东华理工大学2018年《845原子核物理》考研专业课真题试卷

东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码：824;科目名称：《大学物理》；（A卷）适用专业（领域）名称：核能与核技术工程一、简答题（共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）1.保守力做功的特点是什么？为什么可以根据保守力做功来定义势能？我们学过哪些保守力，请至少举例俩个？2.一人站在地面上用枪瞄准悬挂在树上的木偶。

当击发枪击，子弹从枪口射出时，木偶正好从树上由静止自由下落。

试说明为什么子弹总可以射中木偶？3.简述牛顿三大运动定律.4.简述热力学第一定律的内容.5．小鸟站在高压线为什么不会电击.6.什么叫位移电流？位移电流与传导电流有什么不同？二、计算题：（共7小题，1-4小题每题15分，4-7小题每题20分，共120分）1.一质点沿x轴运动，其加速度为a=4t(SI)，已知t=0时，质点位于x0=10m处，初速度v0=0．试求其位置和时间的关系式.2．质量为m的子弹以速度v0水平射入沙土中，设子弹所受阻力与速度反向，大小与速度成正比，比例系数为Ｋ，忽略子弹的重力，求：(1)子弹射入沙土后，速度随时间变化的函数式；(2)子弹进入沙土的最大深度.(第3小题图)3.质量为7.2×10-23kg，速率为6.0×107m·s-1的粒子A，与另一个质量为其一半而静止的粒子B发生二维完全弹性碰撞，碰撞后粒子A的速率为5.0×107m·s-1．求：(1)粒子B的速率及相对粒子A原来速度方向的偏转角；(2)粒子A的偏转角．4.1mol理想气体在T1=400K的高温热源与T2=300K的低温热源间作卡诺循环（可逆的），在400K的等温线上起始体积为V1=0.001m3，终止体积为V2=0.005m3试求此气体在每一循环中：(1)从高温热源吸收的热量Q1；(2)气体所作的净功W；(3)气体传给低温热源的热量Q2.5.电荷以相同的面密度σ分布在半径为r1=10cm和r2=20cm的两个同心球面上，设无限远处电势为零，球心处的电势为U0=300V．(1)求电荷面密度σ；(2)若要使球心处的电势也为零，外球面上应放掉多少电荷？8.85××10−12C2N−1m−2)．(ε0=8.85。

(A) 仅有水平渐近线
）. (B) 仅有铅直渐近线
(C) 既有水平渐近线，又有铅直渐近线 (D) 既无水平渐近线，又无铅直渐近线
（2）设函数 f (x) 在 (-¥, +¥) 处连续，其 2 阶导函数 f ¢¢(x) 的图形如下图所示，则曲线
y = f (x) 的拐点个数为（
(A) 0
(B) 1
）. (C) 2
lim （3）极限
xy
(x, y )→(0,0) x 2 + 2 y 2
（）
（A） 1 ； （B）1； （C）2； （D）不存在 2
（4）函数 f (x, y)在点 (x0, y0 ) 处两个偏导数 fx (x0, y0 ) 和 f y (x0, y0 ) 存在是 f (x, y)在
点 (x0 , y0 ) 处可微的（ ） （A）充分条件； （B）必要条件； （C）充要条件； （D） 既不充分也不必要条件
( ) （15）（本题满分 10 分）计算 lim
1 + 1 +×××+ 1
.
n®¥ n2 +1 n2 + 2
n2 + n
（16）（本题满分
10
分）求极限
lim
(
òx
0
e
t
2
dt
)
2
.
ò x®0 x te 2t2 dt 0
（17）（本题满分
10
分）设
y
=
y(x) 是由参数方程 ìïíx ïî y
= ln 1+ t2 = arctan t
0
0
1
1+ y
1
1+ y
ò ò ò ò (C) dy f (x, y)dx (D) dy f (x, y)dx

长度为 l 的金属杆 ab 以速率 v 在导电轨道 abcd 上平行移动．已知导轨处于均匀磁
场 B 中， B 的方向与回路的法线成 60°角(如图所示)， B 的大小为 B = kt ( k 为正的常
数)．设 t =0 时杆位于 cd 处，求：任一时刻 t 导线回路中感应电动势的大小和方向。
题七图 八、本题 15 分：
（可看做质点），套管用细线拉住，它到竖直的光滑固定轴 OO′的距离为 1 l ，杆和套 2
管所组成的系统以角速度0 绕 OO′轴转动，如图所示。若在转动过程中细线被拉断， 套管将沿着杆滑动。试求在套管滑动过程中，该系统转动的角速度 与套管轴的距离 x 的函数关系？
三、本题 20 分： 如图所示，质量为 10g 的子弹，以 500ms-1 的速度射入木块中，使弹簧压缩从而作
l m g
O 60°
（二题图）
（四题图）
三、本题 20 分： 一质量为 m 的质点，系在细绳的一端，绳的另一端固定在平面上，此质点在粗糙
水平面上作半径为 r 的圆周运动。设质点的最初速率是 v0 ，当它运动一周时，其速 率为v0/2。 求：(1) 摩擦力作的功? (2) 动摩擦因数? (3) 在静止以前质点运动了多少圈?
1、 一个质点在作圆周运动时，有 ［ ］ (A) 切向加速度一定改变，法向加速度也改变 (B) 切向加速度可能不变，法向加速 度一定改变
(C) 切向加速度可能不变，法向加速度不变 (D) 切向加速度一定改变，法向加速 度不变
初速度 v0 = 0 m/s。试求其位置和时间的关系式?
二、本题 20 分： 如图所示，光滑的水平桌面上放置一半径为 R 的固定圆环，物体紧贴环的内侧作
圆周运动，其摩擦因数为 μ，开始时物体的速率为 v0 ，求：(1) t 时刻物体的速率? (2) 当物体速率从 v0 减少到 v0/2 时，物体所经历的时间及经过的路程?

系的方程式
（15）
。
7、固相反应一般包括 （16） 、 硅酸盐工业中，最重要的固相反应处于
（17） 、 （18） （19） 范围。
三个过程，在
8、两相化学势相等，但化学势的一阶偏微商不相等的相变称为 （20）
发生时有 （21）
和
（22） 的变化，因此
（23）
（24）
、
（25）
等属于此类相变。
， 、
9、 （26）
4、晶体缺陷分为点缺陷、线缺陷、面缺陷和体缺陷，以下缺陷中不属于点缺陷的是 （）
第 1页
华南理工大学2018年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）
A、弗伦克尔缺陷
B、肖特基缺陷
C、色心
D、固溶体
5、超疏水是指水在固体表面的接触角大于 150，即液体在固体表面不浸润，要达到
此状态，不能采用的方法有（ ）
A、除去固体表面吸附膜
A、（100）
B、（110）
C、（111）
9、在三元相图中两相界线的自由度是（
A、0
B、1
C、2
） D、3
第2页
华南理工大学2018年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）
10、一定量的硫型固态物质熔融成液态时， 液态与固态相比发生（
A、体积膨胀
B、体积收缩
C、体积不变化
）现象。
11、有物质定向迁移的扩散一定是由（
和
（10）
。
4、玻璃的很多性质取决于玻璃网络参数中的 Y 值。要构成三维网络结构，硅酸盐玻
璃中，此值通常为 （11）
。
5、由于 （12） 的浓度主要取决于
的结果，必然会在晶体结构中产生“组分缺陷”，组分缺陷
（13）

东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 812 ; 科目名称：《分析化学（含仪器分析》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称： 070300化学一、选择题：（共13小题，每小题2分，共30分）1. 以EDTA滴定法测定石灰石中CaO[M r(CaO)=56.08]含量, 采用 0.02 mol/LEDTA 滴定, 设试样中含CaO约50 % , 试样溶解后定容至250 mL, 移取25 mL进行滴定, 则试样称取量宜为-------------------------------------------------------------------------------( )(A) 0.1 g 左右(B) 0.2 g ~ 0.4 g (C) 0.4 g ~ 0.8 g (D) 1.2 g ~ 2.4 g2. 微溶化合物A2B3在溶液中的解离平衡是: A2B3==2A + 3B。

今已测得B的浓度为3.0×10-3mol/L,则该微溶化合物的溶度积K sp是------------------------------------------( )(A) 1.1×10-13 (B) 2.4×10-13 (C) 1.0×10-14 (D) 2.6×10-113. 以下银量法测定需采用返滴定方式的是--------------------------------------------------( )(A)莫尔法测Cl-(B)吸附指示剂法测Cl-(C)佛尔哈德法测Cl-(D)AgNO3滴定CN-(生成Ag[Ag(CN)2]指示终点4. 气液色谱中，保留值实际上反映的是下列哪两者间的相互作用---------------------( )(A)组分和载气(B)载气和载体(C)组分和固定液(D)组分和载体5. 测定铁矿中 Fe 的质量分数, 求得置信度为 95％时平均值的置信区间为35.21%±0.10%。

三、比较题（共 2 题，每题 10 分，共 20 分）
（1）试分析比较晶子学说和无规则网络学说。
（2）如果液态中形成一个边长为 a 的立方体晶核时，其自由焓G 将写成什么形
式？求出此时晶核的临界立方体边长 aK 和临界核化自由焓Ga，并与形成球形晶核时
进行比较，那一种形状的G 大，为什么？
四、计算题（共 2 题，每题 20 分，共 40 分）
C2 两种配料，已知 C1 中 B 含量是 C2 中 B 含量的 1.5 倍，且在高温熔融冷却析晶时，
图一
图二
六、案例分析及应用题（共 1 题，共 20 分）
氧化铝瓷件需要被银，已知 1000℃时 ( Al2O3.S ) ＝1.00mN/m , ( Ag，L) =0.92mN/m; ( Ag.L / Al2O3.S ) =1.77mN/m, 问液态银能否润湿氧化铝瓷件表面？可以用什么方法改善它
一、简答题（共 2 题，每题 10 分，共 20 分） （1）详细写出鲍林规则的内容，并举例说明第三规则的应用。 （2）氧化铝瓷件中需要被银，已知 1000℃时γ（Al2O3(S)）=1.0×10-3N/m，γ（Ag (L)）
=0.92×10-3N/m， γ（Ag (L) /Al2O3(S)）=1.77×10-3N/m，问液态银能否湿润氧化铝瓷件 表面？用什么方法改善它们之间的湿润性？
（1）有两种不同配比的玻璃，其组成如下（质量百分比）：
序号
Na2O
Al2O3
SiO2
1
10
20
70
2
20
10
70
试用玻璃结构参数说明两种玻璃高温下粘度大小？
（2）具有不一致熔融二元化合物的二元相图（如下图）在低共熔点 E 发生如下析

注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：612 ; 科目名称：《地球化学》；（ A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：地质学
一、名词解释题：（共8小题，每小题5分，共40分）
1、矿床地球化学；
2、相容元素；
3、微量元素；
4、ppm；
5、稳定同位素；
6、SMOW；
7、衰变定律；
8、均一温度。

二、简答题：（共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）
1、写出国内或国外两位著名的地球化学家的名字与主要贡献
2、简述环境地球化学研究的主要内容
3、简述Rb-Sr法等时线测年的基本原理及适用范围
4、简述矿物流体包裹体的概念及研究意义
5、简述土壤地球化学异常的形成机理及研究意义
三、论述题：（共3小题，每小题20分，共60分）
1、论述当今社会如何利用地球化学知识为国民经济和社会可持续发展服务
2、论述如何利用地球化学的理论与方法研究热液矿床的成因
3、以你熟悉的一个矿床为例，阐述该矿床的地质地球化学特征
第 1 页，共 1 页。

(C) 1.0×10-14
(D) 2.6×10-11
3. 以下银量法测定需采用返滴定方式的是--------------------------------------------------( )
(A)莫尔法测 Cl-
(B)吸附指示剂法测 Cl-
(C)佛尔哈德法测 Cl-
(D)AgNO3 滴定 CN-(生成 Ag[Ag(CN)2]指示终点
11. （4分）以下滴定应采用的滴定方式分别是:(填A， B ，C ，D)
(1) 佛尔哈#43;
____
(3) KMnO4 法测定 Ca2+ (4) 莫尔法测定 Cl-
____ ____
（A）直接法 （B）回滴法 （C）置换法 （D）间接法
12. 对某一组分来说，在一定的柱长下，色谱峰的宽或窄主要决定于组分在色谱柱中的
(A)保留值
(B)扩散速度
(C)分配比
(D)理论塔板数
13. 在重量分析中，如果杂质沉淀量在沉淀放置过程中随着放置时间而增大，则这种污 染是由于---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) (A) 形成混晶 (B) 表面吸附 (C) 形成双电层 (D) 继沉淀
2. 微溶化合物 A2B3 在溶液中的解离平衡是: A2B3==2A + 3B。今已测得 B 的浓度为
3.0×10-3mol/L,则该微溶化合物的溶度积 Ksp 是------------------------------------------( )
(A) 1.1×10-13
(B) 2.4×10-13

注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
第1页，共5页
东华理工大学2017年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：824;科目名称：《大学物理》；（A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：085226核能与核技术工程
一、选择题：（共8小题，每小题3分，共24分）
1.(3分)闭合曲面S 包围点电荷Q ，现从无穷远处引入另一点电荷q 至曲面外一点，如图所示，则引入前后［
］
q
A 、曲面S 的电场强度通量不变，曲面上各点电场强度不变
B 、曲面S 的电场强度通量变化，曲面上各点电场强度不变
C 、曲面S 的电场强度通量变化，曲面上各点电场强度变化
D 、曲面S 的电场强度通量不变，曲面上各点电场强度变化2.(3分)一根金属杆，上端有一孔，套在固定的水平轴上，杆可以在绕轴摆动；磁场B 与杆摆动的平面垂直并向内，如图所示．问杆的下端摆到下列哪个位置时，上端的电势比下端的电势高［
］
A 、左边最高处a
B 、下边最低处b ，杆向右摆
C 、下边最低处b ，杆向左摆
D 、右边c 处，杆向左摆3.(3分)半径为R 的均匀带电球面的静电场中各点的电场强度的大小
E 与距球心的距离r 之间的函数关系曲线为［］
A 、
B 、
C 、D
、
4.(3分)电荷面密度分别为σ±的两块无限大均匀带电平面如图放置，则其周围空间各点电场强度E 随位置坐标x 变化的关系曲线为(假设电场强度方向取向右为正、向左为负)［］
东华理工大学2017年考研专业课初试真题精都考研（）——全国100000考研学子的选择。

14、任何系统均具有向最低能量状态发展的趋势。物料以其表面能转变成晶界能 而达到稳定存在，籍这种推动力而进行的过程，称为（ ） （A ）晶粒成核-生长 （B）Spinodal 分解 （C） 固相反应 （D）烧结 15、在离子型材料中。影响扩散的缺陷来自两个方面： （1）肖特基缺陷和弗伦克 尔缺陷； （2）掺杂点缺陷。掺杂点缺陷引起的扩散称为（ ） （A）自扩散 （B）互扩散 （C）本征扩散 （D）非本征扩散 16、下列过程中，哪一个能使烧结物强度增大，而不产生致密化过程（ （A）蒸发-凝聚 （B）体积扩散 ）
二、 （85 分）问答与计算题
1、 （15 分）写出下列化合物的结构式，指出其所属结构类型，并用鲍林规则解释高 岭石结构中的电荷分配及结构特点 （1） 正硅酸钙 2CaOSiO2 （2） 钾长石 K2OAl2O36SiO2 （3） 透闪石 2CaO5MgO8SiO2H2O （4） 高岭石 Al2O32SiO22H2O 2、 （10 分）试用实验方法鉴别石英玻璃粉末、石英砂粉末和硅砖石粉末，并从结构 角度来解释其差异。 3、 （13 分）由氧化铝和二氧化硅粉料形成莫来石为扩散控制过程，并符合杨德方程， 反应激活能为 210 KJ/mol，在 1400℃反应 1 小时后，反应过程完成 10%，试问： （1） 在 1500℃反应 1 小时后，反应会进行到什么程度？ （2） 为加速莫来石化，可采取哪些有效措施？ 4、 （15 分）钠钙硅酸盐玻璃中阳离子的扩散系数如图所示，试问： （1） 为什么钠离子比钙离子和硅离子扩散的快？ （2） 钠离子扩散曲线的非线性部分产生的原因是什么？
第
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8、对于刃位错，其位错线方向、伯氏矢量方向与位错运动方向是（ （A）平行，平行 （B）垂直，平行 （C）平行，垂直 （D）垂直，垂直

东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 840 ; 科目名称：《综合英语》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：学科教学（英语）Part I Reading Comprehension (50%，2.5*20)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AThe bag is one of the most simple and useful things in the world. It is a container made of paper or cloth. It has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. Some of them are used in the United States today.One is “bagman”. It describes a go-between. The go-between sees to it that money is passed — often illegally — from one person to another. Another widely-used expression is to “let the cat out of the bag”. It is used when someone tells something that was supposed to be secret. No one can explain how the cat got into the bag. But there is an old story about it.Long ago tradesmen sold things in large cloth bags. One day a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up a cloth bag with something moving inside it. He said it was a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a cat — not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out. He was trying to trick her. And now everybody knew it.The phrase “to be left holding the bag” is as widely used as the expression “to let the cat out of the bag”. This expression makes the person left holding the bag responsible for an action, often a crime or misdeed. That person is the one who is punished. The others involved in the act escape. Where the expression came from is not clear. Some say that General George Washington used it during the American Revolutionary War. One of Washington’s officers, Royall Taylor, used the expression in a play about Daniel Shay’s rebellion. The play was in 1787, after Taylor helped to put down Shay’s rebellion.Shay led a thousand war veterans in an attack on a federal building in Springfield, Massachusetts. Guns were in the building. Some of the protesters were farmers who had no money to buy seed. Some had been put in prison for not paying their debts. They were menwho fought one war against the king of England, and were now prepared to fight against their own government. Most of the rebels were captured. Shay and some of the officers escaped.In his play, Taylor describes Shay as disappearing, giving others “the bag to hold”.A bag is useful in many ways. Just be careful not “to let the cat out of the bag”, or someone may leave you “holding the bag”.1. According to the passage, a bagman refers to _________________.A) a person who travels around carrying his things in a bag B) a vagrant workerC) a person who delivers or collects money for criminals D) a homeless person2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the story about “let the cat out of the bag”?A) The tradesman wanted to play a joke with the woman.B) The woman wanted to buy a cat.C) The tradesman kept a cat in a plastic bag.D) The tradesman lied to the woman that he had a live pig in the bag.3. What can we infer from the story “to be left holding the bag”?A) The person left holding the bag was completely innocent.B) The person left holding the bag took no responsibility for committing crimes.C) Many farmers protested against the government because they couldn’t pay their debts.D) Many protesters became the scapegoats for Shay and his officers.4. What does the last sentence of this passage mean?A) A bag has many different functions.B) People should often keep secret or they will be left to take the responsibility for everything.C) People should watch out and learn to take the responsibility for their actions.D) You will have to hold the bag if you let the cat out of it.5. The best title for this passage is ________________.A) Don’t Let the Cat Out of the Bag B) To Be Left Holding a BagC) Words and Their Stories: Bag Expressions D) Bag: A Useful ContainerText BTraditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable．Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species—e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem—adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow—but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA, but what side-effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out．Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or U.S. are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for ten weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people．The current position of the UK Government is that “There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.” In the U.S.，the American Food and Drug Administration (AFDA) is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．6. Genetic engineering .A) involves crossing varieties of the same speciesB) is safe and fairly predictableC) is dangerous and entirely unpredictableD) covers the exchange of genes between different species7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) The side-effect of adding human growth hormone to pigs is that pigs may acquire somediseases of human.B) Human intelligence gene functions differently in human DNA and in cabbage DNA.C) In the UK or U.S., a GM product cannot be approved before the results of its safetytests are provided.D) Tests show that GM foods have specific dangers to children or allergic people.8. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.B) The UK government and the U.S. government have different attitudes towards GMfoods.C) The AFDA in the U.S. was charged with concealing some research findings.D) The governments of the UK and the U.S. are protecting the GM foods.9. The possible title for the passage might be .A) Safe to Eat? B) GM Food NeedsC) Genetic Engineering D) A New Way of Breeding10. What’s the writer’s attitude towards GM food?A) Neutral. B) Positive. C) Negative. D) Indifferent. Text CFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child－or even an animal, such as a pigeon－can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types---- people are described with such terms.People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.11. The main idea of this passage is ____________.A) how to distinguish people’s facesB）how to describe people’s personalityC) how to distinguish people both inward and outwardD) how to differ good persons from bad persons12. The author is most probably a _________.A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) sociologist D) scientist13. Which of the following is NOT true?A) Different people may have different personalities.B) People differ from each other in appearance.C) People can learn to recognize faces.D) People can describe all the features of others.14. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that________.A) a person’s face is more complex than his personalityB) a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC) a person’s personality is very complexD) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality15. W e learn from the passage that people classify a person into a certain type according to________.A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behavingC) his learning and behavior D)his physical appearance and hispersonalityText DIt is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception an obvious choice would be colour photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of theexternal world than could the camera.In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a colour card the colours of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are coloured an equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called ‘autistic’ perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept.16. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. colour photography is a biological processB. vision is rather like colour photographyC. vision is a sort of photographic processD. vision and colour photography are very different17. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person _______.A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a cameraB. can see more clearly than a cameraC. is more sensitive to changes in light than a cameraD. sees colours as they are in spite of changes in the light18. The second experiment shows that ________.A. people see colours according to their ideas of how things should lookB. colours look different in a dim lightC. cameras work less efficiently in a dim lightD. colours are less intense in larger objects19. What does “to equalize the brightness” (Line 1, Para. 4) mean?A. To arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together.B. To change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright.C. To describe the brightness.D. To move the pictures nearer or further away.20. The group of experiments, taken together, proves that human perception is _______.A. unreliableB. mysterious and unpredictableC. less accurate than a cameraD. related to our knowledge, experience and needsPart II Translation ( 50 Points)Section A :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.（30%）1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。