标准建模语言UML

简述统一建模语言
统一建模语言（UML）：是一种用于对软件密集系统进行可视化建模的标准语言。

它始于1997年，被采纳为OMG标准，是一种非专利的第三代建模和规约语言。

UML独立于任何具体程序设计语言，是面向对象设计的建模工具。

UML为面向对象开发系统的产品进行说明、可视化和编制文档，展现了一系列最佳工程实践，这些实践在对大规模、复杂系统进行建模方面已经被验证有效。

UML可以贯穿软件开发周期中的每一个阶段，从需求分析到规格，到构造和配置。

UML表示法集中了不同的图形表示方法，剔除了其中容易引起的混淆、冗余或者很少使用的符号，同时添加了一些新的符号。

其中的概念来自于面向对象技术领域中众多专家的思想。

总的来说，UML作为一种模型语言，使开发人员专注于建立产品的模型和结构，而不是选用什么程序语言和算法实现。

当模型建立之后，模型可以被UML 工具转化成指定的程序语言代码。

简述uml的主要内容和特点UML（Unified Modeling Language）是一种用于软件系统设计和开发的标准建模语言。

它提供了一组图形符号和规范，用于描述系统的结构、行为、交互和演化过程。

UML主要由结构图和行为图两大类组成，包括类图、对象图、组件图、部署图、用例图、活动图、时序图、协作图等。

UML具有以下主要内容和特点。

1. 统一性：UML的设计目标是为了统一软件工程领域的建模方法，使不同的设计师和开发者能够使用同一种语言来描述系统的各个方面。

通过使用UML，团队成员可以更好地进行沟通和理解，减少因为不同的模型而导致的误解和冲突。

2. 易于理解：UML采用了直观的图形符号，使得设计师和开发者能够更容易地理解和解释系统的结构和行为。

这些图形符号代表了不同的概念和关系，例如类、对象、接口、关联、继承、依赖等，使得系统的设计和开发过程变得更加直观和可视化。

3. 可扩展性：UML提供了一种可扩展的框架，允许用户根据实际需要定义自己的图形符号和规范。

这使得UML可以适应不同的领域和应用场景，满足用户个性化的需求。

用户可以通过定义自己的UML扩展来扩展UML的功能和表达能力。

4. 面向对象：UML是一种面向对象的建模语言，它支持面向对象的概念和方法。

通过使用UML，设计师和开发者可以更好地描述系统的对象、类、继承、多态等特性，使系统的设计和实现更加符合面向对象的原则和思想。

5. 适用性广泛：UML可以应用于不同的软件系统，包括桌面应用程序、Web应用程序、嵌入式系统、分布式系统等。

它提供了一套通用的建模工具和技术，使得设计师和开发者可以在不同的领域和应用场景中使用相同的建模方法和语言。

6. 支持工程化：UML中的图形符号和规范可以与现有的工程化工具和方法相集成，例如需求管理、配置管理、版本控制、测试和调试工具等。

这使得UML在软件开发的不同阶段和环境中都能发挥作用，提高开发效率和质量。

7. 可视化：UML提供了一种可视化的建模方法，使得设计师和开发者能够更好地理解和描述系统的结构和行为。

UML（UnifiedModelingLanguage统⼀建模语⾔）UML（Unified Modeling Language 统⼀建模语⾔），⼜称标准建模语⾔。

是⽤来对软件密集系统进⾏可视化建模的⼀种语⾔。

UML是⼀种⾯向对象的建模语⾔，它可以实现⼤型复杂系统各种成分描述的可视化、说明并构造系统模型，以及建⽴各种所需的⽂档，是⼀种定义良好、易于表达、功能强⼤且普遍适⽤的建模语⾔。

UML基本内容详述（1）视图 视图是表达系统的某⼀⽅⾯特征的UML建模元素的⼦集；试图并不是图，它是由⼀个或多个图组成的对系统某个⾓度的抽象。

1）⽤例视图（核⼼视图） 强调从⽤户的⾓度看到的或需要的系统功能。

2）逻辑视图 该视图⽤于描述系统内实现的逻辑功能，展现系统的静态或结构组成及特征。

3）组件视图 该视图从系统实现的⾓度来描述模型对象间的关系。

4）配置视图 该视图⽤于说明系统的物理配置。

（2）图表 图表是描述视图内容的图。

1）⽤例图 ⽤于描述外部项与系统提供的使⽤事件之间的联系。

⼀个使⽤事件是系统提供的功能的具体描述，是系统分析⼈员从⽤户⾓度描述系统的功能，是功能与功能之间以及功能与⽤户之间的关系。

使⽤事件定义了系统的功能需求。

简单理解：⽤来描述系统的功能。

2）类图 ⽤于描述系统的静态结构。

类可以⽤不同⽅式连接，主要包括联合、依赖、独⽴和包装。

⼀个系统⼀般有多张类图，⼀个类可在不同的视图中出现。

3）对象图 ⽤于表述系统在某个时刻的静态结构。

对象图也可作为协作图的⼀部分，说明⼀组对象之间的动态协作关系。

对象图与类图的区别：对象图表⽰的是类中的许多对象实例，⽽不是类本⾝。

4）状态图 ⽤于说明类中的对象可能具有的状态，以及由时间引起的状态的改变。

简单理解：描述了系统元素的状态条件和响应。

5）顺序图（时序图） ⽤于描述对象间的动态协作关系。

表达了对象间发⾏消息的时序，同时也表达出对象间的相互作⽤，以及当系统执⾏到某个特定位置时可能会发⽣的事。

请说明uml标准的主要版本,并简要描述每个版本的主要特点UML（Unified Modeling Language）是一种用于软件系统建模的标准化语言。

以下是UML主要版本的简要描述：1. UML 1.x：UML的最早版本，于1997年发布。

它引入了基本的建模概念和图表，包括用例图、类图、对象图、状态图、活动图、顺序图等。

UML 1.x版本相对简单，注重静态结构的建模。

2. UML 2.0：UML的第二个主要版本，于2005年发布。

UML 2.0对UML 1.x进行了扩展和改进，引入了更多的建模概念和图表，如组件图、部署图、通信图等。

它还引入了更多的语义规则和约束，提供了更丰富的建模能力和表达能力。

3. UML 2.1：UML 2.1是UML 2.0的一个更新版本，于2007年发布。

它修复了一些错误和缺陷，并提供了更清晰的规范和指南。

此外，UML 2.1还引入了几个新的图表，如时间图和交互概览图，以及一些新的建模概念。

4. UML 2.2：UML 2.2是UML 2.1的一个小幅更新版本，于2009年发布。

它主要修复了一些错误和缺陷，并提供了更清晰的规范和指南。

此外，UML 2.2还引入了一些新的建模概念和图表，如模型合成和系统分析图。

5. UML 2.3：UML 2.3是UML 2.2的一个小幅更新版本，于2010年发布。

它主要修复了一些错误和缺陷，并提供了更清晰的规范和指南。

此外，UML 2.3还引入了一些新的建模概念和图表，如需求图和结构化活动节点。

总的来说，UML的主要版本包括UML 1.x、UML 2.0、UML 2.1、UML 2.2和UML 2.3。

每个版本都在前一个版本的基础上进行了扩展和改进，引入了新的建模概念、图表和语义规则，提供了更丰富和强大的建模能力和表达能力。

随着UML的不断发展，它已经成为软件系统建模领域的主要标准之一。

UML的定义和组成详细介绍⽬录1、UML1.1概述UML(Unified Modeling Language 统⼀建模语⾔) 是为软件系统的制品进⾏描述（specifying）、可视化（visualizing）、构造（constructing）、⽂档化（documenting）的⼀种语⾔。

UML规范⽤来描述建模的概念有: 类、对象、关联、职责、⾏为、接⼝、⽤例、包、顺序、协作，以及状态。

1.2 UML是⼀种建模语⾔建模⽅法 = 建模语⾔ + 建模过程。

建模语⾔定义了⽤于表⽰设计的符号(通常是图形符号)；建模过程描述进⾏设计所需要遵循的步骤。

标准建模语⾔UML是⼀种建模语⾔，⽽不是⼀种⽅法，它统⼀了⾯向对象建模的基本概念、术语及其图形符号，为⼈们建⽴了便于交流的共同语⾔。

建模能⼒：建模⽅法 + 领域知识 + 实践1.3 UML语⾔包含三⽅⾯1. UML基本图素：它是构成UML模型图的基本元素。

例如类、对象、包、接⼝、组件等。

2. UML模型图：它由UML基本图素按照UML建模规则构成。

例如⽤例图、类图、对象图、…等。

3. UML建模规则：UML模型图必须按特定的规则有机地组合⽽成,从⽽构成⼀个有机的、完整的UML模型图（well-formed UMLdiagram）。

2、UML⽀持软件体系结构建模为了表达不同的软件开发相关⼈员在软件开发周期的不同时期看待软件产品的不同侧重⾯, 需要对模型进⾏分层。

UML根据软件产品的体系结构（architecture）对软件进⾏分层。

软件的体系结构分解为五个不同的侧⾯，称为4＋1视图(view)。

分别是：⽤例视图（Use case view，Scenarios）—场景视⾓逻辑视图(Logical view) — 逻辑视⾓进程（过程）视图（Process view） — 过程视⾓实现（开发）视图(Implementation view) —开发视⾓部署（物理、配置）视图(Deployment view) —物理视⾓每个视图分别关注软件开发的某⼀侧⾯视图由⼀种或多种模型图(diagram)构成模型图描述了构成相应视图的基本模型元素（element）及它们之间的相互关系。

为了有效地组织、管理数据，提高数据库的逻辑独立性和物理独立性，人们为数据库设计了一个严谨的体系结构，数据库领域公认的标准结构是三级模式结构，它包括外模式、模式和内模式。

美国国家标准协会(American National Standard Institute，ANSI)的数据库管理系统研究小组于1 9 78年提出了标准化的建议，将数据库结构分为3级：面向用户或应用程序员的用户级、面向建立和维护数据库人员的概念级、面向系统程序员的物理级。

用户级对应外模式，概念级对应模式，物理级对应内模式，使不同级别的用户对数据库形成不同的视图。

所谓视图，就是指观察、认识和理解数据的范围、角度和方法，是数据库在用户“眼中"的反映，很显然，不同层次(级别)用户所“看到’’的数据库是不相同的。

1模式．模式又称概念模式或逻辑模式，对应于概念级。

它是由数据库设计者综合所有用户的数据，按照统一的观点构造的全局逻辑结构，是对数据库中全部数据的逻辑结构和特征的总体描述，是所有用户的公共数据视图(全局视图)。

它是由数据库管理系统提供的数据模式描述语言(Data Description Language，DDL)来描述、定义的，体现、反映了数据库系统的整体观。

2．外模式外模式又称子模式，对应于用户级。

它是某个或某几个用户所看到的数据库的数据视图，是与某一应用有关的数据的逻辑表示。

外模式是从模式导出的一个子集，包含模式中允许特定用户使用的那部分数据。

用户可以通过外模式描述语言来描述、定义对应于用户的数据记录(外模式)，也可以利用数据操纵语言(Data Manipulation Lang uage，DML)对这些数据记录进行。

外模式反映了数据库的用户观。

3．内模式内模式又称存储模式，对应于物理级，它是数据库中全体数据的内部表示或底层描述，是数据库最低一级的逻辑描述，它描述了数据在存储介质上的存储方式与物理结构，对应着实际存储在外存储介质上的数据库。

什么是统一建模语言（UML）？UML是统一建模语言的缩写，是一种标准化建模语言，由一组集成的图表组成，它开发来帮助系统和软件开发人员指定、可视化、构建和记录软件系统的工件，以及业务建模和其他非软件系统。

UML代表了在大型和复杂系统建模中已被证明是成功的最佳工程实践的集合。

UML是开发面向对象软件和软件开发过程中非常重要的一部分。

UML 主要使用图形符号来表示软件项目的设计。

使用UML帮助项目团队沟通，探索潜在的设计，并验证软件的体系结构设计。

在本文中，我们将向您详细介绍UML是什么、UML的历史以及每个UML图类型的描述，以及UML示例。

What is Unified Modeling Language (UML)?UML, short for Unified Modeling Langung of an integrated set of diagrams, developed to help system and software developers for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems. The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems. The UML is a very important part of developing object oriented software and the software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of software projects. Using the UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural design of the software. In this article we will give you detailed ideas about what is UML, the history of UML and a description of each UML diagram type, along with UML examples.The Origin of UMLThe goal of UML is to provide a standard notation that can be used by all object-oriented methods and to select and integrate the best elements of precursor notations. UML has been designed for a broad range of applications. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities (e.g., distributed systems, analysis, system design and deployment).UML is a notation that resulted from the unification of OMT from1.Object Modeling T echnique OMT [James Rumbaugh 1991] - was best for analysis and data-intensive information systems.2.Booch [Grady Booch 1994] - was excellent for design and implementation. Grady Booch had worked extensively with the Ada language, and had been a major player in the development of Object Oriented techniques for the language. Although the Booch method was strong, the notation was less well received (lots of cloud shapes dominated his models - not very tidy)3.OOSE (Object-Oriented Software Engineering [Ivar Jacobson 1992]) - featured a model known as Use Cases. Use Cases are a powerful technique for understanding the behaviour of an entire system (an area where OO has traditionally been weak).In 1994, Jim Rumbaugh, the creator of OMT, stunned the software world when he left General Electric and joined Grady Booch at Rational Corp. The aim of the partnership was to merge their ideas into a single, unified method (the working title for the method was indeed the "Unified Method").By 1995, the creator of OOSE, Ivar Jacobson, had also joined Rational, and his ideas (particularly the concept of "Use Cases")were fed into the new Unified Method - now called the Unified Modelling Language1. The team of Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson are affectionately known as the "Three Amigos"UML has also been influenced by other object-oriented notations:•Mellor and Shlaer [1998]•Coad and Yourdon [1995]•Wirfs-Brock [1990]•Martin and Odell [1992]UML also includes new concepts that were not present in other major methods at the time, such as extension mechanisms and a constraint language.History of UML1.During 1996, the first Request for Proposal (RFP) issued by the Object Management Group (OMG) provided the catalyst for these organizations to join forces around producing a joint RFP response.2.Rational established the UML Partners consortium with several organizations willing to dedicate resources to work toward a strong UML 1.0 definition. Those contributing most to the UML 1.0 definition included:o Digital Equipment Corpo HPo i-Logixo IntelliCorpo IBMo ICON Computingo MCI Systemhouseo Microsofto Oracleo Rational Softwareo TIo Unisys3.This collaboration produced UML 1.0, a modeling language that was well-defined, expressive, powerful, and generally applicable. This was submitted to the OMG in January 1997 as an initial RFP response.14.In January 1997 IBM, ObjecTime, Platinum Technology, Ptech, Taskon, Reich Technologies and Softeam also submitted separate RFP responses to the OMG. These companies joined the UML partners to contribute their ideas, and together the partners produced the revised UML 1.1 response. The focus of the UML 1.1 release was to improve the clarity of the UML 1.0 semantics and to incorporate contributions from the new partners. It was submitted to the OMG for their consideration and adopted in the fall of 1997.1 and enhanced 1.1 to 1.5, and subsequently to UML 2.1 from 01 to 06 (now the UML current version is 2.5)Why UMLAs the strategic value of software increases for many companies, the industry looks for techniques to automate the production of software and to improve quality and reduce cost and time-to-market. These techniques include componenttechnology, visual programming, patterns and frameworks. Businesses also seek techniques to manage the complexity of systems as they increase in scope and scale. In particular, they recognize the need to solve recurring architectural problems, such as physical distribution, concurrency, replication, security, load balancing and fault tolerance. Additionally, the development for the World Wide Web, while making some things simpler, has exacerbated these architectural problems. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) was designed to respond to these needs. The primary goals in the design of the UML summarize by Page-Jones in Fundamental Object-Oriented Design in UML as follows:1.Provide users with a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling language so they can develop and exchange meaningful models.2.Provide extensibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.3.Be independent of particular programming languages and development processes.4.Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.5.Encourage the growth of the OO tools market.6.Support higher-level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns and components.7.Integrate best practices.UML - An OverviewBefore we begin to look at the theory of the UML, we are going to take a very brief run through some of the major concepts of the UML.The first thing to notice about the UML is that there are a lot of different diagrams (models) to get used to. The reason for thisis that it is possible to look at a system from many different viewpoints. A software development will have many stakeholders playing a part.For Example:•Analysts•Designers•Coders•Testers•QA•The Customer•Technical AuthorsAll of these people are interested in different aspects of the system, and each of them require a different level of detail. For example, a coder needs to understand the design of the system and be able to convert the design to a low level code. By contrast, a technical writer is interested in the behavior of the system as a whole, and needs to understand how the product functions. The UML attempts to provide a language so expressive that all stakeholders can benefit from at least one UML diagram.Here's a quick look at each one of these 13 diagrams in as shown in the UML 2 Diagram Structure below:Structure diagrams show the static structure of the system and its parts on different abstraction and implementation levels and how they are related to each other. The elements in a structure diagram represent the meaningful concepts of a system, and may include abstract, real world and implementation concepts, there are seven types of structure diagram as follows:•Class Diagram•Component Diagram•Deployment Diagram•Object Diagram•Package Diagram•Composite Structure Diagram•Profile DiagramBehavior diagrams show the dynamic behavior of the objects in a system, which can be described as a series of changes to the system over time, there are seven types of behavior diagrams as follows:•Use Case Diagram•Activity Diagram•State Machine Diagram•Sequence Diagram•Communication Diagram•Interaction Overview Diagram•Timing DiagramWhat is a Class Diagram?The class diagram is a central modeling technique that runs through nearly all object-oriented methods. This diagram describes the types of objects in the system and various kinds of static relationships which exist between them.RelationshipsThere are three principal kinds of relationships which areimportant:1.Association - represent relationships between instances of types (a person works for a company, a company has a number of offices.2.Inheritance - the most obvious addition to ER diagrams for use in OO. It has an immediate correspondence to inheritance in OO design.3.Aggregation - Aggregation, a form of object composition in object-oriented design.Class Diagram ExampleWhat is Component Diagram?In the Unified Modeling Language, a component diagram depicts how components are wired together to form larger components or software systems. It illustrates the architectures of the software components and the dependencies between them. Those software components including run-time components, executable components also the source code components.Component Diagram ExampleWhat is a Deployment Diagram?The Deployment Diagram helps to model the physical aspect of an Object-Oriented software system. It is a structure diagram which shows architecture of the system as deployment (distribution) of software artifacts to deployment targets. Artifacts represent concrete elements in the physical world that are the result of a development process. It models the run-time configuration in a static view and visualizes the distribution of artifacts in an application. In most cases, it involves modeling the hardware configurations together with the software components that lived on.Deployment Diagram ExampleWhat is an Object Diagram?An object diagram is a graph of instances, including objects and data values. A static object diagram is an instance of a class diagram; it shows a snapshot of the detailed state of a system at a point in time. The difference is that a class diagram represents an abstract model consisting of classes and their relationships. However, an object diagram represents an instance at a particular moment, which is concrete in nature. The use of object diagrams is fairly limited, namely to show examples of data structure.Class Diagram vs Object Diagram - An ExampleSome people may find it difficult to understand the difference between a UML Class Diagram and a UML Object Diagram as they both comprise of named "rectangle blocks", with attributes in them, and with linkages in between, which make the two UML diagrams look similar. Some people may even think they are the same because in the UML tool they use both the notations for Class Diagram and Object Diagram are put inside the same diagram editor - Class Diagram.But in fact, Class Diagram and Object Diagram represent two different aspects of a code base. In this article, we will provide you with some ideas about these two UML diagrams, what they are, what are their differences and when to use each of them.Relationship between Class Diagram and Object Diagram You create "classes" when you are programming. For example, in an online banking system you may create classes like 'User', 'Account', 'Transaction', etc. In a classroom management system you may create classes like 'Teacher', 'Student', 'Assignment', etc. In each class, there are attributes and operations that represent the characteristic and behavior of the class. Class Diagram is a UML diagram where you can visualize those classes, along with their attributes, operations and theinter-relationship.UML Object Diagram shows how object instances in your system are interacting with each other at a particular state. It also represents the data values of those objects at that state. In other words, a UML Object Diagram can be seen as a representation of how classes (drawn in UML Class Diagram) are utilized at a particular state.If you are not a fan of those definition stuff, take a look at the following UML diagram examples. I believe that you will understand their differences in seconds.Class Diagram ExampleThe following Class Diagram example represents two classes - User and Attachment. A user can upload multiple attachment so the two classes are connected with an association, with 0..* as multiplicity on the Attachment side.Object Diagram ExampleThe following Object Diagram example shows you how the object instances of User and Attachment class "look like" at the moment Peter (i.e. the user) is trying to upload two attachments. So there are two Instance Specification for the two attachment objects to be uploaded.What is a Package Diagram?Package diagram is UML structure diagram which shows packages and dependencies between the packages. Modeldiagrams allow to show different views of a system, for example, as multi-layered (aka multi-tiered) application - multi-layered application model.Package Diagram ExampleWhat is a Composite Structure Diagram?Composite Structure Diagram is one of the new artifacts added to UML 2.0. A composite structure diagram is similar to a class diagram and is a kind of component diagram mainly used in modeling a system at micro point-of-view, but it depicts individual parts instead of whole classes. It is a type of static structure diagram that shows the internal structure of a class and the collaborations that this structure makes possible.This diagram can include internal parts, ports through which the parts interact with each other or through which instances of the class interact with the parts and with the outside world, and connectors between parts or ports. A composite structure is a set of interconnected elements that collaborate at runtime to achieve some purpose. Each element has some defined role in the collaboration.Composite Structure Diagram ExampleWhat is a Profile Diagram?A profile diagram enables you to create domain and platform specific stereotypes and define the relationships between them. You can create stereotypes by drawing stereotype shapes and relate them with composition or generalization through the resource-centric interface. You can also define and visualize tagged values of stereotypes.Profile Diagram ExampleWhat is a Use Case Diagram?A use-case model describes a system's functional requirements in terms of use cases. It is a model of the system's intended functionality (use cases) and its environment (actors). Use cases enable you to relate what you need from a system to how the system delivers on those needs.Think of a use-case model as a menu, much like the menu you'd find in a restaurant. By looking at the menu, you knowwhat's available to you, the individual dishes as well as their prices. You also know what kind of cuisine the restaurant serves: Italian, Mexican, Chinese, and so on. By looking at the menu, you get an overall impression of the dining experience that awaits you in that restaurant. The menu, in effect, "models" the restaurant's behavior.Because it is a very powerful planning instrument, the use-case model is generally used in all phases of the development cycle by all team members.Use Case Diagram ExampleWhat is an Activity Diagram?Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. It describes the flow of control of the target system, such as the exploring complex business rules and operations, describing the use case also the business process. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams are intended to model both computational and organizational processes (i.e. workflows).Activity Diagram ExampleWhat is a State Machine Diagram?A state diagram is a type of diagram used in UML to describe the behavior of systems which is based on the concept of state diagrams by David Harel. State diagrams depict the permitted states and transitions as well as the events that effect these transitions. It helps to visualize the entire lifecycle of objects and thus help to provide a better understanding of state-based systems.State Machine Diagram ExampleWhat is a Sequence Diagram?The Sequence Diagram models the collaboration of objects based on a time sequence. It shows how the objects interact with others in a particular scenario of a use case. With the advanced visual modeling capability, you can create complex sequence diagram in few clicks. Besides, some modeling tool such as Visual Paradigm can generate sequence diagram from the flow of events which you have defined in the use case description.Sequence Diagram ExampleWhat is a Communication Diagram?Similar to Sequence Diagram, the Communication Diagram is also used to model the dynamic behavior of the use case. When compare to Sequence Diagram, the Communication Diagram is more focused on showing the collaboration of objects rather than the time sequence. They are actually semantically equivalent, so some of the modeling tool such as, Visual Paradigm allowsyou to generate it from one to the other.Communication Diagram ExampleWhat is Interaction Overview Diagram?The Interaction Overview Diagram focuses on the overview of the flow of control of the interactions. It is a variant of the Activity Diagram where the nodes are the interactions or interaction occurrences. The Interaction Overview Diagram describes the interactions where messages and lifelines are hidden. You can link up the "real" diagrams and achieve high degree navigability between diagrams inside the Interaction Overview Diagram.Interaction Overview Diagram ExampleWhat is Timing Diagram?Timing Diagram shows the behavior of the object(s) in a given period of time. Timing diagram is a special form of a sequence diagram. The differences between timing diagram and sequence diagram are the axes are reversed so that the time are increase from left to right and the lifelines are shown in separate compartments arranged vertically.Timing Diagram ExampleUML Glossary and Terms•Abstract Class - A class that will never be instantiated. An instance of this class will never exist.•Actor - An object or person that initiates events the system is involved with.•Activity: A step or action within an Activity Diagram. Represents an action taken by the system or by an Actor.•Activity Diagram: A glorified flowchart that shows the steps and decisions and parallel operations within a process, such as an algorithm or a business process.•Aggregation - Is a part of another class. Shown with a hollow diamond next to the containing class in diagrams.•Artifacts - Documents describing the output of a step in the design process. The description is graphic, textual, or some combination.•Association - A connection between two elements of a Model. This might represent a member variable in code, or theassociation between a personnel record and the person it represents, or a relation between two categories of workers, or any similar relationship. By default, both elements in an Association are equal, and are aware of each other through the Association. An Association can also be a Navigable Association, meaning that the source end of the association is aware of the target end, but not vice versa.•Association Class: A Class that represents and adds information to the Association between two other Classes.•Attributes - Characteristics of an object which may be used to reference other objects or save object state information.•Base Class: A Class which defines Attributes and Operations that are inherited by a Subclass via a Generalization relationship.•Branch: A decision point in an Activity Diagram. Multiple Transitions emerge from the Branch, each with a Guard Condition. When control reaches the Branch, exactly one Guard Condition must be true; and control follows the corresponding Transition.•Class: A category of similar Objects, all described by the same Attributes and Operations and all assignment-compatible.•Class Diagram - Shows the system classes and relationships between them.•Classifier: A UML element that has Attributes and Operations. Specifically, Actors, Classes, and Interfaces.•Collaboration: A relation between two Objects in a Communication Diagram, indicating that Messages can pass back and forth between the Objects.•Communication Diagram - A diagram that shows how operations are done while emphasizing the roles of objects.•Component: A deployable unit of code within the system.•Component Diagram: A diagram that shows relations between various Components and Interfaces.•Concept - A noun or abstract idea to be included in a domain model.•Construction Phase - The third phase of the Rational Unified Process during which several iterations of functionality are built into the system under construction. This is where the main work is done.•Dependence: A relationship that indicates one Classifier knows the Attributes and Operations of another Classifier, but isn't directly connected to any instance of the second Classifier.•Deployment Diagram: A diagram that shows relations between various Processors.•Domain -The part of the universe that the system is involved with.•Elaboration Phase - The second phase of the Rational Unified Process that allows for additional project planning including the iterations of the construction phase.•Element: Any item that appears in a Model.•Encapsulation - Data in objects is private.•Generalization - Indicates that one class is a subclass on another class (superclass). A hollow arrow points to the superclass.•Event: In a State Diagram, this represents a signal or event or input that causes the system to take an action or switch States.•Final State: In a State Diagram or an Activity Diagram, this indicates a point at which the diagram completes.•Fork: A point in an Activity Diagram where multiple parallel control threads begin.•Generalization: An inheritance relationship, in which aSubclass inherits and adds to the Attributes and Operations of a Base Class.•GoF - Gang of Four set of design patterns.•High Cohesion - A GRASP evaluative pattern which makes sure the class is not too complex, doing unrelated functions.•Low Coupling - A GRASP evaluative pattern which measures how much one class relies on another class or is connected to another class.•Inception Phase - The first phase of the Rational Unified Process that deals with the original conceptualization and beginning of the project.•Inheritance - Subclasses inherit the attributes or characterics of their parent (superclass) class. These attributes can be overridden in the subclass.•Initial State: In a State Diagram or an Activity Diagram, this indicates the point at which the diagram begins.•Instance - A class is used like a template to create an object. This object is called an instance of the class. Any number of instances of the class may be created.•Interface: A Classifier that defines Attributes and Operations that form a contract for behavior. A provider Class or Component may elect to Realize an Interface (i.e., implement its Attributes and Operations). A client Class or Component may then Depend upon the Interface and thus use the provider without any details of the true Class of the provider.•Iteration - A mini project section during which some small piece of functionality is added to the project. Includes the development loop of analysis, design and coding.•Join: A point in an Activity Diagram where multiple parallel control threads synchronize and rejoin.•Member: An Attribute or an Operation within a Classifier.•Merge: A point in an Activity Diagram where different control paths come together.•Message - A request from one object to another asking the object receiving the message to do something. This is basically a call to a method in the receiving object.•Method - A function or procedure in an object.•Model - The central UML artifact. Consists of various elements arranged in a hierarchy by Packages, with relations between elements as well.•Multiplicity - Shown in a domain model and indicated outside concept boxes, it indicates object quantity relationship to quantiles of other objects.•Navigability: Indicates which end of a relationship is aware of the other end. Relationships can have bidirectional Navigability (each end is aware of the other) or single directional Navigability (one end is aware of the other, but not vice versa).•Notation - Graphical document with rules for creating analysis and design methods.•Note: A text note added to a diagram to explain the diagram in more detail.•Object - Object: In an Activity Diagram, an object that receives information from Activities or provides information to Activities. In a Collaboration Diagram or a Sequence Diagram, an object that participates in the scenario depicted in the diagram. In general: one instance or example of a given Classifier (Actor, Class, or Interface).•Package - A group of UML elements that logically should be grouped together.•Package Diagram: A Class Diagram in which all of theelements are Packages and Dependencies.•Pattern - Solutions used to determine responsibility assignment for objects to interact. It is a name for a successful solution to a well-known common problem.•Parameter: An argument to an Operation.•Polymorphism - Same message, different method. Also used as a pattern.•Private: A Visibility level applied to an Attribute or an Operation, indicating that only code for the Classifier that contains the member can access the member.•Processor: In a Deployment Diagram, this represents a computer or other programmable device where code may be deployed.•Protected: A Visibility level applied to an Attribute or an Operation, indicating that only code for the Classifier that contains the member or for its Subclasses can access the member.•Public: A Visibility level applied to an Attribute or an Operation, indicating that any code can access the member.•Reading Direction Arrow - Indicates the direction of a relationship in a domain model.•Realization: Indicates that a Component or a Class provides a given Interface.•Role - Used in a domain model, it is an optional description about the role of an actor.•Sequence Diagram: A diagram that shows the existence of Objects over time, and the Messages that pass between those Objects over time to carry out some behavior. State chart diagram - A diagram that shows all possible object states.•State: In a State Diagram, this represents one state of a system or subsystem: what it is doing at a point in time, as wellas the values of its data.•State Diagram: A diagram that shows States of a system or subsystem, Transitions between States, and the Events that cause the Transitions.•Static: A modifier to an Attribute to indicate that there's only one copy of the Attribute shared among all instances of the Classifier. A modifier to an Operation to indicate that the Operation stands on its own and doesn't operate on one specific instance of the Classifier.•Stereotype: A modifier applied to a Model element indicating something about it which can't normally be expressed in UML. In essence, Stereotypes allow you to define your own "dialect" of UML.•Subclass: A Class which inherits Attributes and Operations that are defined by a Subclass via a Generalization relationship.•Swimlane: An element of an Activity Diagram that indicates what parts of a system or a domain perform particular Activities. All Activities within a Swimlane are the responsibility of the Object, Component, or Actor represented by the Swimlane.•Time Boxing - Each iteration will have a time limit with specific goals.•Transition: In an Activity Diagram, represents a flow of control from one Activity or Branch or Merge or Fork or Join to another. In a State Diagram, represents a change from one State to another.•Transition Phase - The last phase of the Rational Unified Process during which users are trained on using the new system and the system is made available to users.•UML - Unified Modeling Language utilizes text and graphic documents to enhance the analysis and design of software。

uml精粹标准对象建模语言简明指南UML（Unified Modeling Language）是一种用于软件开发过程中进行建模的标准对象建模语言。

它提供了丰富的图形符号和语义规则，可以描述系统的结构、行为和交互。

UML对软件开发过程中的需求分析、设计和实现具有重要的指导作用。

UML标准定义了一系类图形符号，包括结构图和行为图。

结构图主要用于描述系统的静态结构，包括类图、对象图、组件图和部署图等。

行为图主要用于描述系统的动态行为，包括活动图、状态图和时序图等。

其中，类图是UML中最常用的结构图之一。

它表达了系统中各个类之间的静态关系和属性。

类图由类、接口、关联、依赖、继承和实现等元素组成。

类用矩形图形表示，类中的属性和操作用分隔线分割显示。

关联和依赖用线条连接类与类，表示类之间的关系和依赖关系。

继承和实现用带箭头的线条表示。

活动图是描述系统过程和操作的行为图。

活动图由活动（动作）、控制流、决策点和分支等元素组成。

活动图用来表示系统的执行过程和流程，它能够展现系统中的并发和顺序关系，帮助分析人员理解和设计系统的业务流程。

时序图是描述系统中对象之间交互和通讯的行为图。

时序图由对象（横向排列）和消息（纵向排列）构成。

对象表示系统中的实体，消息表示对象之间的通讯和交互。

时序图能够清晰地表示对象之间的交互顺序、消息的传递方式和时机，帮助开发人员准确地掌握系统的通讯过程。

UML提供了一套丰富的图形符号和语义规则，使得软件开发人员能够在需求分析、设计和实现的过程中有效地进行建模和沟通。

它有以下几个特点：1.易理解易学习：UML提供了一种统一的图形符号来表示软件系统，这些符号直观且易于理解，使得开发人员能够很容易地学习和理解整个系统的结构和行为。

2.丰富的建模元素：UML提供了多种建模元素，如类、对象、接口、关联、继承、聚合等，使得开发人员能够对系统的各个方面进行全面的建模和描述。

3.面向对象的建模：UML采用面向对象的思想进行建模，能够更好地反映现实世界中的事物和关系。

第一章引言1UML是建模语言，不是一种方法，任何方法都由建模语言和建模过程两部分组成。

建模语言提供这方法用语表示设计的符号（图形符号），建模过程则描述进行设计所需的步骤2标准建模语言UML定义包括UML语义和UML表示法两个部分。

UML语义：对其元模型严格定义。

元模型是UML所有元素在语法和语意上提供简单，一致通用的定义性说明。

UML表示法：定义UML的表示符号，为建模者提供标准图形符号和正文语法。

UML是一种图形表示法，另一种是可视化的图形建模语言。

3主要内容：A 用例图从用户角度描述系统功能，并指出功能的操作者。

（谁使用系统，以及作什么）B 静态图包括类图对象图和包图。

类图用于定义系统中的类包括描述类之间关系（关联，依赖，聚合等）以及内部结构，即属性和操作。

类图是描述系统中静态结构。

在系统整个生命周期都是有效的。

对象图表示符号同类图，但是对象图只是显示类的对象实例，而不是类。

一个对象图是类图的一个实例。

对象存在生命周期，因此对象图只能在系统某一时段存在。

包图由包或类组成，主要表示包与包，或包与类之间关系。

包图用于描述系统分层结构。

C 行为图描述系统的动态模型和组成对象间的交互关系。

一种是状态图：描述一类对象所有可能的状态以及事件发生是4状态转移条件。

通常是对类图的补充。

不需要所有类绘制状态图，只要为有多个状态并且行为受环境印象而发生变化的绘制状态图。

另一种：活动图描述满足用例要求所要进行的活动以及活动约束关系。

可以方便表示并行活动。

D 交互图描述对象的交互关系一：顺序图显示对象动态合作关系强调消息发送顺序，同时显示对象之间交互过程。

二合作图描述对象之间协作关系同顺序图相似，显示对象的动态合作关系。

显示信息交换以及显示对象和他们之间关系.若强调事件顺序就用顺序图，如果强调通信关系则可选合作图E 实现图包括构件图和配置图，描述系统实现体的构成及其硬件环境种的配置情况。

构件图描述代码部件的物理结构以及部件之间的依赖关系。