2012年北京大学CCER考研真题及答案解析(微观)

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2011年北京大学CCER考研真题及答案解析(宏观)2011年硕士研究生入学考试真题宏观部分：（每题25 分，四题选三题）1.说明资本的边际生产力（Marginal Product of Capital,MPK ）与投资需求（Investment Demand ）之间的关系。

2.媒体常说食品（或任何个别商品）的价格上涨是通货膨胀的原因。

试用货币供给与需求决定物价水平的理论，来评论前述结论。

3. “中央银行决定利率”与“借贷市场决定利率”两种说法，究竟何者正确？4.党政府支出（G ）永久增加，同时定额税（lump sum tax ）也增加时，a ）若G 是可以替代个人消费（例如公园）时，GDP 会如何变化？b ）若G 是有生产性（例如有助于生产的公共服务）时，GDP 会如何变化？育明解析：1.答：t期投资It=KD.t-K.t-1(1-d)，KD为意愿资本存量，d为折旧。

而MPK(K)-d=1+r，r为实际利率，证明略，使该式成立的K即为意愿资本存量KD。

MPK上升，意味着资本K上升才能使上式成立，意愿资本存量KD 上升，投资需求上升。

MPK下降同样论述。

事实上MPK的变动，使得投资需求线I（r）发生平行移动。

2.答：该说法不恰当。

货币需求方程M=P*L（R,Y）R为名义利率，Y为产出。

猪肉价格上涨不影响生产Y，因猪肉是可替代品。

故也不影响商品市场出清，不影响r, R。

而货币供给M给定，故不影响价格水平P，从而肉价上涨不会导致通货膨胀。

现实中通胀是因为，**爱民为稳定社会而发行货币进行补贴，使M增加才有通胀。

3.这个题目，授课老师有两个版本。

96年CCER 试题答案A.微观经济学 一 判断题 1 错误如果偏好序满足完备性、自反性、传递性和连续性假设，则偏好序可以用一个连续效用函数来表示。

但如果偏好序不满足连续性假设，效用函数就不一定存在了。

例如，不满足连续性假设的辞典序偏好找不到一个效用函数来表示。

（参见Mas-Colell 等《微观经济理论》第三章3.C 节） 然而，并非所有不满足连续性假设的偏好序都不存在效用函数来表示。

例如，x X ∀∈=，定义偏好序如下：如1,1i j x x ≠≠，则i j x x ≥⇔ix j x ，且当1i x =时，0j x ≤或1j x =i x ⇔j x ，该偏好序满足完备性，自反性和传递性，但不满足连续性。

但是，该偏好序可以用下列效用函数表示：(1)()0(1)x x y U x x ≠⎧==⎨=⎩2 错误吉芬商品一定是劣质商品，但劣质商品不一定是吉芬商品由Slusky 方程(,)(,)(,)s i i i i i i x p m x p m x p m x p p m ∂∂∂=-∂∂∂可知，由于补偿替代效应(,)s i ix p m p ∂∂必然为负，故若一种商品是吉芬商品即(,)i i x p m p ∂∂为正，则收入效应(,)i x p m m∂∂必为负，即该吉芬商品是劣质商品 相反地，收入效应(,)i x p m m ∂∂为负并不一定意味着总的价格效应(,)i ix p m p ∂∂为正，即劣质商品不一定是吉芬商品3 错误如果个体需求曲线不连续，但消费者的个人偏好是分散的且组成市场的个体数目足够大，则市场需求曲线也可能是连续的。

例如：假设有N 个消费者，某一个消费者i 对商品1的需求为1()()0()i i i p v d p N p v ⎧≤⎪=⎨⎪>⎩，则该消费者i 的个人需求在i p v =处是不连续的，假设有无数多消费者，每个消费者的i v 对应随机变量v 的一个取值，且v 平均分布在（0，1）之间，则社会需求为()1x p p =- （参见Mas-Colell 等《微观经济理论》第四章附录）4正确如果生产函数具有规模报酬不变的特征，那么必然有 ()()1,(,...)......(1)T n f tx tf x x x x == 对（1）式两边关于(1,2...)i x i n =求偏导，可得()(),1,2,.........(2)i i f tx f x i n ''==设11(,...)n Q f x x =，则在产量1Q 上的边际替代率为()()()......(3)i iij j j f x MP MRTS x MP f x == 设21Q tQ =，则211(,...)(,...)n n Q tf x x f tx tx ==，故在产量2Q 上的边际替代率为：()()()()()......(4)i i i ij j j j tf tx f tx MP MRTS tx MP tf tx f tx === 将（2）式代入（4）式，可得()()ij ij MRTS tx MRTS x = 即生产函数的边际替代率不变5错误 如图B 、C 、D 点都是帕累托最优的情况，A 点不是帕累托最优的情况。

北京大学CCER经济学考研历年真题回忆目录96年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (2)97年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (5)98年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (8)1999年北京大学研究生入学考试试题 (11)00年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (14)01年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (18)2002年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (21)2004年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (23)2005年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (26)2006年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (28)2007年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (29)2008年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (29)09年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (30)2010年年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (31)11年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题 (32)2012北京大学国家发展研究院经济学理论947 (33)2013北京大学国家发展研究院经济学理论947 (35)2014北京大学国家发展研究院经济学理论947 (36)96年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题97年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题98年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题1999年北京大学研究生入学考试试题(微观经济学及其应用)一.(本题25分,每题5分)请判断下列说法是正确,错误或者两可,并且简要解释你的答案,没有解释将不得分.1.“实际利率即名义利率减同期的通货膨胀率.即如果名义利率是20%,通货膨胀率是15%那么实际利率就是5%.”2.“如果一个行业属于自然垄断的行业,那么就应该由政府经营.”3.“如果一个社会中的每个消费者的偏好都是理性(ratiaonal)的,那么按照多数票原则决定的集体偏好也一定是理性的.”4.“在竞争型的市场中,如果一个厂商的生产技术具有规模报酬不变的特性,那么如果最大的利润存在,他一定为零.”5.“公共物品(public good)的提供,如果没有政府出钱或者出面组织,是不可能实现怕;帕累托最有的.”二.(本题27分,每题9分)简要回答下列问题:1.假定劳动力的供给和需求函数分别是工资的增函数和减函数,证明如果劳动力市场是买方垄断的,那么最低工资法有可能带来劳动就业的增加.2.收获后,农民决定是卖粮存钱还是存粮.假定农民预期一年后的粮价将涨20%(不考虑粮食质量的差异),而存粮一年期间老鼠将吃掉10%的粮食,银行存款的年利率是10%.计算当预期的通货膨胀率为5%时,农民将如何选择?通货膨胀率到什么水平时,农民将选择存钱?3.如果一个市场中的消费者都具有拟线性偏好(quasilinear utility),即其中I=1,…,n, n代表第I个消费者, 和分别代表第I个消费者对商品x和y的消费量,证明商品x的市场需求曲线一定不可能有正斜率.三.(本题20分)我国政府近年来实行了粮食价格保护政策,即制定了一个高于市场均衡价格之上的价格,要求国有粮食部门按此价格敞开收购粮食.假定市场需求与供给函数都是正常的单调函数.1.如果这个政策不折不扣地实行,抬高市场价格是可行的,如何实现?对政府(中央与地方之和)的负担如何衡量(画图说明)?在同样的图上衡量经济效率的改进或损失.2.由于部分负担由地方负责,或者中央政府的补贴与地方粮库的收购行为分离等因素,致使发生地方粮库拒绝收购的行为,在这种情形下为什么私营粮贩屡禁不绝(画图说明)?这个政策执行的结果为什么可能损害农民的利益?四.(本题28分,每题7分)假定平板玻璃市场有J个厂商,它们的成本函数都是,其中代表第j个厂商的产量,c为正常数.市场的反需求函数p(Y)是递减函数.1.如果这个市场是完全竞争的,那么市场价格,每个企业的销售量和利润额将是多少?2.这个行业里的厂商认为低价”倾销”使它们的利润受损失,于是成立行业协会规定最低限价,那么将由什么原则决定各自的产量定额和自律价标准?它们各自的利润较前有多少变化?3.这种合谋定价,如果没有政府支持,可能长久吗?为什么?(用数学表达)4.从社会经济效率的角度看,政府是否应该帮助此行业实行价格”自律”?为什么?(用图形或数学表达)(宏观经济学及其应用)一.“1994年中国通货膨胀率高达21.7%,此后逐年回落,1995年为14.8%,1996年为6.1%,到1997年10月,中国开始出现价格水平的负增长.与此同时,中国的经济增长率在下降,1996年为9.6%,1997年为8.8%,1998年提出的目标是8%;中国的失业率上升,下岗人员增加.另外,中国银行的不良资产比例已经高达24%,为了促进经济增长,中国人民银行1998年的一个重要手段是灵活调整利率.但在开放经济条件下,利率手段对经济的调节必须结合国际国内的实际情况.中国自1996年以来6次下调利率,最近一次是在1998年12月7日.”中国的现实经济可用宏观经济学理论作多种解释.读完上面的论述,请回答以下几个基本问题.(25分)1.菲利蒲斯曲线的含义,并说明这一理论对中国现实的解释力有多强.2.中国目前是否出现了通货紧缩?通货紧缩有哪些主要特征?试列出三次你所知道的通货紧缩案例(只需列出发生的时间和国家).3.中国金融的不良资产包括那几类?按国际通用做法(巴塞尔协议),银行的资产分哪几类?其中有哪几类属于不良资产?4.解释理性预期的含义.假定中国人民银行准备使货币供给增加10%,这一举动完全被人们预期到了,产量和价格水平将会有何变化.5.给出利率平价的定义,并解释其意义,指出其局限性.试用该理论分析中国降息考虑的因素.二.1956年,美国经济学家Solow对古典经济增长理论做出了非常有意义的修正,从而为新古典经济增长模型奠定了理论模型.假设生产函数为柯布-道格拉斯生产函数(20分)1.新古典增长模型的两个最重要的假设.并理解其假设有何现实意义.2.写出的新古典生产函数形式.3.计算函数的资本变化率,劳动力增长率,人均资本占有增长率.4.写出稳态均衡条件,并计算均衡增长状态下的人均产出.三.1994年中国汇率并轨后,我国外汇储备迅速上升,由1993年底的216亿上升到1998年的1400多亿美元,1994-1997年间,我国经常项和资本项下出现双顺差,在亚洲金融危机中,人民币承受住了贬值的压力,汇率保持了稳定,试分析以下几个问题.(25分)1.给出相对购买力平价的数学表达式.相对购买力平价能解释人民币的走势吗?2.给出实际汇率的数学表达式,并用它分析人民币的走势.3.写出国际收支平衡的基本关系(即经常项,资本项,官方储备之间的关系),并用来分析我国1994-1997年国际收支和外汇储备的情况.4.在固定汇率下,资本完全流动,分析内部均衡与外部均衡的关系.(用图说明)四.用IS-LM模型分析中国当前的政策.(30分)1.推导IS曲线(1). 用乘数表示投资方程(2). 净出口方程(3). 总产出等于总支出的基本关系式(提示:总产出和利率R之间的函数)(4). 写出IS曲线的表达式,并说明含义.2.推导LM曲线(1). 货币市场的均衡关系式.(2). 写出LM曲线的表达式(3). 谈谈你对LM曲线中利率与总产出关系的理解.3.解释”流动性陷阱”.(用数学公式或图说明)4.解释财政政策的挤出效应. (用数学公式或图说明)5.用IS-LM模型的基本原理分析货币政策在中国是否失效?如果认为失效,请说明理由;如果认为没有失效,请说明其发挥作用的条件.00年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题十、中国正处于由消费不足导致的经济不景气之中.问1.是否应用扩张政策?2.如果货币需求对收入弹性大,用何种政策(财政?货币?)?3.如果货币需求对利率弹性大,用何种政策?(财政政策还是货币政策?)01年北京大学中国经济研究中心考研真题k和q的函数，解释该函数的意义。

2012年北京大学软件与微电子学院研究生入学考试微观经济学部分（满分105分）一、名词解释（每题4分，共16分）1.消费者偏好与消费者剩余2.边际报酬递减规律3.需求价格弹性与供给价格弹性4.纳什均衡二、简答题（每题7分，共28分）1.请用替代效应和收入效应之间的关系解释低档商品和吉芬商品之间的区别。

2.在完全竞争条件下，试问：（1）如果行业中每个企业都处于长期均衡状态，整个行业是否必定处于长期均衡状态，反之亦然否？（2）如果企业和行业中都处于长期均衡状态，它们是否必定处于短期均衡状态，反之亦然否？3.成为垄断者的厂商可以任意定价，这种说法对吗？4.某消费者原来每月煤气开支为120元，煤气的某些用途如取暖等可用电替代。

现在煤气价格上涨100%，其他商品价格不变，若该消费者得到120元因煤气涨价的补贴，试问他的处境改善了还是恶化了？为什么？作草图表示。

三、计算题（每题7分，共28分）1.假定某人把一天的时间用作睡觉（S）、工作（W）和消费（C）三种用途。

他在睡觉和消费中得到的效用函数为U（S，C）=S1/4C3/4。

再假定此人在消费时每小时要花6元钱，在工作时每小时可赚4元钱，而且他消费时的收入来源于他的工作所得，问：（1）如果此人想效用最大，他应各花多少时间用来睡觉、工作和消费？（2）睡觉和消费的机会成本各为多少？2.设一产品的市场需求函数为Q=1000-10P，成本函数为C=40Q，试问：（1）若该产品为一垄断厂商生产，利润极大时产量、价格和利润各为多少？（2）要达到帕累托最优，产量和价格应为多少？（3）社会纯福利在垄断性生产时损失了多少？3.—垄断厂商的成本函数为C=Q2，其面临的需求曲线为P=120-Q（1）垄断价格和产量为多少？（2）政府对该厂商征收一次性税收100元，此时该厂商产量为多少？（3）政府改为对每销售一单位产品征税20元，此时垄断产量为多少？（4）政府改用价格管制，以使消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和为最大，为此，价格的上限为多少？要否规定价格下限？4.已知柯布——道格拉斯生产函数为Q=K1/2L1/2，劳动和资本的价格分别为w和r，求短期和长期成本函数。

北大、人大、中财、北外、中传中传教授创办教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班北京大学CCER 考研模拟题（一）
微观部分
1.一个消费者的效用函数为，221x x u =，1,121==p p ，收入为60元
（1）求当1p 升至2时价格变化引起的替代效应和收入效应。

（2）求当2p 升至2时消费者剩余的变化时消费者剩余的变化、、补偿变换和等价变换补偿变换和等价变换（（可以保留根号可以保留根号、
、ln 等运算符号）
（1）m x p x p t s x x u =+=2211221..max ，解得22113,32p m x p m x ==
60,1,121===m p p 时，20
,4021==x x 60,1,221===m p p 时，20,2021==x x （2分）使得价格上升时保持购买力不变需要的收入100
1*202*40'=+=m 100,1,121===m p p 时，3
100,310021==
x x （2分）3204031001−=−=∆s x ，3403100201−=−=∆s x （4分）（2）
2
220p x =，2,1'22==p p 2ln 2020)(212'22∫∫===∆dp p
dp p x CS p p （4分）价格变化前选择20,4021==x x ，32000
20*4020==u 价格变化后选择10,40'2'1==x x ，16000
10*402'==u 设补偿变化为CV ，等价变化为EV
0'22
133)(2u p CV m p CV m =+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+602603−=CV （4分）。

一、简答题(共15分)1、(5分)如果生产函数是不变规模报酬的生产函数，企业长期平均成本曲线是否一定是下降的？为什么？2、(5分)有人说，在出现了污染这种外部性的条件下，没有政府的干预，就不可能达到帕累托效率条件。

这种说法是否正确？为什么？3、(5分)即使不存在逆选择问题，财产保险公司通常也不开办旨在为投保人提供全额赔偿的保险。

为什么？二、计算题(共35分)1、(8分)假定某垄断厂商可以在两个分隔的市场上实行价格歧视。

两个分隔的市场上，该厂商所面临的需求曲线分别表示如下：市场1：q1=a1-b1p1; 市场2：q2=a2-b2p2假定厂商的边际成本与平均成本为常数c。

请证明，垄断者无论是实行价格歧视(在两个市场上收取不同的价格)，还是不实行价格歧视(在两个市场上收取相同的价格)，这两种定价策略下的产出水平都是相同的。

2、(5分)如果某种股票的β值是1.2；整个股票市场的年盈利率是20%;无风险资产的年盈利率是10%。

按照资本资产定价模型，该种资产的期望年盈利率是多高？如果该股票一年后的期望值是20元，该股票的现在市场价格应该是多少？3、(8分)假定某种产品市场上有两个寡头，两寡头生产相同产品，进行产量竞争。

两个寡头的行为遵从斯泰克伯格模型。

寡头1为领导者，寡头2为跟从者。

产品的市场价格为：p=200-(q1+q2),其中，q1、q2分别为寡头1与寡头2的产量。

如果两个寡头边际成本与平均成本相同，并保持不变，即AC=MC=60。

求两个寡头利润最大化的产量。

4、(6分)在竞赛者1与竞赛者2所进行的二人竞赛中，竞赛者1可以采取上或下两种策略，竞赛者2可以采取左或右两种策略。

两竞赛者的支付矩阵如下：竞赛者2竞赛者1左右上(9，14) (5，2)下(7，-10) (17，-15)问，竞赛者1是否存在优势策略，为什么？5、(8分)对某钢铁公司某种钢X的需求受到该种钢的价格Px、钢的替代品铝的价格Py，以及收入M的影响。

育明教育
【温馨提示】
现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！
2009年北京大学CCER考研真题及答案解析
2009年微观经济学
（一）厂商成本函数为C（Q）=F+0.5a Q2
1．求厂商的规模报酬区间
2．厂商的供给函数
3．若市场需求函数为P=A-b Q（A,b均为正数），市场由该厂商唯一供给，且厂商是价格接受者，在什么条件下存在唯一的市场均衡？
【育明教育解析】
1.AC==+aQ
当Aq ，即Q=时，AC取最小值
故Q在上规模经济，在上规模不经济
1.MC=
2. =p=
唯一均衡存在的条件是：p=
（二）有a，b两人，消费物品1,2。

效用函数分别为，，a，b的禀赋分别为（9,3）和（12,6）
1．求1和2的超额需求函数，并验证瓦尔拉斯法则
2．求均衡价格
3．若经济禀赋为（21,9），写出契约线方程。

【育明教育解析】
1.对a来说，+ s.t. p 1+ p2+3
用lagrangean乘子法，得：2
代入约束式并取等号解得：，
同理，对b来说，解得：，
（）=14 ；（）=
（）+（）满足walras法则
2.令（）=0，得：
3.在契约线上，应有两人的边际替代率相等，即=。

2012年北京大学光华管理学院869经济学（微观经济学部分）考研真题1．一个纳税人，效用函数为lnw，w为其财富，是固定值。

国家按照固定税率t（0＜t＜1）对纳税人上报的收入征税，但此人可以少报收入，即报的收入为x（0＜x＜w）。

同时税务机关有p的概率0＜p＜1查此人的收入。

一旦查肯定能查出此人真实收入。

查出之后，不仅要补齐所应缴纳的税款，同时还要承担罚金，罚金为应补交税款乘以一个大于0的固定常数θ。

（1）求此纳税人选择的最优x值。

同时求此纳税人选择的x与其收入的关系。

（2）如果θ＝0，问此时此人选择的最优x。

（3）此人有没有可能选择x＝0？在什么条件下此人会这样做？2．一个垄断厂商，成本为0。

面临两个市场，学生市场和非学生市场。

每位学生的需求函数为q＝100－2p，每位非学生的需求函数为q＝100－p。

学生数量为x，非学生数量为y。

（1）如果统一定价，求均衡价格。

每个学生的消费量是多少？每个非学生的消费量是多少？（2）如果实行三级价格歧视，求两个市场的价格。

每个学生消费量是多少？每个非学生的消费量是多少？（3）从社会最优角度来说，统一定价和价格歧视哪个好？给出论证过程。

3．两个寡头生产同质产品，进行两阶段博弈。

生产成本为C（q i）＝c i q i（i＝1，2），为简单起见c1＝c2＝c。

两厂商在第一阶段决定产能投资规模。

如果产能投资规模为x i，则生产边际成本变为c－x i。

但是产能投资有成本，C（x i）＝k i x i2/2（i＝1，2）。

为简单起见，k1＝k2＝k。

企业面对的市场逆需求函数为q＝α－βp。

设βc＜α＜kc。

两个厂商第一阶段先进行产能博弈。

到第二阶段，两厂商在观察到对方的产能投资规模后，同时进行价格博弈。

（1）第二阶段博弈的均衡是什么？（2）求第一阶段博弈的两厂商的最优反应函数。

（3）回到第一阶段博弈，纳什均衡是什么？（4）条件βc＜α＜kc在本题中的作用是什么？4．X、Y、Z三个人，第一阶段X和Y进行产能古诺博弈，决定产能投资规模K X和K Y。

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育明教育
【温馨提示】
现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要
实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！
2009
年北京大学CCER 考研真题及答案解析
2009年微观经济学
（一）厂商成本函数为C （Q ）=F+0.5a Q
2 1．求厂商的规模报酬区间
2．厂商的供给函数
3．若市场需求函数为P=A-b Q （A,b 均为正数），市场由该厂商唯一供给，且厂商是价格接受者，在什么条件下存在唯一的市场均衡？
【育明教育解析】
1.AC==+aQ 当Aq ，即Q=时，AC 取最小值
故Q 在
上规模经济，在上规模不经济
1. MC=。

2012年北京大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆版翻译硕士英语注意事项：1．本试卷共 6 道大题（共计 61 个小题），满分100 分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。

要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。

I. There are 15 sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the right one. (30points)1. When you make the sacrifice in marriage, the psychologists say, you’re sacrificing not to each other but to in a relationship.A. unityB. utilityC. fraternityD. reality2. The constant changes in fashion, with a view to higher sales, made greater demands on women as a class.A. predictedB. dictatedC. statedD. related3. It is easy to see why many little girls prefer to with the male role, but the girl who does find the male role more attractive is faced with a dilemma.A. beautifyB. modifyC. identifyD. justify4. If we can any kind of killing in the name of religion, the door is opened for all kinds of other justifications.A. purifyB. satisfyC. justifyD. verify5. I could easily perceive that his heart burnt to relieve his starving kids, but he seemed ashamed to his inability to me.A. discoverB. recoverC. demonstrateD. impress6. It is a dangerous thing nowadays if you do not others at arm’s length, for they may hit you below the belt any time.A. bakeB. keepC. takeD. make7.I will never the experiences of the four years at Howard University, though there were unhappy encounters.A. dischargeB. rechargeC. discardD. dispose8. We should not the West, nor should we praise it to the skies and think great of everything that belongs to the West.A. forgiveB. forsakeC. forlornD. forage9. Bill Gates is one of those who are said to be，able to rack huge profits at ev turn.A. on the shipB. on the planeC. on the gravy trainD. on the rocks10. He aimed at finding some workable with a man who was a celebrity not in the inward-reflecting world of Oxford but in the larger world outside.A. neighborhoodB. workmanshipC. relationshipD. craftsmanship11.For me and my other classmates, trying to fathom what happened to our old school friend, 178 we may never know if we really would grow up with a future terrorist.A. grow upB. are growing upC. grew upD. shall grow up12. When I was an editor，I always preferred to apologize promptly, what the merits of the case, rather than face the expense and, importantly, the time consuming complexities and debilitating worry of litigation, libel being one of the least satisfactory branches of the lawA. whichever, more importantlyB. whatever, more importantC. whichever, more importantD. whatever, more importantly13. One morning my patience was growing thin during Mark talked once too often, and then I made a novice-teacher's mistake.A. whenB. asC. whileD. whenever14. One of the key features of CBI is the use of authentic “input” 一 in other words, real reading but listening material: magazine and newspaper articles, poems, short stories, brochures, excerpts from textbooks written for native speakers of English, radio interviews, lectures, and advertisements.A. andB. orC. and/orD. nil15. In each person's life there are three stages. When one was young, people said, “He will do something.” As he grew older and did nothing, they said, “He could do something if he found himself.” When he was white-haired, people said of him, “He might do something tf he could try anything.”A.He should have done something if he has tried somethingB.He would have done something if he should have tried anythingC.He might do something if he would try something.D.He might have done something if he had tried anythingII. ComprehensionPassage 1Begging by NestlingsMany signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls.The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. If this hypothesis is true, then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates, who are competing for parental attention. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings’ calls. Indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.As these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. Therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of itssiblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.1. The phrase “impose on” in the paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to○ increase for○ remove from○ place on○ distribute to2. According to paragraph 1, the experiment with tapes of begging tree swallows establishes which of the following?○ Begging by nestling birds can attract the attention of predators to the nest.○ Nest predators attack nests that contain nestlings more frequently than they attack nests that contain only eggs.○ Tapes of begging nestlings attract predators to the nest less frequently than real begging calls do.○ Nest predators have no other means of locating bird nests except the begging calls of nestling birds.3. The word “artificial” in the paragraph 2is closest in meaning to○ attractive○ not real○ short-term○ well designed4. Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers○ put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience○ can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers○ are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers○ have higher frequencies than those of ground-nesting warblers5. The experiment described in paragraph 2 supports which of the following conclusions?○ Predators are unable to distinguish between the begging cheeps of ground-nesting and those of tree-nesting warblers except by the differing frequencies of the calls.○ When they can find them, predators prefer the eggs of tree-nesting warblers to those of ground-nesting warblers.○ The higher frequencies of the begging cheeps of ground-nesting warblers are an adaptation to the threat that ground-nesting birds face from predators.○ The danger of begging depends more on the frequency of the begging cheep than on how loud it is.6. The word “prediction” in the paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to○ surprise○ discovery○ explanation○ expectation7. The word “pinpoint” in the paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to○ observe○ locate exactly○ copy accurately○ recognizePassage 2Which Hand Did They Use?We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern. Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000–35,000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.1. The phrase “assisted in” in the paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to○ initiated○ dominated○ helped with○ setup2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed by mouth to make a hand stencil○ there was no way to tell which hand was stenciled○ the stenciled hand was the weaker hand○ the stenciled hand was the dominant hand○ artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak3. The phrase “depicted” in the paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to○ identified○ revealed○ pictured○ imagined4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.○ The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.○ The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.○ Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.5．All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPT○ the ideal source of lighting for most engravings○ the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right hand○ the prevalence of outlines of left hands○ figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand6. According to paragraph 3, the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton can be identified as right-handed because○ other Neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handed○ the right arm bone is stronger than the left○ it is similar to skeletons of La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal○ the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures7. Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4?○ Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party's body.○ The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.○ In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.○ Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.Ⅲ. Writing (30 points)Corporate executives, undoubtedly, play a crucial part in a company’s management and operation. Some people argue that the only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies. Do you agree to their opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.。

1 / 1 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
圣才电子书
2012年北京大学艺术学院影视理论考研真题（回忆版）
一、必答题（每题30分）
1．试述电影的意识形态批评方法。

2．IMAX 3D 电影及未来即将出现的虚拟现实电影现象，将会对电影的基础理论产生怎样的影响。

3．有人说电视文化就是大众文化，你怎么看？
二、选答题（3选2，每题30分）
1．试述电影与文学的关系。

2．如果从中国当代小说中选择一部拍成电影，你会选择哪一部？
3．当今世界上的电视体制有哪几种并对我国的电视体制进行分析。

北大汇丰2012经济学（938宏观经济学1、给出的背景是美国经济衰退。

由于2008年金融危机，美国经济受到影响，引发经济衰退。

美联储大幅下调利率。

试用IS-LM 模型分析为什么会出现低利率和产出下降并存的情况。

（1）IS-LM 曲线分析原因，是IS 或LM 曲线必定移动了吗？（2）用经济理论分析或历史现实给出可能出现上述情况的解释2、某国，国内居民支出A A cY di =+-，净出口NX=X-M ，其中X 为出口，X X =，M 为进口，M mY M =+（1）该经济中需求的表达式（2）该经济均衡产出（3）均衡产出下NX 表达式（4）X 增加对产出影响，估计乘数（5）X 增加对NX 影响3、给出产出函数，Y=Af(K,N,Z),其中A 为技术因素，K 为资本，N 为人口，Z 为自然资源。

生产函数规模报酬不变，且要素边际产出递减，如需其他假设，请在分析中说明。

（1）当K 和N 都增长时，A 、Z 不变，分析对人均产出影响。

（2）存在技术进步时，即A 增加时，重新分析(1)（3）有人认为由于自然资源可能会耗竭，这会限制增长，试用前面的分析，给出你的观点。

4、某经济总供给为卢卡斯供给函数()e t t Y Y b ππ=+-，货币政策为1t t t m m a ε-=++，其中a 为常值，t ε为白噪声扰动，eP 基于11,t t m P --(即t-1期信息)形成，t m 未知。

该经济的需求函数为1t t t Y m P -=-。

（1）试用1t t m m -、或其他所需变量表出该经济中的产出和价格。

对于货币政策，是不是已知1t t m m -、就可以？（2）如果央行宣布改变货币政策，将实行a =0的货币政策，公众对实行新政策的信任度为ρ，即认为有ρ的概率为真，现在请表示出当前情况下该经济的产出和价格。

（3）通过上面的分析，请给出该经济关于政策信任度ρ的测度指标。

微观经济学1、孪生姐妹小影和小丽，具有相同的偏好，1/32/3i i u x y =（i=1,2），其中x 为用于打扫房间2 / 2的时间，i y 为用于与朋友聊天玩乐的时间。