Location technology allows for the tracking and
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中考英语科技创新驱动因素单选题40题1. The development of smartphones has made our lives much more convenient. Which of the following is the most important factor in the development of smartphones?A. Fashionable appearanceB. High - priced marketingC. Technological innovationD. Celebrity endorsement答案:C。
解析:本题考查对智能手机发展因素的理解。
A选项“时尚的外观”虽然是智能手机的一个特点,但不是其发展的最重要因素;B选项“高价营销”可能会在一定程度上影响销售,但不是推动智能手机发展的核心;C选项“技术创新”,包括芯片技术、屏幕技术、软件技术等的创新,才是智能手机不断发展、功能不断强大的最重要因素,这涉及到科技创新推动产品发展的知识点;D选项“名人代言”更多的是一种营销手段,对产品发展不是最关键的。
2. The Internet has been popularized around the world. What was the original intention of inventing the Internet?A. For people to play online games more convenientlyB. To help companies sell products betterC. To enable information sharing and communication between computersD. To make people watch videos at any time答案:C。
解析:本题考查互联网发明的初衷。
科技拉进人距离英语作文标题,Technological Advancements Bringing People Closer: An Essay。
In today's rapidly evolving world, technological advancements have become the driving force behind the shrinking of distances between people. With the advent of various communication tools and platforms, individuals from different corners of the globe can now connect instantaneously, breaking down barriers of time and space. This essay explores how technology has revolutionized the way we interact, collaborate, and build relationships, ultimately bringing us closer together.First and foremost, the internet has revolutionized communication by providing instant access to informationand enabling real-time communication regardless of geographical boundaries. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have allowed people to connect with friends, family, and even strangers from allover the world. Through these platforms, individuals can share their thoughts, experiences, and interests, fostering meaningful connections and friendships that transcend physical distance.Moreover, advancements in mobile technology havefurther facilitated communication on the go. With smartphones and tablets, people can stay connected no matter where they are, whether it's through text messages, voice calls, or video chats. This level of connectivity has not only strengthened existing relationships but has also facilitated the formation of new ones, as individuals can easily reach out to others and initiate conversations anytime, anywhere.Additionally, technology has played a pivotal role in breaking down language barriers through translation tools and language learning apps. Services like Google Translate allow users to instantly translate text, speech, and even images from one language to another, making communication easier and more accessible for people who speak different languages. Furthermore, language learning apps such asDuolingo and Babbel provide interactive lessons and exercises that enable users to learn new languages at their own pace, opening up opportunities for cross-cultural communication and understanding.Furthermore, technological advancements have transformed the way we collaborate and work together, regardless of physical distance. With the rise of remote work and virtual collaboration tools such as Zoom, Slack, and Microsoft Teams, teams can now collaborate seamlessly in real time, even if they are located in different parts of the world. This not only increases productivity and efficiency but also allows for greater flexibility andwork-life balance, as individuals can work from anywhere with an internet connection.Moreover, technology has revolutionized the way we experience and share culture and knowledge. Streaming platforms like Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube allow people to access a vast array of movies, music, and videos from different cultures and genres, exposing them to new ideas and perspectives. Similarly, e-books and online librariesprovide instant access to a wealth of knowledge and literature, allowing people to educate themselves and expand their horizons without ever leaving their homes.In conclusion, technological advancements have undeniably brought people closer together by revolutionizing the way we communicate, collaborate, and share experiences. From instant messaging and social media to remote work and virtual collaboration, technology has transformed the world into a global village where distance is no longer a barrier to meaningful connections and relationships. As technology continues to advance, it will undoubtedly continue to reshape the way we interact and connect with one another, bringing us closer together in ways we never thought possible.。
CARROT 3 - CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM For Children with Special Needs Instruction ManualWARNING!Read all instructionsbefore using thisrestraint system.CARROT 3 CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMThe Carrot 3 is designed to provide additional support for children who have di culty sitting correctly in conventional car seats. Always consult your doctor to make sure that this restraint system is suitable for your child.Your child’s safety is very important to us. To ensure that your restraint system is installed correctly, please read all the instructions in this manual before use.Table of ContentsWARNINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SAFETY INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Important Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Certi cation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FEATURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8LATCH Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Using LATCH Top Tether Strap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Aircraft Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9HEAD SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Head Support Depth Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Head Support Contour Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Head Pillow Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10SHOULDER SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Harness Strap Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Seatbelt Length Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Shoulder Strap Comfort Pad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Shoulder Protector Wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Shoulder Protector Wing Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13iTable of ContentsCHEST SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Chest Support Pad Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Harness Buckle - Fastening / Releasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 LATERAL SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lateral Support Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 BACKREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Backrest Height Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Backrest Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Seat Length Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Seat Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Rodded Seat Extension - Long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Rodded Seat Extension - Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Pommel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Pommel Attachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Seat Depth Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Footrest Adjustment (Small / Medium / Large) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Support Tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Wedge Cushion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Pads and Cushions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Securing Your Child. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 CARE AND MAINTENANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Upholstery, Cushions, Pillow & Pads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Harness Buckle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Harness & Straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 WARRANTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Consumer Information Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Warranty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover Warranty Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover Limitation of Damages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Coverii• Failure to follow all instructions and product labels can result in death or serious injury in acrash. Carefully read and understand all instructions on this child restraint and in the writteninstructions.• Use only with children who weigh between 30 and 108 pounds (mass between 13.6 and 49 kg) and whose height is between 37 and 60 inches (94 and 152 cm).• Use only in a forward-facing position.• Use restraint ONLY with forward-facing vehicle seats. Do not use restraint with side-facing,rear-facing or flip-down vehicle seats.• According to accident statistics, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommends the vehicle’s rear seat is the safest location for a properly installed child restraint system.• Do not use a child restraint in the front seat of the vehicle unless the passenger air bag is turned off. Death or serious injury can occur. Refer to your vehicle owner’s manual for instruction, warnings, and precautions.• Adjust the harnesses and belts for a comfortable and snug fit around your child. There should not be any slack or twist in the straps, and the straps should not press on the child’s skin or push the child’s body into an unnatural position.• Never leave a child unattended in the vehicle even if they are secured in the child restraint.• Secure this restraint to the vehicle’s seat with the upper top tether strap and lower anchor straps (LATCH).• Use this child restraint only with vehicles with lap shoulder 3-point safety belts approved by FMVSS 209.• Rigid items & plastic parts of the restraint system must be located and installed so they do not become trapped by a movable seat or in a door of the vehicle.WARNING !DEATH or SERIOUS INJURY can occur1• Discontinue use of your child restraint if it has been involved in ANY type of accident. Itmay no longer be effective and should be replaced immediately.• This child seat must not be used in the home, in boats, or other non-certified applications.• Always keep this child restraint secured in the vehicle, even when not in use. In anaccident, an unsecured child restraint system may injure other occupants.• Do not use the child restraint in a vehicle with passenger air bags unless the air bags are turned off. Death or serious injury can occur. Refer to your vehicle’s owner’s manual forinstructions, warnings and precautions.• When using this child restraint in a vehicle with side air bags, refer to your vehicle’sowner’s manual for instructions, warnings and precautions.• This restraint must not be used without the upholstery cover.• The child restraint upholstery cover should only be replaced with one recommendedby the manufacturer.• Follow all instructions on this child restraint and in the written instruction manuallocated in the pocket behind the unit.• Never use the adjustment straps to lift or carry this restraint. This can damage themechanism and the webbing.• Do not remove the harness and straps from the child seat. Never remove the bucklesand/or the buckle clasps from the harness or the straps.• The primary protection for occupants of a vehicle in a collision is the body of the vehicle itself; a child restraint will not protect a child when a vehicle is seriously impacted. However, correctly installed, a child restraint will substantially improve chances for survival in most crashes. Make sure all users fully understand the correct ways to usethis child restraint in a vehicle.Register your child restraint with the manufacturer.WARNING !DEATH or SERIOUS INJURY can occur2Safety Information· This child restraint system conforms to U.S. Federal Motor VehicleSafety Standard FMVSS 213.· This restraint is certi ed for use in motor vehicles and aircrafts.· Register this restraint with the manufacturer.Important NotesCorrectly set up and install the child restraint before using. Before each use, verify it is securely installed to the vehicle seat and the harness is properly adjusted around child.• Adjust harness to fit securely around the clothes the child is wearing. Remove bulky coats and/or jackets before putting child in restraint system.• Cover child restraint when vehicle is parked in direct sunlight. Parts of the restraint could become hot and cause injury to a child.• Store restraint in a safe place when not in use. Avoid placing heavy objects on top of it.• Never leave children alone in a vehicle, even for a short time.• Do not attempt to disassemble any part of the child restraint or change the way its harness or vehicle’s seat belts are used, except as described in this manual.• Do not leave loose objects, e.g. books, bags, etc., in the back of a vehicle. In the event of a sudden stop, loose objects will keep moving, potentially causing serious injuries.• Make sure vehicle seats that fold forward are securely locked in their open position.An unsecured vehicle seat back could prevent the restraint from protecting thechild completely.• Do not use anything to raise child seat off vehicle seat except as described in this manual. In an accident, the child restraint may not adequately protect the child.• Do not allow children to play with this or any child restraint system.• This child seat is recommended to be used in the upright position.Certi cationThis child restraint system conforms to U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety StandardFMVSS 213 and European Safety Standard ECE R44/04.3Safety Informationbelt pathbelt path4loosen loosentightentightenreclineSafety Information 5Features: Carrot 3 Standard ModelSeat Depth9.8”11.2”11.8”13.2”13.8”15.2”Measurements shown are with the extensions added. * Extensions not included withstandard model.with 2” extensions with 4” extensions6Shoulder Strap Comfort PadsBody Balance Pads SupportChest Pad Support Height AdjusterLATCH ConnectorHarness YokeBackrestTop Tether StrapHead SupportVehicle’s Belt PathHead PillowMeasurements shown are with the extensions added. * Extensions not included with standard model.Features: Carrot 3 Standard ModelSeat Depth9.8”10.8”11.8”12.813.8”15.2”with 6” + 2“ extensions with 2” extensions with 6” + 4“ extensions with 4” extensionswith 6” extensions7HarnessComfort Seat CushionLap Belt GuideBackrestAdjustment KnobInstruction Guide (inside)Storage PocketShoulder Width Adjustment ButtonShoulder Protector Wings (Optional Accessory)Top Tether Strap(Optional Accessory)InstallationLATCH InstallationThis child restraint system is recommended for use in a vehicle with LATCH anchors. Verify that your vehicle is equipped with LATCH anchors.Lower Anchor Straps Installation: 1. Press and hold the rst LATCH adjuster release button, then pull the LATCH strap to full length. Repeat for the remaining LATCH connector (Fig. A). 2. Place the child restraint forward-facing on the vehicle seat.3. Attach one LATCH connector to its adjacent vehicle LATCH anchor (Fig. B).a. An audible click con rms attachmentb. Ensure that the LATCH strap is not twisted. 4. Attach the remaining LATCH connector to itsadjacent vehicle LATCH anchor.a. An audible click con rms attachmentb. Ensure that the LATCH strap is not twisted. 5. Push the child restraint into the vehicle seat whilepulling each LATCH strap tight (Fig. C).NOTE:If an audible click is not heard when connecting either LATCH connector, the LATCH strap may be twisted, or there may be debris in the LATCH connector. Correct either situation before continuing with the installation process.IMPORTANT:Ensure the LATCH strap does not fold into the LATCH adjusterwhile tightening.Fig. AFig. B Fig. C8L ower A nchor and T ethers for CH ildrenInstallationUSING LATCH Top Tether StrapIf your vehicle is equipped with LATCH Top Tether Anchor points, you can use the Top Tether Strap to attach the Head Support.NOTE:All vehicles manufactured since September 1, 2002 areequipped with tether anchors located behind the rear seats. 1. Consult your vehicle owner’s manual to locate the tether anchor points.2. Pull and fully extend the top tether strap (Fig. A or B).3. Locate the hook on the strap and loosely attach the tether strap to the anchor point.4. Pull the tether strap to remove ALL slack (Fig. B).5. Make sure the tether strap is taut and that child seatis properly secured.NOTE:The child restraint is secure when it cannot be moved front-to-back or side-to-side more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) at the belt path. If the child restraint is not secure, repeat the installation process or use an alternate seating location.Fig. A (Car)Fig. B (Van)9FunctionsHead Support Depth AdjustmentThe Head Support can be adjusted forward or backward by 0.6” (1.5 cm) increments to provide a better t and added protection for the occupant (Fig. A).To Adjust: Remove screws on each side of the head support with a Phillips screwdriver. Move the head support to selected position, and reinsert screws (Figs. B & C).Head Support Contour AdjustmentHead Pillow AdjustmentThe Head Pillow provides added comfort and positioning.To reposition: Grasp the head pillow and pull it away from the head support. Place the head pillow where desired and press down to a x Velcro.Head SupportFig. AFig. BFig. C(Use holes 1,2 or 3 on both sides)10Functions Harness Strap AdjustmentThe Harness Strap comfortably positions the child in place.strap (Fig. A).(Red), while pulling the shoulder harness strap (Fig. B).loosening the harness strap.4. Replace webbing (strap) utilizing the lower loop. Before replacing, fold the webbing loop inward so the attachment area is not covered by the strap (Fig. B).5. Reattach knob. It is very important to make sure that the back’s tube is in between the seat’s tube and gray plastic cover before reassembling (Fig. C).Shoulder SupportShoulder Harness Strap (B)Red leverFig. BFig. C11FunctionsShoulder Strap Comfort PadThe shoulder strap comfort pad can be moved by readjustingthe Velcro attached to the back of the Head Support.outward to the desired position. (Fig. A).IMPORTANT :As your child grows and the Shoulder Protector Wingis utilized, you may need to adjust the length of theHarness Strap (see page 13).12FunctionsShoulder Protector Wing Installation1. Detach straps from shoulder strap harness bracket. Remove straps and padded covers from chair (Fig. A & B).2. Press and hold height adjustment buttons, and remove head support (Fig. C & D).3. Remove 2 screws located on the rods (Fig. E)4. Insert head support rods into the shoulder wing rods, and press together (Fig. F).5. Align the holes located on the rods, insert 2 screws and tighten. (Fig. G).7. Attach shoulder wings/head support to the base unit (Fig. H).8. Re-thread shoulder straps and padded covers, and reconnectto the shoulder strap harness bracket.Fig. AFig. BFig. CFig. DFig. FFig. G Fig. H13FunctionsChest Support2. Release: Hold the harness buckle with one hand. With the other hand, press the release button and remove both clasps from the buckle (Fig. D).Yellow leverFig. CFig. DFig. B14FunctionsLateral SupportLateral Support Adjustment (OPTIONAL ACCESSORY)Lateral supports are used to maintain midline positioning of the trunk.To adjust:1. Unfasten the Velcro and the zipper on the back upholstery.2. Pull back the upholstery. (Fig. A)3. Loosen 2 screws with a 7/64” Allen Wrench. (Fig. B)4. Slide lateral to desired height and width. (Fig. C)5. Retighten the screws. (Fig. D)6. Repeat steps 2 - 5 on opposite side.7. Secure the upholstery.Fig. A Fig. B(Fig. C)Fig. D 15FunctionsIMPO R TANT: · Height of the shoulder harness strap moves with the height of the backrest. · The Shoulder Harness Strap must be at or above the child’s shoulders, and parallel to the ground. · The Shoulder Harness Strap is for positioning only, and not designed to support occupant in a crash.Backrest Height AdjustmentThe height of the backrest can be adjusted as the child grows.To adjust: Pull and hold the black “D” shaped ring at the top of the backrest to release lock. While pulling the release strap, move backrest to desired height and let go of release strap. To fully engage the lock, slightly move backrest until it “clicks” into place. Note: The seat belt may need to be lengthened. To lengthen the seat belt, remove the retaining screw and gray plastic cover on each side of the restraint system. Pull seat and back apart, and adjust strap to desired length. Slightly tuck the loop on the strap to prevent strap from interfering with the retaining screw.Reinstall the strap, align the silver bars of seat & back, replace gray plastic cover, and reinsert screws.Backrest Extensions - 2” or 4” (OPTIONAL ACCESSORY)Backrest Extensions are designed to ll the spaceexposed between the backrest and the seat when you extend the backrest.To add an extension, snap the Backrest Extension(s) onto exposed rods.Backrest16Backrest Extensions snaps into place by pushing.FunctionsWhen the child is sitting with knees bent, the total seat length should be slightly shorter than the length from the pelvis, to the rear of the knee.Seat Length Adjustment – 2” or 4”Release lock by pulling the black “D” shaped ring - Seat Depth Release Strap on the front of the child restraint, and while pulling the strap, adjust the position of the rodded seat extension.Seat17Seat Extension snaps into place when used with the Rodded Seat ExtensionSeat Extension snaps into place when used with the with FootrestsFunctionsRodded Seat Extension - LongAllows the legs to be stretched out and comfortably supported.FunctionsSeat Depth AdjustmentThe seat depth can be adjusted a maximum of 1.4” (3.5 cm) by moving the location of the Seat Depth Adjustment Knob. To change the seat depth; remove the adjustment knob, reposi-Footrest Length Adjustment: Using a ½” wrench, loosen bolts on the bottom of the side support tubes, move footplate to desired position and tighten. Repeat on opposite side.Support Tray (OPTIONAL ACCESSORY)The Support Tray (Upper Extremity Support Surface) provides added support for the upper body. It attaches with Velcro located on the side of the restraint.Wedge Cushion (OPTIONAL ACCESSORY)The wedge changes the seat-to-back angle by raising the front of the restraint system. Place the wedge under the front of the Carrot 3 seat.Medium 12”-16”Large 14”-18”Small 10”-12”19Saet Depth Release LeverFunctionsPads and Cushions (STANDARD ACCESSORIES)The following Pads and Cushions are provided as standardaccessories, and easily attach / adjust with Velcro.Head PillowProvides comfort and lateral head support.Body Balance PadsUsed to balance / position the user.Hip PadsProvides proper positioning for balance, comfort and support.Comfort Seat CushionProvides additional comfort and prevents the child’s pelvis fromslipping forward. Comfort cushions are required for occupantsthat are 40 lbs or less.Head PillowComfort Seat Cushion Hip Pads2021Securing Your Childbelt pathbelt pathbeltpath22Care and MaintenanceUpholstery Cover, Cushions, Pillows and PadsUpholstery Cover: SPONGE CLEAN using cold water & mild soap, and TOWEL DRY. Do not remove the upholstery cover. Contact the distributor for removal or replacement of the upholstery.Cushions, Pillow, and Pads: HAND WASH using cold water and mild soap. LINE DRY or LIE FLAT to prevent shrinkage. Do not bleach, machine wash, machine dry or iron, as this may damage fabrics. When damage to fabric occurs, it must be replaced. Periodical replacement is recommended.Harness BuckleThe child restraint, the harness buckle needs to be periodically checked for performance.If a positive click is not heard when using the harness buckle, it must be replaced.Harness and StrapsDo not take apart or attempt to take apart the harness and the straps from the child seat. If reassembled incorrectly, the child restraint may not perform as intended. Never remove the buckles and/or the buckle clasps from the harness or the straps. They cannot be reattached after removal.23WarrantyFor your convenience, record all the information about your child restraint below. Refer to the Serial Number & Manufactured Date Label for all information:Product Model: CARROT 3 CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM Name:Street Address:City: State:Zip Code: Country:Phone Number:Email Address:Lot Number:Serial Number: CT3 -Manufactured Date:Date of Purchase:Distributor:24WarrantyLIMITED FIVE-YEAR WARRANTYThis product is warranted against defective materials and workmanship for ve years from the date of original purchase. Proof of purchase is required.To make a claim under this warranty, contact the authorized distributor or the retailer from whom you purchased this product. Proof of purchase is required.WARRANTY LIMITATIONSThis warranty does not include damages which arise from negligence, minor use not in accordance with the product instruction.The use of non-CARROT 3 covers, inserts, toys, accessories, or tightening devices is not approved. Their use could cause this child seat to fail Safety Standard FMVSS 213, or not to perform as intended in a crash. Their use automatically voids this warranty.LIMITATION OF DAMAGESThe warranty set forth above is exclusive and in lieu of all others, oral or written, express or implied. In no event will the manufacturer, the distributors, or the retailers selling this product, be liable for any damages, including incidental or consequential damages, arising out of the use or inability to use this product.。
科技改变旅行英语作文高中Sure, I can help you with an English essay on how technology has changed travel. Here’s a structured approach you can use:---。
Title: The Impact of Technology on Travel。
In recent years, technology has revolutionized the way we travel, leading to significant changes in the tourism industry. This essay explores the various ways in which technology has transformed travel experiences and shaped our interactions with the world.1. Enhanced Accessibility。
One of the most notable impacts of technology on travel is the enhanced accessibility it provides. The widespread availability of online booking platforms and travel appshas made it easier for individuals to plan and organize their trips. Gone are the days of relying solely on travel agents or guidebooks; now, travelers can research destinations, compare prices, and make reservations with just a few clicks.2. Improved Navigation。
中考英语词汇运用练习题40题1<背景文章>In today's world, technology has become an integral part of our lives. It has brought about significant changes and has had a profound impact on almost every aspect of our existence.From the moment we wake up in the morning to the time we go to bed at night, we are surrounded by technology. Our smartphones are the first thing we reach for, checking emails, social media updates, and the latest news. They have become our constant companions, providing us with entertainment, information, and a means of communication.Technology has also transformed the way we work. With the advent of computers and the internet, we can now work from anywhere in the world. Video conferencing tools have made it possible to hold meetings with people from different locations, saving time and money. Automation and artificial intelligence are changing the nature of jobs, making some tasks more efficient and eliminating others.In education, technology has opened up new possibilities. Online learning platforms allow students to access courses from anywhere, at any time. Interactive whiteboards and educational apps make learning more engaging and fun. Virtual reality and augmented reality are being used tocreate immersive learning experiences.However, technology also has its downsides. Excessive use of technology can lead to addiction and social isolation. People are spending more time looking at screens and less time interacting with others face-to-face. There are also concerns about privacy and security, as our personal information is being collected and stored by various companies.Despite these challenges, it is clear that technology will continue to play a major role in our lives. As we move forward, it is important to find a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of technology and use it ina way that enhances our lives without causing harm.1. Technology has become an important part of our lives because it _______.A. makes us more intelligentB. provides us with entertainment and informationC. helps us sleep betterD. makes us more beautiful答案:B。
高科技给旅游带来什么英语作文The advent of high technology has revolutionized the travel industry, making it more accessible and convenient than ever before. With the help of smartphones and apps, travelers can now book flights, find accommodations, and navigate unfamiliar cities with just a few taps on their screens.The integration of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) into travel experiences has also transformed the way we explore the world. These technologies offer immersive experiences that allow us to virtually visit historical sites or natural wonders from the comfort of our homes, providing a taste of the destination before we even set foot there.Moreover, high-speed internet and social media platforms have democratized the sharing of travel experiences. Travelers can now instantly share their adventures with friends and followers, inspiring others to embark on their own journeys and contributing to a global community of explorers.However, the reliance on technology in travel also comes with its challenges. The constant connectivity can sometimes detract from the authenticity of travel experiences, as the allure of capturing the perfect photo or video can overshadow the joy of simply being present in the moment.Despite these concerns, the benefits of high-tech travel are undeniable. It has opened up the world to a broader audience, making it possible for more people to experience different cultures and landscapes. From language translation apps that break down communication barriers to wearable devices that track health and safety, technology is enhancing the travel experience in countless ways.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly changed the face of travel, it has also made it more inclusive and enriching. As we continue to harness the power of high-tech tools, the possibilities for exploration and discovery are boundless, inviting us to venture further and experience more of the world's wonders.。
高科技对旅游方面的影响英语作文The Impact of High Technology on TourismThe rapid advancement of technology has transformed various aspects of our lives, and the tourism industry is no exception. High-tech innovations have revolutionized the way we plan, experience, and remember our travels. From the convenience of online booking to the immersive experiences enabled by virtual reality, the influence of technology on the tourism sector is undeniable.One of the most significant impacts of high technology on tourism is the way we plan and book our trips. The advent of online travel platforms has made it easier than ever to research destinations, compare prices, and book accommodations and transportation with just a few clicks. Travelers can now access a wealth of information about their desired destinations, read reviews, and make informed decisions about their travel choices. This has not only streamlined the booking process but has also empowered travelers to tailor their experiences to their specific needs and preferences.Moreover, the rise of mobile applications and digital tools has further enhanced the travel planning experience. Travelers can nowuse their smartphones to navigate unfamiliar cities, access real-time information about local events and attractions, and even translate languages on the go. These advancements have made it easier for tourists to explore new destinations with confidence and efficiency, ultimately enhancing the overall travel experience.Beyond the planning stage, high technology has also transformed the way we experience our travels. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have opened up new avenues for immersive experiences. Tourists can now virtually explore destinations, tour iconic landmarks, and even experience cultural events before physically arriving at their destination. This not only piques their interest and curiosity but also allows them to better plan and prepare for their trips.Furthermore, the integration of technology into tourism has also enhanced the safety and security of travelers. Innovations such as biometric identification, real-time tracking, and emergency response systems have made it easier for travelers to navigate unfamiliar environments and feel more secure during their journeys. This sense of safety and security can significantly contribute to the overall enjoyment and satisfaction of a travel experience.The impact of high technology on tourism also extends to the way we remember and share our travel experiences. The ubiquity ofsmartphones and digital cameras has made it easier than ever to capture and preserve memories of our travels. Travelers can instantly share their experiences on social media, allowing their friends and family to virtually join them on their journeys. Additionally, the rise of travel-focused social media platforms and online communities has created new opportunities for travelers to connect with like-minded individuals, exchange tips and recommendations, and even plan future trips together.However, the integration of high technology into the tourism industry is not without its challenges. Concerns about data privacy, cybersecurity, and the potential negative impact on local cultures and environments must be carefully addressed. As technology continues to evolve, it is essential for the tourism industry to strike a balance between embracing technological advancements and preserving the authentic and sustainable aspects of travel.In conclusion, the impact of high technology on the tourism industry is multifaceted and far-reaching. From the convenience of online booking to the immersive experiences enabled by virtual reality, technology has transformed the way we plan, experience, and remember our travels. While there are challenges to be addressed, the potential of high-tech innovations to enhance the tourism experience is undeniable. As the industry continues to evolve, it will be crucial for stakeholders to leverage technology in a way thatbalances innovation, sustainability, and the preservation of the unique and authentic aspects of travel.。
THRIVE AS A LEADING AIRPORT WITH SMART TECHNOLOGYTurn to the power of a location intelligence strategy to be a leading airportAirport managers find themselves at the center of a rapidly changing storm. Between growing passenger volumes, adynamic regulatory environment, maintenance and expansion of aging infrastructure, increased security concerns, and the constant need to grow revenues, the considerations of airport management can be staggering. That is why smart airports are turning to the power of information and a location intelligence strategy to inform better decision-making. Geographicinformation system (GIS) technology allows airport managers to bring information together from across their organizations to improve operations; performance; and ultimately, their bottom line.GAIN A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE WITH ESRIThis industry perspective will focus on the ways you can maximize your revenue and improve overall performance by • Controlling your real-time operations.• Better managing your infrastructure.• Delivering a remarkable customer experience. • Strategically managing your properties. • Enhancing safety and security.• Complying with the latest regulationsUSER STORYTo learn more visit, /DublinAirportDUBLIN AIRPORTDiscover how the use of ArcGIS at Dublin Airport has created significant time savings by making it easier for teams to collect, share, understand, and act on new information.CONTROL REAL-TIME OPERATIONS Increased passenger traffic strains any airport. Between the need to manage the effects of flight delays, inclement weather, and other external events, today’s operations managers rely on continuously updated aircraft and passenger flow data to make better, quicker decisions and keep the airport running at peak performance. With GIS, information is shared in real time. A common view of airport operations lets managers query information in one location; share that information with other departments; and make important, agile operational decisions on the fly. Whether trying to determine the gates available for a late arrival, tracking the progress of snowplows, or monitoring the progress of maintenance crews and work orders, Esri’s GIS platform gives managers access to the latest information to enhance their airport’s performance.USER STORYTo learn more visit, /Geneva-Saves“But what I can do is prove to you that we’re more efficient, we’re responding quicker, and that we’re basicallyoptimizing our resources through the fact that we have all these different entities . . . sitting together in a single location.”Thomas RomigHead Operations Control and Development, Geneva AirportGENEVA AIRPORTBETTER MANAGE YOUR INFRASTRUCTUREModern aviation is synonymous with substantial infrastructure investments. To ensure performance and long-term viability, GIS technology is used to oversee everything from airfield inspections and pavement management to terminal work orders and runway signage. It helps airports control costs and optimize asset performance, preserving and prolonging the life cycle of their most valuable assets. Get more from your infrastructure with Esri.USER STORYLAS VEGAS MCCARRAN AIRPORTTo learn more visit, /Las-Vegas-McCarran-Airport“The idea behind AMS [Airport Management System]is to put everything we know about our facility and related data in a single, easy-to-use application… Since this application would be used by most of the airport staff, it was critical for us to keep the interface simple with intuitive search criteria.”Majed KhaterERP-GIS Team Director at McCarran International Airport, Las VegasA location strategy allows you to understand your customer base and passengers’ travel requirements and patterns. Real-time information empowers you to create a personalized and positive passenger experience to make your airport a destination of its own.With GIS, you can track passenger movement, push location-based notifications to individuals, and ensure their timely arrival at their gate. Guide customers to their gate while also capitalizing on their retail and concession potential.DELIVER A REMARKABLE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCEUSER STORYMajor upgrades coming to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) include significant terminal renovations, a midfield satellite terminal concourse, and a new central terminal area that will consist of streamlined passenger processing, updated utility plants, an intermodal transportation facility, an automated people mover system, and a consolidated rental car center.“Right now, we have about 130 different projects going on at the airport and anticipate another 80 to 90 in the future,” said Don Chinery, the program controls manager for Los AngelesLOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTWorld Airports (LAWA). This ranges from a new terminal to improving a tenant facility within a terminal.Central to managing the multiple construction projects at the airport is Coordination and Logistics Management (CALM), a Microsoft SharePoint-based GIS integrated with Oracle’s Primavera P6 solution for project management.“Because of the large number of projects we are involved in at any one time, CALM also represents our mission statement: ‘Minimizing construction-related impacts to passengers and tenants while maintaining a positive guest experience,’” said Chinery.To learn more visit, /Los-Angeles-AirportENHANCE SAFETY AND SECURITY Protecting the safety and security of your passengers and facilities is the top priority. Let GIS technology do the heavy lifting.Increase airport security and improve your response with real-time situational awareness. ArcGIS integrates your sensor and surveillance feeds while giving you access to all your control systems for a comprehensive operational picture. Trust your intelligence so your passengers can trust you.USER STORYATLANTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT“Operational efficiency,customer service, and safetyis our top priority. Web GIShas transformed our teamfrom mapmakers to solutionproviders, allowing us to beagile and responsive to meetthe needs of a 24/7 workforce.”David WrightGIS Manager at Hartsfield-JacksonAtlanta International AirportTo learn more visit, /ATL-Hartsfield-AirportUSER STORYRENO-TAHOE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTAs Reno-Tahoe International Airport (RNO) staffplanned their future expansion, they also needed tocomply with the Federal Aviation Administration’s(FAA’s) Airports GIS program requirements. Theyquickly realized that the data needed for the FAAprogram could also provide the foundation fortheir airport management GIS system. Using thelatest cloud technology from Esri, they were ableto accomplish their plan with minimal staffing,infrastructure, and IT support and even deliveredunder their original budget. In fact, the data andGIS helped them design their plans to make Reno-Tahoe a regional hub and propel their economicdevelopment strategy.To learn more visit, /Reno-Tahoe-Case-StudyAirports are under constant pressure to maximize nonaeronautical revenue to support capital growth and stay competitive. Get information that is readily available with the Esri platform. You can create an interactive dashboard to get instant visibility into your vacant properties and top performers, and then integrate that information with passenger counts to have the latest leasing information. This information is accessible for your executive staff, so it is perfect for meetings with prospective customers at their office.Using ArcGIS increases your profitability by allowing you to• Chart property use by vendor and airline.• Access lease documents and engineering drawings from any device.• Maximize your prime real estate.STRATEGICALLY MANAGE YOUR PROPERTIESMake the move with us and connect with us: /smart-airportsWith the power of location, your organization can take the steps toward becoming a smart airport. Esri’s ArcGIS platform is a full software solution—with mobile, desktop, server, and online components—it works to bring all your business systems into one dynamic information engine. Understand your business data through information-driven maps and spatial analysis. See where you excel, and assess where you can improve performance.TAKE YOUR AIRPORT TO NEW HEIGHTS WITH ESRI/smart-airports Copyright © 2019 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, ArcGIS, ArcMap, ArcEditor, The Science of Where, @,and are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certainother jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registeredmarks of their respective mark owners.G504665。
2021英语考研2作文### 2021英语考研2作文In an era where technology is rapidly advancing, its influence on traditional education cannot be overlooked. The integration of technology in classrooms has brought about significant changes, both positive and negative, that are reshaping the learning landscape.Positive Impacts:1. Enhanced Accessibility: The advent of online learning platforms has made education accessible to a wider audience. Students from remote areas can now access quality education without the need to physically attend classes.2. Personalized Learning: Technology allows for the customization of educational content to suit individual learning styles and paces. Adaptive learning software can adjust the difficulty level of tasks based on a student's performance.3. Interactive Learning Tools: Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtual reality (VR) are some of the tools that make learning more engaging and interactive, thereby improving student engagement and retention.4. Collaboration and Communication: Platforms like Google Classroom and Zoom facilitate collaboration and communication among students and teachers, enhancing the learning experience.Negative Impacts:1. Overreliance on Technology: There is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, which could hinder the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are essential for traditional education.2. Digital Divide: Not all students have equal access to technology. This disparity can lead to an unequal educational experience and widen the gap between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.3. Lack of Human Interaction: The use of technology can sometimes lead to a reduction in face-to-face interaction, which is crucial for developing social skills and emotional intelligence.4. Distraction: The constant presence of technology can be a source of distraction for students, taking away from thefocus on learning.Conclusion:While technology has the potential to revolutionize education, it is essential to strike a balance between traditional teaching methods and the use of modern tools. Educators mustensure that technology serves as an aid to learning, not a replacement for the human element that is crucial to the educational experience. By doing so, we can harness the power of technology to enhance traditional education and prepare students for the challenges of the future.。
In the ever-evolving landscape of human progress, technology has emerged as an indomitable force, reshaping every aspect of our lives, including the way we navigate and interact with our surroundings. The realm of transportation, in particular, has experienced a remarkable transformation, driven by technological innovations that have not only made travel faster, safer, and more convenient but also revolutionized the very concept of mobility. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted influence of technology on transportation, examining its impact from diverse perspectives, including efficiency, sustainability, accessibility, safety, and societal implications.I. Efficiency and ConvenienceOne of the most palpable effects of technology on transportation lies in its enhancement of overall efficiency and convenience. The advent of advanced navigation systems, such as GPS and real-time traffic updates, has significantly reduced travel time and fuel consumption by providing drivers with optimized routes and timely alerts about congestion, accidents, or road closures. Furthermore, ride-hailing apps like Uber and Lyft have transformed urban mobility, allowing users to hail a ride at their fingertips, eliminating the need for pre-planning and reducing wait times. These platforms also employ dynamic pricing algorithms that adjust fares based on demand and supply, ensuring efficient allocation of resources and incentivizing shared rides, thereby reducing traffic congestion.Moreover, the integration of autonomous vehicles (AVs) into the transportation mix promises to further boost efficiency. Self-driving cars can potentially eliminate human error, which accounts for a significant proportion of traffic accidents, and optimize driving patterns to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. They also hold the potential to revolutionize parking management, as AVs could drop off passengers and then proceed to designated parking areas or continue circulating until summoned again, effectively minimizing the need for parking spaces in densely populated urban centers.II. Sustainability and Environmental ImpactThe quest for sustainable transportation has gained unprecedented momentum in recent years, largely propelled by technological advancements. Electric vehicles (EVs), powered by rechargeable batteries and emitting zero tailpipe pollutants, have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. With continuous improvements in battery technology leading to increased range and faster charging times, EV adoption is rapidly gaining traction worldwide. Moreover, the proliferation of renewable energy sources for electricity generation, such as solar and wind power, further enhances the eco-friendliness of electric transportation.In addition, smart transportation systems leverage data analytics and artificial intelligence to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize emissions. Intelligent traffic management systems can adapt signal timing dynamically based on real-time traffic conditions, while vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication enables infrastructure elements like traffic lights, toll booths, and parking facilities to communicate directly with vehicles, streamlining operations and minimizing idling.III. Accessibility and InclusivityTechnology has also played a pivotal role in enhancing the accessibility and inclusivity of transportation systems. For individuals with disabilities, assistive technologies such as wheelchair-accessible vehicles, audio-tactile pedestrian signals, and mobile applications that provide detailed accessibility information about public transport facilities have greatly improved their ability to navigate their surroundings independently.Furthermore, the rise of shared mobility services and micro-mobility options like bike-sharing and e-scooters has expanded the range of affordable and flexible transportation choices for urban dwellers, particularly those without access to private vehicles. These services often integrate with public transit, offering first- and last-mile connectivity, thereby enhancing the overall accessibility and reach of the transportation network.IV. Safety and SecurityTechnological innovations have significantly contributed to enhancing the safety and security of transportation systems. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) like lane departure warning, forward collision warning, and automatic emergency braking have been instrumental in mitigating human errors and preventing accidents. Moreover, vehicle tracking systems and telematics have enabled fleet operators and law enforcement agencies to monitor vehicle locations, driving behaviors, and respond promptly to emergencies, enhancing passenger safety and deterring theft.In the realm of public transportation, CCTV surveillance, biometric access control, and real-time monitoring systems have augmented security measures, deterring criminal activities and providing swift response in case of incidents. The integration of artificial intelligence in video analytics further enhances threat detection capabilities, enabling proactive intervention and ensuring a safer commuting environment.V. Societal Implications and Future ChallengesWhile technological advancements have undeniably brought about numerous benefits to the transportation sector, they have also raised several societal concerns and future challenges. The rapid adoption of ride-hailing and shared mobility services has disrupted traditional taxi industries, sparking regulatory debates and labor disputes over employment status and working conditions. The advent of AVs may lead to job displacement for professional drivers, necessitating comprehensive reskilling and upskilling programs to mitigate the socio-economic impacts.Furthermore, the proliferation of EVs and the associated infrastructure requirements pose challenges related to equitable distribution of charging stations, grid capacity management, and the sourcing of critical minerals for battery production. Privacy concerns surrounding the vast amounts of data generated by intelligent transportation systems and connected vehicles must also be adequately addressed through robust data protection regulations and transparent data governance frameworks.In conclusion, technology has exerted a profound and multifaceted impact on transportation, transforming it into a more efficient, sustainable, accessible, safe, and interconnected system. As we continue to harness the power of innovation, it is crucial to address the accompanying societal challenges and ensure that technological advancements serve the greater good, fostering inclusive, resilient, and sustainable cities for all. By embracing a holistic approach that integrates technological progress with ethical considerations, policy frameworks, and stakeholder engagement, we can harness the full potential of technology to revolutionize transportation and shape a brighter, more connected future.。
Privacy (regimes) Do not Threaten Location Technology Development Bastiaan van Loenen and Jaap ZevenbergenDelft University of Technology, the Netherlandsb.vanloenen@tudelft.nlAbstractLocation technology allows for the tracking and tracing of individuals. Users may increasingly be concerned about the abilities of new technology to keep an eye on ones’ private life. There are concerns that the increased privacy awareness among citizens and legislation may hinder the success and further development of these technologies. An analysis of the European legal framework for protecting individual’s privacy versus private sector use of location information and public sector use in the intelligence services indicates that individuals should be most aware on intrusions in their privacy by intelligence services. The privacy legislation lets the user be in control of the decision if and when his location information may be used by private sector location based services providers. Users seem often willing to allow this, judging by the increase in available location based services. The privacy legislation is not as protective regarding the use for law enforcement and secret intelligence purposes. Thus the location technology industry is also likely to prosper from the investments of the public intelligence sector.1. IntroductionLocation technology allows for the tracking and tracing of individuals. Users may increasingly be concerned about the abilities of new technology to keep an eye on ones’ private life. There are concerns that the increased privacy awareness among citizens and legislation may hinder the success and further development of these technologies.In this paper, we address the concept of privacy in a general sense, discuss the European legal privacy framework for both private sector use of personal data, and use by national intelligence services. For the latter, we also summarize the framework provided by the European Court of Human Rights. Finally, we analyze the situation in the Netherlands concerning location privacy. We conclude with the implications of privacy (regimes) for the development of location technology. 2. PrivacyPrivacy can be described as the right to be let alone [1]. A comprehensive description is provided by IPTS ([2], p.139): Privacy is “individuals their freedom of self-determination, their right to be different and their autonomy to engage in relationships, their freedom of choice, their autonomy as regards - for example - their sexuality, health, personality building, social appearance and behavior, and so on. It guarantees each persons uniqueness, including alternative behavior and the resistance to power at a time when it clashes with other interests or with the public interest.” However, “the individual’s desire for privacy is never absolute, since participation in society is an equally powerful desire” ([3], p.7).The linkage of information to a position on the earth makes the object or subject easy to identify, easy to reach, and/ or to determine the relative position between two devices. For users of mobile devices, this may impose a serious threat to the privacy of the individual that is linked to the device. For example, the device may frequently be found at the location of a mental hospital, which may suggest that the individual has a mental problem. Conclusions drawn from this information can interfere with the daily life of the individual (see also [4]). This is especially annoying if the conclusions are inaccurate or wrong.However, how private is location information? Danezis et al. [5] assessed the value of location information in an experiment context. They found that most participants (students) would allow their mobile phone to be queried for its location every few minutes, 24/7, for 28 days for at most (the highest bid) 30 pounds with most bids below 10 pounds. The research results suggest that location information can be acquired from ‘innocent’ citizens against a small monetary return. Also Westin suggests that the knowledge that one is at a certain location is less intrusive than the knowledge of what one is doing there(see [6], 445). Further, some foresee an increasing demand for more detailed services (see [7]). Therefore, the location technology sector may not need to fear increased privacy awareness in individuals, when real value adding location based services are made available.3. Privacy and national securityNational security is an extremely flexible notion. It is difficult to define because it is closely related to subjective and sometimes emotional perceptions of administrations and military authorities about the threats to national security ([9], p.235). National security may be defined as “the universal process of surveillance by authorities to enforce the rules and taboos of society” (cf. [8], p.20). Technology allowing surveillance is increasingly important to protect national security. In order to determine a (potential) threat the use of surveillance techniques may be necessary ([8], p.22). For purposes of national security, privacy may be invaded ([9], p.1; [2], p.141).Anyone supporting activities that are assessed to be in conflict with the norms of a society and potentially putting these norms at risk is likely to be subject to surveillance for reasons of national security.4. Privacy legislation in EuropeThe (European) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is at the core of European privacy legislation. Article 8.1 of the Convention rules that “everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence”. Article 8.2 rules that interference by a public authority with the exercise of the privacy right is prohibited except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, [...].Also the Council of Europe’s Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention no. 108) requires contracting parties to implement the principles set forth by this Convention.Further, the EU’s privacy directives 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector provide the legal framework for private sector use of personal data, often including location data. Directive 2002/58/EC rules that: “[…] digital mobile networks may have the capacity to process location data which are more precise than is necessary for the transmission of communications and which are used for the provision of value added services such as services providing individualized traffic information and guidance to drivers. The processing of such data for value added services should only be allowed where subscribers have given their consent” (consideration 35). Thus, subscribers have to opt-in for use of their personal data in a location based service. The service provider must inform the users or subscribers, prior to obtaining their consent, of the type of location data [...] which will be processed, of the purposes and duration of the processing and whether the data will be transmitted to a third party for the purpose of providing the value added service (art. 9).Directive 95/46/EC (art. 28) arranges for an independent supervisory authority with effective powers to intervene in the data processing.Since many people seem willing to give up their location privacy in return for a service benefiting them, we doubt that the opt-in requirement for location based services of the privacy legislation poses a serious threat to the use or development of location technology.In summary, European legislation addresses location privacy, at least in theory, sufficiently for private sector use of personal data (see [10] for privacy intrusions by the private sector because of limited privacy protection in the US). However, Directive 95/46/EC does not apply to, and Directive 2002/58/EC leaves room for national governments to derogate from the directive for protecting national security interests, among others.5. European Court of Human RightsThe European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) oversees the implementation of the (European) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In its’ rulings the ECHR has developed upon the requirements ‘in accordance with the law’ and ‘necessary in a democratic society’.5.1. In accordance with the lawIn the Court’s settled case-law, “in accordance with the law” not only requires the impugned measure to have some basis in domestic law, but also refers to the quality of the law in question: it should be accessible to the person concerned and foreseeable as to its effects (see Rotaru, §52). The law must be compatible with the rule of law; it must provide effective remedies against arbitrary interference by public authorities with the privacy rights of Article 8. Article 13 of theConvention requires that these remedies are “effective”in practice as well as in law (Rotaru §67).Especially interference with an individual his rights through secret surveillance by intelligence services, should be subject to an effective control. This control should normally be assured by the judiciary, at least inthe last resort, since judicial control offers the best guarantees of independence, impartiality and a proper procedure (Klass, §§55-56; Segerstedt §76; Leander,§50; Malone, §67). The “authority” may not necessarily in all instances be a judicial authority in the strict sense. But the powers and procedural guarantees the authority possesses are relevant in determining whether the remedy is effective (Rotaru §69; Segerstedt §117).In a recent case, the ECHR found the German remedy for ubiquitous monitoring of satellite telephone conversations effective (Weber, §152-156). The Federal Minister is empowered for deciding on the useof intrusive means by the Federal or state prime minister. The independent Parliamentary Supervisory Board –consisting of members of parliament, including members of the opposition– needs to be informed at least every six months about the implementation of the law. Further, the independent Supervisory Commission has to authorize surveillance measures and has substantial power in relation to all stages of interception (Weber, §§117,24; cf. Segerstedt §118).Moreover, monitoring needs to be discontinued immediately once the conditions set out in the monitoring order are no longer fulfilled or the measures themselves are no longer necessary (Weber,§116).We may conclude that effective remedy requires that the authority carrying out the control needs to be sufficiently independent (preferably with representatives of parliament including the opposition), and vested with sufficient powers and competence to exercise an effective and continuous control (cf. Klass,§56). Sufficient powers are the power to render legally binding decisions in all stages of the surveillance process.5.2. Necessary in a democratic societyThe ECHR has ruled that in order for intrusive means to be considered necessary in a democratic society several issues need to be addressed.5.2.1. A fair balance has to be struck between the demands of the general interest and the interest of the individual. The Court must determine whether a fair balance was struck between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirementsof the protection of the individual’s fundamental rights. ECHR has ruled that “the mere fact that ‘information’ or ‘ideas’ offend, shock or disturb does not suffice to justify that interference [...]”. However, actions that offend the values of a society and incite to violence to change these values justify measures to protect national security ([9], p. 338; see also Sürek § 40).5.2.2. Interference should be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. According to the Court’s settled case law,a legitimate aim needs to be pursued, and there should be a "reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realised" (Marckx §33; Dudgeon, §53). If the aim sought can be realized with alternative less intrusive means, the ECHR finds the intrusion disproportionate (Olsson, §83; Hatton, §97).However, national security needs do not automatically prevail. In Klass the ECHR affirms that the danger of a law allowing secret surveillance poses a threat of undermining or even destroying democracy on the ground of defending it. Therefore, the countries may not, in the name of the struggle against espionage and terrorism, adopt whatever measures they deem appropriate (Klass, § 49).5.2.3. Interference is only allowed if adequate and effective guarantees against abuse exist. In the context of secret measures of surveillance or interception of communications by public authorities, because of the lack of public scrutiny and the risk of misuse of power, the domestic law must provide some protection to the individual against arbitrary interference with Article 8 rights (Malone, §67). The court has ruled that interference can only be regarded as "necessary in a democratic society" if the particular system of secret surveillance adopted contains adequate guarantees against abuse (Malone, §§ 49-50) (see 5.1).6. Location privacy in the Netherlands6.1. Adequate and effective guarantees against abuse: who decides on surveillance?In the Netherlands, it depends on the intrusiveness of the means that are utilized who balances the general interest with the interest of the individual. For most means, the responsible Minister of the Interior, or the head of the intelligence service has to decide on the interference. For (e-) surveillance the Minister of Interior needs to consent. There is no independent supervision over this decision.Presently, concerning the location data of terminal equipment, the Dutch intelligence services are onlyallowed to request data that are directly related to the use of the equipment. Location data can only be used for tracking if the user communicates ‘actively’ (like making a phone call or sending a text message). It is explicitly prohibited to trace a person on a continuous basis through the stand-by mode of his cell-phone (Nota van toelichting Besluit ex artikel 28 WIV 2002). 6.2. Adequate and effective guarantees against abuse: remedies for citizensThe independent Supervisory Commission assesses ex-post the legitimacy of the acts of the national intelligence service and advises the Minister on security issues. The Commission must be provided with all information that it thinks are necessary for the adequate execution of its’ tasks. The Commission reports on its findings. However, the Commission cannot render any legally binding decision.Further, parliament has enacted a Commission for the Intelligence and Security Services with political leaders of most political parties. This Commission discusses in strict secrecy the operational activities of the intelligent services. The intelligence service sends a yearly report of the service to the national parliament.Any complaints should be filed with the National Ombudsman. Before submitting a claim, the concerning Minister is notified about this intention. The Minister provides his point of view after consultation with the Supervisory Commission. If the Minister’s point of view does not satisfy the ‘plaintiff’, the complaint may be submitted to the National Ombudsman. The Ombudsman can access secret files of the intelligence service, on the condition that the content of the files remains secret. He judges the complaint and his statement may be accompanied with recommendations for the national intelligence service. The Ombudsman cannot render legally binding decisions.It has been suggested that citizens may ultimately file a suit under civil law. The civil judge, however, does not have and cannot require full access to the information of the secret intelligence services. It may therefore judge on the basis of insufficient information. Recently, the Supervisory Commission responded to a civil court’s ruling, which it found unjust basing itself on secret information that was inaccessible to the judge (see [11]).We conclude that it is unlikely that the present Dutch remedy would pass as effective when a case would be brought before the ECHR (cf.. [12], p. 833;[13], p. 46) 6.3. Recent developments towards increased surveillanceRecent developments are pressing the balance between privacy and national security towards national security (see [14], p. 18-19). For example, since 1 July 2005, providers of telecommunication networks and services are required to provide the intelligence services on request with data concerning a user and the telecommunication traffic with regard to this user. Since 1 February 2007, law enforcement agencies can apply special powers if there is a probable cause for terrorism or other severe criminal acts. This is a lighter requirement than the previous required reasonable suspicion. In May 2006, new legislation was proposed requiring organizations responsible for financial services (banks, credit card companies, credit organizations) or those operating as a provider of traffic services (airports, airlines, ferries, public transportation, etc.) to provide on request data to the intelligence services (article 29a, Kamerstukken 30553). This bill is still under discussion.In line with these developments, it is conceivable that in the near future a situation will emerge where the national intelligence services will be allowed to track a person continuously even if the cell phone is in the standby mode or turned ‘off’.7. ConclusionIt remains a question how private location information is. The fact that it is known that one is at a certain location is not as intrusive as some may think. Consequently, the location technology sector may not need to fear as much the privacy awareness of individuals. The individual user is in control of his location data, but as long as a location based services provider supplies services desired by the user, the European privacy legislation does not limit the private sector use of location technology.For privacy protection against invasion by secret intelligence services, European citizens rely on the European Court of Human Rights. According to the Court’s judgments effective remedies should be available to protect citizens against arbitrary interference with their privacy. We may conclude that effective remedy requires that the authority carrying out the control needs to be sufficiently independent (preferably with representatives of parliament including the opposition), and vested with powers to render legally binding decisions in all stages of the surveillance process. In the Netherlands it is doubtful whether in case of use for purposes of national security, citizens have these guarantees and legalmeans to protect their privacy. Secret surveillance is increasingly allowed, including location tracking and tracing.Although certain people may be concerned with both the use in private sector (see [10]) and the developments in national security, Europe seems to provide a reasonably balanced legal privacy framework that leaves ample opportunities for the location technology industry, both for value adding location based services, as well as for secret surveillance by the authorities.8. AcknowledgementsThis ongoing research has been accomplished under research grant 458-04-022 from the NWO program Netwerk voor Netwerken.9. References[1] T. Cooley, "Cooley on Torts 2d ed.”, p. 29, 1880.[2] IPTS (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies), "Security and privacy for the citizen in the post-September 11 digital age: A prospective overview," Report to the European Parliament Committee on Citizens Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home affairs (LIBE) 2003.[3] A. F. Westin, Privacy and Freedom. New York: Atheneum, 1967.[4] M. Gruteser and D. Grunwald, "A methodological assessment of location privacy risks in wireless hotspot networks," Lecture notes in computer science, vol. 2802, pp. 10-24, 2004.[5] G. Danezis, Stephen Lewis, and R. Anderson, "How much is your privacy worth?" Fourth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, 2005.[6] A. F. Westin, "Social and political dimensions of privacy," Journal of Social Issues, vol. 59, pp. 431-453, 2003.[7] J. 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