北航学报模板

《宇航学报》投稿须知官方认证《宇航学报》（Journal of Astronautics，ISSN 1000-1328）创刊于1980年，是中国科协主管、中国宇航学会主办的综合性学术期刊，现任主编吴燕生研究员。

办刊宗旨为及时反映中国宇航界在理论、技术和前瞻性研究中所取得的最新科技成果，促进国内外学术交流，为培养科技人才、发展中国航天事业和实现科技现代化服务。

报道范围包括飞行理论、航天器系统、导弹系统、空气动力学、测量与信息传输、制导与控制、飞行器能源、遥测遥感、飞行器设计与制造、惯性技术、推进技术、计算机应用、材料与工艺、结构强度、航天医学工程、计量与测试、质量与可靠性等。

主要读者对象为航空航天技术领域科研机构的研究人员、高等院校相关专业的教师和研究生。

中国航天事业近年来取得了一系列辉煌成就，学报在任新民、庄逢甘、马兴瑞、杜善义和吴燕生等历任主编领导下，及时报道了我国在航天高科技领域取得的重大成就，受到了世界各国科技工作者的广泛关注。

学报多年来一直保持为中文核心期刊、中国科技核心期刊、EI源期刊、中国精品科技期刊，还多次获得“百种中国杰出学术期刊”、“中国国际影响力优秀学术期刊”等荣誉称号，2019年首批入选“中国科技期刊卓越行动计划”，成为科技部“三类高质量论文”期刊，2020年入选中国科协《航空航天领域高质量科技期刊目录》，位列T1（最高）级。

II.来稿要求1.来稿语言请一律使用中文（word版本）；稿件内容不涉密，且作者所在单位允许该文公开发表；经审查拟录用的稿件，其作者单位将开具允许公开发表的保密审查单，并同意上传到学报网站上存档。

2. 学报收稿范围包括：综述，飞行器设计与力学，制导、导航、控制与电子，推进技术与动力，材料、结构与制造，飞行器试验与发射，环境试验与器件，空间科学3.书写格式：文章的题目，作者姓名，作者单位名称，摘要和关键词要求用中、英文写出。

摘要应包括研究目的、研究过程和方法、结果、结论，并层次清晰、简明。

The primary submission should be in two format :single-column or two columns.(Title usually falls within 3 lines. All lexical words, as well as prepositions over 5 letters (including 5) should be initials in capital.)Generation of dynamic grids and computation of unsteady transonic flows around assemblies(Author affiliations should be listed according to the name order under the paper title. Chinese authors should put the family name first. The corresponding author should be marked with “*”on the top right.)LU Zhiliang a,*, John SMITH ba Department of Aerodynamics, Nanjing Aeronautical Institute, Nanjing 210016, Chinab School of Electronic and Information E ngineering, Duke University, Durham NC 27708, USAReceived 5 May 2009; revised 4 June 2009; accepted 16 September 2009(Delete author name & affiliation when submitting the manuscript）—Abstract（Abstract should be about 150-200 words which can conclude the whole content of the paper (including purpose, method, results and conclusion). Equations, figures and tables, as well as references are not supposed to appear in this part. When abbreviation is firstly used, it should contain the full name with its abbre viation included in parentheses, such as “signal to noise ratio (SNR)”. Do NOT use the first pe rson as subject. Do NOT repeat the title as the first sentence of the abstract. Simple sentence and active voice are preferred, and verb should be close to the subject.)Low service ability of an airfield area causes frequent air traffic congestion and flight delays at busy airports. The airport system calls for capacity and efficiency improvements urgently to relieve the current congested situation. In this work, an optimization approach for the col-laborative operating modes of multi-runway systems is proposed to balance the demand and capacity. Runway operating modes are classified in detail taking into consideration the airport layout, air traffic characteristics, weather conditions and other factors comprehensively. Based on the theory of runway capacity envelope, a corresponding optimization model is established by in-troducing the capacity loss coefficient which objectively reflects the mode switching char-acteristics. Then an elitist non-dominating sorting genetic algorithm is designed combined with the multi-objective optimization theory, Compared with the single runway mode, the combined runway modes bring about a striking optimization effect which results in a % reduction in the cost of flight delays and a % decrease in the quantity of adjusted flights. The approach provided can significantly enhance collaborative operating efficiency of a multi-runway system, and ef-fectively improve air traffic : Transonic flow; Unsteady flow; Full-potential equation; Assembly (about 5-8 words separated with “;”; use small letters except technical terms. Abbreviations should contain full name with abbreviation included in parentheses. Selection of 1-2 from EI controlled term list is preferred:*Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 .E-mail address:1. Introduction (Begin each paragraph with an equal indentation of two typing spaces.)The computation method of unsteady transonic flow based on N-S equations should be best accurate, but to three-dimensional complex problems, it can be achieved only on large computers, and moreover, the results are not ideal sometimes. 1 A viscous/inviscidinteraction method is an applicable one and the computation time can be reduced by two orders. (Equations, figures and tables are usually not supposed to appear in this part.)2. Computation scheme. Governing equation2.1.1. PrincipleThe unsteady full-potential equation written in a body fitted coordinate system is given by ()()()()0U V W τξηζρρρρ+++=J J J J (1)where is density, U , V , and W are the contravariant velocity components in the , , and directions,τmeans time, and J is Jacobian.Eq. (1) is solved by the time-accurate approximate factorization algorithm and internal Newtoniterations; 2 body conditions and wake conditions are implicit embedded.. Generation of gridsTaking the incompressible potential flow round a cylinder for example, the stream function is 2sin a V r r ψθ∞⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭ (2)where a is radius, and V ∞ the velocity of free stream. Magnifying its radius to a ε+.3. Presentation of results. Artwork/FigureA detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.FormatsRegardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or c-on vert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, ha lftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone(color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.If your electronic artwork is created in a Microsoft Office application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then please supply "as is".Please do not:• Supply files that are optimised for screen use(like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too lo-w;• Supply files that are too low in resolution;• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.Color artworkPlease make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge,that these figures will appear in color on the Web ., Sci enceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version.Fig. 1. Comparison between computation result and experimental data24 for temperature distribution of inner wall of nozzle.Table 1CPU time ratio of each term.Computational term CPU time (%)Flow fieldSolid temperature fieldSpecies concentration fieldRadiation transfer/energy field4. Conclusions(Conclusion should be summarized in points without tedious description of background, method, etc.)(1) A rapid method of the generation of boundary-fitted dynamic grids is developed in this paper, and the method of Viscous/Inviscid Interaction is used to compute the unsteady aerodynamic forces on wing/missiles and wing/body with control surfaces.(2) The computation results are in agreement with experimental data.AcknowledgementsThis study was co-supported by the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Power Research of China (No. *****) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. ****** and ******).ReferencesText: Indicate references by superscript numbers in the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.List: Number the references in the list in the order in which they appear in the text.Examples:Reference to a journal publication (Journal names should be abbreviated, but if you are uncertain, keep it in full name)1. Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific article. J Sci Commun 2000;163(1):51–9.Reference to a book2. Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1979. p. 5-10. Reference to a chapter in an edited book3. Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to the electronic age. New York: E- Publishing Inc.; 1999. p. 281–304.Conference proceedingsHarnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th germ cell tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002.Conference paperChristensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European conference on genetic programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.Scientific or technical reportRussell ML, Goth-Goldstein R, Apte MG, Fisk WJ. Method for measuring the size distribution of airborne Rhinovirus. Berkeley (CA): Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division; 2002. Report No.: LBNL49574.DissertationBorkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002.PatentPagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 498. 2002 Aug 1.Journal article on the InternetAbood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12]; 102(6): 51-9. Available from: not in EnglishLiu JY.An improved SST turbulence model for hypersonic flows. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica 2012;33(12):2192-201 [Chinese].Monograph on the InternetFoley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: site[Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 20 02 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: shortened form for last page number. ., 51–9, a nd that for more than 6 authors, the first 6 should be listed followed by ‘et al.’ For further detail s you are referred to “Uniform Requirements for Manu scripts submitted to Journals” click “（Delete this part when submitting the manuscript）(In principle, the corresponding author’s biography is essential and others are not and the letters of family name are all in capital form.)LU Zhiliang received the . and . degrees in mechanical engineering from Nanjing Aeronautical Institute in 1984 and 1987 respectively, and then became a teacher there. His main research interests are ….E-mailJohn SMITH is a . student at school of automation, Duke University. He received his . degree from Wuhan University in 2008. His area of research includes…E-mailAlice . ZIONBER is a professor and . supervisor at college of mechanical engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K. She received the . degree from the same university in 1970. Her current research interests are…E-mailAppendix(Appendix is put behind biography unless otherwise specified. If there is more than one, order them with capitalized letters. If there are equations, order them with letters and numbers, such as “(A1)” and “(A2)”.)：。

北京航空航天大学学报2009年第35卷总目录
佚名
【期刊名称】《北京航空航天大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2009()12
【总页数】18页(PI0018)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】V
【相关文献】
1.北京航空航天大学学报 2007年第33卷总目录 (总第167期~总第178期)
2.《北京航空航天大学学报》2006年第32卷总目录（总第155期-总第166期）
3.北京航空航天大学学报 2004年第30卷总目录 (总第131期～总第142期)
4.北京航空航天大学学报 2005年第31卷总目录 (总第143期一总第154期)
5.北京航空航天大学学报 2008年第34卷总目录 (总第179期～总第190期)
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

航空学报应用格式航空学报应用格式主要包含以下部分：1.前言：简要介绍航空学报移动应用的目的和功能，如方便航空领域的研究者、工程师和学生获取最新的科研成果和学术动态。

2.应用界面设计：详细描述应用界面的设计，包括主界面和其他功能页面的设计。

主界面应以航空学报的logo为主视觉元素，整体设计简洁清晰，便于用户操作。

其他功能页面应根据用户需求和使用场景进行合理设计，如文章浏览页面、学术论文查看页面、研究成果展示页面等。

3.文章展示：提供最新的文章，按照相关主题或分类进行组织，方便用户浏览和筛选。

每篇文章应包含标题、作者、摘要、关键词等基本信息，并提供全文下载或在线阅读功能。

4.学术论文查看：提供航空领域的学术论文，按照发表时间或相关主题进行排序，方便用户查阅。

每篇论文应包含标题、作者、发表时间、来源等信息，并提供全文下载或在线阅读功能。

5.高质量研究成果展示：展示航空领域的高质量研究成果，包括但不限于实验报告、技术论文、专利等。

每项成果应包含标题、作者、发表时间、摘要等信息，并提供全文下载或在线阅读功能。

6.学术交流和科研合作：提供学术交流和科研合作的功能，如专家答疑、论文共享、团队招募等。

这些功能有助于促进学术界的交流与合作，推动航空领域的创新与发展。

7.其他附加功能：根据用户需求和实际需要，可以添加其他附加功能，如个性化推荐、消息推送等，以提高用户体验和满足用户需求。

在编写航空学报应用格式时，应注意以下几点：1.语言简练明了，避免使用过于专业或复杂的术语。

2.结构清晰，各部分内容应合理安排和组织，方便用户理解和使用。

3.注重用户体验，从用户需求和使用场景出发，提供便捷、高效的功能和服务。

4.遵循相关规范和标准，确保应用的质量和可靠性。

以上是航空学报应用格式的基本内容，具体格式可根据实际需求进行调整和优化。

北京航空航天大学学报 2007年第33卷总目录 (总第167
期~总第178期)
佚名
【期刊名称】《北京航空航天大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2007(33)12
【总页数】18页(PI0001-I0018)
【关键词】北京航空航天大学;周荫清;北航;学报;连续出版物;算法;目录;检索工具【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】V
【相关文献】
1.北京航空航天大学学报2012年第38卷总目次（总第227期～总第238期）[J],
2.北京航空航天大学学报2011年第37卷总目次（总第215期～总第226期）[J],
3.《北京航空航天大学学报》2006年第32卷总目录（总第155期-总第166期）[J],
4.北京航空航天大学学报 2004年第30卷总目录 (总第131期～总第142期) [J],
5.北京航空航天大学学报 2005年第31卷总目录 (总第143期一总第154期) [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

中国航空学报英文版latex模板全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: My Awesome Experience with the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics LaTeX TemplateHey everyone! Today I want to share with you my experience using the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics LaTeX template. I was super excited to try it out because I love airplanes and all things related to flying.First of all, let me tell you that using the template was so easy peasy lemon squeezy! All I had to do was download the template from their website and open it in my LaTeX editor. The template was beautifully designed with all the sections and formatting already done for me.I started by typing in my title and abstract. Then I added in my introduction, methods, results, and conclusion. It was like filling in the blanks of a mad libs story! I even added some cool equations and figures to make my article look super professional.After I finished writing, I compiled my document and voila! My article was ready to be submitted to the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. I felt like a real scientist, sharing my research with the world.Overall, using the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics LaTeX template was a blast. It made creating my article so much easier and more fun. I can't wait to use it again for my next project. If you love airplanes like me, I totally recommend giving it a try.That's all for now! Thanks for listening to my story. See you in the skies!篇2Oh, hi there! Today, I'm gonna tell you all about the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation's (CASTC) English version LaTeX template for the Journal of Chinese Aeronautics! It's gonna be super cool, so get ready to learn all about it!First of all, let me explain what a LaTeX template is. It's basically a fancy way to write and format your research papers or articles. It makes them look all professional and neat, which is super important when you're sharing your work with the world.Now, let's talk about the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASTC). They are like the superheroes of the aerospace world in China! They do all kinds of amazing things, like designing and building airplanes and spacecraft. And the Journal of Chinese Aeronautics is where they share all their cool research and findings.So, if you wanna write an article for the Journal of Chinese Aeronautics, you gotta use their special LaTeX template. It's like a magic tool that helps you make your article look just right. You can find the template on their website, and it will have all the instructions you need to get started.Once you have the template, you can start writing your article. Make sure to include all your research and findings, and don't forget to explain everything in a clear andeasy-to-understand way. You want your article to be interesting and informative for all the readers out there.When you're done writing, make sure to format your article according to the template's guidelines. This will help make sure your article looks professional and polished. And don't forget to double-check everything before you submit it – you want to make sure it's perfect!So, there you have it – all you need to know about the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation's English version LaTeX template for the Journal of Chinese Aeronautics. It's a super cool tool that can help you share your research with the world in the best possible way. Good luck with your article, and happy writing!篇3Title: My Adventure with the China Aerospace JournalHey everyone! Today, I want to tell you about my super cool adventure with the China Aerospace Journal in English version! It's so awesome and I can't wait to share all the fun details with you!First off, I had to learn how to use the LaTeX template for the journal. It was a bit tricky at first, but with some help from my teacher and some online tutorials, I was able to figure it out. The template had all these fancy features like different fonts, headings, and even a special way to include images and tables.Once I got the hang of the template, it was time to start writing my article. I decided to write about my favorite topic - rockets! I researched all about rockets, how they work, and theirimportance in space exploration. I even found some cool pictures to include in my article to make it more interesting.After writing my article, I had to format it according to the journal's guidelines. This meant making sure all the headings were in the right size and style, adding a table of contents, and making sure all my references were properly cited. It was a bit tedious, but I knew it was important to follow the guidelines to make sure my article looked professional.Finally, I submitted my article to the journal for review. I was so nervous waiting to hear back, but luckily they accepted my article! I was so excited to see my name in print in the China Aerospace Journal in English version. It was such a cool feeling to know that other people would be reading about my passion for rockets and space exploration.Overall, my adventure with the China Aerospace Journal in English version was so much fun. I learned a lot about writing, formatting, and submitting articles for publication. I can't wait to write more articles and continue sharing my love for rockets with the world. Who knows, maybe one day I'll even be a famous rocket scientist thanks to the China Aerospace Journal!篇4Title: My Adventure with the China Aeronautical JournalHi everyone! Today I want to share with you my exciting adventure with the China Aeronautical Journal. It all began when I heard about the amazing research being published in the journal and I just knew I had to check it out for myself.I decided to download the LaTeX template for the journal and start writing my own article. The template was super easy to use and helped me format my article like a pro. I was able to create sections for my introduction, methods, results, and conclusions without any trouble at all.Once my article was written, I submitted it to the journal for review. I was so nervous waiting to hear back, but to my surprise, my article was accepted for publication! I couldn't believe it - my work was going to be featured in a real scientific journal!The day my article was published was one of the best days of my life. I was so proud to see my name in print and know that my research was being shared with the world. I couldn't wait to show all my friends and family my article and tell them about my experience with the China Aeronautical Journal.I learned so much from writing for the journal and I can't wait to start working on my next article. The China AeronauticalJournal has inspired me to continue pursuing my passion for science and research, and I am so grateful for the opportunity to contribute to such a prestigious publication.So if you're thinking about submitting your work to the China Aeronautical Journal, I say go for it! The experience was truly incredible and I am so grateful for the chance to be a part of such an amazing publication.Thank you for listening to my story and I hope it inspires you to chase your dreams and share your own research with the world. Happy writing, everyone!篇5Title: My First Experience with the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics LaTeX TemplateHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about my experience using the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics LaTeX template. It was my first time using LaTeX, and I was a little nervous at first because I heard it can be tricky. But with the help of the template, I was able to write my article easily and it looked so professional!First, I downloaded the template from the journal’s website. It had everything I needed to get started, including instructionson how to use it. The template was really easy to navigate, with sections for the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. It even had spaces for figures and tables, which made it so easy to organize my information.I started by writing my abstract, which was a brief summary of my research. Then I moved on to the introduction, where I explained why my topic was important. Next, I described my methods and the results of my study. It was so cool to see all my data neatly organized in tables and figures.The discussion section was where I explained what my results meant and how they related to other research in the field. It was a little challenging to write this part, but the template gave me some tips on how to structure my arguments. Finally, I wrote my conclusion, which summarized the key points of my study.When I finished writing my article, I was so proud of how it looked. The template made my work look professional and polished. I never would have been able to create such a great article without it.Overall, my experience with the Chinese Journal of Aeronautics LaTeX template was fantastic. It was easy to use, organized, and helped me create a high-quality article. I can’t wait to use it again for my next research project!That’s all for now, see you next time!篇6Hello everyone, today I want to tell you about the China Aeronautical Journal English version latex template. It's super cool and makes writing articles so much easier!First, let me explain what a latex template is. It's like a fancy document that already has all the formatting and layout set up for you. All you have to do is plug in your own words and boom, you've got a professional-looking article.The China Aeronautical Journal is a super important journal in the field of aviation. They publish cutting-edge research and important findings that help make air travel safer and more efficient. So if you want to get your research out there and make a real impact, this is the place to do it.Using the latex template for the China Aeronautical Journal English version is a total game-changer. It makes your article look super professional, with all the right fonts, spacing, and formatting. Plus, it's easy to use and saves you a ton of time.So if you're a budding aviation researcher or just someone who wants to learn more about the latest developments in thefield, check out the China Aeronautical Journal English version latex template. It's a total game-changer and will make your articles stand out from the rest. Happy writing!篇7Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about the China Aeronautical Journal (English version) LaTeX template. LaTeX is a cool tool that helps us make our documents look super professional and neat.First things first, let's talk about what the China Aeronautical Journal is all about. It's a journal that publishes research papers related to aeronautics and astronautics. So if you're interested in planes, rockets, or anything that flies, this journal is the place to be!Now let's get into the nitty-gritty of using the LaTeX template for the China Aeronautical Journal. First, you'll need to download the template from their website. Once you have it, you can start writing your article using the template. Make sure to follow the guidelines for formatting and citation style.In your article, you can talk about anything related to aeronautics and astronautics. Maybe you want to discuss thelatest developments in airplane design, or maybe you want to explore how rockets work. The possibilities are endless!Once you're done writing your article, make sure to proofread it for any errors. You want to make sure your article is top-notch before submitting it to the journal.And there you have it, a quick guide to using the China Aeronautical Journal LaTeX template. So grab your pens and start writing those awesome research papers! Good luck, my fellow young scholars!篇8Title: My First Experience with the China Aeronautics Journal English Version LaTeX TemplateHi everyone! Today I want to share with you all about my first experience using the China Aeronautics Journal English Version LaTeX template. It was super fun and exciting!First, I downloaded the template from the journal's website. It was really cool to see how the template was designed with all the different sections like abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It made my paper look so professional!Next, I started writing my paper using the template. The instructions provided were really helpful and easy to understand.I could easily input my text and figures into the designated sections. It was like putting together a puzzle!I also had fun playing around with the formatting options in the template. I could change the font style, size, and color to make my paper look even better. It was like being a designer for a day!After I finished writing my paper, I checked for any errors or typos. The template made it easy for me to spot mistakes and make corrections. It was like having a personal editor right at my fingertips!Finally, I was ready to submit my paper to the China Aeronautics Journal. I was so proud of how professional and polished my paper looked thanks to the LaTeX template. I felt like a real scientist!In conclusion, using the China Aeronautics Journal English Version LaTeX template was a great experience for me. It helped me create a high-quality paper in a fun and interactive way. I can't wait to use it again for my next project. Thank you, China Aeronautics Journal, for providing such a helpful tool for young researchers like me!篇9Title: My Adventure with China Aerospace Science and Technology CorporationOnce upon a time, I went on a super cool adventure with the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). It was so awesome, I just have to tell you all about it!First, we went to visit the Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation headquarters. It was huge, with lots of fancy buildings and cool rocket models everywhere. I felt like a real astronaut walking around there.Next, we got to learn all about rockets and satellites. Did you know that CASC has launched over 300 rockets and sent more than 100 satellites into space? It's so amazing how they can do that!But the best part of the adventure was when we got to see a real rocket launch. It was so exciting, I could hardly contain myself! We watched as the rocket blasted off into the sky, leaving a trail of smoke behind. It was the most incredible thing I've ever seen.After the launch, we got to meet some real-life astronauts who had been to space. They told us all about their experiences and what it's like to be in space. It was so inspiring, I felt like I could do anything!I had such a great time on my adventure with CASC. I learned so much about space and rockets, and I feel like I have a whole new appreciation for the amazing things that China is doing in aerospace technology. I can't wait to learn even more and maybe even go to space myself someday!So, if you ever get the chance to go on an adventure with the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, don't pass it up. It's an experience you'll never forget!篇10Oh, !《latex》。

2008年1月第34卷第1期北京航空航天大学学报Journal of Beijing University of Aer onautics and A str onautics January 2008Vol .34　No 11　收稿日期:2007201217　作者简介:杨　威(1981-),男,北京人,硕士生,vict or_young_y w@hot m ail .com.基于人眼视觉的结构相似度图像质量评价方法杨　威 赵　剡 许　东(北京航空航天大学仪器科学与光电工程学院,北京100083) 摘 要:分析了数字图像中亮度、纹理细节、空间位置等因素对人眼视觉特性的影响,建立了数学模型,将人眼视觉特性与图像的结构相似度结合起来,提出一种符合人眼视觉特性的图像质量评价新方法.该方法将图像划分成大小相等的分块,计算出各分块的亮度影响因子、纹理细节影响因子和空间位置影响因子,经过归一化处理得到每个分块的权值,用加权平均的结构相似度作为图像质量的评价指标.实验证明该方法能够区别图像中不同区域的图像特征,符合人眼视觉特性,与主观评价结果一致.关　键　词:图像质量评价;人眼视觉系统;结构相似度中图分类号:TP 391文献标识码:A 文章编号:100125965(2008)0120001204M e tho d o f i m age qua lity a s se s sm en t ba sed o n hum an visua l sys temand s truc tu ra l s i m il a rityYang W ei Zhao Yan Xu Dong(School of I nstrument Science and Op t o 2electr onics Engineering,Beijing University of Aer onautics and A str onautics,Beijing 100083,China )Ab s trac t:Thr ough analyzing the influence of certain digital i m age fact ors (brightness,texture details,di m enti onal positi on,etc .)on human visual characteristic,a mathe matic model which combines human visual characteristic and structural si m ilarity of i m ages was built,a ne w i m age 2quality assess ment method in accord 2ance with hu man visual characteristic was put for ward .By unoverlapped partiti oning of i m ages using equal 2sized sliding windows,this method can calculate the foll o wing fact ors with influence on the partiti ons:influen 2cing brightness,influencing texture details,and influencing di m enti onal positi on .The weighted value of each partiti on is generated after nor malizati on,and the weighted structural si m ilarity is used as the assessing index of i m age quality .Experi m ent shows that this method is in accordance with human visual characteristic,and consistent with the result of subjective assess ment .Key wo rd s:quality assess ment of i m age;human visual syste m;structural si m ilarity 对图像质量的正确评价是图像信息工程领域内一项很有意义的研究课题.图像质量评价方法一般来说可分为主观评价方法和客观评价方法.主观评价方法(MOS,Mean Op ini on Score )考虑了观察者对图像的理解效果,但是这种方法由于受到观察者知识背景、观测目的和环境等影响,稳定性和可移植性差,且难以用数学模型表达加以应用.常用的客观评价方法有均方误差(MSE,Mean Square Err or )和峰值信噪比(PS NR,Peak Signal Noise Rati o ),他们对两幅图像之间的误差进行了简单数学统计,虽能将误差量化表达,却不能真实反映图像的视觉感知质量,其准确性相对较差,试验表明相关系数MSE /MOS 仅为0.4到0.7[1].此后,人们开始利用HVS 的某些特性对客观评价尺度进行修改,例如归一化均方误差(NMSE,Nor 2malized Mean Square Err or )[2]评价方法.90年代后期,人们对视觉系统功能的理解有了显著的进展,各种基于HVS (Hu man V isual Syste m )模型的图像质量评价方法应运而生.其性能明显提高(与MOS 的相关系数都在0.8以上),在实际应用中,正逐步取代传统的MSE或PS NR.本文提出一种基于人眼视觉特性的结构相似度图像质量评价方法,将图像划分成大小相等的分块,计算每个分块的结构相似度(SSI M,Struc2 ture Si m ilarity),根据每个分块的亮度,纹理细节和分块空间位置对人眼视觉的影响,确定每个分块的权值,加权计算出WMSSI M(W eighted Mean Structure Si m ilarity),作为图像质量的评价指标.经实验验证,评价结果符合人眼视觉特性.1　人眼的视觉特性对于以人眼为最终信宿的图像来说,合理地评价图像质量应充分遵循人眼的视觉特性.大量的研究表明,基于HVS的方法评价结果明显优于传统的方法[3].从图像质量评价的研究进展来看,目前基于HVS的新方法主要分为两类:基于视觉感知的方法和基于视觉兴趣的方法.从视觉生理特性来看,图像降质对人眼视觉的影响是由人眼视觉系统的灵敏度决定的,而视觉灵敏度是由人眼的视觉细胞决定的.此外,灵敏度还受到图像局部空间频率的影响,大量实验结果证明影响像素误差可视度的因素是误差周围的局部区域环境,而不是整个图像的背景环境[4].从视觉心理学角度,视觉是一种积极地感受行为,不仅与生理因素有关,还在相当大的程度上取决于心理因素.人们在观察和理解图像时往往会不自觉地对其中某些区域产生兴趣.整幅图像的视觉质量也往往取决于感兴趣区域的质量,而不感兴趣区的降质有时不易觉察.2　权值矩阵的确定2.1　数字图像中影响人眼视觉的因素人眼观察一幅图像时,只会对其中显著变化的区域发生兴趣仔细观看,而对那些亮度均匀的平滑区域或空间频率相近的纹理区则忽略掉.为了简化加权系数的计算,本文忽略色彩变化带来的视觉影响,而只考虑灰度图像.首先将原始图像X互不重叠地分成T个大小相等的分块,每一块含有L×L个像素点,各分块记为Tj.分别根据亮度、纹理细节和分块空间位置计算出每一分块Tj 的亮度影响因子sj、纹理细节影响因子dj 和空间位置影响因子rj,经过归一化处理得到该分块的权值wj.除去以上因素,分块的面积和边缘灰度也是影响人眼视觉的主要因素,本文由于对待评价图像进行等大地分块,分块四周也无特定的边缘特征,所以面积和边缘灰度并不影响整体的加权系数,不用考虑其对人眼视觉的影响.2.1.1　亮度对人眼视觉的影响人眼视觉系统对刺激信号的反映不是取决于信号的绝对亮度,而是取决于信号相对于背景亮度(信号的平均亮度)的刺激程度.由韦伯-费克纳(W eber2Fechner)法则[5]可知:视觉上主观亮度与光刺激强度的对数成比例,即:s=k lgII0(1)式中,k为常数;I为绝对门限值.定义I maxj= max{x1,x2,…,x n,n=L×L}为第j个分块中亮度最大值,I avgj=1n∑nk=1x k(n=L×L)表示第j个分块中亮度的平均值,这样I max jI avg j就可以近似地表征该分块的光刺激强度,令k=1,sj为由亮度变化导致的权重因子,则由上式可导出s j=lgI max jI avg j=lgm ax{x1,x2,…,x k,…,x n}1n∑nk=1x kn=L×L(2) 2.1.2　纹理细节对人眼视觉的影响对人眼视觉系统的研究表明,人眼对图像的不同部分敏感度是不同的,对边缘及条状结构比较敏感.人眼视觉的主要作用是感知形状,通过追踪未知物体的轮廓来扫视一个未知的物体.另外,对同样类型和规模的噪声,将其累加在图像的细节和平坦区域上所引起的视觉失真程度是不一样的,前者给人的感觉往往更明显.选用最简单的灰度方差来描述图像块的纹理粗糙度,方差越大说明该分块上的纹理细节越多,越能引起人眼视觉的关注,反之,方差越小说明该分块区域越平坦,空间频率相近,权值应该适当降低.从而可将纹理细节影响因子dj取为如下形式:d j=σj=1n-1∑nk=1x k-1N∑nk=1x k21/2n=L×L(3) 2.1.3　空间位置对人眼视觉的影响光敏细胞在视网膜的黄斑区分布较密,所以在中央黄斑区中心,人眼的分辨率最高,而视网膜周围由杆状细胞构成的周边视力分辨率低,不能看清图像细节[6].故人眼观看一幅图像时只能对其中某一部分区域的细节具有良好的分辨力,而不能同时分辨图像中的其它区域.2北京航空航天大学学报 2008年　人们在观察一张图片时,首先注意的是图片中央部分,再依次往周围扩展,即图像的重要性一般是由中央向周围递减,这与平时照相选景一致(总是将所关注的物体或部位放在取景器的中央位置).因此空间位置影响因子可取为r j =1-(1-B r )×(x j o -x c )2+(y j o -y c )2r(4)式中,x j o ,y j o 表示分块j 的中心位置;x c ,y c 表示原始图像X 的中心坐标;r 表示原始图像X 中各点到中心坐标的最大距离;B r 是基础权值,它跟人眼与图像之间的距离和人眼的视野大小有关,一般取0～0.5,可以根据实际情况而定,并不影响最终空间位置因子r j 的性质.2.2　权重因子w j 的确定综合以上对T j 分块中亮度影响因子s j 、纹理细节影响因子d j 和空间位置影响因子r j 的分析,定义w ′j为w ′j =s 2j ×d 2j ×r 2j(5)对w ′j进行归一化处理得到最终的权重因子:w j =w ′j ∑Tj =1w ′j(6)3　加权平均的图像结构相似度人类视觉系统的主要功能是从视觉区域提取图像的结构性信息.该方法把评价值分为评价图像和原始图像之间的亮度比较、对比度比较和结构相似性比较,把3个部分的比较结果进行乘积运算,以其结果对图像质量进行评价,具体如下.对于原始图像X {x i |i =1,2,…,N }和评价图像Y{y i |i =1,2,…,N }:u x =1N∑Ni =1xiu y =1N∑Ni =1yi(7)分别表示原始图像X 和评价图像Y 的平均亮度.σx =1N -1∑N i =1(x i -u x )21/2σy =1N -1∑N i =1(y i -u y)21/2(8)分别表示原始图像X 和评价图像Y 的标准差.σxy =1N -1∑Ni =1(x i -u x )(y i -u y )(9)表示两者之间的协方差.则基于结构相似度的评价值定义为S =l (x,y )・c (x,y )・s (x,y )(10)其中,l (x,y )=2u x u yu 2x +u 2y为亮度比较函数;c (x,y )=2σx σy σ2x +σ2y 为对比度比较函数;s (x,y )=σxyσx σy 为结构相似性比较函数.利用式(10)计算出每个分块T j 的结构相似度S (X j ,Y j ),根据式(11),按照人眼视觉特性权值矩阵进行加权求和,得到图像质量评价指标:W (X,Y )=∑Tj =1[wj・S (X j,Y j)](11)4　评价结果及分析4.1　权值矩阵的计算将图像划分为25个大小相等的分块(图1),分步计算出图像的亮度因子s j 阵、纹理细节因子d j 阵、空间位置因子r j 阵和最终的权重因子w j 阵,如表1所示.它反映了在人眼视觉的作用下不同因素对视觉兴趣的影响程度.a 原始图像b 分块图图1　图像等分图表1各加权阵权值图1b 块号亮度因子纹理细节因子空间位置因子最终权重因子10.3996.90.510.0320.4789.90.620.0431.3142.90.670.0640.5768.10.630.0450.5667.60.530.0361.1253.40.610.0670.4491.20.750.0580.3786.00.840.0491.7023.60.770.05100.5665.90.630.04111.4243.60.640.07120.7481.90.810.08130.5683.70.990.08140.4981.00.840.05151.3928.20.670.04160.000.000.600.00170.000.000.740.00180.9165.30.810.08190.4675.00.750.04200.6757.70.620.04210.000.000.500.00220.000.000.600.00230.000.000.640.00240.8456.40.610.05250.5055.20.510.023　第1期 杨　威等:基于人眼视觉的结构相似度图像质量评价方法a 清晰图像b抖动模糊c 高斯噪声d椒盐噪声e 散焦模糊f 线性偏移g 气动光学 h 复原图像图2　待评价图像组图4.2　与其他评价方法的对比图2中的8幅图像为待评价图像,其中a 为清晰图像,b 到h 分别为不同程度的加噪降质图像.选择不同年龄、不同知识背景、不同工作环境的若干测试人员,对图2中的8幅不同降质程度的图像进行主观评测,将评测结果按照相对评测标准分为组图中最好的、好于平均水平、平均水平、比平均水平差、组图中最差的5档.利用经典方法PS NR 、常用方法梯度幅度和L k 和本文提出的WMSSI M 方法进行定量评价,评价结果见表2.由评价结果可看出,PS NR 由于对图像中每个像素平等对待,只简单地反映了各点误差的统计信息,所以在评价图d,f,h 时出现了与主观评价不一致情况,没有能够正确地反映图像质量;L k 是利用Lap lace 算子计算图像的边缘梯度,给出一个表征图像边缘特征的统计量,不能很好地综合评价图像质量,在评价图a,b,d 的时候出现了偏差.本文提出的WMSSI M 方法,能够针对图像不同区域的特征,确定符合人眼特性的权值,充分考虑了各种因素对人眼视觉特性的影响,评价结果与主观评价结果相当一致,评价指标敏感度高,与MOS 的相关系数大大高于另两种评价指标.表2评价结果图2主观相对评测PS NRL k /106WMSSI M a 组图中最好的无穷大2.71.0000b 好于平均水平210.730.9541c 好于平均水平265.80.9572d 平均水平168.50.7919e 组图中最差的140.130.6034f 比平均水平差160.840.7218g 组图中最差的120.490.3331h比平均水平差191.00.76945　结束语通过对该方法原理的论述和各种实验结果的分析可以看出,新方法充分考虑了人眼视觉系统的复杂特性,对图像相对亮度、纹理细节、空间位置对人眼视觉兴趣的影响作了全面的建模分析和定量计算.相比传统的非加权方法,WMSSI M 指标能够区别图像中不同区域的图像特征,对不同程度的降质图像评价灵敏度很高,符合人眼视觉特性,近似于主观评价的评价结果,可以用于评价图像质量优劣和判断复原算法的实际效果.参考文献(References )[1]W ifried O sberger .Percep tual visi on models for p icture qualityassess ment and comp ressi on app licati ons [D ].Queensland:Depart m ent of Computer Science &Computer Engineering,Queensland University of Technol ogy,1999[2]Mar molin H.Subjective MSE measures [J ].I EEE Trans OnSystem s,Man,and Cybernetics,1986,16(3):486-489[3]Eskici ogln A M.I m age quality measures and their perfor mance[J ].I EEE Trans Comm,1995,43(12):2959-2965[4]Karunaseka S A.A dist orti on measure for bl ocking 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