Psychological Factors in Gastroesophageal Reflux DiseaseMeasured by SCL-90-R Questionnaire

abdominohysterectomy剖腹子宫切除术，腹式子宫切除术abortion流产，小产～, artificial/induced人工流产～，habitual习惯性流产～，threatened先兆流产abrasion摖伤，磨损abscess脓肿aciduria酸尿acne痤疮，粉刺adenomyoma腺肌瘤，子宫内膜瘤agalacia乳泌缺乏，无乳AIDS （Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome）爱滋病／艾滋病albuminuria蛋白尿alopecia (baldness）脱发,秃amenorrhoea经闭,无月经amnesia记忆缺失，遗忘(症)amyotrophy肌萎缩androgen雄激素（类）anaemia贫血aneurysm动脉瘤angiitis （vasculitis）脉管炎(血管炎)angiofibroma血管纤维瘤angiosarcoma血管肉瘤anorexia食欲缺乏，厌食（症）anoxemia缺氧血（症)，血缺氧anxiety焦虑aortitis主动脉炎aphasia失语（症)apoplexy中风，卒中appendicitis阑尾炎arrhythmia心律失常，心律不齐arteriosclerosis动脉硬化arteritis动脉炎arthralgia关节痛arthritis关节炎ascaris蛔虫ascariasis蛔虫病ascites (hydroperitoneum)腹水aspermia无精，精液缺乏asthenia无力，虚弱，衰弱asthma气喘athlete's foot （tinea pedis)脚气atrophy萎缩autism （Kanner’s syndrome, infantile autism)孤独癖（康纳氏综合症，幼儿孤独癖）azoospermia精子缺乏，精子活动力缺乏TopBbacteria（单bacterium)细菌；(无芽胞）杆菌balanitis龟头炎balanoposthitis龟头包皮炎belching嗳气beriberi脚气(病)blepharitis睑炎（尤指睑缘炎）blepharoptosis睑下垂blister水疱，发疱药borborygmus肠鸣bradycardia心动徐缓，心搏徐缓bronchitis支气管炎bronchospasm支气管痉挛bruise/contusion挫伤bruxism夜间磨牙，磨牙症bursitis粘液囊炎,滑囊炎TopCcaffeine咖啡因，咖啡碱calamine炉甘石，异极石calcemia钙血症calcification钙化，沉钙（作用)calcium钙～carbonate碳酸钙～chloride氯化钙～glutamate谷氨酸钙~ hydroxide氢氧化钙~ lactophosphate乳磷酸钙~ oxalate草酸钙～phosphate磷酸钙callus骨痂，胼胝cancer癌～，encephaloid髓样癌～, cervical宫颈癌~, epithelial上皮癌，上皮瘤～, prostate前列腺癌～, uterine子宫癌candidiasis念珠菌病canthitis眦炎capillary毛细管,毛样的carbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类carbon碳~ dioxide二氧化碳～monoxide一氧化碳carbuncle痈carcinogen致癌物（质)carcinoma癌～，glandular腺癌~，nasopharyngeal鼻咽癌cardialgia胃灼痛，心痛carditis心（脏）炎~, rheumatic风湿性心（脏)炎cataract白内障catarrh卡他,粘膜炎catatonia紧张症,木僵causalgia灼痛cellulites蜂窝织炎chancre下疳，初疮cheilitis唇炎～, commissural口角炎cheilosis唇干裂,唇损害~, angular口角干裂chemotherapy化学疗法，化学治疗，化疗chickenpox水痘chilblain冻疮chlamydia衣原体chloasma （melasma) 褐黄斑（黑斑病）chloroma绿色瘤chlorosis萎黄病，绿色贫血，萎黄病贫血cholangitis胆管炎cholecystitis胆囊炎choledochitis胆总管炎cholelithiasis胆石病cholera霍乱cholesteatoma胆脂瘤,珠光瘤chondritis软骨炎chondroma软骨瘤chondropathy软骨病chondrosarcoma软骨肉瘤chorditis声带炎chorea舞蹈病chyluria乳糜尿cirrhosis硬变，肝硬变climateric绝经期，更年期clubbing杵状变（指、趾）coccygodynia/coccydynia/coccyalgia尾骨痛colectomy结肠切除术colic绞痛cold (common cold）感冒colitis结肠炎collagen胶原colpocele (vaginocele)/colpoptosis阴道疝，阴道脱垂colposcopy阴道镜检查，阴道窥器检查coma昏迷~，diabetic糖尿病性昏迷~，hepatic肝性昏迷condyloma湿疣congestion充血conjunctivitis （pink eye)结膜炎constipation便秘constitution体质constriction狭窄，缩窄consultation会诊consumption消耗，消费；疲劳，结核contagious(接)触(传）染的contamination污染continence节制;节欲contraception节育，避孕contraceptive避孕药；避孕用具contraction收缩contraindication禁忌证contusion挫伤convalescence恢复（期),康复（期)convulsion惊厥corditis精索炎coronaritis冠状动脉炎coryza (cold in the head）鼻卡他costalgia肋痛coxalgia髋痛；髋关节结核coxitis髋关节炎creatinuria肌酸尿CT (Computerized Tomography (CT Scan）计算机化断层X线摄影cyanosis发绀，青紫cyst囊肿,(包）囊cystalgia膀胱痛cystitis膀胱炎cystoma囊瘤cystoscopy膀胱镜检查cystospasm膀胱痉挛TopDdacryoadenitis泪腺炎dacryocystitis泪囊炎debility虚弱decay腐蚀，腐烂defecation排粪deferentitis输精管炎deformity变形，畸形degeneration变性；退化dehydration脱水（作用），失水delactation断奶delirium谵妄，妄想delusion妄想dementia痴呆dengue (breakbone fever, dengue fever)登革热（断骨热,骨痛热症）dentoalveolitis牙槽炎,牙槽脓溢depression忧郁（症)；阻抑;凹，窝dermatitis皮炎～，contact接触性皮炎~, eczematous湿疹性皮炎~，exfoliative剥脱性皮炎~, irritant刺激性皮炎～，x-rayX线皮炎dermatologist皮肤病学家,皮肤科医师dermatology皮肤病学dermatomyositis皮肌炎dermatosis皮肤病dermatostomatitis皮肤口炎，多形渗出性红斑detachment脱离，分离deterioration恶化detoxication解毒（作用）diabetes糖尿病diagnosis诊断~, clinical临床诊断～，differential鉴别诊断~，laboratory实验(室）诊断~, pathological病理诊断～, physical物理诊断dialysis透析，渗析diaphoresis出汗，发汗diaphoretic发汗药diarrhoea腹泻diet饮食，食物dietetics饮食学dietitian营养师，饮食学家dietotherapy饮食疗法diphtheria白喉diplegia两侧瘫，双瘫disease（疾）病～，acquired后天病～, acute急性病～，Addison’s阿狄森氏病（肾上腺皮质机能减退)～，auto-immune自体免疫病～, Banti’s班替氏病(脾性贫血）～, Basedow’s/Graves'巴塞多氏病(突眼性甲状腺肿）~，Buerger’s伯格氏病（血栓闭塞性脉管炎）~, chronic慢性病~, congenital先天病～，coronary heart冠心病～，deficiency营养缺乏病~，epidemic流行病～，foot and mouth口蹄疫～, functional机能性疾病，官能性疾病～，hookworm钩虫病~, infectious传染病～，Meniere's梅尼埃尔氏病（耳性眩晕病）~, occupational职业病~，pandemic大流行病～, perenchymal器质性疾病~，Parkinson's帕金森（震颤麻痹）～，Raynaud’s雷诺氏病（两侧间歇性小痉挛症）～, venereal性病~, Weil’s魏尔氏病(钩端螺旋体性黄疸）dislocation脱位disorder障碍，失调,紊乱，疾病dispersion分散（作用），弥散(作用）；分散体displacement移位；置换；替代dissemination散布，播散distension膨胀diverticulitis憩室炎diverticulosis（肠)憩室病dizziness头晕，头昏dorsalgia背痛dosage剂量dose量,(一次）剂量，一剂～, full足量~，initial首次量～, lethal致死量～，over过量~, toxic中毒量Down's syndrome先天愚型综合症dressing敷料；敷裹dropsy积水,水肿duodenitis十二指肠炎dysentery痢疾dysesthesia感觉迟钝dysfunction机能障碍，机能不良dysmenorrhoea痛经dysmnesia记忆障碍dysostosis骨发育障碍，骨发育不全dyspepsia消化不良dysphagia咽下困难dysphasia言语困难dysphonia发音困难dysphoria烦躁不安，焦虑dysplasia发育异常，发育不良dyspnoea呼吸困难dystocia难产dystonia张力障碍dystrophy （dystrophia)营养不良～, muscular肌营养不良dysuria排尿困难TopEecchymosis瘀斑ECG (Electrocardiogram)心电图ecmnesia近事遗忘ectopia异位eczema湿疹electrocardiograph心电描记术electroencephalogram （EEG）脑电图electroencephalograph脑电描记术elephantiasis象皮病embolism栓塞embolus栓子emergency急症emesis呕吐emetic催吐的；催吐药emission遗精~，night/nocturnal遗精，梦遗emphysema气肿~, pulmonary肺气肿encephaledema脑水肿encephalemia脑充血encephalitis脑炎，大脑炎enchondroma内生软骨瘤endarteritis动脉内膜炎endocarditis心内膜炎endocervicitis子宫颈内膜炎endocrinasthenia内分泌（机能）衰弱，内分泌衰竭endogastritis胃粘膜炎endometriosis子宫内膜异位endometritis子宫内膜炎endophlebitis静脉内膜炎endoscopy内窥镜检查endothelioma内皮瘤enema灌肠法；灌肠剂engorgement充血；肿胀enostosis内生骨疣enterectomy肠切除术enteritis肠炎enterobiasis/oxyuriasis蛲虫病enterocele肠疝;阴道后疝enterocolitis小肠结肠炎enterolith肠石enterospasm肠痉挛enterostenosis肠狭窄enterostomy肠造口术enterotomy肠切开术enuresis （bed wetting）遗尿epidemic流行病；（流行病)流行；流行性的epididymis附睾epididymitis附睾炎epididymo—orchitis睾丸附睾炎epilepsy癫痫（俗名羊痫风,羊癫风）epimenorrhoea月经过频epistaxis鼻出血（鼻衄）epithelioma上皮瘤，上皮癌epitheliosis上皮增殖erosion侵蚀，腐蚀;糜烂eructation嗳气eruption疹，发疹;长出，萌出erysipelas丹毒erythema红斑erythrasma红癣erythrocyanosis绀红皮病erythrocyte红细胞（旧名红血球) erythrocythemia红细胞增多（症）erythrocytopenia红细胞减少erythrocytosis红细胞增多erythroderma红皮病erythroleukemia红白血病erythromelalgia红斑性肢痛病esophagitis/oesophagitis食管炎esophagoscope/oesophagoscope食管镜esophagoscopy/oesophagoscopy食管镜检查esophagus/oesophagus食管estrogen/oestrogen雌激素eunuchism阉病，无睾症,去睾症exfoliation表皮脱落expectorant祛痰药expectoration痰;咳出exudation渗出TopFfatigue疲劳favus黄癣，毛囊癣febrile热性的，发热的felon指头脓炎fertility生育力fever发热,热~，dengue登革热~, hay枯草热，花草气喘，花粉病～，hectic潮热,痨病热，消耗热~，intermittent间歇热~, relapsing回归热~，rheumatic风湿（性）热，急性关节风湿病~，scarlet猩红热～，septic脓毒性热~, surgical外科手术热～, typhoid伤寒～, typhus斑疹伤寒~，vaccinal接种热～, yellow黄热病fibrillation纤维性颤动（简明纤颤)fibroadenoma纤维腺瘤fibroadenosis纤维囊性乳腺病fibroid纤维样的；纤维瘤；子宫纤维肌瘤fibrolipoma纤维脂（肪)瘤fibroma纤维瘤fibromyoma纤维肌瘤fibroneuroma纤维神经瘤fibrosarcoma纤维肉瘤fibrositis纤维织炎，肌风湿病filaria丝虫(旧名血丝虫）filariasis丝虫病fissure裂，裂隙，裂纹fistula痿，痿管flatfoot平足flatulence（肠胃）气胀flatus肠（胃)气flu （influenza）流行性感冒fluctuation波动fluid液体；液；流质~, amniotic羊（膜)水~, ascitic腹水～，body体液～, seminal精液~，synovial滑液～, tissue组织液flushing发红；面红;冲洗follicle滤泡，小囊；卵泡folliculitis毛囊炎food poisoning食物中毒fracture骨折;折断~, compound/open开放骨折，哆开骨折~, simple单纯骨折frostbite冻疮fungus（复fungi）真菌，霉菌funiculitis精索炎furuncle疖furunculosis疖病TopGgalactostasis乳液积滞；泌乳停止gallstone胆石ganglion神经节；腱鞘囊肿ganglioneuroma神经节瘤ganglionitis神经节炎gangrene坏疽gastralgia胃痛gastrectasia胃扩张gastrectomy胃切除术gastritis 胃炎gastroenteritis胃肠炎gastroneurosis胃神经机能病gastroptosis胃下垂gastroscope胃（窥）镜gastroscopy胃镜检查gastrospasm胃痉挛gastrostomy胃造口术genetic生殖的；遗传的genetics遗传学geriatrics老年病学gestation妊娠gingiva龈gingivitis龈炎glaucoma青光眼（旧名绿内障) glioma神经胶质瘤gliosis神经胶质瘤病,神经胶质增生glomangioma血管球瘤glomerulitis肾小球炎glomerulonephritis肾小球性肾炎glomerulosclerosis肾小球硬化症glossitis舌炎glycemia糖血症glycogenosis(肝)糖原过多（症）glycopenia低血糖，血糖过少glycosuria糖尿goiter甲状腺肿gonorrhoea淋病gout痛风granulocytopenia粒细胞减少granulocytosis粒细胞增多granuloma肉芽肿，肉芽瘤granulomatosis肉芽肿病groin腹股沟gullet食管gum(牙）龈gynaecologist妇科学家，妇科医师gynaecology妇科学TopHhalitosis口臭hallucination幻觉hallucinosis幻觉症hamartoma错构瘤harelip唇裂，免唇heartburn胃灼热，烧心haemangioma血管瘤haemarthrosis关节积血haematemesis呕血haematinic补血药haematocele血囊肿，积血haematocyst血囊肿haematoma血肿haematuria血尿haemianesthesia偏身麻木haemicrania偏头痛haemiplegia偏瘫haemoglobinuria血红蛋白尿haemophilia学友病haemoptysis咯血haemorrhage出血haemorrhoid痔haemorrhoidectomy痔切除术hepatectomy肝切除术hepatitis肝炎hepatoma肝细胞瘤hepatotomy肝切开术hernia疝,突出～，hiatal食管裂孔疝~, inguinal腹股沟疝~, umbilical脐疝herpes疱疹~ zoster （shingles)带状疱疹hiatus裂孔hiccup呃逆histamine组（织）胺histology组织学hives荨麻疹hoarseness声嘶hormone激素～，adrenocorticotropic(缩ACTH）促肾上腺皮质激素~，luteinizing （LH）黄体化激素~，thyrotropic促甲状腺激素hyradenitis汗腺炎hydrarthrosis关节积水hydremia稀血症hyrocele水囊肿；阴囊水囊肿hydronephrosis肾盂积水hydrophobia狂犬病（恐水病)hydrophthalmos水眼,眼积水hydrops积水，水肿hygienist卫生学家hygroma水囊瘤hypasthenia轻度衰弱hyperacidity酸过多，胃酸过多hyperadrenalism肾上腺机能亢进hyperadrenocorticism肾上腺皮质机能亢进hyperalgesia痛觉过敏hyperbilirubinemia血胆红素过多,高胆红素血（症) hypercapnia(血内）碳酸过多,高碳酸血(症) hypercholesterolemia血胆甾醇过多，血胆固醇过多hyperemia充血hyperesthesia感觉过敏hyperglycemia血糖过多(症)，高血糖hyperhidrosis多汗（症)hyperkalemia血钾过多,高钾血(症)hyperlipemia血脂过多,高脂血(症）hypermenorrhoea月经过多hypernatremia血钠过多，高钠血（症) hypernephroma肾上腺样瘤hyperopia远视hyperparathyroidism甲状旁腺机能亢进hyperproteinemia血蛋白过多hyperpyrexia高热hypersensitivity过敏（性）hypersplenism脾机能亢进hypertension高血压；张力过强，压力过高hyperthyroidism甲状腺机能亢进hypertrophy肥大hyperuricemia血内尿酸过多,高尿酸血（症）hypocalcemia 血钙过少,低钙血（症）hypoesthesia感觉减退hypoglycemia血糖过少,低血糖hypohidrosis少汗(症)hypokalemia血钾过少,低钾血（症）hypolipoproteinemia血脂蛋白过少，低脂蛋白血(症）hypomenorrhoea月经过少hyponatremia血钠过少，低钠血（症）hypoparathyroidism甲状旁腺机能减退hypopituitarism垂体机能减退hypoproteinemia血蛋白过少，低蛋白血(症）hypotension低血压；张力减退hypothermia低温,降温hypothyroidism甲状腺机能减退hypoxemia血氧过少，低氧血症hypoxia氧过少,氧不足,低氧症hysteralgia子宫痛hysterectomy子宫切除术hysteria癔病，歇斯底里hysteromyoma子宫肌瘤hysteroptosis子宫下垂hysteroscopy子宫镜检查hysterotomy子宫切开术TopIichthyosis（鱼）鳞癣ileitis回肠炎ileum回肠ileus肠梗阻ilium骼骨illusion错觉immunity免疫（性)immunization免疫法,免疫(作用）immunology免疫学impetigo脓疱病impotence (erectile dysfunction)阳痿incision切口;切开incontinence失禁,无节制~ of urine尿失禁infarction梗塞形成,梗死形成；梗塞，梗死infection传染,感染infertility不生育，不育症inflammation炎症influenza流行性感冒（简名流感)ingestion咽下,摄食insomnia失眠iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎iris虹膜irrigation冲洗(法)irritability应激性，兴奋性Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)应激性肠综合症irritant刺激剂，刺激物；刺激的irritation刺激,兴奋ischemia局部缺血ischidrosis汗闭isosthenuria等渗尿,等张尿itch痒,痒病;疥疮TopJjaundice黄疸~, haemolytic溶血性黄疸～, haemorrhagic出血性黄疸~, infectious传染性黄疸～, obstructive阻塞性黄疸jejunectomy空肠切除术jejunum空肠joint关节~，ankle踝关节~, elbow肘关节～, hip髋关节~，knee膝关节～, mandibular下颌关节joints关节～, metacarpohalangeal掌指关节~，metatarsophalangeal跖趾关节～, phalangeal指（趾）关节～，sacro-iliac骶骼关节～, shoulder肩关节~, wrist腕关节juice汁,液～, duodenal十二指肠液～, gastric胃液~，intestinal肠液～，pancreatic胰液TopKkeloid瘢痕瘤,瘢痕疙瘩keloidectomy瘢痕瘤切除术keratectomy角膜切除术keratitis角膜炎keratodermia皮肤角化病keratoplasty角膜成形术，角膜移植术keratoscope角膜镜keratoscopy角膜镜检查,角膜散光盘检查keratosis角化病ketonemia铜血（症)ketonuria铜尿（症）ketosis铜病kidney肾knee膝knee-cap髌骨knock—knee膝外翻TopLlabyrinthitis迷路炎(内耳炎)lactation哺乳，授乳；泌乳laparoscopy腹腔镜检查laparotomy剖腹术laryngitis喉炎laryngopharyngitis咽喉炎laryngospasm喉痉挛laxative轻泻的；轻泻药leiomyoma平滑肌瘤leioyosarcoma平滑肌肉瘤lentigo雀斑；着色斑；小痣lesion损害lethargy昏睡，嗜眠leukemia白血病leukocytosis白细胞增多leukoderma白斑病leukopenia白细胞减少leukorrhagia白带过多leukorrhoea白带lienitis脾炎lientery消化不良性腹泻ligation结扎，（结）扎法lipemia脂血lipoma脂（肪）瘤lipomatosis脂肪过多症；脂瘤病lipoprotein脂蛋白lipuria脂肪尿lithemia尿酸(盐）血症lithiasis结石（病）lithuria尿酸（盐）尿littritis尿道腺炎lochia恶露lochiorrhoea恶露过多lockjaw牙关紧闭;破伤风loss损失~, blood失血，出血~ of appetite厌食,食欲不振~ of hearing听力丧失~ of voice失音~ of weight体重减轻lumbago腰痛lump块,肿块luteoma黄体瘤lymphadenoma淋巴（组织)瘤lymphadenosis淋巴（组)织增生lymphangioma淋巴管瘤lymphangitis淋巴管炎lymphedema淋巴水肿lymphocyte淋巴细胞，淋巴球lymphocytopenia淋巴细胞减少lymphocytosis淋巴细胞增多lympho-epithelioma淋巴上皮瘤／癌lymphogranuloma淋巴肉芽肿lymphoma淋巴（组织)瘤lymphorrhoea淋巴溢lymphosarcoma淋巴肉瘤TopMmalabsorption（养料）吸收障碍malacia软化maladjustment适应不良malaise不适，欠爽malaria疟（疾）malformation畸形，变形malnutrition营养不良mamillitis乳头炎mammography乳房X线照相术mania躁狂，狂massotherapy按摩疗法mastatrophy乳腺萎缩mastectomy乳房切除术mastitis乳腺炎，乳房炎mastodynia乳房痛mastoidectomy乳突切除术mastoiditis乳突炎megalomania夸大狂，自大狂melanchoria忧郁症~, climacteric 更年期忧郁症melanin黑(色）素melanoma黑（素）瘤melanosarcoma黑肉瘤，黑素肉瘤melanosis黑变病，黑素沉着病melena黑粪melenemesis黑色呕吐menarche（月)经初期meningioma脑（脊）膜瘤meningism假性脑膜炎meningitis脑（脊）膜炎meningoencephalitis脑脑膜炎meningomyelitis脊髓脊膜炎menopause经绝期，绝经menorrhagia月经过多meralgia股痛mesothelioma间皮瘤metabolism（新陈）代谢metaphysitis(骨)骺端炎metastasis转移，迁徙metroptosis子宫下垂，子宫脱垂metrorrhagia子宫出血，血崩micturition排尿（俗名撒尿，小便）～，frequent排尿频繁，尿频migraine偏头痛miliaria粟疹,痱子，汗疹miscarriage晚期流产（尤指妊娠四至六个月内的流产）mobility可动性，移动性mold霉monoparesis单（肢）轻瘫monoplegia单瘫MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging）磁共振成象mucilage胶浆,胶水mucocele粘液囊肿mucositis粘膜炎mucoviscidosis（胰管）粘稠物阻塞，胰纤维性囊肿病mucus粘液multiple sclerosis (disseminated sclerosis)多发性硬化mumps流行性腮腺炎mutism哑症；缄默症myalgia肌痛myasthenia肌无力mycosis真菌病,霉菌病myelitis脊髓炎myelocele脊髓突出myeloma骨髓瘤,髓瘤myeloradiculitis脊髓神经根炎myelosarcoma脊髓肉瘤myelosis骨髓组织增生myocarditis心肌炎myocardosis心肌病myodystrophia肌营养不良myokymia肌纤维颤搐myoma肌瘤myometritis子宫肌（层）炎myometrium子宫肌层myopia近视myorrhexis肌断裂myositis肌炎myringitis鼓膜炎myxedema粘液（性）水肿TopNnasopharyngitis鼻咽炎nausea恶心nebula薄翳；角膜翳;喷雾剂necrosis坏死necrospermia精死症（患者精液中的精子死亡或不活动) neoplasm新生物，瘤nephrectomy肾切除术nephritis肾炎nephroblastoma肾胚细胞瘤nephrolith肾石nephroma肾瘤nephroptosis肾下垂nephropyelitis肾盂肾炎nephrosclerosis肾硬化，肾硬变(病）nephrosis肾变病，肾病neuralgia神经痛neurapraxia神经失用症，机能性麻痹neurasthenia神经衰弱neuritis神经炎neurodermatitis神经性皮炎neuro-epithelioma神经上皮瘤neurofibroma神经纤维瘤neurofibromatosis神经纤维瘤病neuroglioma神经胶质瘤neurologist神经病学家neurology神经病学neuroma神经瘤neuroretinitis视神经网膜炎neurosis神经机能病，神经官能症neurospasm神经性痉挛neutropenia中性白细胞减少（症）nightmare梦魇night-terrors梦惊night—walking梦行症,夜游症nocturia, nycturia夜尿（症）nourishment，nutriment，nutrition营养；营养品numbness麻木nutriology营养学nutritionist营养学家，营养(医）师nyctalopia夜盲（症）［昼视］TopOobesity肥胖obstetrician产科医师obstetrics产科学ochronosis褐黄病odontoprisis磨牙,咬牙ointment软膏（剂）oligocythemia红细胞减少（症）oligohydramnios羊水过少oligohydria汗（分泌）过少,少汗oligomenorrhoea月经过少oligopnea呼吸迟缓oligospermia精子减少；精液缺乏oliguria尿过少omalgia肩痛omarthritis肩关节炎oncology肿瘤学onychia甲床炎onychogryphosis甲弯曲oophoritis (ovaritis）卵巢炎oophorocystectomy卵巢囊肿切除术oophorosalpingectomy卵巢输卵管切除术opacity混浊,不透明；不透明区，浊斑ophthalmia眼炎ophthalmoplegia眼肌麻痹ophthalmoscope检眼镜，眼底镜ophthalmoscopy检眼镜检查（法）orchiectomy睾丸切除术orchiepididymitis睾丸附睾炎orchitis睾丸炎ostectomy骨切除术osteitis骨炎osteoarthritis骨关节炎osteochondritis骨软骨炎osteochondrodysplasia骨软骨发育不良osteochondroma骨软骨瘤osteodystrophy骨营养不良osteofibroma骨纤维瘤osteoma骨瘤osteomalacia骨软化osteomyelitis骨髓炎osteonecrosis骨坏死osteoperiostitis骨骨膜炎osteoporosis骨质疏松otalgia耳痛otitis耳炎otolith耳石，耳沙otomycosis耳真菌病otosclerosis耳硬化症ovariosalpingitis卵巢输卵管炎osteoporosis骨质疏松otalgia耳痛otitis耳炎otolith耳石，耳沙otomycosis耳真菌病otosclerosis耳硬化症ovariosalpingitis卵巢输卵管炎ovulation排卵ovum (复ova）卵~, fertilized受精卵ozena臭鼻（症)ozostomia口臭(症）ovulation排卵ovum （复ova）卵~，fertilized受精卵ozena臭鼻(症)ozostomia口臭(症）TopPpachydermatocele神经瘤性象皮病pachymeningitis硬脑（脊）膜炎palliative减轻的，治标的，姑息的；姑息剂，治标剂palpation触诊，扪诊pancarditis全心炎pancreatectomy胰切除术pancreatitis胰（腺）炎pancytopenia各类血细胞减少panhysterectomy全子宫切除术panniculitis脂膜炎panophthalmitis全眼球炎panting喘气papilloma乳头状瘤,乳头瘤papilloretinitis乳头视网膜炎parainfluenza副流感，类流感paralysis麻痹，瘫痪parametritis子宫旁（组织）炎paranoia妄想狂,偏折狂paraparesis下身轻瘫,下肢轻瘫，轻截瘫paraphasia言语错乱，错语paraplegia截瘫，下身麻痹parasite寄生物，寄生虫，寄生胎parasitology寄生虫学，寄生物学paratyphoid副伤寒paresis麻痹性痴呆,轻瘫paresthesia感觉异常parotitis腮腺炎patellectomy髌（骨）切除术pathogen病原体pathologist病理学家pathology病理学pathophobia疾病恐怖pediatrician儿科医师pediatrics儿科学pellagra糙皮病pelotherapy泥疗pemphigus天疱疮percussion扣诊（法）perforation穿孔periarthritis关节周炎peribronchitis支气管周炎pericarditis心包炎perichondritis软骨膜炎perididymitis睾丸鞘膜炎periodontitis牙周炎periostitis骨膜炎periostoma骨膜瘤peristalsis蠕动peritoneoscope腹腔镜peritoneoscopy腹腔镜检查peritonitis腹膜炎peritonsillitis扁桃体周炎pertussis百日咳pestis鼠疫,瘟疫,黑死病petechia瘀点pharmaceutics药剂学；药物制剂pharmacist药(剂）师，调剂员pharmacologist药理学家pharmacology药理学pharyngitis咽炎phenylketonuria苯酮尿phlebectasis静脉扩张phlebectomy静脉切除术phlebitis静脉炎phlegmon蜂窝织炎photodermatitis光照性皮炎photophthalmia强光眼炎phrenospasm膈痉挛phrynoderma蟾皮病phthisis痨病；肺痨，肺结核physiatrics物理治疗,理疗；理疗学physiatrist/physiatrician理疗医师physiologist生理学家physiology生理学physiotherapy物理治疗,理疗physiotherapist物理治疗师pinealoma松果体瘤pinworm蛲虫placebo安慰剂，无效(对照）剂placenta胎盘plaque斑plague鼠疫pleuralgia胸膜痛pleurisy胸膜炎pleurodynia胸膜痛,肋肌痛（阵发性肋间肌痛) pneumatosis积气（病）pneumaturia气尿pneumoconiosis肺尘病pneumoempyema气脓胸pneumonectasis肺气肿pneumonia肺炎pneumonitis肺炎，局限性肺炎pock痘疱poisoning中毒～, can罐头食物中毒～, carbon monoxide一氧化碳中毒～，drug药物中毒~, food食物中毒～, gas毒气中毒；煤气中毒polioencephalitis脑灰质炎poliomyelitis （polio，infantile paralysis)脊髓灰质炎pollakiuria频尿pollinosis花粉病,枯草热polyarthritis多关节炎polycythemia红细胞增多polydipsia烦渴polygalactia泌乳过多polyhydramnios羊水过多polymenorrhoea月经频繁polymositis多肌炎polyneuritis多神经炎polyp息肉polyposis息肉病polyuria多尿症porphyria血卟啉症，血紫质症posology剂量学posthitis包皮炎postmortem死后的postpartum产后的potion饮剂pouch（盲）囊，窝，陷凹preeclampsia子痫前期（旧名先兆子痫）premature早熟的；早产儿premedication术前用药法Premenstrual Syndrome （PMS) 经前期综合症prenatal产前的，出生前的presbyacusia老年性聋presbyopia老视prescription处方，药方presenility早老preservative防腐剂,保存剂pressure压（力）～, blood （BP）血压~，cerebrospinal脑脊液压~，diastolic舒张压（心）～，intracranial颅内压～, intra-ocular眼（球）内压~, pulse脉(搏）压～, systolic收缩压（心）proctatriesia肛门闭锁proctectomy直肠切除术proctitis直肠炎proctoscope直肠镜progesterone孕酮,黄体酮progestin孕激素（类）prognosis预后prolapse脱垂，脱出~ of anus脱肛～of cord脐带脱垂~ of rectum直肠脱垂～of uterus子宫脱垂，子宫下垂proliferation增生，增值prominence/protuberance隆凸，凸prophylaxis预防proprietary专卖药，成药prospermia早泄，射精过早prostatectomy前列腺切除术prostatitis前列腺炎proteinuria蛋白尿（症）protrusion前突，突出psoriasis牛皮癣(银屑病)psychalgia精神性痛；精神痛苦psychasthenia精神衰弱psychataxia精神失调psychiatrist精神病学家,精神病科医师psychiatry精神病学psychology心理学psychosis精神病psychotherapy精神疗法ptosis下垂；上睑下垂puncture穿刺(术）；刺伤purgative泻药purpura紫癜purulent脓性的pus脓pyelitis肾盂炎pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎pyemia脓毒症，脓血症pylephlebitis门静脉炎pylorectomy幽门切除术pyloristenosis幽门狭窄pylorospasm幽门痉挛pylorotomy幽门肌切除术pyoderma脓皮病pyomyositis脓性肌炎pyorrhoea脓溢pyosepticemia脓毒败血病pyrexia发热pyuria脓尿TopQquadriplegia四肢麻痹quadruplets四(胞）胎quarantine(交通)检疫，留验；检疫期;检疫所TopRrachitis佝偻病;脊柱炎radiculitis（脊）神经根炎radiodermatitis放射性皮炎radiologist放射学家，放射科医师radiology放射学radiotherapy放射疗法，放射治疗ranula舌下囊肿reaction反应～，acid酸性反应～, agglutination凝集反应～，alkaline碱性反应~，allergic变态反应～，anaphylactic过敏反应～, local局部反应～, negative阴性反应～, neutral中性反应～, positive阳性反应recuperation复原，恢复recurrence/relapse复发，再发regeneration再生regression退化regurgitation回流,反流；反胃～, sour反酸rehabilitation康复remission缓解resection切除术restlessness不安定resuscitation复苏(术），回生retardation阻滞,迟缓retching干呕retention潴留，停滞；保留，保持retinitis视网膜炎retrogression退化；变性；恶化；分解代谢rheumatid风湿疹rheumatism风湿病rheumatoid风湿病样的，类风湿性的rhinitis鼻炎rhinorrhoea鼻（液)溢，流鼻涕rhinoscope鼻镜,鼻窥器rickets佝偻病rigor寒战ringworm癣rosacea酒渣鼻，红斑痤疮rubella风疹rubeola麻疹;风疹rupture破裂TopSsacralgia骶骨痛salmonellosis沙门氏菌病salpingitis输卵管炎；咽鼓管炎sarcoma肉瘤SARS （Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome）严重急性呼吸系统综合症(非典型肺炎）scabies疥疮，疥螨病scald烫伤schizophrenia精神分裂症schwannoma神经鞘瘤sciatica坐骨神经痛scleroderma硬皮病sclerosis硬化scrofula淋巴结结核，瘰疬scrofuloderma皮肤结核，皮肤瘰疬scurvy坏血病seborrhoea皮脂溢secretion分泌sedative镇静药seizure发作；癫痫发作senility衰老，老年septicemia败血病sequela后遗症，后发病,遗患serositis浆膜炎serum血清shin-bone胫骨shingles （herpes zoster）带状疱疹shock休克shoulder肩shoulder—blade肩胛骨sialadenitis涎腺炎sialism/sialosis流涎，多涎sialodochitis涎管炎sialolithiasis涎石病sickness（疾）病～, aviation航空病，晕飞机～, car晕车（病）~，monthly月经,行经～，morning孕妇恶心，孕妇晨吐~, motion晕动（病），运动病（晕车，晕船)～, mountain高山病sign征，体征sinusitis窦炎sneeze喷嚏somnambulism梦行（症)somnolence嗜眠sore—throat咽喉痛spasm痉挛～, bronchial支气管痉挛～, clonic阵发性痉挛,阵挛~，facial面肌痉挛~，hysterical歇斯底里性痉挛，癔病病性痉挛～，tonic紧张性痉挛，持续性痉挛sperm精子spermacrasia精子过少,精子缺乏spermatitis输精管炎；精索炎spermatorrhoea遗精,精溢splenectomy脾切除术splenitis脾炎spondylitis脊椎炎spondylosis（脊)椎关节强硬sprain扭伤，捩伤spur骨刺sputum痰～, bloody血痰~, frothy泡沫(性）痰~，purulent脓（性）痰~，rusty铁色痰squint斜视，斜眼stasis停滞，郁滞steatorrhoea脂肪痢stenosis狭窄～，aortic主动脉口狭窄,主动脉瓣狭窄~，mitral二尖瓣狭窄~，pulmonary肺动脉口狭窄，肺动脉瓣狭窄～, pyloric幽门狭窄～，tricuspid三尖瓣狭窄sterility不育,不孕；无菌stiffness强直，僵硬stimulant兴奋药stimulation兴奋,刺激(作用）stomach-ache胃痛，腹痛stomatitis口炎stool粪，粪便~, bloody血粪~, formed成形粪～, loose稀粪~，tarry柏油样～，undigested不消化粪stridor喘鸣stroke发作；击;中风；推摩法（按摩)～，heat中暑，热射病stupor木僵，昏呆stuttering （stammering）口吃，讷吃，衲吃suffocation窒息sunstroke日射病,中暑superinfection重复感染，重复传染suppository栓剂suppressant抑制药suppurant化脓的;催脓剂，生脓药suppuration化脓susceptibility易感性，感受性sweat汗～, 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varicose静脉曲张性溃疡ulceration溃疡形成uraemia尿毒症ureteritis输尿管炎uretorocele输尿管囊肿；输尿管疝ureterolithiasis输尿管石病ureterolithotomy输尿管石切除术ureterostenosis输尿管狭窄urethritis尿道炎urethroscope尿道（窥)镜urethroscopy尿道镜检查urethrostenosis尿道狭窄uricemia尿酸血症uridrosis尿汗症urobilin尿胆素urobilinogen尿胆素原urodynia排尿痛urolithiasis尿石病urologist泌尿科学家，泌尿科医师urology泌尿科学uroscopy尿检查，尿检法urticaria荨麻疹TopVvaccination接种；种痘vaccine菌苗，疫苗vaginismus阴道痉挛vaginitis阴道炎；鞘炎varicella水痘varicocele （varicole)精索静脉曲张varicocelectomy曲张精索静脉切除术varicose veins静脉曲张varicosis静脉曲张病varicotomy曲张静脉切除术vasectomy输精管切除术vasospasm血管痉挛vasovesiculitis输精管精囊炎venesection静脉切开术vertigo眩晕vesiculitis精囊炎viremia病毒血症virus病毒visceroptosis内脏下垂vitiligo白斑病，白癜风vomiting呕吐vulvitis外阴炎vulvovaginitis外阴阴道炎TopWwart疣,肉赘wasting消瘦；消耗water—borne水传播的weal/wheal风团，风疹块wheeze喘鸣whiplash injury头部冲击伤whooping cough百日咳wound创伤，伤口~，incised切伤，割伤~，lacerated裂伤wrist drop腕下垂wryneck (torticollis)斜颈TopXxanthelasma（睑）黄斑瘤xanthinuria黄嘌呤尿xanthoma黄瘤xanthomatosis黄瘤病，黄脂增生病xanthosis黄皮症，黄变症xeroderma干皮病，皮肤干燥病xerophthalmia眼干燥，干眼病xerosis干燥(病）xerostomia口腔干燥TopYyaws (pian，framboesia）雅司病yeast酵母（菌）yellow fever黄热病yellow spot黄斑TopZzinc锌~ gelatin氧化锌明胶（小腿溃疡糊剂）~ oxide氧化锌～peroxide过氧化锌~ sulfate硫酸锌zoopsia动物幻视zoster带状疱疹。

Functional Esophageal DisordersJEAN PAUL GALMICHE,*RAY E.CLOUSE,‡ANDRÁS BÁLINT,§IAN J.COOK,ʈPETER J.KAHRILAS,¶WILLIAM G.PATERSON,#and ANDRE J.P.M.SMOUT***University of Nantes,Nantes,France;‡Washington University,St.Louis,Missouri;§Semmelweis University,Budapest,Hungary;ʈUniversity of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia;¶Northwestern University,Chicago,Illinois;#Queen’s University,Kingston,Ontario,Canada;and**University of Utrecht,Utrecht,the NetherlandsFunctional esophageal disorders represent processes accompanied by typical esophageal symptoms(heart-burn,chest pain,dysphagia,globus)that are not ex-plained by structural disorders,histopathology-based motor disturbances,or gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the preferred diag-nosis when reflux esophagitis or excessive esophageal acid exposure is present or when symptoms are closely related to acid reflux events or respond to antireflux therapy.A singular,well-defined pathogenetic mecha-nism is unavailable for any of these disorders;combina-tions of sensory and motor abnormalities involving both central and peripheral neural dysfunction have been invoked for some.Treatments remain empirical,al-though the efficacy of several interventions has been established in the case of functional chest pain.Man-agement approaches that modulate central symptom perception or amplification often are required once local provoking factors(eg,noxious esophageal stimuli)have been eliminated.Future research directions include fur-ther determination of fundamental mechanisms respon-sible for symptoms,development of novel management strategies,and definition of the most cost-effective di-agnostic and treatment approaches.F unctional esophageal disorders represent chronicsymptoms typifying esophageal disease that have no readily identified structural or metabolic basis(Table1). Although mechanisms responsible for the disorders re-main poorly understood,a combination of physiologic and psychosocial factors likely contributes toward pro-voking and escalating symptoms to a clinically signifi-cant level.Several diagnostic requirements are uniform across the disorders:(1)exclusion of structural or meta-bolic disorders potentially responsible for symptoms is essential;(2)an arbitrary requirement of at least3 months of symptoms with onset at least6months before diagnosis is applied to each diagnosis to establish some degree of chronicity;(3)gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)must be excluded as an explanation for symp-toms;and(4)a motor disorder of the types with known histopathologic bases(eg,achalasia,scleroderma esopha-gus)must not be the primary symptom source.An important modification in threshold for the third uniform criterion has occurred in this reevaluation of the functional esophageal disorders.1Satisfactory evidence of a symptom relationship with acid reflux events,either by analytical determination from an ambulatory pH study or through subjective outcome from therapeutic antire-flux trials,even in the absence of objective GERD evi-dence,now is sufficient to incriminate GERD(Figure1). The purpose of this modification is to preferentially diagnose GERD over a functional disorder in the initial evaluation so that effective GERD treatments are not overlooked in management.Consequently,the acid-sen-sitive esophagus is now excluded from the group of functional esophageal disorders and considered within the realm of GERD,even if physiologic data indicate that hypersensitivity of the esophagus in this setting can encompass stimuli other than acid.Presumably symp-toms that persist despite GERD interventions or that are out of proportion to the GERDfindings ultimately would be reconsidered toward a functional diagnosis. The role of weakly acidic reflux events(reflux events with pH values between4and7)remains unclear,and tech-nological advances(eg,applications of multichannel in-traluminal impedance monitoring)are expected to fur-ther define the small proportion with functional heartburn truly meeting all stated criteria.2 Abbreviations used in this paper:GERD,gastroesophageal refluxdisease;PPI,proton pump inhibitor.©2006by the American Gastroenterological Association Institute0016-5085/06/$32.00doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.060Table1.Functional Gastrointestinal DisordersA.Functional esophageal disordersA1.Functional heartburnA2.Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal originA3.Functional dysphagiaA4.GlobusGASTROENTEROLOGY2006;130:1459–1465A1.Functional HeartburnDefinitionRetrosternal burning in the absence of GERD that meets other essential criteria for the functional esophageal disorders typifies this diagnosis.Constraints in the ability to fully recognize the presence or impor-tance of GERD in individual subjects likely result in a heterogeneous subject group.1EpidemiologyHeartburn is reported by20%–40%of subjects in Western populations,depending on thresholds for a positive response.Studies using both endoscopy and ambulatory pH monitoring to objectively establish evi-dence of GERD indicate that functional heartburn rep-resentsϽ10%of patients with heartburn presenting to gastroenterologists.3The proportion may be higher in primary care settings.A1.Diagnostic Criteria*for FunctionalHeartburnMust include all of the following:1.Burning retrosternal discomfort or pain2.Absence of evidence that gastroesophagealacid reflux is the cause of the symptom3.Absence of histopathology-based esophagealmotility disorders*Criteria fulfilled for the last3months with symptom onset at least6months before diagnosis.Justification for Change in DiagnosticCriteriaThe threshold for the second criterion has been revised to exclude patients with normal esophageal acid exposure yet acid-related symptom events on ambulatory pH monitoring or symptomatic response to antireflux therapy.This group resembles other patients with GERD in terms of presentation,manometricfindings, impact on quality of life,and natural history.Outcome is less satisfactory with antireflux therapy,however,and some subjects within this group will be shown to have functional symptoms that persist once their relationship to reflux events is eliminated with therapy.4Two or more days weekly of mild heartburn is sufficient in GERD to influence quality of life,but thresholds for symptom frequency or severity have not been determined for func-tional heartburn.5Clinical EvaluationClarification of the nature of the symptom is an essentialfirst step to avoid overlooking extraesophageal symptom sources.Additional evaluation primarily is ori-ented toward establishing or excluding the presence of GERD.6,7Endoscopy that reveals no evidence of esoph-agitis is insufficient in this regard,especially in those subjects who are evaluated while remaining on or shortly after discontinuing antireflux therapy.Ambulatory pH monitoring can better classify patients who have normal findings on endoscopic evaluation,including those whose symptoms persist despite therapy.A favorable response to a brief therapeutic trial using high dosages of a proton pump inhibitor(PPI)is not specific,8but lack of response probably has a high negative predictive value for GERD.Physiologic FeaturesMuch of the available literature is clouded by inclusion of subjects with undetected GERD in pa-tient groups with presumed functional heartburn.Theprevailing view is to consider disturbed visceral per-ception as a major factor involved in pathogenesis.9 Enhanced sensitivity to refluxate having slight pH alterations from normal may be responsible in some instances.The focus has remained on intraluminal noxious stimulation;little direct evidence for alter-ation in central signal processing is available in these subjects with heartburn,although it is suspected. Figure1.Further classification of patients with heartburn and no evidence of esophagitis at endoscopy using ambulatory pH monitoring and response to a therapeutic trial of PPIs.The subset with functional heartburn has nofindings that would support a presumptive diagnosis of endoscopy-negative reflux disease(ENRD).The precise thresholds for separation of subjects at each step remain uncertain.Thisfigure shows classification categories byfindings and is not meant to sug-gest a diagnostic management algorithm for use in clinical practice.1460GALMICHE ET AL GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.130,No.5Psychological FeaturesAcute experimental stress enhances perception of esophageal acid in patients with GERD without promoting reflux events.10Enhanced perception is in-fluenced by the psychological status of the patient. Thus,psychological factors may participate in heart-burn reporting when evidence of a noxious esophageal stimulus is limited.Psychological profiles do not dif-ferentiate subjects with normal esophageal acid expo-sure and no esophagitis from those with elevated acid exposure times,but patients whose heartburn does not correlate well with acid reflux events on an ambulatory pH study do demonstrate greater anxiety and somati-zation scores as well as poor social support than those with reflux-provoked symptoms.11TreatmentPersisting symptoms unrelated to GERD may respond to low-dose tricyclic antidepressants,other antidepressants,or psychological therapies used in many functional syndromes,although controlled trials demonstrating efficacy are unavailable.Reduction in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations with agents such as baclofen is being investigated.12Anti-reflux surgery in patients with functional heartburn and non–acid reflux events has not been fully evalu-ated,but surgical management would not be expected to be as beneficial as in GERD considering known outcome predictors for these operations.A2.Functional Chest Pain ofPresumed Esophageal OriginDefinitionThis disorder is characterized by episodes of un-explained chest pain that usually are midline in location and of visceral quality and therefore potentially of esoph-ageal origin.The pain easily is confused with cardiac angina and pain from other esophageal disorders,includ-ing achalasia and GERD.EpidemiologyInferential data extracted from cardiac evalua-tions for chest pain indicate that this is a common disorder.Findings on15%–30%of coronary angio-grams performed in patients with chest pain are nor-mal.13Although once considered a diagnosis of elderly women,chest pain without specific explanation was reported twice as commonly by subjects15–34years of age than by subjects older than45years of age in a householders survey,and the sexes were equally represented.14A2.Diagnostic Criteria*for FunctionalChest Pain of Presumed EsophagealOriginMust include all of the following:1.Midline chest pain or discomfort that is not ofburning quality2.Absence of evidence that gastroesophageal re-flux is the cause of the symptom3.Absence of histopathology-based esophagealmotility disorders*Criteria fulfilled for the last3months with symptom onset at least6months before diagnosisJustification for Change in DiagnosticCriteriaAs for other functional esophageal disorders,pain episodes linked to reflux events are now considered to fall within the spectrum of symptomatic GERD.Clinical EvaluationExclusion of cardiac disease is of pivotal impor-tance.Likewise,identification of GERD as the cause of the symptom is essential for diagnostic categorization and management.Exclusion of GERD cannot rely on endoscopy alone,because esophagitis is found inϽ20% of patients with unexplained chest pain.15Ambulatory pH monitoring plays a useful role,and determining the statistical relationship between symptoms and reflux events is the most sensitive approach.16,17When com-bining subjects with and without abnormal acid expo-sure,40%of patients with normalfindings on coronary angiograms may have acid-related pain.1A brief thera-peutic trial with a high-dose PPI regimen is a rapid way of determining clinically relevant reflux-symptom asso-ciations and is recommended for its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.18The diagnostic accuracy remains uncer-tain.Other diagnostic studies,including esophageal manometry,have a limited yield when chest pain is the sole symptom.Physiologic FeaturesAbnormalities have been detected in3categories: sensory abnormalities,distorted central signal process-ing,and abnormal esophageal motility.Motility abnor-malities,particularly spastic motor disorders,are con-spicuous,but their primary role in production of chestApril2006FUNCTIONAL ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS1461pain is not well established.The relationship of recently observed sustained contraction of longitudinal muscle to pain is being studied.Enhanced sensitivity to intralumi-nal stimuli,including acid and esophageal distention, may be a primary abnormality.Patients with chest pain can be completely segregated from control subjects by pressure thresholds using impedance planimetry.19How subjects with functional chest pain reach the hypersen-sitivity state is not clear.Intermittent stimulation by physiologic acid reflux or spontaneous distention events with swallowing or belching may be relevant.Recent studies also verify alterations in central nervous system processing of afferent signals.A variety of investigational paradigms involving sensory decision theory,electrical stimulation and cortical evoked potentials,and heart rate variability indicate that chest pain reproduced by local esophageal stimulation is accompanied by errors in cen-tral signal processing and an autonomic response.20–22In acid-sensitive subjects,thefindings are further provoked by acid instillation.Psychological FeaturesPsychological factors appear relevant in functional chest pain,with their role potentially being complex. Psychiatric diagnoses,particularly anxiety disorders,de-pression,and somatization disorder,are overrepresented in patients with chronic chest pain.23These disorders have not segregated well with specific physiologicfind-ings,suggesting that they may interact toward produc-ing the symptomatic state,possibly by mediating symp-tom severity and health care utilization.24Psychological factors also influence well-being,functioning,and qual-ity of life,which are important outcomes in an otherwise nonmorbid disease.TreatmentSystematic management is recommended,because continued pain is associated with impaired functional status and increased health care utilization and sponta-neous recovery is rare.Exclusionary evaluation including a therapeutic trial for GERD is indicated.Once the exclusionary evaluation is completed,management op-tions for functional chest pain become limited.Smooth muscle relaxants are ineffective in controlled trials.In-jection of botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body has had anecdotal use.25,26 The most encouraging outcomes come from antidepres-sant and psychological/behavioral interventions.27,28Ef-ficacy is demonstrated in controlled trials for both tricy-clic antidepressants and more contemporary agents(eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).29,30Benefits have not been dependent on the presence of any particular physiologic or psychological characteristic.Interest in a psychological intervention is reported by the majority of patients who are asked,particularly when activity limi-tation and pain intensity or frequency are high.A3.Functional DysphagiaDefinitionThe disorder is characterized by a sensation of abnormal bolus transit through the esophageal body. Thorough exclusion of structural lesions,GERD,and histopathology-based esophageal motor disorders is re-quired for establishing the diagnosis.EpidemiologyLittle information is available regarding the prev-alence of functional dysphagia,largely because of the degree of exclusionary evaluation required.Between7% and8%of respondents from a householders survey re-ported dysphagia that was unexplained by questionnaire-ascertained disorders.14Less than1%report frequent dysphagia.Functional dysphagia is the least prevalent of these functional esophageal disorders.A3.Diagnostic Criteria*for FunctionalDysphagiaMust include all of the following:1.Sense of solid and/or liquid foods sticking,lodging,or passing abnormally through theesophagus2.Absence of evidence that gastroesophageal re-flux is the cause of the symptom3.Absence of histopathology-based esophagealmotility disorders*Criteria fulfilled for the last3months with symptom onset at least6months before diagnosisJustification for Change in DiagnosticCriteriaDysphagia is not easily linked to reflux events. Nevertheless,the modification of the threshold used for the second criterion(see the introduction)would at-tribute the symptom to GERD rather than a functional diagnosis if the link were established,even in the absence of other objective GERD indicators.Clinical EvaluationFastidious exclusion of structural disorders is re-quired initially.31Endoscopy and esophageal barium ra-1462GALMICHE ET AL GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.130,No.5diography are necessary to exclude intrinsic and extrinsic lesions,with radiographic studies being augmented with radio-opaque bolus challenge duringfluoroscopy if re-quired.32Biopsies at the time of endoscopy are recom-mended for excluding eosinophilic esophagitis.Esopha-geal manometry,primarily for detection of achalasia,is recommended if endoscopy and barium radiography fail to provide a specific diagnosis.Ambulatory pH monitor-ing plays a small role but may be helpful in patients whose dysphagia is associated with heartburn or regur-gitation,but a brief therapeutic trial with a high-dose PPI regimen usually is satisfactory for identifying pa-tients with subtle GERD as a cause for dysphagia.33 Physiologic FeaturesMechanisms responsible for this disorder are poorly understood.Peristaltic dysfunction may be re-sponsible in some subjects.Rapid propagation velocity is accompanied by poor barium clearance that may be perceived as dysphagia.34Likewise,failed or low-ampli-tude contraction sequences impair esophageal emptying and can result in dysphagia.35Dysphagia also can be induced by intraluminal acid and balloon distention, suggesting that abnormal esophageal sensory perception may be a factor in some subjects.36Psychological FeaturesAcute stress experiments suggest that central fac-tors can precipitate motor abnormalities potentially re-sponsible for dysphagia.1Barium transit is adversely altered in asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects dur-ing recollection of unpleasant topics or stressful,unpleas-ant interviews.Noxious auditory stimuli or difficult cognitive tasks alter manometric recordings by increas-ing contraction wave amplitude and occasionally induc-ing simultaneous contraction sequences.The relevance of thesefindings to functional dysphagia remains conjec-tural.TreatmentManagement includes reassurance,avoidance of precipitating factors,careful mastication of food,and modification of any psychological abnormality that seems directly relevant to symptom production.Symptom modulation with antidepressants and psychological ther-apies can be attempted,considering their effects in other disorders.Empirical dilation may be indicated.32Smooth muscle relaxants,botulinum toxin injection,or even pneumatic dilation can be useful in some patients with spastic disorders,particularly if incomplete lower esoph-ageal sphincter relaxation and delay of distal esophageal emptying on barium radiography are evident.A4.GlobusDefinitionGlobus is defined as a sense of a lump,a retained food bolus,or tightness in the throat.The symptom is nonpainful,frequently improves with eating,commonly is episodic,and is unassociated with dysphagia or odynophagia.Globus is unexplained by structural le-sions,GERD,or histopathology-based esophageal motil-ity disorders.EpidemiologyGlobus is a common symptom and is reported by up to46%of apparently healthy individuals,with a peak incidence in middle age.14It is uncommon in subjects younger than20years of age.The symptom is equally prevalent in men and women among healthy individuals in the community,but women are more likely to seek health care for this symptom.37A4.Diagnostic Criteria*for GlobusMust include all of the following:1.Persistent or intermittent,nonpainful sensa-tion of a lump or foreign body in the throat2.Occurrence of the sensation between meals3.Absence of dysphagia or odynophagia4.Absence of evidence that gastroesophageal re-flux is the cause of the symptom5.Absence of histopathology-based esophagealmotility disorders*Criteria fulfilled for the last3months with symptom onset at least6months before diagnosisJustification for Change in DiagnosticCriteriaBy factor analysis,globus is distinct from pain, and pain often is indicative of a local structural disor-der.38As for other functional esophageal disorders,dem-onstration that the symptom is directly related to reflux events would indicate a diagnosis of GERD,even in the absence of other objective evidence of GERD.Clinical EvaluationThe diagnosis is made from a compatible clinical history,including clarification that dysphagia is absent. Physical examination of the neck followed by nasolaryn-goscopic examination of the pharynx and larynx are advised,although routine use of nasolaryngoscopy in patients with typical symptoms remains debated.Fur-April2006FUNCTIONAL ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS1463ther investigation of the simple symptom is not well supported;dysphagia,odynophagia,pain,weight loss, hoarseness,or other alarm symptoms mandate more ex-tensive evaluation.There are grounds for a therapeutic trial of a PPI when uninvestigated patients present with the symptom of globus,particularly when typical reflux symptoms coexist.Physiologic FeaturesConsistent evidence is lacking to attribute globus to any specific anatomic abnormality,including the cri-copharyngeal bar.Upper esophageal sphincter mechanics do not seem relevant,and the pharyngeal swallow mech-anism is normal.Urge to swallow and increased swallow frequency might contribute to the symptom by period-ically causing air entrapment in the proximal esophagus. Esophageal balloon distention can reproduce globus sen-sation at low distending thresholds,suggesting some degree of esophageal hypersensitivity.39Likewise,globus is more common in conjunction with reflux symptoms, although a strong relationship between GERD and glo-bus has not been established.40Additionally,the symp-tom does not respond well to antireflux therapy.Al-though gastroesophageal reflux and distal esophageal motility disorders can include globus in their presenta-tions,these mechanisms are believed to play a minimal role in the pathophysiology of globus.Psychological FeaturesNo specific psychological characteristic has been identified in subjects with globus.Psychiatric diagnoses are prevalent in subjects seeking health care,but an explanation distinct from ascertainment bias has not been established.Increased reporting of stressful life events preceding symptom onset has been observed in several studies,suggesting that life stress might be a cofactor in symptom genesis or exacerbation.41Up to 96%of subjects with globus report symptom exacerba-tion during periods of high emotional intensity.42 TreatmentGiven the benign nature of the condition,the likelihood of long-term symptom persistence,and the absence of highly effective pharmacotherapy,the main-stay of treatment rests with explanation and reassurance. Expectations for prompt symptom resolution are low, because symptoms persist in up to75%of patients at3 years.43Controlled trials of antidepressants for globus are unavailable,but there is some anecdotal evidence for their utility.44Recommendations for FutureResearchDespite their high prevalence rates,functional esophageal disorders have not been well studied.In par-ticular,highly effective management approaches have not been established.Several areas requiring additional research were identified.1.Studies validating the diagnostic criteria are needed,and a method for improving the accuracy of symp-tom-based criteria while limiting exclusionary workup would be welcomed.2.The fundamental mechanisms of symptom produc-tion remain poorly defined.Further application of new technologies for measuring reflux events,motor physiology,and esophageal sensation as well as cen-tral signal modulation is recommended(eg,mul-tichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring,high-resolution manometry).3.Well-structured,controlled treatment trials would bewelcomed in any of these disorders,because manage-ment remains highly empirical.4.Treatment trials should include measures of quality oflife and functional outcome when determining both short-term and long-term effects.The impact of in-terventions on functional impairment and health care resource use,important indicators of morbidity from the functional esophageal disorders,should be a focus in measuring treatment success.References1.Functional esophageal disorders.In:Drossman DA,Corazziari E,Delvaux M,Spiller R,Talley NJ,Thompson WG,Whitehead WE, eds.Rome III.The functional gastrointestinal disorders.3rd ed.McLean,VA:Degnon Associates(in press).2.Sifrim D.Acid,weakly acidic and non-acid gastroesophageal re-flux:differences,prevalence and clinical relevance.Eur J Gastro-enterol Hepatol2004;16:823–830.3.Martinez SD,Malagon IB,Garewal HS,Cui H,Fass R.Non-erosivereflux disease(NERD)—acid reflux and symptom patterns.Ali-ment Pharmacol Ther2003;17:537–545.4.Watson RGP,Tham TCK,Johnston BT,McDougall NI.Doubleblind cross-over placebo controlled study of omeprazole in the treatment of patients with reflux symptoms and physiological levels of acid reflux—the“sensitive esophagus.”Gut1997;40: 587–590.5.Dent J,Armstrong D,Delanye B,Moayyedi P,Talley NJ,Vakil N.Symptom evaluation in reflux disease:workshop,background, process,terminology,recommendations,and discussion out-puts.Gut2004;53(Suppl IV):iv1–iv24.6.Dent J,Brun J,Fendrick M,Fennerty MB,Janssens J,Kahrilas PJ,Lauritsen K,Reynolds JC,Shaw M,Talley NF,Genval Workshop Group.An evidence-based appraisal of reflux disease manage-ment—The Genval Workshop Report.Gut1999;44(Suppl2):S1–S16.7.French-Belgian Consensus Conference on Adult Gastro-Oesopha-geal Reflux Disease“Diagnosis and Treatment.”Eur J Gastroen-terol Hepatol2000;12:129–137.1464GALMICHE ET AL GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.130,No.58.Numans ME,Lau J,de Wit NJ,Bonis PA.Short-term treatmentwith proton-pump inhibitors as a test for gastroesophageal reflux disease:a meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics.Ann Intern Med2004;140:518–527.9.Fass R,Tougas G.Functional heartburn:the stimulus,the pain,and the brain.Gut2002;51:885–892.10.Bradley LA,Richter JE,Pulliam TJ,McDonald-Haile J,Scarinci IC,Schan CA,Dalton CB,Salley AN.The relationship between stress and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux:the influence of psy-chological factors.Am J Gastroenterol1993;88:11–19.11.Johnston BT,Lewis SA,Collins JS,McFarland RJ,Love AH.Acidperception in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is dependent on psychosocial factors.Scand J Gastroenterol1995;30:1–5. 12.Koek GH,Sifrim D,Lerut T,Janssens J,Tack J.Effect of theGABA(B)agonist baclofen in patients with symptoms and duo-deno-gastro-oesophageal reflux refractory to proton pump inhibi-tors.Gut2003;52:1397–1402.13.Kemp HG,Vokonas PS,Cohn PF,Gorlin R.The anginal syndromeassociated with normal coronary arteriograms.Report of a six year experience.Am J Med1973;54:735–742.14.Drossman DA,Li Z,Andruzzi E,Temple RD,Talley NJ,ThompsonJG,Whitehead WE,Janssens J,Funch-Jensen P,Corazziari E, Richter JE,Koch GG.U.S.householders survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders.Prevalence,sociodemography and health impact.Dig Dis Sci1993;38:1569–1580.15.Kahrilas PJ,Quigley EM.Clinical esophageal pH recording:atechnical review for practice guideline development.Gastroenter-ology1996;110:1982–1996.16.Wiener GJ,Richter JE,Copper JB,Wu WC,Castell DO.Thesymptom index:a clinically important parameter of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring.Am J Gastroenterol1988;83:358–361.17.Prakash C,Clouse RE.Value of extended recording time withwireless esophageal pH monitoring in evaluating gastroesopha-geal reflux disease.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2005;3:329–334.18.Fass R,Fennerty MB,Ofman JJ,Gralnek IM,Johnson C,CamargoE,Sampliner RE.The clinical and economic value of a short course of omeprazole in patients with noncardiac chest pain.Gastroenterology1998;115:42–49.19.Rao SSC,Gregersen H,Hayek B,Summers RW,Christensen J.Unexplained chest pain:the hypersensitive,hyperactive,and poorly compliant esophagus.Ann Intern Med1996;124:950–958.20.Bradley LA,Scarinci IC,Richter JE.Pain threshold levels andcoping strategies among patients who have chest pain and nor-mal coronary arteries.Med Clin North Am1991;75:1189–202.21.Hollerbach S,Bulat R,May A,Kamath MV,Upton AR,Fallen EL,Tougas G.Abnormal cerebral processing of oesophageal stimuli in patients with noncardiac chest pain(NCCP).Neurogastroen-terol Motil2000;12:555–565.22.Tougas G,Spaziani R,Hollerbach S,Djuric V,Pang C,Upton AR,Fallen EL,Kamath MV.Cardiac autonomic function and oesoph-ageal acid sensitivity in patients with non-cardiac chest pain.Gut 2001;49:706–712.23.Clouse RE,Carney RM.The psychological profile of non-cardiacchest pain patients.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol1995;7:1160–1165.24.Song CW,Lee SJ,Jeen YT,Chun HJ,Um SH,Kim CD,Ryu HS,Hyun JH,Lee MS,Kahrilas PJ.Inconsistent association of esoph-ageal symptoms,psychometric abnormalities and dysmotility.Am J Gastroenterol2001;96:2312–2316.ler LS,Pullela SV,Parkman HP,Schiano TD,Cassidy MJ,CohenS,Fisher RS.Treatment of chest pain in patients with noncardiac, nonreflux,nonachalasia spastic esophageal motor disorders usingbotulinum toxin injection into the gastroesophageal junction.Am J Gastroenterol2002;97:1640–1646.26.Storr M,Allescher HD,Rosch T,Born P,Weigert N,Classen M.Treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm by endo-scopic injections of botulinum toxin:a prospective study with long term follow-up.Gastrointest Endosc2001;54:754–759.27.Eslick GD,Fass R.Noncardiac chest pain:evaluation and treat-ment.Gastroenterol Clin North Am2003;32:531–552.28.Peski-Oosterbaan AS,Spinhoven P,van Rood Y,van der DoesJW,Bruschke AV,Rooijmans HG.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for noncardiac chest pain:a randomized trial.Am J Med1999;106: 424–429.29.Clouse RE.Antidepressants for functional gastrointestinal syn-dromes.Dig Dis Sci1994;39:2352–2363.30.Varia I,Logue E,O’connor C,Newby K,Wagner HR,Davenport C,Rathey K,Krishnan KR.Randomized trial of sertraline in patients with unexplained chest pain of noncardiac origin.Am Heart J 2000;140:367–372.31.Lind CD.Dysphagia:evaluation and treatment.Gastroenterol ClinNorth Am2003;32:553–575.32.Clouse RE.Approach to the patient with dysphagia or odynopha-gia.In:Yamada T,Alpers DH,Kaplowitz N,Laine L,Owyang C, Powell DW(eds).Textbook of gastroenterology.4th ed.Philadel-phia,PA:Lippincott Williams&Wilkins,2003:678–691.33.Vakil NB,Traxler B,Levine D.Dysphagia in patients with erosiveesophagitis:prevalence,severity,and response to proton pump inhibitor treatment.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2004;2:665–668.34.Hewson EG,Ott DJ,Dalton CB,Chen YM,Wu WC,Richter JE.Manometry and plementary studies in the assess-ment of esophageal motility disorders.Gastroenterology1990;98:626–632.35.Jacob P,Kahrilas PJ,Vanagunas A.Peristaltic dysfunction asso-ciated with nonobstructive dysphagia in reflux disease.Dig Dis Sci1990;35:939–942.36.Deschner WK,Maher KA,Cattau E,Benjamin SB.Manometricresponses to balloon distention in patients with nonobstructive dysphagia.Gastroenterology1989;97:1181–1185.37.Batch AJG.Globus pharyngeus(part I).J Laryngol Otol1988;102:152–158.38.Deary IJ,Wilson JA,Harris MB,MacDougall G.Globus pharyngis:development of a symptom assessment scale.J Psychosom Res 1995;39:203–213.39.Cook I,Shaker R,Dodds W,Hogan W,Arndorfer R.Role ofmechanical and chemical stimulation of the esophagus in globus sensation(abstr).Gastroenterology1989;96:–A99.40.Wilson J,Heading R,Maran A,Pryde A,Piris J,Allan P.Globussensation is not due to gastro-oesophageal reflux.Clin Otolaryn-gol1987;12:271–275.41.Harris MB,Deary IJ,Wilson JA.Life events and difficulties inrelation to the onset of globus pharyngis.J Psychosom Res 1996;40:603–615.42.Thompson WG,Heaton KW.Heartburn and globus in apparentlyhealthy people.Can Med Assoc J1982;126:46–48.43.Timon C,O’Dwyer T,Cagney D,Walsh M.Globus pharyngeus:long-term follow-up and prognostic factors.Ann Otol Rhinol Lar-yngol1991;100:351–354.44.Brown SR,Schwartz JM,Summergrad P,Jenike MA.Globushystericus syndrome responsive to antidepressants.Am J Psy-chiatry1986;143:917–918.Received January31,2005.Accepted August31,2005.Address requests for reprints to:Ray E.Clouse,MD,Division of Gastroenterology,Washington University School of Medicine,660 South Euclid Avenue,Campus Box8124,St Louis,Missouri63110. e-mail:rclouse@;fax:(314)454-5107.April2006FUNCTIONAL ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS1465。

常用后缀❖简单后缀：ia（2）状态，condition❖复合后缀：-emia -algia -(o)rrhagia -ectasia -malacia -odynia -plegia-uria -penia1.-penia 缺乏deficiency, lacke.g leucopenia白细胞减少症erythropenia红细胞减少lymphopenia淋巴球减少症thrombopenia血小板减少症2. -uria 尿症urine conditione.g hematuria血尿症albuminuria 蛋白尿3.-plegia 麻痹瘫痪stroke，paralysise.g thermoplegia热射病paraplegia瘫痪下身麻痹hemiplegia半身麻痹半身不遂4.-odynia paine.g cardiodynia心痛胸痛hepatodynia肝痛enterodynia 肠痛5.-algia paine.g Arthralgia 关节痛Neuralgia神经痛gastralgia 胃痛6.-malacia softening 软化e.g osteomalacia 骨软化encephalomalacia 脑软化7.-ectasia or -ectasis 扩张stretching, dilatation 膨胀扩张e.g nephrectasia肾扩张angiectasis 血管扩张bronchiectasis支气管扩张8.-emia 血症blood conditione.g leukemia白血病bacteremia菌血症septicemia 败血症hypercholesterolemia血胆脂醇过多9.-orrhagia 出血discharge of bloode.g hemorrhage大出血gastrorrhagia 胃出血enterorrhagia肠出血hepatorrhagia肝出血❖简单后缀-y：condition，act，process❖复合后缀-metry -otomy -ectomy -graphy-iatry -ology -pexy，-plasty-(o)rrhaphy -stomy -scopy -megaly10.-scopy 镜检examination，process of examining visuallye.g laryngoscopy喉镜检查bronchoscopy 支气管镜检查法gastroscopy胃镜检查colonoscopy结肠镜检查cystoscopy膀胱镜检查11.-ostomy 造口术process of making an opening into or a connection betweene.g colostomy结肠造口术enteroenterostomy 肠肠吻合术gastrostomy gastroenterostomy胃造口术12.-(o)rrhaphy缝术suturing，process of suturinge.g herniorrhaphy疝缝手术13.-plasty整形术surgical reshaping or repaire.g arthroplasty关节造型术thoracoplasty 轮廓成形术osteoplasty骨整形术14.-pexy 固定术 a fixing or setting firmly in place by suturinge.g hepatopexy肝固定术omentopexy15.-ology 学问学术act or process of studyinge.g pharmacology药理学pathology病理学physiology 生理学16.-logist 专家师one who studies and treatse.g urologist 泌尿科医师physiologist生理学者pathologist 病理学家17.-iatry or –iatrics healing 医师的医疗的药物的e.g Podiatry 足部医疗psychiatry 精神病学18.-graphy 标记符号process of recordinge.g cardiography心动描记法pneumography 肺解剖学electroencephalography脑电图学19.-graph 图表曲线图that which recordse.g cardiograph心动电流图pneumograph呼吸描记器electroencephalograph 脑电图仪20.-gram 图the record itselfe.g cardiogram心电图pneumogram 呼吸描记图electroencephalogram 脑电波21.-ectomy excision,切除术process of cutting oute.g thyroidectomy甲状腺切除术cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术appendectomy 阑尾切除术22.-otomy oncision切开术process of cutting intoe.g thyroidotomy 甲状腺切开术gastrotomy 胃切开术cystotomy膀胱切开术23.-metry 测定法measuremente.g dynamometry 动力测定术pelvimetry盆骨测量24.-megaly 变大largee.g atriomegaly 心房肥大ventriculomegaly 巨脑室splenomegaly 脾肿大hepatomegaly 肝肿大❖简单后缀：-e: an instrument or suffixes of noun.❖复合后缀：-scope -tome -cele -cyte25.-tome 切的刀instrument for cuttinge.g arthrotome 关节刀26.-cyte细胞noun marker，referring to a celle.g leukocyte包细胞lymphocyte淋巴细胞hepatocyte肝细胞lipocyte 脂肪细胞27.-cele疝突出膨大hernia，herniatione.g thyrocele 甲状腺肿hepatocele肝脏突出pneumocele肺彭出omphalocele 脐突出28.-scope镜检instrument for viewinge.g laryngoscope 喉镜检bronchoscope气管镜检celioscope腹腔境gastroscope 胃窥镜29.-itis 炎症inflammatione.g hepatitis肝炎peritonitis腹膜炎gastroenteritis肠胃炎30.-ist 专家one who specializes in----e.g gastroscopist胃镜医师enterologist肠病学家pathologist病理学家neuropathist 神经病学家31.-or（er）refers to a doer, either a person or thinge.g incisor门齿，切牙32.-osis 症状a condition, usually abnormal or pathologicale.g sclerosis 硬化症hepatosis 肝机能病gastrosis 胃病nephrosis 肾病33.-oma 肿瘤swelling，tumore.g sarcoma 肉瘤恶性肿瘤fibroma 纤维瘤hepatoma 肝细胞瘤lipoma 脂肪瘤34.-ism a condition, usually the result of a prior condition （先决条件）e.g embolism 栓塞栓子35.-（i）um refers to a part in relation to a whole, related toe.g pericardium 心包膜epigastrium腹上第一腹片bronchium 支气管36.-ac e.g cardi/ac37.-al e.g bronch/i/al38.-ar e.g tonsill/ar39.-ic e.g hepat/ic40.-eal e.g esophag/eal41.-ary e.g cili/ary42-ous e.g muc/ous fibr/ous sebace/ous43.-oid e.g cyst/oid44.-meter仪表instrument for measuringe.g thermometer 温度计体温计pulmometer 肺量计pulsimeter 脉搏计45.-（o）rrhea释放排放flow，dischargee.g diarrhea腹泻gastrorrhea胃液分泌过多46.-lysis 溶解dissolution；decompositione.g Hemolysis 溶血bacteriolysis 溶菌47.-pathy 病变disease, diseased conditione.g ophthalmopathy hepatopathy 肝病gastropathy 胃病nephropathy 肾病48.-blast 母细胞a cell that is undifferentiated, primitive, embryonice.g hemocytoblast 原始血细胞enteroblast成肠细胞fibroblast 成纤维细胞49.-centesis穿刺术surgical puncture to withdraw fluid enterocentesis thoracocentesise.g amniocentesis 羊膜腔穿刺术abdominocentesis腹腔穿刺术50.-clysis 灌肠打点滴washing, introduction of fluid for the purpose of irrigatione.g bronchoclysis 野马灌肠51.-ptosis 下垂症a falling, the dropping or sagging of an organe.g nephroptosis 肾下垂hepatoptosis 肝下垂gastroptosis 胃下垂enteroptosis 肠下垂52.-ptysis 吐涎e.g hemoptysis 咯血emptysis 吐血pyoptysis 咯脓53.-（o）rrhexis破裂rupturee.g hepatorrhexis肝破裂54.-sclerosis 硬化症a hardeninge.g arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化hepatosclerosis 肝硬化nephrosclerosis 肾硬化55.-stasis 静止arresting，haltinge.g bacteriostasis 细菌抑制56.-stenosis狭窄 a narrowing, a stricturee.g Arteriostenosis 动脉狭窄57.-emesis 呕吐e.g emetic 催吐要antiemetic 止吐药Word Roots1. cor- or cardi(o)- 心的heart--- cordiform 心形的---cordate心脏形的--- cardialgia 心痛--- cardiogram心电图2. hepato- pref肝liver--- hepatodynia 肝痛--- hepatoma肝细胞瘤--- hepatopathy肝病--- hepatotoxin肝毒素3. pulmo- or pneumo- or pneumat(o)- 肺lung or air--- pulmometry肺容量测定法--- pulmonitis 肺炎--- pneumobacillus 肺炎杆菌--- pneumonectasis 肺气肿--- pneumatolysis 肺气化--- pneumatometer 肺活量计4. lien(o)- or spleen(o)-脾splee--- lienitis 脾炎--- lienectomy 脾切除--- splenotomy 脾切开术--- splenomegaly 脾肿大5. ren(o)- or nephr(o)- kidney--- renin 肾索--- renography肾X线照相术---nephritis肾炎--- nephrolithiasis肾石病6. oro- or stomat(o)- mouth--- oropharynx 口咽--- oronasal口鼻的--- stomatology 口腔病学--- stomatitis口腔炎7. labio- or cheil(o)- lip--- labiodental唇齿音--- labioplasty唇成形术cheilectropion唇外翻cheiloschisis唇裂8. denti- or odonto- pref. tooth-- dentist--- dentiscalprum牙刮---odontoprosthesis 牙体修复术—odontoseisis牙松动9. linguo- tongue--- lingua舌—linguiform舌装的--- lingulate 舌装的--- linguodental舌齿音10. gingiv- or ulo- 牙龈gum---gingivectomy龈切除术—gingivitis齿龈炎---ulorrhagia龈出血---ulorrhoea 龈糁血11. palato- or urano- 腭palatine---palatitis腭炎---palatogram口盖图---palatograph腭动扫描器palatography腭位图的制作12. pharyngo- 咽pharynxpharyngalgia咽痛pharyngocele咽囊肿pharyngoplasty咽成形术pharyngoplegia咽肌麻痹13. laryngo- 喉larynx，throatLaryngalgia喉痛laryngemphraxis喉阻塞laryngostenosis喉狭窄laryngoxerosis喉干燥14. esophag(o)- 食管esophagusEsophagectasis食管扩张esophagectopy食管异位esophagocele食管突出esophagotomy食管切开术15. gastr(o)- stomachgastrin 胃泌激素gastrectasia胃胀gastroanastomosis胃吻合术gastroptosis胃下垂16. enter(o)-肠intestineenterelcosis 肠溃疡enteremphraxis肠阻塞enterorrhagia肠出血enterocolostomy 小肠结肠吻合术17. colo- or coli- or col- pref结肠. coloncolicodynia 结肠痛colimycin结肠霉素coloclysis结肠灌洗colonorrhea粘液性结肠炎18.proct(o)- or archo-直肠rectumProctectomy直肠切除术proctitis 直肠炎proctoscope直肠镜- proctoscopy直肠镜观察术19.ano-肛门anusAnogenital肛门与生殖器的anorectal肛门直肠的anorectum肛门直肠部anoscope肛门镜20. vesico- or cysti- or cysto- 膀胱bladderVesicotomy膀胱切开术cystirrhagia膀胱出血cystocele 膀胱彭出cystourethritis膀胱尿道炎21. thoraco- chest or 胸thoraxThoracocyllosis胸畸形thoracicolumbar 胸腰的thoracoschisis 胸裂thoracoplasty胸廓成形术22. ventro- or coeli(o)- or laparo- 腹部belly、abdomenVentrotomy剖腹术coelialgia腹痛Coeliorrhaphy腹腔缝术laparotome剖腹术23. bili- or chole-胆bilebilichol 胆汁醇- biligenic生胆汁的cholecyst胆囊cholelithiasis胆石病24. oculo- or ophthalmo- eyeoculist 眼科医生oculomotor 眼球运动的ophthalmoplegia眼肌麻痹ophthalmoscope检眼镜25. lacrimo- or dacryo-眼泪tearlacrimator 催泪物质-lacrimal 泪腺的lacrimatory agent催泪剂lacrimation 泪26. palpebro- or blepharo-眼睑eyelidpalpebra 眼睑palpebral 眼睑的blepharochalasis 眼睑皮肤松弛症blepharospasm眼睑痉挛27. kerato-角角质horn or comeakeratectasia 角膜膨胀keratinase 角蛋白酶keratoplasty 角膜成形术keratosis角化症28.auri- or oto- earauriphone 助听器auristilla滴耳剂otorrhea耳液溢,耳漏otosclerosis 耳硬化症29.naso- or rhino- noseNasitis鼻炎nasopharynx 鼻咽rhinocleisis鼻腔闭塞rhinocnesmus 鼻痒30.broncho- or bronch- 支气管pref. bronchus; bronchialBronchiectasis支气管扩张bronchiolitis细支气管炎bronchorrhagia支气管出血bronchospasm支气管痉挛31. gonado- 生殖腺seedGonadectomy性腺切除术gonadotrophin 促性腺激素gonadotrope 生殖腺32. andro- 男的雄性的maleandrocentrism大男子主义androgen 雄激素andrology 男科学androsterone 雄淄酮33. gyne- or gyneco- femaleGynecic女性的gynecium 雌蕊雌蕊群gynecologist 妇科医生gynecopathy 妇科病34. vagino- or colpo- 阴道vaginaVaginectomy阴道切除术vaginotomy阴道切开术colpoptosis阴道下垂colporrhaphy阴道缝合术35. oophor- 卵巢ovaryOophorectomy卵巢切除术oophorectomize切除。

胃食管反流病中医外治疗法研究进展谢胜,赵正孝,张云波(广西柳州市中医院545001)关键词胃食管反流病;中医外治法;研究进展中图分类号R573.9文献标识码A胃食管反流病(gastr oesophagea l reflux d is ease,GERD)是消化系统的常见疾病,胃内容物反流入食管,引起不适症状和/或并发症的一种疾病。

本病西欧和北美发病率高达10%~20 %[1,2],亚洲通常较低,我国广东地区人群患病率为6.2%,北京和上海为5.7%。

近10年来,随着人们生活节奏加快、工作压力增大和饮食结构改变,GERD在我国的发病率呈上升趋势。

本病分为3个类型,即非糜烂性反流病(no n-er osive re fl ux disease,NERD)、糜烂性食管炎(er osive esophagitis,EE)和Barett食管(Barrett!s eso pha g us,BE)[3]。

与反流相关的症状称为反流症状群,典型和常见的症状是烧心和反流,烧心是指胸骨后烧灼感,反流则是指胃内容物向咽部或口腔方向流动的感觉[4]。

其他少见或不典型的相关症状包括上腹痛、胸痛、嗳气、腹胀、上腹不适、咽部异物感、吞咽痛、吞咽困难等。

此外,还可有食管外症状,如慢性咳嗽、咽喉炎、哮喘等。

目前,GERD的治疗方法主要有内服药物、手术等,虽然多数GERD患者的症状和食管黏膜损伤可通过药物治疗得到控制,但本病易复发、疗程长、药物副作用大。

近年来,一些研究者在中医外治法治疗GERD方面进行了探索,现就有关GERD 的外治研究进行综述如下。

1针灸疗法目前,在针刺治疗反流性食管炎方面有较多报道。

如阎海国等[5]选中脘、鸠尾、太冲穴(双侧)治疗36例,总有效率86.00%。

陈敏等[6]选天鼎、膈俞穴治疗36例,治愈例,有效3例,无效例,总有效率%。

周国赢等[]则采用电针加耳针治疗胃食管反流病,取穴天突、膻中、鸠尾、中脘、内关、足三里、三阴交、丰隆、公孙、太冲穴。

医学英语中单词颇多,但医学英语的学习有个技巧就是学习前后缀,不过医学英语中的前后缀也说实话也有很多的.可还是有一些前后缀是最常用的,掌握了他们你其实可以猜出大部分的医学英语单词的意思.下面小辈列出这些最常用的供参考.1．人体主要器官前缀名称通用名前（后）缀常用形容词示例心heart cardiao- cardial cardium/carditis/cardiology脑brain encepholo- cerebral cerebrum/encephalitis/encephalology肺lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmontiis/pulmonectomy/pulmonology肝liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis/hepatobiliary/hepatology胃stomach gastro- gastric gastritis/gastrointestinal/gastrology胆gallbladder chole- biliary holecystitis/cholinergic/cholecystectomy肠intestine entero- intestinal enteritis/enterectomy/enterology脾spleen splen- splenic splenitis/splenectomy/splenology胰pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis/pancreatectomy肾kidney nephro- renal/nephric nephritis/nephropathy/nephrology2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀名称通用名前（后）缀示例血blood hemo-/hemato hematology/hemoglobin/hematoma血管vessel vaso- vasopressor/cardiovasology/verebrovascular静脉vein veno- venography/intravenous/venoconstriction动脉artery arterio- arteriology/arteriole/arteriosclerosis肌muscle myo- mycology/myositis/myocarditis髓marrow myel-/myelo- myelocyte/myelitis/myeloma神经nerve neur-/neyro- neurology/neuritis/neuron细胞cell cyto-/-cyte cytology/cytoma/leukocyte尿urine uro-/ur- urology/urosurgery/urogenital体body somato-/some somatology/somatopsychic/chromosome3．与数字有关的前缀数字前缀示例一（单）mono-/uni- monomer/monoclone/carbon monoxide/unidirectional二bi-/di- bilateral/biphasiccarbon dioxide/dipeptide三tri- trilateral/triphasic/trigeminal nerve四tetra- tetramer/tetracycline/tetraplegia五penta- pentagon/pentachromic/pentachloride六hexa- hexachromic/benzene hexachloride(666)/hexacycliccompiund七hepta- heptachromic/heptaploid/heptavalent八octa- octahedral/octal system九nona- nonapeptide/nonagon十deca- decade/decagram/decaliter注：十位数的表示一般为：个位数前缀+deca，如：hexadecanol（十六烷醇），tetradecapeptide gastrin（十四肽胃泌素），octadecanoic acid（十八烷酸）4．颜色及与颜色有关的前缀颜色通用名前缀示例色color chrom-/chromo- chromosome/chromatin/chromatometer红red erythro- erythrocyte/erythrocyturia/erythrometer白white leuko- leukocyte/leukemia/leukocytuira黑black melano- melena/melanoma/melanoderma黄yellow xantho- xanthopsin/xanthosis/xanthoma蓝blue cyan-/cyano cyanosis/cyanopsia/cyanemia紫violet/purple绿green棕brown brown mixture/brown ring橙orange Victoria orange/ethyl orange/orange G粉红pink oink frothy sputum绯红crimson青铜bronzed bronzed diabetes注：有些病名的“蓝”“紫”“青”为同义，其前缀都为“cyano-”.5．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(1)含义前（后）缀形容词示例病patho- pathogen/pathology/pathogenesis/-pathy -pathic neuropathy/nephropathy/adenopathy病态-osis -otic neurosis/tuberculosis/schistosomiasis增多leukocytosis/erythrocytopenia/granulocytosis减少-penia -penic leukocytopenia/erythrocytopenia/granulocytopenia 无a-/an- atypical/anuria/agranulocytopenia小/微-let droplet/platelet/leafletmicro- microscopy/microorganism/micronucleus大/巨macro- macroscopic/macronucleus/macrophage-megaly splenomegaly/acromegaly/hepatomegaly复合/多poly- polyuria/polymer/polyopia全/泛pan- pancolectomy/panmyelosis/pandemic6．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(2)含义前（后）缀示例相反dis- disease/disorder/disability困难/障碍dys- dysfunction/dyspepsia/dyspnea不良mal- malfunction/malnutrition/malpractice炎症-it is appendicitis/bronchitis/arthritis瘤/块-oma lymphoma/adenoma/hematoma血症-emia leukemia/septisemia/bacteremia痛-algia/-algesia/alge-/algo- analgesia/hypoalgesia/algometer麻痹-plegia hemipleia/pamplegia/myoplegia流出-rrhea diarrhea/hypermenorrhea/rhinorrhea坏死-necrosis necro-/necr- hepatonecrosis/myonecrosis/necrospermia 结石litho-/-lith lithiasis/lithogenesis/cholelithes7．与方位有关的前缀含义通用词前缀示例上upper/superior pi-/supra- epidemic/epithelium/supracostal下lower/inferior nfra-/sub- infracostal/subclavicular/subcutaneous前front/anterior/prior fore-/ante- forehead/anteroposterior/precirrhosis/pre-后back/posterior post-/retro- posthepatic/postprandial/retrocardiac内inner/internal in-/endo-/ento- inhalation/endoscopy/entocranial外outer/external ex-/exo- extract/excretion/exocardial间between inter- intermuscular/intercostal/intercourse旁/副on the side of para- parathyroid/paraprotein/pararenal周around peri- perioperative/pericarditis/peritoneum中心central centri-/centra- centrifugation/centralize/centronucleus/centro-反/对opposite counter-/contra- counterpart/countershock/contraindication注：in vivo/in’vaivou/活体内;in vitro/in vaitrou/活体外或试管内；in situ/in’saitju:/原位8．与外科手术有关的前（后）缀含义前（后）缀示例切除-ectomy appendectomy/gastrectomy/splenectomy切开-tomy tracheotomy/hysterotomy/craniotomy切（割）-tome tracheotome/thoracotome吻合-stomy duodenoenterostomy/gastroesophagostomy成形术-plasty tracheoplasty/osteoplasty/myoplasty整（矫）形ortho- orthopedics/orthopod/orthotherapy造影-graphy angiography/nephrography/phlebography经… trans- transdominal/translateral/transurethral注：ortho-也是“正”“原”的前缀，如：ortho-acid（正酸）-graphy为方法，如：electrocardigraphy 心电图检查术；graph为仪器，如：electrocardigraph 心电图机；gram为图象，文字，如：electrocardiogram心电图记录。

Quality of Life in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission:The Impact of IBS-Like Symptoms and Associated Psychological FactorsMagnus Simre´n,Jenny Axelsson,Rolf Gillberg,Hasse Abrahamsson,Jan Svedlund,and Einar S.Bjo¨rnsson Department of Internal Medicine and Section of Psychiatry,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience,Sahlgrenska University Hospital,Go¨teborg,SwedenOBJECTIVES:Quality of life is reduced in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Whether or not this is true in IBD patients in long-standing remission is unclear.Symptoms compatible with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)are com-mon in IBD patients in remission.The importance of psy-chological factors in this process is a matter of controversy. METHODS:Forty-three patients with ulcerative colitis(UC) and40with Crohn’s disease(CD),who had been in remis-sion for at least1yr according to laboratory parameters and clinical and endoscopical appearance,were included.These patients completed four different self-administered ques-tionnaires,evaluating GI symptoms,anxiety,depression, and psychological general well-being.The two patient groups were compared with the general population,and within-group comparisons in psychometric scores were made be-tween patients with and without IBS-like symptoms. RESULTS:The psychological well-being in IBD patients in long-standing remission was similar to that of the general population,despite the presence of more severe GI symp-toms.CD patients reported more psychosocial dysfunction, reduced well-being,and GI symptoms than UC patients. Thirty-three percent of UC patients and57%of CD patients had IBS-like symptoms.The group with IBS-like symptoms (both UC and CD)had higher levels of anxiety and depres-sion and more reduced well-being than those without.Anx-iety and reduced vitality were found to be independent predictors for IBS-like symptoms in these patients. CONCLUSION:The prevalence of IBS-like symptoms in IBD patients in long-standing remission is two to three times higher than that in the normal population.Psychological factors seem to be of importance in this process.However, as a group IBD patients in remission demonstrate psycho-logical well-being comparable to that of the general population.(Am J Gastroenterol2002;97:389–396.©2002 by Am.Coll.of Gastroenterology)INTRODUCTIONUlcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn’s disease(CD)are chronic inflammatory disorders of the GI tract that have a significant lifelong impact on a patient’s quality of life(QOL)(1).The clinical course differs substantially,with frequent relapses or chronic active disease in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),whereas some have years of virtually complete remission(2).The QOL in IBD is related to the disease activity(3),but comparisons between IBD patients in long-standing remission and the general population are lacking. The etiology behind the irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort accompanied by a disturbed bowel pattern(4),remains obscure.Up to one quarter of these patients report onset after an infectious process(5).This and other observations have lead some authors to postulate that IBS could be an inflammatory disorder(6).Furthermore,a substantial number of patients with UC in remission demonstrate bowel symptoms com-patible with IBS,despite no signs of active inflammation (7).The mechanism behind this remains unclear.However, there is evidence in the literature that previous transient or chronic inflammation can lead to development of persistent gut dysfunction(8).The enigma is why only a proportion develops chronic symptoms after an inflammatory or infec-tious process,but psychological factors seem to be of great importance(9,10).Differences between IBD patients in long-standing remission with and without IBS-like symp-toms have not previously been investigated.The aims of the present study were therefore2-fold:1)to determine the QOL in IBD patients with long-standing remission and compare the results obtained in the UC and CD patients with the general population and2)to evaluate the presence of IBS-like symptoms in these patients and compare well-being and psychological factors between those with IBS-like symptoms and those without in the UC and CD patient groups,respectively.MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjectsFrom the outpatient register at our department we localized 242patients with a diagnosis of UC(nϭ132)or CD(nϭ110).Inclusion criteria were a clinical diagnosis of IBD supported by biopsyfindings and with disease duration of atT HE A MERICAN J OURNAL OF G ASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.97,No.2,2002©2002by Am.Coll.of Gastroenterology ISSN0002-9270/02/$22.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.PII S0002-9270(01)04037-0least2yr.The medical records of these patients were then reviewed to locate patients with probable long-standing remission.For remission of UC we demanded the absence of active inflammation on colonoscopy or rigid sigmoidos-copy,no blood or mucus in the stools,normal inflammatory markers(Hb,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,C-reactive protein,and albumin)(11),and no clinical signs of a relapse as judged by their physicians.In the CD group,patients were considered to be in remission if the disease process was judged clinically inactive by the physician,no signs of active inflammation were present on relevant investigations according to the localization of the disease(endoscopy, small bowel enteroclysis,and/or leukocyte scintigraphy), and the inflammatory markers were within the normal range (Hb,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,C-reactive protein, platelet count,and albumin)(11).Patients with known ste-notic disease were excluded,as well as patients with com-plicated CD that had required surgery more than once. Patients with another coexisting complicated disease(e.g., malignancy;unstable cardiovascular,hepatic,renal,or psy-chiatric disease)were also excluded.The information ob-tained from the medical records revealed that66patients with UC and62with CD seemed to be in long-standing remission,defined as more than1yr.These patients were sent a letter outlining the study and were also asked if their symptoms had been stable since their last physician visit or if they had noticed signs of a relapse(blood or mucus in the stools,changing bowel habits,fever of unknown cause,or increasing abdominal pain).If there was any clinical suspi-cion of a relapse during the last year the patients were excluded from further analysis.Questionnaires evaluating QOL were enclosed in the letter(see below).We also administered a questionnaire assessing the presence of a number of GI symptoms compatible with IBS the preceding week(abdominal pain,bloating,abdominal distension,di-arrhea,urgency,loose stools,constipation,hard stools,and incomplete bowel movement)and the severity of these (none,mild,moderate,severe,very severe),as well as a questionnaire asking for current medication.Those patients who had not answered after3wk were reminded by a telephone pleted questionnaires were then re-turned by54patients with UC and50with CD,giving an overall response rate of81%.Of these three had developed another serious disease since the last visit at the outpatient clinic and18had noticed blood in the stools or other signs of a relapse and were therefore excluded.Then,43patients with UC and40with CD were judged to be in remission for a year or more,and these were included in the study and further analyzed.Thisfinal sample made up34%of the initial sample.The study was approved by the ethics com-mittee of the University of Go¨teborg,and the subjects gave their informed consent before participation.Evaluation of Quality of LifeAt present no single definition of QOL has been universally adopted,but on the other hand,there is general agreement on a set of dimensions of health-related QOL and a few standardized instruments have received increased recogni-tion.Based on clinical experience,it is considered of vital importance to include patients’own assessments of areas such as symptoms,physical functioning,role performance, well-being,and general health perception in an operational definition of QOL(12–14).This approach to evaluate QOL was adopted in the present study,and four different self-administered questionnaires were used.In addition,trait anxiety,considered as a modifier of QOL rather than part of the concept,was included in our survey.Quality of Life Assessment Instruments GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM RATING SCALE (GSRS).The GSRS was originally constructed as an inter-view-based rating scale designed to evaluate a wide range of GI symptoms(15)and was later modified to become a self-administered questionnaire(16).The questionnaire in-cludes15items and uses a7-grade Likert scale defined by descriptive anchors.The higher the scores,the more pro-nounced are the symptoms.The followingfive dimensions were identified on the basis of a factor analysis(17)and were used in this study:Abdominal Pain Syndrome(three items),Reflux Syndrome(two items),Indigestion Syndrome (four items),Diarrhea Syndrome(three items),and Consti-pation Syndrome(three items).One item,Eating Dysfunc-tion,which was previously developed in a way analogous to the GSRS(18),was also considered clinically relevant and modified to become self-administered for this study.The GSRS data are presented in syndrome scores,a total score, and a separate score for Eating Dysfunction.THE HOSPITAL ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION(HAD) SCALE.The HAD scale was developed for use in medical outpatients rather than psychiatric patients(19).In the con-struction of this scale symptoms that might arise equally from somatic and mental disorders were excluded,which means that the scale scores are not affected by bodily illness. The HAD scale is a reliable instrument,with“cutoff”scores,for screening for clinically significant anxiety and depression in patients attending a general medical clinic and has also been shown to be a valid measure of the severity of these disorders of mood.This self-assessment scale consists of14items,each using a4-grade Likert scale(0–3),with subscales for anxiety(seven items)and depression(seven items)graded for severity.The higher the score,the higher the level of depression and anxiety,respectively.THE SPIELBERGER STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVEN-TORY(STAI).The STAI is a self-reporting instrument used to measure both anxiety resulting from acute stressors (state anxiety)(STAI-S)and the patient’s intrinsic level of anxiety irrespective of any particular acute stressor(trait anxiety)(STAI-T)(20).It is the most widely used state and trait anxiety scale.Adequate reliability and validity esti-mates have been established in several studies.The STAI-S consists of20items that ask respondents to report what they390Simre´n et al.AJG–Vol.97,No.2,2002feel at a particular moment in time,and the STAI-T consists of20statements that ask respondents to report what they generally feel.The STAI-S is usually administered along with the STAI-T in the same scaling format and uses the same4-point Likert scale(1–4)ranging from almost never to almost always,which means that the higher the score,the higher the level of anxiety.PSYCHOLOGICAL GENERAL WELL-BEING(PGWB) INDEX.The PGWB index was developed to serve as a self-reporting instrument that could be used to measure subjective well-being or distress(21).Extensive documen-tation with regard to reliability and validity is available for the questionnaire.The PGWB includes22items that,in addition to combining into a global overall score,are di-vided into six dimensions:Anxiety(five items),Depressed Mood(three items),Positive Well-Being(four items),Self-Control(three items),General Health(three items),and Vitality(four items).The subscales used to measure these six states thus have three tofive items,each using a6-grade Likert scale that gives a maximum value of132,indicating optimal well-being,and a minimum value of22,which corresponds to a very poor level of well-being.The higherthe value,the better the patient’s well-being.Data AnalysisThe results from the PGWB index,GSRS,and HAD scale were compared with normal values from the Swedish pop-ulation(22,23)and the results from the STAI with norms from American working adults(20).Furthermore,we also wanted to see if the type of IBD affected the QOL,so the results from the different scales were compared between UC and CD patients.To fulfill the criteria for IBS-like symp-toms in our study the patients were obliged to report at least moderate severity during the preceding week of at least one of the symptoms of abdominal pain,bloating,or feeling of incomplete rectal evacuation,accompanied by a disturbed bowel pattern(constipation,diarrhea,or both)of at least moderate severity.In this way we obtained two groups—one with IBS-like symptoms and one without—and between these two groups the results from the questionnaires were then compared.We also analyzed whether the use of med-ication for IBD or bile acid malabsorption(cholestyramine), age,sex,the extent of the disease,and if the patient had undergone surgery for their disease(only applicable to the CD group)influenced the presence of IBS-like symptoms. StatisticsResults are expressed as median and interquartile range consistently,except when the results of the PGWB index and GSRS are compared with results from the general population,where the results,as in the original publications, are shown as mean(95%CI)to make comparisons possible. The proportion of patients with anxiety and depression using cutoff scores on the HAD scale are compared with the general population.The results from the STAI are compared with percentile ranks for normal adults adjusted for sex and age.The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between groups.In an attempt to explore independent pre-dictors for having IBS-like symptoms,all variables univa-riately significant at pϽ0.0001when comparing patients with and without IBS-like symptoms,together with the type of IBD,if the patient had undergone surgery or not,and the localization of the disease(colonic and/or small bowel) were entered in a forward stepwise multiple logistic regres-sion.For model discrimination the c statistics were calcu-lated.Whether a number of demographic and disease-re-lated factors(see above)influenced the presence of IBS-like symptoms was analyzed using the␹2test with continuity correction.Spearman’s rank correlation was used for cor-relations between the results of the different questionnaires. Significance was accepted at the5%level.RESULTSPatient CharacteristicsDemographic and clinical data of our study population are shown in Table1.Of the83patients included in the study 64had been to their physicians at our outpatient clinic within the last6months,14had been to their physicians 6–12months ago,and three more than1yr ago.A relevant examination for the assessment of inflammatory activity (endoscopy,small bowel enteroclysis,and/or leukocyte scintigraphy)had been performed in50of the patients within6months before the study and within12months in another19.Of the patients taking oral steroids one had low-dose prednisone(2.5mg every other day)because of UC and had been taking that dose for more than1yr,one had prednisone(7.5mg once daily)because of coexisting hepatitis that had long been stable,and two were on low-Table1.Patient CharacteristicsUC(nϭ43)CD(nϭ40) Mean age48Ϯ2yr44Ϯ2yr Females/males24/1923/17 Duration ofdisease22Ϯ2yr18Ϯ2yr Years since relapse7Ϯ1yr7Ϯ1yr Extent of disease Proctosigmoiditis(nϭ13)Pancolitis(nϭ30)Ileitis(nϭ2)Ileocolitis(nϭ29)Colitis(nϭ9) Surgery/no surgery0/4321/19 Patients onmedication5-ASA197 Sulfasalazine123 Steroids22 Azathioprine02 Cholestyramine09 Spasmolytics13 Loperamide14No medication1085-ASAϭ5-aminosalicylic acid.391AJG–February,2002Quality of Life in IBD in Remissiondose budesonide(3mg once daily)because of CD.Cho-lestyramine for bile acid malabsorption was taken by nine of the CD patients,and anotherfive were receiving loperamide for chronic diarrhea.In the CD group21of the patients had undergone surgery for their disease,and of those,18had undergone ileocaecal resection and three limited small bowel resection.None in the UC group had undergone abdominal surgery.Quality of LifeThe psychological general well-being according to the PGWB index in patients with UC and CD is displayed in Table2together with values from the Swedish general population(“controls”)(22).As can be seen,the values were similar,but the psychological general well-being tended to be better in the UC patients than in the controls (higher values on the PGWB index)and worse in the CD patients.The GI symptoms as evaluated by the GSRS were clearly worse(higher values on the GSRS)in the CD pa-tients than in the controls,and that was true for all dimen-sions,whereas the UC patients above all differed from the controls regarding indigestion and diarrhea(Table3).When comparing the IBD groups,the CD patients had higher levels of abdominal pain(pϽ0.01),diarrhea(pϽ0.0001), and eating dysfunction(pϽ0.01)and demonstrated re-duced positive well-being(pϽ0.01),self-control(pϽ0.05),and vitality(pϽ0.05)compared with the UC pa-tients.Besides that,the total scores were higher on the GSRS(pϽ0.01)and lower on the PGWB index(pϽ0.05) in the CD group(Tables2and3).The proportions of patients with anxiety and depression according to cutoff scores on the HAD scale compared to normal values(23)were similar in the UC group for anxiety and lower for depression,but higher for anxiety and similar for depression in the CD group(Table4).The CD patients demonstrated higher scores on the HAD depression scale than the UC patients(4[1–5]vs2[1–3],pϽ0.01),but the results from the HAD anxiety scale did not differ significantly(6[3–8] vs4[4–7],pϾ0.20).In the UC group70%and53%of patients had scores below the median norm values for state and trait anxiety according to STAI,respectively,and in the CD group this was true for50%and55%of the patients(20) (Table5).The scores on the STAI did not differ signifi-cantly between the UC and CD groups,neither for state(28 [25–33]vs34[26–40],pϭ0.08)nor for trait anxiety(32 [24–37]vs32[28–43],pϾ0.20).When only comparing the CD patients who had not undergone surgery with the UC patients significant differ-ences were found only for GSRS Diarrhea Syndrome(2.7 [1.0–4.6]vs1.0[1.0–2.2],pϽ0.01)and PGWB Positive Well-Being(15[13–18]vs18[16–20],pϽ0.05).No significant differences were observed between patients with CD depending on whether they had undergone surgery or not.The only gender difference was more severe abdominal pain(GSRS)in females,both in UC(2.0[1.2–2.3]vs1.0 [1.0–1.6],pϭ0.02)and CD(3.0[1.8–3.9]vs1.7[1.0–2.8], pϭ0.03).A negative correlation between the total score on GSRS and PGWB was found in the total IBD group,in the UC group,and,although less pronounced,in the CD group(Fig.1).Significant but weaker correlations were also obtained between the total score on the GSRS and state(r sϭ0.34, pϽ0.01)and trait anxiety(r sϭ0.41,pϽ0.001)asTable2.Psychological General Well-Being IndexIBD(nϭ83)UC(nϭ43)CD(nϭ40)ControlsMean95%CI Mean95%CI Mean95%CI Mean95%CI PGWB total103.199.4–106.8107.4103.2–111.598.692.5–104.6102.9102.1–103.8 Anxiety23.822.8–24.824.122.6–25.523.522.0–25.024.123.8–24.3 Depressed Mood15.715.2–16.316.315.7–16.915.114.1–16.115.515.4–15.7 Positive Well-Being16.715.9–17.517.917.1–18.715.414.1–16.716.115.9–16.3 Self-Control15.414.9–16.016.215.6–16.714.613.7–15.615.315.2–15.4 General Health14.714.0–15.515.014.0–16.114.413.4–15.414.614.5–14.8 Vitality16.715.9–17.617.916.8–18.915.514.1–16.917.217.0–17.4 Shows the PGWB index in the patients in the present study as compared to reference values from the Swedish population(controls)(22).IBDϭinflammatory bowel disease (whole sample).Table3.Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating ScaleIBD(nϭ83)UC(nϭ43)CD(nϭ40)Controls Mean95%CI Mean95%CI Mean95%CI Mean95%CI GSRS total 2.19 1.96–2.42 1.85 1.62–2.08 2.55 2.17–2.94 1.53 1.50–1.55 Abdominal Pain 2.13 1.86–2.40 1.74 1.46–2.02 2.55 2.10–3.00 1.56 1.53–1.59 Indigestion 2.55 2.26–2.84 2.32 1.94–2.70 2.79 2.34–3.24 1.78 1.75–1.82 Reflux 1.71 1.46–1.95 1.48 1.21–1.74 1.95 1.53–2.37 1.39 1.36–1.43 Constipation 1.76 1.48–2.04 1.64 1.27–2.00 1.89 1.46–2.33 1.55 1.51–1.58 Diarrhea 2.54 2.16–2.92 1.79 1.41–2.18 3.34 2.74–3.94 1.38 1.35–1.41 Shows the results from the GSRS in the patients in the present study as compared to reference values from the Swedish population(controls)(22).IBDϭinflammatory bowel disease(whole sample).392Simre´n et al.AJG–Vol.97,No.2,2002measured by STAI and anxiety (r s ϭ0.46,p Ͻ0.0001)and depression (r s ϭ0.39,p Ͻ0.001)as measured by the HAD scale.Also here the correlations were stronger in UC pa-tients than in CD ones (data not shown).IBS-Like SymptomsAmong the UC patients 14of the 43patients (33%)reported IBS-like symptoms of at least moderate severity during the preceding week,whereas this was reported by 23of the 40CD patients (57%)(p Ͻ0.05).In the CD patients who had undergone surgery the occurrence of IBS-like symptoms was 67%(p Ͼ0.20vs the group who had not undergone surgery).In the female group 49%of the patients had IBS-like symptoms,compared with 39%of the males (p Ͼ0.20).The presence or absence of IBS-like symptoms was unrelated to age (46Ϯ4vs 46Ϯ7yr [mean ϮSEM],p Ͼ0.20),the use of chronic IBD treatment (14/37vs 21/46patients,p Ͼ0.20),or treatment for bile acid malabsorption in the CD patients (cholestyramine)(6/23vs 3/17patients,p Ͼ0.20).The extent of the disease did not affect the occurrence of IBS-like symptoms signi ficantly in the UC patients (pancolitis,10/30patients;proctosigmoiditis,4/13;p Ͼ0.20)or CD patients (colitis,4/9patients;ileocolitis,17/29patients;ileitis,2/2patients;p Ͼ0.20).The duration of the disease tended to be longer in the group with IBS-like symptoms (22[17–28]vs 18[8–25]yr,p ϭ0.06).The patients with IBS-like symptoms also reported more sub-jective GI symptoms besides “IBS symptoms,”reduced psychological general well-being,and higher levels of anx-iety and depression than those without IBS-like symptoms (Table 6).The same pattern was seen within the CD and UC groups,although statistically signi ficant differences were not seen in the UC group for re flux,positive well-being,state anxiety,and depression (HAD)(data not shown).High levels of anxiety (HAD)and reduced vitality (PGWB index)were found to be independent predictors for the presence of IBS-like symptoms in the logistic regression analysis (Table 7).DISCUSSIONIn the present study we have shown that symptoms com-patible with IBS were two to three times more common in the IBD patients in remission than expected,when taking the prevalence of IBS in the population into account (24).Moreover,the IBD patients with IBS-like symptoms also had more severe GI symptoms in general,reduced well-being,and higher levels of anxiety and depression relative to those without IBS-like symptoms.Anxiety and reduced vitality independently predicted the presence of IBS-like symptoms.However,as a group patients with IBD in re-mission demonstrated psychological general well-being and levels of anxiety and depression similar to the general pop-ulation,despite more severe GI symptoms.In general,the patients with UC reported slightly better psychological gen-eral well-being and lower levels of anxiety and depression than the patients with CD.In the literature there is considerable evidence that the QOL in patients with IBD is impaired,that the QOL wors-ens with more severe disease,and that patients with CD generally have poorer QOL than patients with UC (1,3,25).We also found that patients with CD had reduced well-being,were more depressed,and perceived more severe GI symptoms than UC patients.Our study extends beyond that and shows that when looking speci fically at IBD patients inTable 4.Hospital Anxiety and Depression ScaleScale ScoreHAD Anxiety ScaleHAD Depression Scale Controls (%)IBD (n ϭ83)UC (n ϭ43)CD (n ϭ40)Controls (%)IBD (n ϭ83)UC (n ϭ43)CD (n ϭ40)n %n %n %n %n %n %Ͻ8(normal)80617335812665857590419534858–10(borderline)1212144982096712512Ͼ10(clinically signi ficant)81012496156221212The proportion of patients in the whole IBD group and in the UC and CD groups with normal scores,borderline findings,and clinically signi ficant anxiety and depression.Results from the Swedish population are also displayed (controls)(23).Table 5.The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety InventoryPercentile (normal adults)IBD (n ϭ83)UC (n ϭ43)CD (n ϭ40)State Anxiety Trait AnxietyState AnxietyTrait AnxietyState AnxietyTrait Anxietyn %n %n %n %n %n %Յ252733222716371330112792326–502328232814331023923133251–751822161961410231230615Ͼ751518222771610238201230The results from STAI,investigating state and trait anxiety,in the whole IBD group and in the UC and CD groups compared with percentile ranks for normal adults adjusted for sex and age (20).The table shows the numbers and percentages of patients with results within the different percentiles of the normal values.393AJG –February,2002Quality of Life in IBD in Remissionlong-standing remission the psychological general well-be-ing and the levels of anxiety and depression are similar to the general population,despite the presence of more severe subjective GI symptoms (20,22,23).More speci fically,UC patients tend to have better and CD patients somewhat reduced psychological well-being relative to the general population.Especially the results in UC may re flect effec-tive coping styles in this group of patients (26).It may also be looked upon as a re flection of the appreciation of being in remission for a long time after severe disease relapses,as was the case in a number of the patients in the present study.Another interesting finding was the correlation between the severity of GI symptoms as measured by the GSRS and the psychological general well-being.This was particularly clear in the UC patients,but to a lesser extent in CD,which may re flect the more severe course of the disease process in CD (2).Several factors other than the GI symptoms are probably of great importance for well-being in CD patients.These findings underline the importance of measurements other than disease activity indices such as CDAI when evaluating health status in these patients (1,25).In the present study we have particularly focused on GI symptoms in this group of IBD patients in remission,where,on clinical grounds,one would not expect a high frequency of GI symptoms.We used a de finition of IBS-like symptoms where we demanded at least one sensory symptom (i.e.,pain,bloating,or feeling of incomplete rectal evacuation)in combination with at least one motility-related symptom (i.e.,diarrhea or constipation).The symptoms had to be of at least moderate severity during the preceding week.We did not use diagnostic criteria for IBS,such as the Rome criteria (4),because our purpose was not to make an IBS diagnosis but to evaluate the presence of symptoms indicating disturbed GI function in the absence of active in flammation in IBD.Despite no signs of active in flammation they demonstrated IBS-like symptoms at a higher frequency than the general population (24),which is in agreement with the only exist-ing literature on this topic,the study by Isgar et al.(7).However,we believe that our study has several advantages over their study in examining not only UC patients but also CD ones,and also in being very careful in excluding active in flammation.Furthermore,the patients with IBS-like symptoms demonstrated reduced well-being and higher lev-els of anxiety and depression relative to those without IBS-like symptoms.No firm conclusions about cause or effect can be drawn from our study,but speculations can be made.Animal studies show that transient or chronic in flammation can lead to persistent gut dysfunction (8)and also that previous in flammation alters the response of the colon to stress (9).It is unclear why only some of the patients with inactive in flammation,as in our study,and after bacterial gastroenteritis (27)develop long-standing gut dysfunction.Low grade in flammation alone,as in chronic UC,does not seem to be enough to develop functional symptoms,accord-ing to one recent study,where attenuated rectal perception in UC was demonstrated,as opposed to the enhanced rectal perception seen in IBS (28).However,other studies showTable 7.Predictors for IBS-Like Symptoms␤SE(␤)p OR 95%CI Constant 3.07 1.80Anxiety (HAD)0.330.120.004 1.39 1.11–1.75Vitality (PGWB index)Ϫ0.320.100.0010.730.60–0.88Results from a forward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis evaluating independent predictors for having IBS-like symptoms within this group of IBD patients in remission.c ϭ0.87.␤ϭregression coef ficient;OR ϭoddsratio.Figure 1.Correlation between the total scores on the GSRS and the PGWB index.The whole IBD group:r s ϭϪ0.55,p Ͻ0.0001.UC patients (E ):r s ϭϪ0.61,p Ͻ0.0001.CD patients (●):r s ϭϪ0.38,p Ͻ0.05.A regression line for the total IBD group is shown.Table 6.Distribution of Quality of Life MeasuresIBS ϩ(n ϭ37)IBS Ϫ(n ϭ46)GSRS Total 2.9(2.3–3.4) 1.5(1.2–1.7)*Re flux1.5(1.0–3.0) 1.0(1.0–1.5)†Abdominal Pain 3.0(1.9–3.7) 1.3(1.0–2.0)*Constipation 2.0(1.3–3.0) 1.0(1.0–1.0)*Indigestion 3.5(2.5–4.2) 1.6(1.0–2.2)*Diarrhea4.0(2.3–5.0) 1.0(1.0–1.7)*Eating Dysfunction 1.0(1.0–3.0) 1.0(1.0–1.0)*STAIState anxiety 35(28–43)27(23–32)†Trait anxiety 38(30–45)30(23–33)‡HADAnxiety 8(5–10)4(3–6)*Depression 4(3–5)2(1–3)‡PGWB Total 101(84–102)114(102–120)*Anxiety22(19–25)27(24–28)*Depressed Mood 15(13–16)17(16–18)*Positive Well-Being 16(13–18)19(16–20)‡Self-Control 14(11–16)15(13–16)*General Health 14(11–17)17(15–18)†Vitality14(12–16)19(17–21)*Comparison of quality of life measures in IBD patients in remission with (IBS ϩ)and without (IBS Ϫ)IBS-like symptoms the preceding week.Values are given as medians and interquartile ranges.*p Ͻ0.0001,group comparison.†p Ͻ0.01,group comparison.‡p Ͻ0.001,group comparison.394Simre ´n et al.AJG –Vol.97,No.2,2002。

常用医学词首、词干和词尾（Common Prefixes, Stems and Suffixes of Medical Terms）1. 词干（Stems）词干意义举例abdomino-- 腹abdominal 腹的aden(o)-- 腺adenocarcinoma 腺癌adren(o)-- 肾上腺adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术angi(0)-- 血管angioma 血管瘤aort(o)-- 主动脉aortitis 主动脉炎art-- 关节articular 关节的arteri(o)-- 动脉arteriosclerosis动脉硬化症arthr(o)-- 关节arthritis 关节炎auri-- 耳auricle耳郭，心耳bacteri(o)-- 细菌bacteriophage 噬菌体bi(o)-- 生命biochemistry 生物化学bili-- 胆汁bilirubin 胆红素bronch(o)-- 支气管bronchitis 支气管炎cardi(o)-- 心electrocardiograph心电描记术capit-- 头capitulum 小头cartilag-- 软骨captilage 软骨celi-- 腹celiac 腹腔的cephal(o)-- 头hydrocephalus 脑积水cerebell(o)-- 小脑cerebellospinal小脑脊椎的cerebr(o)-- 脑cerebromeningeal脑脑膜的chol(o)-- 胆汁cholecystitis 胆囊炎chondr(o)-- 软骨chondronma 软骨瘤chyl(o)-- 乳糜chyluria乳糜尿colp(o)-- 阴道colpoplasty 阴道成形术cor(--) 心corpulmonale肺源性心脏病corpus-- 身体corpus luteum 黄体cost(o)- 肋intercostal 肋间的cranio-- 头颅craniotomy颅骨切开术cuit-- 皮肤subcutaneous 皮下cyst(o)-- 膀胱；囊cystitis 膀胱炎cycstic duct 胆囊管derm (a)-- 皮肤hypodermic 皮下的dermat(o)-- 皮肤dermatitis 皮炎dent(i)-- 齿dentistry 牙科学-em- 血anemia贫血toxemia毒血症encephal(0) 脑encephalitis 脑炎enter(o)-- 肠enteritis 肠炎esophag(o)-- 食管 esophagitis 食管炎-esthesis 感觉anesthesia麻醉；感觉缺失gastr(o)-- 胃gastroenteritis 胃肠炎gloss(lo)-- 舌glossitis 舌炎gluco-- 糖glucose 葡萄糖glycol- 糖glycogen 糖原hemat(o)- 血hematuria 血尿hem(o)-- 血hemorrhage 出血hepat(o)- 肝hepatitis 肝炎hyster(o)- 子宫hysterectomy 子宫切除术iatro- 治疗iatrogenic 医源性intestin- 肠intestinal 肠的ile(0) 回肠ileitis 回肠炎karyo- 核karyotype核型；染色质组型lapar(o)- 腹laparotomy 剖腹术laryng(o)- 喉laryngitis 喉炎lien(o)- 脾lineal 脾的mamm- 乳mammal 哺乳动物mast(o)-- 乳房mastitis 乳腺炎mening(o)-- 脑膜meningitis 脑膜炎metr(o)-- 子宫endometritis 子宫内膜炎muscul(o)- 肌intramuscular 肌内的myel(o)- 髓myelitis 脊髓炎my(o)-- 肌myocarditis 心肌炎myx(o)- 黏液myxoedema 黏液水肿naso- 鼻nasopharynx 鼻咽nephr(o)- 肾nephritis 肾炎nerv- 神经nervous神经的neur(o)- 神经neurosis神经质noso- 疾病nosology疾病分类学nosocomiat医院的ocul(0)-- 眼oculentum眼膏odont-- 牙odontitis牙炎omphal(o)- 脐omphalocele脐突出oophor(o)-- 卵巢oophorectomy卵巢切除术ophthalm(o)-- 眼ophthalmia眼炎oro-- 口oral口的orchi- 睾orchitis丸睾丸炎oss-- 骨ossification骨化oste(o)-- 骨osteoma骨瘤ot(o)-- 耳otitis耳炎ovari(o)- 卵巢ovariectomy卵巢切除术papill- 乳头papilloma乳头状瘤path(o)-- 病pathogenesis发病机制-pathy 病neuropathy神经病变phleb(o)-- 静脉phlebitis静脉炎--phone 声音dysphonia发音困难phren(o)-- 膈phrenic nerve膈神经phthisi- 痨,结核phthisiology痨病学结核病学pneumato-- 肺pneumonia肺炎pneumo--pneumom(o)pod(o)-- 足podocyte足细胞psych(o)-- 精神psychosis精神病pulm(o)-- 肺pulmonary肺的pyelo(o) 肾孟pyelonephritis肾孟肾炎ren-- 肾renal肾的ret(e)-- 网retinitis视网膜炎rhin(o)-- 鼻rhinitis鼻炎salping(o)-- 喇叭；管salpingitis输卵管炎sanguin- 血sanguineous血性的sarc(o)-- 肉sarcoma肉瘤sep(s)-;sep(t)- 腐烂；毒素sepsis;septicemia败血症ser(o)-- 血清；浆液serotonin血清素serositis浆膜炎somat(o)-- 身体somatic身体的sphygmo- 脉sphygmomanometer血压计splen- 脾splenomegaly脾大spondyl(o)-- 椎骨spondylitis脊椎炎stomach-- 胃stomachalgia胃病stomat(o)-- 口stomatitis口炎test-- 丸testosterone睾丸酮thorac(o)--; 胸thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺thoracico--thyro-- 盾thyroid甲状腺tonsil-- 扁桃体tonsillitis扁桃体炎trache(o)-- 气管tracheotomy气管切开术uter(o)-- 子宫uterine子宫的tuberc-- 结节tuberculosis结核病umbilic-- 脐umbilicate脐形的ur(o)-- 尿urinary尿的uter(o)- 子宫uterine子宫的vagin- 阴道vaginitis阴道炎ven-- 静脉venesection静脉切开术ventr-- 腹ventral腹的ventricul(o)- 室ventriculocentesis胸室穿刺术vita- 生命vitamin维生素2.词首（Prefixes）2.1. 指明位置、方向和意向的词首（Prefixes denoting position ,direction and intention）词首意义举例ante-- 前antepartum产前anter(o)-- 在前anteroinferior前下ant(i)-- 抗；防antiseptic防腐剂circum-- 周围circumcision包皮环切术co-- 和，与，同coordination协调共济，联合contra-- 抗，防contraindication禁忌症counter- 抗，对counter-clockwise逆时钟方向cyclo- 环cyclophosphamide环磷酰胺dextor-- 向右的dextran右旋糖酐dia- 透dialysis透析ect(o)-- 在外ectopic异位的end(o)- 在内endocrine内分泌ep(i)-- 在上epidermis表皮epigastrium上腹部ex(o)-- 在外exophthalmos突眼extra- 在外extrasystole期外收缩hyp(o)-- 在…下hypoglossal舌下的in-- 内inpatient住院病人infra-- 在…下infraorbital眶下inter-- 中间的intercostal肋间的intra-- 内intracranial颅内的latero- 侧，旁lateroposition侧位laterotorsion旁扭lev(o)- 向左的levulose果糖（左旋糖）medi 中间medial内侧，近中media正中mes(o)- 中间mesothelium间皮met(a)- 变metaplasia化生，间变par(a)- 旁，副，对paravertebral脊柱旁的paratyphoid副伤寒paraaminosalicylic acid对氨柳酸per-- 穿过perforation穿孔peri- 围perinatal围产期post- 在后postnatal产后postero- 在后posterolateral后侧方的pre- 前prenatal 产前re- 再reinfection 再感染retro- 后;后方retrograde 逆行的sinister(o) 向左的sinistrality 左利sub- 在……下substernal 胸骨下的super- 在上supergingival 龈上的supra- 上supradiaphragmatic 膈膜上的sym- 合;同;联合symphysis 联合syn- 合;同;联合syntomycin 合霉素trans- 透过;通过transthoracic 经胸的ultra- 外;超ultraviolet ray 紫外线ultrasonic wave 超声波2.2. 表示否定的词首（Negative prefixes）a- 无;贫乏apnea 呼吸暂停ab- 非abnormal 异常an-(元音前) 无;贫乏anemia 贫血anesthesia麻醉de- 去;脱deformity 畸形dehydration 脱水dis-;dys- 不;失调disorder病;紊乱dysfunction 功能障碍il- 不ill-nourished 营养不良的im- 未;非;不immature 未成熟的in- 未;非;不inoperable 不宜动手术的ir- 不irregular 不规则的mis- 非misleading 错误的non- 不nonviable 无活力的un- 不unconsciousness 神志丧失2.3 表示数量的词首（Prefixes denoting number and quantity）bi- 双bilateral 双侧binocular双目的cent- 百分之一centimeter 厘米deca- 十decade 十年deci- 十分之一decimeter 分米di- 双dihydrostreptomycin双氢链霉素equi- 平等equilibrium 平衡extra- 额外的extravascular 血管外的hector- 百hectometer 百米hemi- 半hemiplegia 半身不遂hepta- 七;庚heptane 正庚烷hexa- 六;己hexose 己糖hyper- 太多(过分的) hypertension 高血压hypo- 较少(欠缺) hypotension 低血压kilo- 千kilometer 公里(千米) mega- 兆;百万megaunit 百万单位micro- 微;10-6 microgram 微克milli- 许多millimeter 毫米mon(o)- 单monoplegia 单瘫multi- 许多multipara 多产妇nano- 毫微;10-9 nanometer 毫微米nona- 九;壬nonane 壬烷octa- 八;辛octane 辛烷pent(a)- 五pentothal sodium戊硫巴比妥钠Per- 过度pertussis 百日咳Periodic acid 过碘酸Pico- 微微;10-12picogram 微克Poly- 许多polyarthritis 多关节炎Quadric- 四quadriceps 四头肌Semi- 半semiconsciousness 半清醒Septi 七septipara 七产妇Sex 六sexdigital 六指的Sub- 少subnormal 正常下Super- 太多;过分supersecretion 分泌过多Ter(t)- 三tertian 三日的Tertiary 第三期的Tetr(a)- 四tetralogy 四联症Ultra- 超ultrasound 超声波Uni- 一unilateral 单侧的2.4 表示颜色的词首（prefixes for colors）Alb(o)- 白albinism 白化病Amauro- 黑amaurosis 黑蒙Aureo- 金黄色aureomycetin 金霉素Chlor(o)- 氯;绿的chloromycetin 氯霉素Cyan(o)- 青色cyanosis 发绀Erythro- 红色erythrocyte 红细胞Glauco- 青的glaucoma 青光眼Leuc(o)-; 白leucocytosis 白细胞增多Leuk(o)- leukemia 白血病Melan(o)- 黑色melanoma 黑色瘤Poli(o)- 灰色poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎Purpur- 紫色purpura 紫癜Rube- 红色rubella 风疹Xanth(o)-; 黄xanthoma 黄色瘤Jaun- jaundice黄疸2.5 杂类词首（miscellaneous prefixes）Aceto- 乙酰acetoacetic acid乙酰醋酸Acro(o)- 端acromegaly肢端肥大症All(o)- 异allergy 变态反应Aqu(e)- 水aqueduct (脑)水管Auto- 自己autonomous 自主的Brady- 迟缓的bradycardia 心动徐缓Cry(o)- 冷cryosurgery 冷冻外科Cyt(o)- 细胞cytoplasm 胞浆eu- 好; euthyroid 甲状腺机能正常euglobulin 优球蛋白eugenics 优生学fibro- 纤维fibroma 纤维瘤glob- 球globulin 球蛋白heter(o)- 异heterophilic嗜异性hist(o)- 组织histopathology 组织病理学hom(o)- 同homosexual 同性的hydr(o)- 水hydrophobia 恐水症(狂犬病) Hydroxy(l)- 羟;氢氧hydroxide 氢氧化物Idio- 特发的idiopathic 特发的Is(o)- 同;异isotonic 等张的isoniazid异烟肼Juxia- 邻近的juxia-glomerular apparatus近球器Lith(o)- 石cholelithiasis 胆石病Macr(o)- 大macroglossia 巨舌Mal- 不好malnutrition营养不良Meg(a)- 大megacolon巨结肠Megal(o)- 大megaloblastic 巨幼红细胞Micr(o)- 微microscope 显微镜Myc(o)- 霉菌mycosis 霉菌Nacr(o)- 麻木narcosis 麻醉Ne(o)- 新neoplasm 新生物Norm(o)- 正常normogram 正常图Olig(o)- 少oliguria 少尿Orth(o)- 正orthopedic surgery 矫形外科Oxy- 氧oxygenation 氧合Pan- 全pansinusitis 全鼻窦炎Pancytopenia 全血细胞减少Phago- 吃phagocyte 吞噬细胞Photo- 光photophobia 畏光Prot(o)- 原protoplasm 原浆Pseud(o)- 伪;假;准pseudomembrane伪膜Py(o)- 脓pyothorax 脓胸Radi(o)- 放射radiology 放射学San-;sanit- 卫生sanitation 卫生Sclero- 硬的arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化症Steno- 狭窄pyloric stenosis 幽门狭窄Tachy- 快速tachycardia 心动过速Thermo- 温度thermometer 温度计Tox(o)- 毒toxemia 毒血症Vas(o)- 血管vasospasm 血管痉挛3. 词尾（Suffixes）词尾意义举例-able 可能的operable 可手术的-aldehyde 醛enzaldehyde 苯醛-algia 疼痛neuralgia 神经痛-ane 烷methane 甲烷-ase 酶peptidase 肽酶-blast 原始细胞lymphoblat 原始淋巴细胞-centesis 穿刺thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺-cele 囊肿;积水hydrocele 水囊肿-cide 杀剂bactericide 杀菌剂-coccus 球菌streptococcus 链球菌-cyte 细胞lymphocyte 淋巴细胞-duction 导引induction 诱导-ectsis 扩张bronchiectasis 支气管扩张-ectomy 切除术subtotal gastrectomy次全胃切除术-emesis 呕hematemesis 呕血-emia 血病uremia 尿毒症-form 形式vermiform 虫样的-gen 原;致antigen 抗原-gram 图electrocardiogram 心电图-graphy 描记术ventriculography 脑室造影术-ia 病anemia 贫血insomnia 失眠-iasis 病cholelithiasis 胆石症-ible 可能susceptible 易感的-ician 实施者physician 内科医生-ism 疾病hyperthyroidism 甲亢-ist 实施者dentist 牙科医生-itis 炎appendicitis 阑尾炎-logy 学ophthalmology 眼科学-lysis 溶hemolysis 溶血-meter 计thermometer 温度计-megaly 巨大splenomegaly 脾肿大-odynia 痛acrodynia 肢痛症-oid 类;……样的rheumatoid 类风湿-oma 瘤sarcoma 肉瘤myoma 肌瘤-opia 视力病症diplopia 复视-orexia 食欲anorexia 食欲缺乏-osis 病thberculosis 结核病Nephrosis 肾病-(o)stomy 造口术gastrostomy 胃造口术吻合术gastroenterostomy肠胃吻合术-(o)tomy 切开术laparotomy 剖腹术-penia 少thrombocytopenia血小板减少症-pexy 固定术nephropexy 肾固定术-plasia 增生hyperplasis 增生-plasty 成形术thoracoplasty 胸廓成形术-pnea 呼吸dyspnea 呼吸困难-ptosis 下垂gastroptosis 胃下垂-rhagia 出血haemorrhage 出血-rhea 流diarrhea 腹泻-(r)rhaphy 缝hernirrhaphy 疝修补术-scope 镜endoscope 内窥镜-scopy 镜检cystoscopy 膀胱镜检-section 切开resection 切除-stasis 停hemostasis 止血-ulus;ula 小venule 小静脉-uria 尿症anuria 尿闭Hematuria 血尿。