground?A. RootsB. StemC. LeavesD. Flowers24. 填空题：The ancient Greeks relied on ________ to understand the universe.25. 听力题：A metal's ability to conduct electricity is called ______.26. 听力题：The _______ of an object can be tested using a force sensor.27. 听力题：We will have ______ for dinner tonight. (chicken)28. 选择题：What do we call a story that is made up?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. History答案:A29. 填空题：The artist brings awareness to _____ (社会问题) through art.30. 填空题：Roses are a popular choice for ______ (花束).31. 选择题：What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. PrideC. PodD. Flock答案:A32. 听力题：The Gold Rush took place in ________.33. 填空题：The sheep grazes on _______ (草地).34. 听力题：The process of synthesizing proteins is called ______.35. 填空题：The green _____ has sharp thorns.36. 填空题：I saw a _______ (小鹿) in my yard.37. 听力题：They went to the ______ to see animals. (zoo)38. 听力题：A ____ is a small rodent that nibbles on seeds.39. 选择题：What is the term for a young parrot?a. Chickb. Hatchlingc. Calfd. Kit答案:a40. 填空题：The __________ (历史的主题) resonate across cultures.41. 选择题：What do you call a story that is true?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. DramaD. Fantasy答案:B42. 填空题：I have a kind . (我有一个善良的。

西医感染科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医感染科术语英文翻译：1. 病毒感染：Viral Infection2. 细菌感染：Bacterial Infection3. 真菌感染：Fungal Infection4. 寄生虫感染：Parasitic Infection5. 支原体感染：Mycoplasma Infection6. 立克次体感染：Rickettsial Infection7. 衣原体感染：Chlamydial Infection8. 性传播感染：Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)9. 医院获得性感染：Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)10. 社区获得性感染：Community-Acquired Infections (CAIs)11. 抗药性感染：Antibiotic-Resistant Infections12. 病毒性肝炎：Viral Hepatitis13. 细菌性痢疾：Bacterial Dysentery14. 结核病：Tuberculosis (TB)15. 破伤风：Tetanus16. 梅毒：Syphilis17. 性病性淋巴肉芽肿：Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)18. 人乳头瘤病毒感染：Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection19. 钩端螺旋体病：Leptospirosis20. 疟疾：Malaria21. 阿米巴病：Amoebiasis22. 弓形虫病：Toxoplasmosis23. 细菌性食物中毒：Bacterial Food Poisoning24. 病毒性心肌炎：Viral Myocarditis25. 流行性感冒：Influenza (Flu)26. 登革热：Dengue Fever27. 黄热病：Yellow Fever28. 脑膜炎：Meningitis29. 败血症：Septicemia30. 脓毒症：Sepsis31. 脓肿：Abscess32. 发热待查：Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)33. 抗生素治疗：Antibiotic Therapy34. 对症治疗：Symptomatic Treatment35. 免疫疗法：Immunotherapy36. 支持性护理：Supportive Care37. 隔离措施：Isolation Measures38. 预防接种：Vaccination39. 手卫生：Hand Hygiene40. 环境清洁消毒：Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection41. 传染病监测与控制：Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control42. 人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染：Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection43. 人乳头瘤病毒疫苗（HPV疫苗）：Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV vaccine)44. 克林霉素抗药性检测：Clindamycin Resistance Testing45. 卡介苗接种（BCG接种）：Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination46. 内毒素检测（Endotoxin Detection）：Endotoxin Testing (LPS Testing)47. 白喉抗毒素治疗（Diphtheria Antitoxin）：Diphtheria Antitoxin Therapy (DAT)48. 结核病预防性治疗（TB Preventive Therapy）：TB Preventive Therapy (TPT)49. 人畜共患病（Zoonoses）：Zoonoses (Animal-borne Diseases)50. 人畜共患病预防和控制（Zoonosis Prevention and Control）：Zoonosis Prevention and Control。

疾病名：间质性膀胱炎、局限性外阴炎和脱屑性阴道炎综合征英文名：interstitial cystitis, localized vulvitis and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis syndrome缩写：别名：疾病代码：ICD：N76.8概述：间质性膀胱炎、局限性外阴炎和脱屑性阴道炎是一种少见的综合征，患者有泌尿系统症状如尿频、下腹痛和夜尿症，双合征检查膀胱压痛，且尿培养没有细菌，此为间质性膀胱炎；患者有性交疼痛和(或)外阴不适，且有前庭病损，以棉签或检查手指挤压病灶能出现疼痛或不适，此为局限性外阴炎，也称小前庭腺炎或外阴前庭炎；如果症状包含有脓性的阴道分泌物或性交疼痛者，阴道盐水冲洗液中含有大量白细胞和类基底细胞，则诊断为脱屑性阴道炎。

以上三疾病的综合征为非感染性炎性综合征。

如有肯定的感染原因，就不能做出上述诊断。

如少数患者有伴发的感染，要在消除这些并存的感染后才能诊断三疾病的综合征。

流行病学：间质性膀胱炎、局限性外阴炎和脱屑性阴道炎综合征少见，患者以多个性伴侣的年轻妇女多见。

病因：间质性膀胱炎、局限性外阴炎和脱屑性阴道炎综合征与多个性伙伴、念珠菌感染、解脲支原体感染有关，或是感染后的后遗症。

局限性外阴炎和间质性膀胱炎所涉及的组织，包括均起源于胚胎生殖窦的膀胱、尿道和前庭组织，这种非感染性炎症综合征可能与自动免疫原因有关。

发病机制：间质性膀胱炎、局限性外阴炎和脱屑性阴道炎综合征患者膀胱黏膜变薄，显微镜下可见溃疡，表皮下层有水肿、充血、毛细血管扩张和血管周围间质出血，有淋巴细胞浸润，也能见到肥大细胞和嗜伊红细胞，疼痛是与持续性或仅在膀胱充血、膀胱排空后或膀胱受到冲击时如性交期间出现，病程较长或较老年妇女膀胱可萎缩变小和有明显的溃疡。

局限性外阴炎以往认为是前庭小腺感染所引起的，但近来不能确定此病与前庭小腺有关。

脱屑性阴道炎者阴道pH 值常升至4.5～5.5。

疾病名：隐球菌病英文名：cryptococcosis缩写：别名：疾病代码：ICD：概述：隐球菌病是由隐球菌属中的新生隐球菌引起的一种亚急性或慢性深部真菌病。

可侵犯人体的皮肤、肺部、骨骼等全身各脏器，但以侵犯中枢神经系统最常见，约占隐球菌感染的80%。

预后严重，病死亡率高。

近年来由于艾滋病的出现和蔓延，隐球菌感染的发生呈明显上升的趋势。

流行病学：本病呈世界性分布，随着艾滋病的广泛流行，隐球菌病发病率日益增高。

艾滋病等细胞免疫功能缺陷者易患此病。

在发达国家，艾滋病患者的 5%~ 10%并发本病，发展中国家则更高。

我国约有半数患者无明显免疫缺陷的证据。

青壮年多见，男多于女。

病因：隐球菌病的病原菌为隐球菌属中的新生隐球菌，它包括新生变种和格特变种。

按血清学分类可分为A 型、B 型、C 型、D 型及AD 型等5 型．此外尚有少量未确定型。

宿主细胞免疫功能不全是本病重要的发病因素，如长期应用糖皮质激素、网状淋巴系统的恶性肿瘤、系统性红斑狼疮、糖尿病、结核病及接受器官移植的病人等。

但在我国半数以上的病人并末发现患有基础疾病。

发病机制：病原菌往往先侵犯肺部，由血行播散到皮肤、黏膜、中枢神经系统及骨骼、肝、脾、淋巴结等组织器官，引起组织和器官的炎症性和增生性反应：浸润性结节、脓疱、蜂窝组织炎、侵蚀性溃疡及肉芽肿等。

临床表现：隐球菌侵入人体的部位不同，临床表现亦不相同。

1.皮肤黏膜隐球菌病 10%～15%的隐球菌病患者出现皮肤损害。

原发型较为少见，继发型多由系统性感染经上行播散而来。

(1)皮肤损害：表现为丘疹、水泡、脓疱、传染性软疣样丘疹、痤疮样脓疱；皮下组织肿块、浸润性结节、脓肿、蜂窝组织炎、水痘样皮疹、疖肿样损害、紫斑、疣状增殖、溃疡等,无特征性，表面可覆以粘性渗出性薄膜(图1)。

(2)黏膜损害：常发生在软腭、硬腭、舌扁桃体、牙龈、鼻中隔或咽部、上颌窦等处。

由血行播散而来，或自皮肤扩展引起。

表现为结节、肉芽肿或慢性溃疡等。