植物演化历史(中英文版)

花的演变过程及来历作文英文回答：The evolution of flowers is a fascinating topic that showcases the diversity and beauty of nature. Flowers have been around for millions of years and have gone through various changes and adaptations to become what they are today.Flowers first appeared on Earth around 140 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. They evolved from primitive plants that reproduced through spores, like ferns and mosses. The development of flowers was a significant breakthrough in the evolution of plants because it allowed for more efficient reproduction.One of the key factors that led to the evolution of flowers was the co-evolution with pollinators, such as insects and birds. Flowers developed colorful petals, sweet nectar, and enticing fragrances to attract thesepollinators. In return, the pollinators would transfer pollen from one flower to another, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds.Over time, flowers diversified in shape, size, color, and scent to attract specific pollinators. For example, some flowers have long tubes to accommodate the long tongues of hummingbirds, while others have landing platforms for bees. This co-evolutionary relationship between flowers and pollinators has resulted in a wide array of floral designs and adaptations.Furthermore, flowers have also evolved different mechanisms to ensure successful pollination. Some flowers have evolved to be self-pollinating, meaning they can fertilize themselves without the need for external pollinators. Others have developed specialized structures, such as sticky surfaces or intricate traps, to capture and ensure the transfer of pollen.In addition to their reproductive function, flowers have also played a significant role in human culture andsociety. They have been used for centuries in various rituals, celebrations, and expressions of love and gratitude. Flowers have become symbols of beauty, love, and emotions in different cultures around the world.中文回答：花的演变过程是一个令人着迷的话题，展示了大自然的多样性和美丽。

写远古植物进化过程作文英文回答：The evolution of ancient plants is a fascinating topic to explore. Over millions of years, these plants have undergone significant changes to adapt to their changing environment. Let me take you on a journey through the evolution of ancient plants.It all started billions of years ago, when the first plants emerged in the Earth's oceans. These early plants, known as algae, were simple and lacked the ability to reproduce on land. However, they played a crucial role in the evolution of plants by producing oxygen through photosynthesis.As time went on, some algae began to venture onto land, adapting to the harsh conditions. One example of an ancient plant that made this transition is the moss. Mosses are small, non-vascular plants that can survive in varioushabitats, from deserts to forests. They rely on water for reproduction and have a unique life cycle that involves spore dispersal.Another significant step in plant evolution was the development of vascular tissues. Vascular plants, such as ferns, have specialized tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. This innovation allowed plants to grow taller and develop complex root systems. Ferns, with their feathery leaves and spore-producing structures, were dominant during the Carboniferous period.The next major milestone in plant evolution was the emergence of seed-bearing plants. Gymnosperms, such as conifers, were the first plants to produce seeds. These seeds were protected by cones and could be dispersed over long distances. Conifers, with their needle-like leaves and evergreen nature, are well-adapted to dry and cold environments.Finally, the evolution of flowering plants, or angiosperms, revolutionized the plant kingdom. Angiospermshave flowers that attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, to aid in reproduction. They also producefruits that protect and disperse their seeds. Examples of flowering plants include roses, sunflowers, and apple trees.中文回答：远古植物的进化过程是一个令人着迷的话题。

古代以来跨地域传播的植物发展史1.植物的传播始于古代，从一个地区传播至另一个地区。

Plants have been spread since ancient times, from one region to another.2.一些植物是通过人类和动物的运输而传播到不同的地理区域。

Some plants have been spread to different geographical areas through human and animal transportation.3.农业和贸易的发展促进了许多植物的跨地域传播。

The development of agriculture and trade has facilitated the cross-regional spread of many plants.4.南北美洲大陆交换中，欧洲和非洲的作物移植到新世界，然后美洲的玉米和土豆传播到欧洲和非洲。

In the Columbian Exchange, crops from Europe and Africa were transplanted to the New World, and then corn and potatoes from the Americas were spread to Europe and Africa.5.中国的丝绸之路促进了沿线国家之间的作物传播，如茶叶、桑树和棉花。

The Silk Road in China facilitated the spread of crops between countries along the route, such as tea, mulberry trees, and cotton.6.马铃薯是从南美洲传播到欧洲和其他地区的重要作物。

Potatoes are an important crop that spread from South America to Europe and other regions.7.咖啡和茶叶是两种从亚洲传播到其他地区的重要饮品。

GRE写作素材之植物的进化起源一篇好的新GRE作文，需要以丰富的GRE写作素材作为依托,并且说理明确,逻辑清晰。

那么好的文章的前提就是，要有大量可以使用的素材作为后盾。

因此前程百利小编为备战GRE的考生提供了一篇有关植物的进化起源的文章，希望对考生的作文提升有所帮助。

The evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations（适应）. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic（光合作用）single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably（推测）lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae（藻类）, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic（动植物类史）(natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll（叶绿素）and accessory pigments（辅助色素）in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose（纤维素）, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.植物的进化史是以一系列对周遭环境的适应为标记的。

写植物进化过程作文英文回答：Plant evolution is a fascinating topic that showcases the incredible adaptability and resilience of the plant kingdom. Over millions of years, plants have undergone numerous changes and adaptations to survive and thrive in different environments. From simple algae to complex flowering plants, the evolution of plants is a testament to the power of natural selection and the ability to adapt to changing conditions.One of the earliest forms of plant life on Earth was algae. These simple organisms had the ability to photosynthesize and convert sunlight into energy. As they evolved, they developed more complex structures, such as cell walls and specialized reproductive organs. This allowed them to colonize different habitats, including freshwater and marine environments.As plants continued to evolve, they faced newchallenges and opportunities. One significant development was the emergence of plants that could live on land. This transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats required adaptations to prevent desiccation and obtain nutrientsfrom the soil. Early land plants, such as mosses and ferns, developed structures like cuticles and stomata to reduce water loss and absorb water efficiently.The evolution of seed plants was another majormilestone in plant evolution. Seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms, developed structures likeseeds and pollen to reproduce and disperse more effectively. This allowed them to colonize even more diverse habitats, from deserts to rainforests. The development of flowers in angiosperms further enhanced their reproductive success by attracting pollinators and ensuring efficient fertilization.Furthermore, the coevolution of plants and animals played a crucial role in shaping plant evolution. For example, the evolution of flowering plants and their symbiotic relationships with pollinators, such as bees andbutterflies, led to the diversification of both plants and animals. This mutualistic relationship benefited both parties, as plants gained efficient pollination while animals obtained food sources.In addition to physical adaptations, plants also developed chemical defenses to protect themselves from herbivores and pathogens. Some plants produce toxic compounds or emit volatile chemicals to deter herbivores, while others form mutualistic relationships with beneficial microbes that help ward off pathogens. These chemical defenses have played a significant role in shaping plant diversity and interactions with other organisms.中文回答：植物进化是一个令人着迷的主题，展示了植物王国的适应能力和适应力。

写远古植物进化过程作文英文回答：Evolution of Ancient Plants.Throughout the history of the Earth, plants have undergone significant evolutionary changes. From simple, single-celled organisms to complex, multicellular beings, the evolution of ancient plants is a fascinating journey.In the early stages of plant evolution, algae played a crucial role. These aquatic organisms were the ancestors of land plants and paved the way for their emergence. Algae developed specialized structures, such as chloroplasts, which allowed them to perform photosynthesis and convert sunlight into energy. This adaptation was a game-changer, as it enabled plants to thrive in various environments.As plants transitioned from water to land, they faced numerous challenges. One of the key obstacles was the needto obtain water and nutrients from the soil. To overcome this, plants developed root systems that allowed them to anchor themselves and absorb water and minerals. This innovation was essential for their survival and enabledthem to colonize terrestrial habitats.Another crucial adaptation was the development of vascular tissues. These specialized tissues, includingxylem and phloem, enabled plants to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout their bodies. Thisinternal transport system facilitated the growth of larger and more complex plant structures, such as stems and leaves.The evolution of seeds was another significantmilestone in the history of ancient plants. Seeds provideda protective covering for plant embryos and ensured their survival during periods of dormancy or unfavorable conditions. This adaptation allowed plants to dispersetheir offspring over long distances and colonize new habitats.Furthermore, the evolution of flowers and fruitsrevolutionized plant reproduction. Flowers, with their colorful petals and enticing scents, attracted pollinators such as bees and butterflies. This mutualistic relationship between plants and pollinators ensured the transfer of pollen and facilitated fertilization. Fruits, on the other hand, developed as a means of seed dispersal. Animals would consume the fruits and subsequently disperse the seeds through their droppings, contributing to the plant's survival and propagation.中文回答：远古植物的进化过程。

远古植物演化成现在的植物的英语作文The Evolutionary Journey of Plants: From Ancient Origins to Modern Diversity.The Earth's verdant tapestry, woven with the vibrant hues of countless plant species, is a testament to the enduring power of life's evolutionary odyssey. Over eons, plants have undergone a remarkable transformation, adapting to diverse environments and giving rise to the breathtaking botanical realm we witness today.Origins in Ancient Seas.The earliest known photosynthetic organisms, the cyanobacteria, emerged approximately 3.5 billion years ago and are believed to be the ancestors of all plants. These humble microbes flourished in the primordial oceans, fueled by the Sun's energy and transforming carbon dioxide into oxygen.Colonization of Land.Around 500 million years ago, a momentous event occurred: plants ventured beyond the watery confines of the oceans onto dry land. This momentous transition was facilitated by the evolution of specialized structures such as roots, stems, and leaves. The conquest of land opened up a vast new frontier for plant life, allowing for unprecedented diversification.The Age of Ferns and Gymnosperms.The Carboniferous Period (360-286 million years ago) witnessed the rise of giant ferns and gymnosperms. These plants, with their towering stature and intricate foliage, dominated the landscape and played a crucial role in the formation of coal deposits. However, their reign would not last forever.The Rise of Angiosperms.Approximately 140 million years ago, a new group ofplants emerged: the angiosperms. Unlike ferns and gymnosperms, which relied on spores for reproduction, angiosperms possessed flowers and fruits. These innovations provided a distinct advantage, allowing for more efficient pollination and seed dispersal.The Adaptive Radiation of Angiosperms.The angiosperms underwent a remarkable adaptive radiation, diversifying into an astonishing array of forms and functions. From the towering oak trees that grace our forests to the delicate wildflowers that adorn meadows, angiosperms have conquered every terrestrial habitat.Modern Plant Diversity.Today, angiosperms constitute the vast majority of plant species on Earth, numbering over 300,000. They play a fundamental role in ecosystems, providing food and shelter to countless organisms. Their evolutionary legacy is evident in the vast array of adaptations that allow them to thrive in diverse environments, from the arid deserts tothe frozen Arctic.The Importance of Plant Evolution.The evolutionary journey of plants has had a profound impact on the history of life on Earth. Plants are the primary producers in food chains, providing the basis for all life. They regulate the Earth's atmosphere, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Additionally, plants have served as a source of food, medicine, and shelter throughout human history.Conclusion.The evolution of plants from their humble origins in ancient seas to the breathtaking diversity that characterizes the modern botanical realm is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of life. This evolutionary saga has shaped our planet's ecosystems and played a pivotal role in the development of human civilization. As we continue to unravel the intricate tapestry of plantevolution, we gain a deeper appreciation for the wonder and complexity of the natural world.。

植物英文名称来源(图)apricot 杏子杏子原产于中国，约公元前1世纪传入地中海地区。

古罗马人称杏子为praecoquum，意为early-ripening（早熟），也许是因为杏树开花较早，比桃子等水果早熟的缘故。

该词进入阿拉伯语作albirquq，随后又进入葡萄牙语，作albricoque，最后进入了英文。

英文原先的形式为apricock，到了18世纪，因受法语形式abricot的同化作用演变为apricot。

artichoke 洋蓟artichoke 洋蓟据传，由于某位艺术家（artist）食此美味菜肴时被不可食的针状部分噎着（choke），故而得名。

其实，artichoke的来历并不象传说的那样富有诗意。

它源于阿拉伯语al-(kh)arshuf（al 为阿拉伯语定冠词）。

意大利语通过西班牙语吸收了该词，作articiocco，随后进入法语，作artichaut。

其形式变为artichoke可能多少受了所传关于choke的影响。

artichoke一般指“洋蓟”，有时也指“菊芋”。

但菊芋另有名称：Jerusalem artichoke，该植物原产于北美，并不源于Jerusalem（耶路撒冷）。

1617年当意大利人在欧洲首次种植时，将它取名girasole articiocco （相当于sunflower artichoke），是因为它形似向日葵（sunflower），而味似洋蓟（artichoke）。

17世纪英国人吸收了该词，在他们听来girasole颇有点像Jerusalem，于是把它叫做Jerusalem artichoke，有意让它带点幽默意味，这也可以说是民俗语源的产物avocado 鳄梨avocado 鳄梨avocado是一种果形似梨的水果。

鳄梨原产于西半球大陆的墨西哥以南至安第斯地区。

公元15世纪具有高度文化的墨西哥印第安人，即阿兹特克人（Aztecs）曾在今墨西哥中、南部建立了一个帝国，1521年被西班牙殖民者征服。

6、植物的演化简史6.1 植物的起源6.1.1 多细胞后生动植物的出现：植物的定义：植物是生物界中的一大类。

植物一般有叶绿素，基质，细胞核，没有神经系统。

分为藻类、地衣、苔藓、蕨类和种子植物。

种子植物又分为裸子植物和被子植物。

植物是能够进行光合作用的多细胞真核生物。

藻类是水生植物，其他是陆生植物。

可将陆生植物定义为：陆生植物是适于陆地生活的多细胞的进行光合作用的真核生物，由根、茎、叶组成，表面有角质膜、有气孔，输导组织和雌雄配子囊，胚在配子囊中发育。

这些重要区别与藻类不同，所以五界系统中把藻类列入原生物界，目前尚争议。

植物的另一种定义是：在自然界中凡是有生命的机体均属于生物。

生物分为几个界，将行固着生活和自养的生物称为植物界，简称植物。

植物有明显的细胞壁和细胞核，其细胞壁由葡萄糖聚合物—纤维素构成。

植物的特点是具有光合作用的能力。

它们可以借助光能及动物不具备的叶绿素，利用水、矿物质和二氧化碳生产食物，同时释放出氧气而剩下含有丰富能量的物质，葡萄糖，作为植物细胞的组成部分。

这两种定义在叙述上有些区别，但主要的内容是一致的，即植物是生物的一个界，是具有叶绿素，基质、细胞壁、细胞核的真核生物，是具有固着生活，能进行光合作用能力的自养生物，称为植物。

从原核生物过渡到真核生物，完成细胞演化中最重要的一大步，是生物史的又一里程碑。

最原始真核生物是单细胞的，微体的，进行有丝分裂的，能进行光合作用的水生生物。

从原始单细胞真核生物向多细胞的后生植物和后生动物演化又向前迈进了一大步。

后生动植物应是由多细胞组成的，是有分化的组织结构的生物。

所说的分化就是指细胞在形态和功能上有所分异和特化。

典型的后生动植物应有性别分化，减数分裂，单倍体和双倍体世代交替的生活史。

所谓单倍体是指生物具有一套染色体组成的细胞，单倍体适应于生殖的功能，另一种是具有两套染色体组成的细胞，即是各染色体的数目都是成双的，称为双倍体，双倍体适应于运动、感觉、消化、呼吸等各种营养功能。