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东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 830 ; 科目名称：《流体力学》；（Ⅰ卷）适用专业（领域）名称：建筑与土木工程一、简答题（共5小题，其中1题8分，2、3题各10分，4题6分，共34分）1．简要概述能量方程（伯努利方程）的应用条件。
（8分）2．什么是连续介质？为什么在研究液体运动规律时引入连续介质模型？（10分）3．什么是长管和短管？如何区别长管和短管？（10分）4．简述静水压强的特性。
（6分）二、论述题（共3小题，每小题15分，共45分）1．如何理解层流和紊流？并简述层流与紊流的判别。
（15分）2．什么明渠均匀流？其形成条件是什么？（15分）3．圆柱形外管嘴正常工作需要满足哪些条件？为什么要有这些条件限制？（15分）三、作图题（10分）如图所示，请定性绘出图示管道（短管）的总水头线和测压管水头线。
v0=0四、计算题（共6小题，其中1,2,3,4每小题10分，5题8分，6题13分，共61分）1.（10分）两高度差m z2.0=的水管，接一倒置的U 形压差计，弯管上部为油，油的两个液面差m h 1.0=，油的密度31/0.920m kg =ρ，水的密度31000.0/kg m ρ=，试求两管的压强差。
2. （10分）有一矩形平面闸门，宽度b=2m ，两边承受水压力，如图所示。
已知h 1=3m ，h 2=6m 。
求闸门上静水总压力的大小及其作用点的位置。
3.（10分）管道系统如图所示。
已知管长m 10，直径mm d 100=，沿程阻力系数025.0=λ，管道进口的局部阻力系数5.01=ξ，管道淹没出流的局部阻力系数0.12=ξ，如下游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度m h 3=，试求：(1)管道系统所通过的流量Q ；(2)上游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度H 。
4．(10分)为了测量石油管道的流量，安装文丘里流量计，管道直径mm d 2001=,流量计喉管直径mm d 1002=,石油重度38.50/kN m γ=，水银重度3p 136.0/kN m γ=，流量计流量系数95.0=μ。
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：822 ; 科目名称：《教育管理学》；（A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：教育管理
一、名词解释题：（共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）
1.行为科学
2. 决策
3.组织结构
4.教师聘任制
5.学校组织文化
6. 学校工作计划
二、简答题：（共6小题，每小题10分，共60分）
1.简述我国当前教育督导的基本任务
2.简述学校质量管理的主要特点
3.简述校长领导方式的影响因素
4.简述学校组织建设的原则
5.简述教育行政集权制与分权制的利弊
6.如何塑造良好的学校形象
三、论述题：（共3小题，每小题20分，共60分）
1.试述教育法在教育行政管理中的作用
2.联系实际谈谈如何提高教师职业专业化程度
3.试述目标管理及其在学校管理中的运用
第 1 页，共 1 页。
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
第 1 页，共 2 页 东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码： 811 ; 科目名称：《数据结构（含C 程序设计）》；（A 卷） 适用专业（领域）名称：077500、081200计算机科学与技术
一、编写程序题：（共5小题，每小题12分，共60分）
1. 某百货公司进行促销活动，对于购物价格x≥5000元的8折，5000>x≥3000元的
8.5折，3000>x≥1000的9折，否则没有折扣。
编写函数，计算对购物x 元的折后价。
2. 计算1+(1×2)+(1×2×3)+…+(1×2×3×…×n)。
3. 已知一个班1门课的成绩，计算高于平均分的学生人数所占的百分数。
4. 输入一行字符，统计出26个大小写英文字母的个数。
5. 从键盘输入一串字符，除了空格，逐个把这些字符写入磁盘文件中，直到用户输入一个‘@’为止。
二、综合过程题：（共9小题，每小题10分，共90分）
1.设结点的类型如下：
typedef struct node
{ char data;
struct node *next;
}linklist;
编写建立带头结点的单链表的函数,结点值从键盘输入，当输入为‘#’时结束。
2.已知顺序栈的结构定义如下，编写出栈的函数。
typedef struct
{ int d[100];
int top;
}sqstack;
3.已知二叉树如下图，写出其前、中、后续的遍历结果。
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：333;科目名称：《教育综合》；（A卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：教育硕士
一、名词解释题：（共5小题，每小题8分，共40分）
1、《学记》
2、广义的个体发展
3、活动课程
4、有意义学习
5、知识迁移
二、简答题：（共4小题，每小题15分，共60分）
简析体力劳动与脑力劳动的分离与对立对教育的影响
简述洋务学堂兴办的目的、特点与类别及其有代表性的学堂
简述赫尔巴特的教学论
简述新一轮基础教育课程改革的目标
三、论述题：（共2小题，每小题25分，共50分）
1、有一个很通俗的说法，教师“要给学生一碗水，自己就要有一桶水”，意思是说，教师应该有丰富的学识，有足够的知识储备，一个教师如果想教给学生一点知识，自己就要掌握许多知识，惟有如此，教师的教学才能游刃有余，收到好的效果。
请你从教育理论与实践的角度，对此说法加以论述
2、如果你是一位老师，面对一班学习动机强弱不同的学生，你会从哪些方面来激发他们的学习动机？请结合教育学和教育心理学的理论加以论述
第1页，共1页。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 840 ; 科目名称：《综合英语》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：学科教学（英语）Part I Reading Comprehension (50%，2.5*20)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AThe bag is one of the most simple and useful things in the world. It is a container made of paper or cloth. It has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. Some of them are used in the United States today.One is “bagman”. It describes a go-between. The go-between sees to it that money is passed — often illegally — from one person to another. Another widely-used expression is to “let the cat out of the bag”. It is used when someone tells something that was supposed to be secret. No one can explain how the cat got into the bag. But there is an old story about it.Long ago tradesmen sold things in large cloth bags. One day a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up a cloth bag with something moving inside it. He said it was a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a cat — not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out. He was trying to trick her. And now everybody knew it.The phrase “to be left holding the bag” is as widely used as the expression “to let the cat out of the bag”. This expression makes the person left holding the bag responsible for an action, often a crime or misdeed. That person is the one who is punished. The others involved in the act escape. Where the expression came from is not clear. Some say that General George Washington used it during the American Revolutionary War. One of Washington’s officers, Royall Taylor, used the expression in a play about Daniel Shay’s rebellion. The play was in 1787, after Taylor helped to put down Shay’s rebellion.Shay led a thousand war veterans in an attack on a federal building in Springfield, Massachusetts. Guns were in the building. Some of the protesters were farmers who had no money to buy seed. Some had been put in prison for not paying their debts. They were menwho fought one war against the king of England, and were now prepared to fight against their own government. Most of the rebels were captured. Shay and some of the officers escaped.In his play, Taylor describes Shay as disappearing, giving others “the bag to hold”.A bag is useful in many ways. Just be careful not “to let the cat out of the bag”, or someone may leave you “holding the bag”.1. According to the passage, a bagman refers to _________________.A) a person who travels around carrying his things in a bag B) a vagrant workerC) a person who delivers or collects money for criminals D) a homeless person2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the story about “let the cat out of the bag”?A) The tradesman wanted to play a joke with the woman.B) The woman wanted to buy a cat.C) The tradesman kept a cat in a plastic bag.D) The tradesman lied to the woman that he had a live pig in the bag.3. What can we infer from the story “to be left holding the bag”?A) The person left holding the bag was completely innocent.B) The person left holding the bag took no responsibility for committing crimes.C) Many farmers protested against the government because they couldn’t pay their debts.D) Many protesters became the scapegoats for Shay and his officers.4. What does the last sentence of this passage mean?A) A bag has many different functions.B) People should often keep secret or they will be left to take the responsibility for everything.C) People should watch out and learn to take the responsibility for their actions.D) You will have to hold the bag if you let the cat out of it.5. The best title for this passage is ________________.A) Don’t Let the Cat Out of the Bag B) To Be Left Holding a BagC) Words and Their Stories: Bag Expressions D) Bag: A Useful ContainerText BTraditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable．Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species—e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem—adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow—but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA, but what side-effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out．Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or U.S. are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for ten weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people．The current position of the UK Government is that “There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.” In the U.S.，the American Food and Drug Administration (AFDA) is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．6. Genetic engineering .A) involves crossing varieties of the same speciesB) is safe and fairly predictableC) is dangerous and entirely unpredictableD) covers the exchange of genes between different species7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) The side-effect of adding human growth hormone to pigs is that pigs may acquire somediseases of human.B) Human intelligence gene functions differently in human DNA and in cabbage DNA.C) In the UK or U.S., a GM product cannot be approved before the results of its safetytests are provided.D) Tests show that GM foods have specific dangers to children or allergic people.8. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.B) The UK government and the U.S. government have different attitudes towards GMfoods.C) The AFDA in the U.S. was charged with concealing some research findings.D) The governments of the UK and the U.S. are protecting the GM foods.9. The possible title for the passage might be .A) Safe to Eat? B) GM Food NeedsC) Genetic Engineering D) A New Way of Breeding10. What’s the writer’s attitude towards GM food?A) Neutral. B) Positive. C) Negative. D) Indifferent. Text CFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child－or even an animal, such as a pigeon－can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types---- people are described with such terms.People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.11. The main idea of this passage is ____________.A) how to distinguish people’s facesB）how to describe people’s personalityC) how to distinguish people both inward and outwardD) how to differ good persons from bad persons12. The author is most probably a _________.A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) sociologist D) scientist13. Which of the following is NOT true?A) Different people may have different personalities.B) People differ from each other in appearance.C) People can learn to recognize faces.D) People can describe all the features of others.14. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that________.A) a person’s face is more complex than his personalityB) a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC) a person’s personality is very complexD) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality15. W e learn from the passage that people classify a person into a certain type according to________.A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behavingC) his learning and behavior D)his physical appearance and hispersonalityText DIt is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception an obvious choice would be colour photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of theexternal world than could the camera.In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a colour card the colours of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are coloured an equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called ‘autistic’ perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept.16. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. colour photography is a biological processB. vision is rather like colour photographyC. vision is a sort of photographic processD. vision and colour photography are very different17. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person _______.A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a cameraB. can see more clearly than a cameraC. is more sensitive to changes in light than a cameraD. sees colours as they are in spite of changes in the light18. The second experiment shows that ________.A. people see colours according to their ideas of how things should lookB. colours look different in a dim lightC. cameras work less efficiently in a dim lightD. colours are less intense in larger objects19. What does “to equalize the brightness” (Line 1, Para. 4) mean?A. To arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together.B. To change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright.C. To describe the brightness.D. To move the pictures nearer or further away.20. The group of experiments, taken together, proves that human perception is _______.A. unreliableB. mysterious and unpredictableC. less accurate than a cameraD. related to our knowledge, experience and needsPart II Translation ( 50 Points)Section A :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.（30%）1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。
