变电站建设外文翻译参考文献

附录Ⅲ英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。

变电站建设外文文献翻译变电站建设外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)General Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distancetransmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring thesubstations ,major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substationsfeature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages ,the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work./doc/554c0a220622192e453610661ed9ad5 1f01d5431.html e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of eachproduction line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity intoindividual particles baffled them.Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.But how can individual electrons be made to break awayfrom atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wandersaway.Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other.This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. V olta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.MagnetsAlmost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron /doc/554c0a220622192e453610661ed9ad51f0 1d5431.html ter, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets.In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magnetic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electricity).So we can see that there is arelationship betweenmoving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons.Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.翻译：变电站建设的一般要求变电站(所)在电源系统的工业企业是一个至关重要的因素。

SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE POWERSUBSTATION EQUIPMENTSMorteza BastamiAssistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering , University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering , Imam Khomeini International University, Ghazvin, IranEmail: mbastami@uok.ac.ir, mbastami@ABSTRACT :Power electric substations are key elements of power supply systems. Equipments of the power substations have been the most vulnerable components within the power supply systems in past earthquakes. Damage to substation equipments will cause disoperation of whole substation, and then, widespread power disruptions. This paper develops methods for seismic assessment of medium- and high-voltage power substation equipments. In this paper, data of seismic performance of equipments within fifty-eight medium- and high-voltage substations, as the most vulnerable substations, in past major earthquakes in a few countries are collected. The selected equipments are power transformer, live-tank circuit breaker, dead-tank circuit breaker, disconnect switch, current transformer, potential transformer, bus-bar system, lightning arrester, wave trap, and capacitive coupling voltage transformer. In last part of the paper, a damage ratio curve for the medium and high voltage substations is proposed. The obtained results for damage analyses of the equipments indicate that the live-tank circuit breakers by 32.3% are the most vulnerable equipment and dead-tank circuit breakers by 2.5% have the best seismic performance. Current transformers, bus-bar systems, potential transformers, and power transformers are the other vulnerable equipments respectively.KEYWORDS:Power substation, Seismic assessment, Medium voltage, High voltage, Substation equipment1. INTRODUCTIONA power supply system is composed of four sub-systems:power generators, transmission grid, power substations and distribution grid. Supplied power to be useful in a home or business, when it comes off the transmission grid and is stepped-down to the distribution grid. This may happen in several phases. The place, where the conversion from "transmission" to "distribution" occurs, is in a power substation. A power substation typically does three jobs as follows:It has transformers that step transmission voltages (in the tens or hundreds of thousands of volts range) down to distribution voltages (typically less than 20 kV).It has a "bus-bar" that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions.It often has circuit breakers and disconnect switches so that the substation could be disconnected from the transmission grid or distribution lines can be disconnected from the substation when necessary.A high or medium voltage substation is used in a transmission grid but a low voltage substation is employed in a distribution grid. Several large structural systems exist within the substation, each contributing to the overall functionality of the substation. Most of the substation equipments have poor seismic performance. Recent seismic events, such as the 1971 San Fernando (US), 1986 North Palm Springs (US), 1989 Loma Prieta (US), 1990 North of Iran, 1992 Landers (US), 1994 Northridge (US), 1995 Kobe, 1999 Izmit (Turkey), 2001 El Salvador, 2003 Bam (Iran), 2004 Niigata (Japan), 2004 Indian Ocean, 2006 West of Iran and 2006 Java (Indonesia) earthquakes demonstrated the vulnerability of substation components to ground shaking. Failures commonly occurred in support structures of conductors, anchorage of power transformers, bushings, insulator poles, circuit breakers, and disconnect switches. Figures 1-4 show examples of damages to substation equipments in the 2004 Niigata Ken Chūetsu earthquake in Japan (JSCE/JGS, 2004). These damages occurred while mostly of power substations in Japan during last decades, especially after the Kobe 1995 earthquake,have been strengthened against earthquake. Japan Electric Association in 1985, for first time, developed a Guideline titled as “Earthquake resistant design guideline for electric facilities in power substation”, which was revised in 1999 (JEAG 5003-1999).Power substations based on functionality are classified in three types as follows:•Transmission substations (voltage and current increase or decrease)•Distribution substations (voltage decrease and current increase)•Switchyards (no change in voltage and current)Also based on voltage level they are categorized in three class, which are:•Low-voltage: less than 150 kV•Medium-voltage: between 150 kV and 350 kV•High-voltage: 350 kV and aboveIn this paper, seismic performance of medium- and high-voltage power substation equipments are discussed.Figure 1 Lightning arresters of all three- Figure 2 Oil leakage from joint betweenphases were broken in Nagaoka Sub. transformer and condenser in Minami Nagaoka Sub.(JSCE, 2004) (JSCE, 2004)Figure 3 Failure of condenser in Nagaoka sub. Figure 4 Extrusion of gasket and oil leakage(JSCE, 2004) in bushing of 154 kV transformer in Uonuma Sub.(JSCE, 2004)2. DATA GATHERINGIn this research, at first damages to the power systems in 43 earthquakes, from the 1923 Kanto earthquake(Japan) to the 2006 Java earthquake(Indonesia)are investigated, which hundreds of power substations had been suffered damage. Unfortunately exact information like as ground acceleration at substation site, description of damages, exact number of damaged equipments, voltage level of equipments and etc. in mostly of reports are not reported. Due to these data limitations, just enough data of 58 medium- and high-voltage substations (as the most vulnerable substations) are found, which are used in this paper. Due to volume consuming of this paper, it is not possible to list all specifications of these substations and also all references which are more than 80 references but it could be referred to Chapter 2 of (Bastami, 2007) to view list the mostly of the references. Operation of a power substation is function of equipments operation within the substation such as power transformer, disconnect switch, live-tank circuit breaker, current transformer, bus-bar and etc. A substation, based on its functionality, may include some or all the equipments. All important equipments within a standard substation are listed below:¾Power transformer¾Live-tank circuit breaker¾Dead-tank circuit breaker¾Disconnect switches¾Current transformer¾Potential transformer¾Bus-bar system¾Lightning arrester¾Wave trap¾Capacitive coupling voltage transformerIn this research all the above equipments are taken into account.3. PERFORMANCE OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS IN PAST EARTHQUAKES3.1Performance of EquipmentsIn this section, results for seismic performance of the abovementioned equipments are presented. Percentage of damage for each equipment is defined as ratio of number of damaged equipments to total number of that equipment. Figures 5-14 depict percentage of damaged equipments in medium- and high-voltage substations respectively. The figures indicate vulnerability of all equipments within medium- or high-voltage power substations.Figure 5 Percentage of damaged power transformers in medium- and high-voltage substationsFigure 6 Percentage of damaged live-tank circuit breakers in medium- and high- voltage substationsFigure 7 Percentage of damaged dead-tank circuit breakers in medium- and high- voltage substationsFigure 8 Percentage of damaged disconnect switches in medium- and high- voltage substationsFigure 9 Percentage of damaged current transformers in medium- and high-voltage substationsFigure 10 Percentage of damaged potential transformers in medium- and high-voltage substationsFigure 11 Percentage of damaged bus-bar systems in medium- and high-voltage substationsFigure 12 Percentage of damaged lightning arresters in medium- and high-voltage substationsFigure 13 Percentage of damaged wave traps in medium- and high-voltage substationsFigure 14 Percentage of damaged capacitive coupling voltage transformer in medium- and high-voltagesubstationsTable 1 shows total number, number of the damaged and undamaged equipments, in which disconnect switches by 429 cases, live-tank circuit breakers by 150 cases and power transformers by 90 cases, bus-bar systems by 83 cases, lightning arresters by 81 cases and current transformers by 78 cases are damaged repeatedly in the 58 studied substations in past earthquakes. Table 1 also depicts percentage of damaged substation equipments, which indicates live-tank circuit breakers by 32.3% are the most vulnerable equipment and dead-tank circuit breakers by 2.5% have the best seismic performance. Current transformers, bus-bar systems, potential transformers and power transformers are the other vulnerable equipments. An interesting point is that disconnect switches by maximum reported number of damages, has better performance in comparison with live-tank circuit breakers, current transformers, bus-bar systems, potential transformers and power transformers.Table 1 Performance of the 58 medium- and high-voltage substation equipments in past earthquakesNo. Equipment TotalnumberDamagednumberUndamagednumberAverage ofpercentageof damage1 PowerTransformer 351 90 261 25.6% 2 Live-tankCircuitBreaker 464 150 314 32.3% 3 Dead-tankCircuitBreaker1133 28 1105 2.5% 4 DisconnectSwitch 3376 429 2947 12.7% 5 CurrentTransformer 250 78 172 31.2% 6 PotentialTransformer 89 23 66 25.8% 7 Bus-barSystem 261 83 178 31.8% 8 LightningArrester 540 81 459 15.0% 9 WaveTrap 114 27 87 23.7%10 Capacitive Coupling VoltageTransformer142 17 125 12.0%3.1Damage Ratio Curve of Medium and High Voltage SubstationsIn this section, a damage ratio curve for the medium and high voltage substations is proposed, which is shown in Figure 15. The curve is a bilinear curve, which is divided in two parts: first part is for PGA less than 0.55g and second part belongs to PGA more than 0.55g. For PGA equal to 0.55g, damage ratio is approximately estimated 0.28 and maximum damage ratio is approximately estimated 0.4 for PGA more than 1.1g.4. CONCLUSIONSThis paper seeks physical performance of power supply systems in past earthquakes. Damages to the power systems in 43 earthquakes, from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake until the 2006 Java Earthquake are studied. The selected earthquakes have proven widespread vulnerability of power system equipments from different points of view. Obtained results are summarized as follows:1- Damage to porcelain units of high- and medium-voltage substation equipment has been a recurring problem. Equipment operating at low voltages performs well when good seismic installation practices of anchorage and conductor interconnection flexibility are followed. Some types of equipment, which operating at voltages of 220 kV and above, are vulnerable. Generally, we can say: the higher operating voltage, the more vulnerable equipment.2- The highest voltage equipment, which is subjected to earthquake, is 500 kV.3- In medium and high-voltage substations, several types of failures are frequently observed. Inadequately anchored rail-supported transformers have fallen from their elevated platforms and have been severely damaged. Leaking or broken bushings are common.0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9100.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91 1.1 1.2PGA(g)D a m a g e R a t i oFigure 15 Damage ratio curve of the medium and high voltage substations4- Design of some equipments appear to be inherently vulnerable, while other equipment that serves thesame function and operates at the same voltage can be quite rugged; for example, some live-tank circuit breakers versus dead-tank circuit breakers.5- Damage ratio curve of the medium and high voltage substations based on the 58 studied substationsis developed, which could be useful for engineers in practical purposes.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author wish to thank Professor Yasuko Kuwata from Kobe University for giving valuable data of the 2004Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake.REFERENCESBastami, Morteza (2007). Seismic Reliability of Power Supply System Based on Probabilistic Approach. Ph.D thesis, Kobe University, Japan.Japan Electric Association Guideline, (1999). Earthquake Resistant Design Guideline for Electric Facilities in Power Substation. JEAG 5003-1999, Japan, (in Japanese).JSCE/JGS mission on the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake (2004). Reconnaissance report on the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake (ver1.0), Chapter 9.4 Power supply system (9pages) Available at http://shake.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/chuetsu/9-4.pdf (in Japanese).SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS作者：Morteza Bastami作者单位：Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering , University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering , Imam Khomeini International University,Ghazvin, Iran本文链接：/Conference_WFHYXW278686.aspx。

变电站设计英文参考文献以下是关于变电站设计的英文参考文献列表及简介：1. "Modern Power Station Practice Vol 1: Electrical Systems and Equipment" by Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) - 这本书是关于电站设计的权威参考书之一，其中包含了变电站设计的细节和要求。

2. "HVDC Transmission: Power Conversion Applications in Power Systems" by K.R. Padiyar - 这本书主要涉及高压直流输电的理论和应用，而变电站通常是将交流电转换成直流电进行输电的一部分，因此这本书可以帮助设计师更好地理解变电站的工作原理。

3. "Electric Power Substations Engineering" by John D. McDonald- 这本书是变电站设计和工程的综合指南，包含了变电站的各个方面，从概述到详细设计，以及施工和运行。

4. "Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook" by Colonel Wm. T. McLyman - 压变和电感器是变电站中常见的元件，因此设计师需要了解它们的设计和制造，这本书提供了详细的指导和案例。

5. "Electric Power Distribution Handbook" by Thomas Allen Short- 这本书提供了关于配电系统的基础知识和设计方法，这对于变电站设计师来说也非常重要，因为变电站通常是配电网络的一个关键组成部分。

6. "Switchgear and Protection" by J.B Gupta - 变电站中使用的开关设备和保护系统非常关键，这本书提供了涵盖相关主题的详细信息，包括故障和过电压保护，以及开关设备的选择和维护。

变电站设计英文参考文献# Design of SubstationSubstations play a vital role in the power system infrastructure, serving as the main junction point for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. The design of substations requires careful consideration of various factors to ensure safe and efficient power transfer. This article provides an overview of the design considerations involved in the planning and construction of a substation.## Site SelectionThe first step in substation design is to identify an appropriate location. The site must be strategically chosen, considering factors such as proximity to power sources, accessibility, land availability, and environmental impacts. Adequate land area is required to accommodate the equipment, structures, and necessary safety clearances.## Electrical System AnalysisOnce the site is finalized, an electrical system analysis is conducted to determine the voltage level, load capacity, and other electrical parameters. This analysis helps in determining the type and rating of transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment required for the substation.## Substation LayoutThe layout of the substation depends on several factors, including the configuration of the electrical system and available land area. The layout should be designed to allow for efficient power flow, adequate spacing between equipment, and clear access for maintenance and operation. Different areas for high voltage, medium voltage, and low voltage equipment are designated within the substation.## Equipment SelectionCareful selection of equipment is crucial for a well-functioning substation. Transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear, protection relays, and control systems are some of the essential components. The equipment should be reliable, efficient, and compatible with the electrical system requirements. Factors such as load capacity, fault current ratings, and safety features are considered during equipment selection.## Safety ConsiderationsSafety is of utmost importance in substation design. Adequate safety measures should be implemented to protect personnel and equipment. Safety clearances, grounding systems, fire suppression systems, and protective barriers are some of the key considerations. Compliance with relevant codes, standards, and regulations is essential for ensuring a safe working environment.## Environmental ImpactThe environmental impact of a substation should be minimized. Measures such as proper disposal of waste materials, noise reduction, and landscaping are undertaken to mitigate the impact on the surrounding ecosystem and nearby communities. Environmental regulations and guidelines must be followed throughout the design and construction process.## Construction and CommissioningOnce the design is finalized, the construction phase begins. The construction process involves civil works, installation of equipment, wiring, and testing. The commissioning phase includes the initial energization, functional testing, and synchronization with the power grid. Proper coordination between various stakeholders, including engineers, contractors, and utility companies, is crucial for a successful construction and commissioning process.## Maintenance and UpgradesRegular maintenance and upgrades are essential for the efficient operation of a substation throughout its lifespan. Periodic inspections, equipment testing, and preventivemaintenance help ensure the reliability and safety of the substation. Upgrades may be required to accommodate future growth, technological advancements, or changes in the electrical system.In conclusion, the design of a substation involves several critical considerations, including site selection, electrical system analysis, layout design, equipment selection, safety measures, environmental impact, and construction and commissioning processes.A well-designed and properly maintained substation is vital for the reliable and uninterrupted transmission and distribution of electrical energy.。

变电站建设外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)General Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterpriseand is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring thesubstations ,major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages ,the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity intoindividual particles baffled them.Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wandersaway.Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other.This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. V olta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.MagnetsAlmost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron ter, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets.In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magnetic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electricity).So we can see that there is arelationship between moving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons.Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.翻译：变电站建设的一般要求变电站(所)在电源系统的工业企业是一个至关重要的因素。

英文参考文献原文复印件及译文专业：姓名：学号：指导教师：完成日期2013 年 6 月Scientific LiteratureThe most basic request that charged barbed wire net in the city circulates is safe and stable. The core problem of charged barbed wire net safety in the city stability wants to build up to be a with the city mutually accommodative of, reasonable of charged barbed wire net structure. This text passes and programs to the charged barbed wire net with electric power and designs the technique principle of the aspect analysis. Elaborated the standard concerning electric voltage grade, power supply credibility, power supply ability and charged barbed wire net safe power supply requests etc. some problems that should notice in the charged barbed wire net safety; And have already aimed at sex's elaborating request to the concrete design principle opposite charged barbed wire net safe power supply of the 220 kV transformer substation and 110kV transformer substation.In early 2001, Italy power company installation and transformation of 30000000smart meters, built intelligent measurement network.In 2005, Campbell invented a technique, using the (Swarm group behavior) principle, let the building's electrical coordinate each other, reduce building at peak power consumption. This technique gives the appliance in intelligent, improve energy utilization efficiency.In 2006, the Council of the European Union energy green book" European sustainable, competitive and secure energy strategy" (A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy) emphasizes the smart grid technology is the guarantee of the quality of electric power is one of the key technology and development direction.In mid 2006, a company called "dot" (Grid Point) company began selling a can be used to detect the home circuit power consumption of electronic products, available through the Internet communication technology to adjust the power consumption of household appliances.In 2006, American IBM company and the global power professional research institutions, power enterprises in the development of the" smart grid" solution. This program is metaphor for the power system of the" central nervous system", power company can through the use of sensors, gauges, digital control and analysis tools,automatic monitoring network, optimize the network performance, prevent the power-off, faster recovery of power supply, consumer power use management can also be refined to each network device.In 2007October, in East China power grid is officially launched the smart grid project feasibility study and planning, from 2008 to2030 "three paces go" the strategy.In 2008the United States Colorado, Boulder ( Boulder ) has become the nation's first smart grid city, every household in installing smart meters, people can be very intuitive understanding of the price, in order to put some things, such as washing clothes, ironing and other arrangements in the low price time. The meter can also help people to give priority to the use of wind power and solar power and other clean energy.In 2008September, Google of general electric and issued a joint statement announced, they are working together to develop clean energy business, is the core of the United States to create the National Smart grid.In January 25, 2009the United States House released the latest" recovery plan scale reported" announced: laying or update 3000miles of transmission lines, and for the 40000000American families to install smart meters -- the United States will promote the interactive grid overall revolution.The February 2, 2009 energy expert Wu Jiandong in" full interactive grid revolution economic innovation transformation" in the article, put forward clearly to China power grid must carry out " the interactive power grid" revolutionary reform.In February 4, 2009, the Mediterranean island of Malta on Wednesday announced the agreement with IBM, the two sides agreed to establish a" intelligent public system", the realization of the power grid and the water supply system of digital.IBM and its partners will put Malta20000general meter replaced interactive meter, so Malta power plant can be monitored in real time using electricity, and set different price to reward for saving power users.In February 10, 2009, Google said it had started testing called the Google meter (Power Meter) electricity detection software. This is a beta online dashboard equivalent to Google is becoming the public infrastructure in information era.In February 28, 2009, as the company in North China intelligent gridconstruction part of North China power grid, dynamic, steady state -- transient the Trinity security defense and whole process control power system in Beijing through the acceptance of the expert group.The United States on 3 March2009the United States Congress Google Suggest, demand in the construction of" smart grid (Smart Grid)" by non monopoly standard.2009March, Korea takes the lead in developing world is still in the preliminary stage of research and development of smart grid technology roadmap for the development of national units.In April 24th, the State Grid of China General Manager Liu Zhenya to visit the United States with the United States Secretary of energy Zhu Diwen, and delivered a keynote speech in Washington said," Chinese China State Grid Corp is overall construction in UHV power network as the backbone network, the coordinated development of power grids at various levels of the strong power grid based on information, digitization, automation, interaction, the characteristic of independent innovation, international leading a strong smart grid."In May 18th, the United States Department of energy in its home page announced the United States a new generation of power transmission network plan" smart grid" by using standard specification.In May, China and the United States signed a" Sino-US cooperation on clean energy motion", the motion decision, this year " to build a smart grid ( including transmission and distribution networks ) needed knowledge and technology sharing".On May 21st, National Grid announced a" smart grid" development plan, and initially disclosed the construction schedule.The afternoon of July 16th, Chinese American to visit Luo Jiahui of minister of Department of Commerce and energy minister Zhu Diwen visited the national grid, to the China State Grid Corp general manager Liu Zhenya said, hoping the two countries share a smart grid technology.The United States Eastern time on August 5th, the United States President Obama announced in the United States of America's economic recovery plan, to build a can realize the electric power in the East and west coasts (a distance of about 4500km) transmission in the new strong smart grid, to ensure that the United States of America in the new century as in the past to lead the breakthrough.On August 21st, China State Grid Corp Smart Grid Forum held in Beijing. The meeting arranged by the company unified strong smart grid construction in the first stage (2009 to2010) is the focal point of the work, issued a" unified strong smart grid key of the first phase project implementation plan", marks the company unified strong smart grid construction work of the first phases of comprehensive start.In August 22nd -8month 23 days, East China Power Grid Corp" intelligent grid oriented multi-adaptive planning systems" project review meeting, in Shanghai for a day and a half of the formal review will.The United States Eastern time on September 21st morning, Liu Zhenya of general manager of China State Grid Corp in Washington, Reagan was invited to attend the conference center of the United States of America smart grid week ( Grid Week ) opening ceremony, and" strong smart grid: energy innovation development and change" important gist speech engine. Before the meeting, Liu Zhenya feuded with the opening keynote speaker of the United States Department of energy minister Zhu Diwen met. Foreign minister Zhu Diwen on China UHV power grid development pays close attention to very, focus on understanding the UHV construction and etc..For the future, clean and renewable sources of energy are main stream, the purpose is to achieve a low carbon emission and zero carbon emission. China's policy and planning in a timely manner. But, there are many things not around! As of wind electric field maintenance, it is difficult to eliminate waste. So the future energy development road is not smooth.How to promise power supply credibility(1).Satisfy charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard. The power supply network satisfies the request of power supply credibility. The standard that all satisfies N-l, city area center high burden density important customer in the district satisfy the standard of N-2.Disallow transformer over carry .Help a southern city net power supply credibility rate index sign programming target is 99.99%.(2).Press to go together with charged barbed wire net burden to transfer ability in the city satisfies following request:①The transformer substation loses any once enter line or one set lord transformer but lower power supply ability, win press to go together with charged barbed wire net to have to transfer burden to ensure the ability of power supply.②When a female line of transformer substation stops a luck because of putting, winning to press to go together with charged barbed wire net should have the ability that transfer all burden.③When the 10 kV goes together with electric wire road any check to fix or breaks down, going together with the charged barbed wire net should have non- check of transfer to fix, non- breakdown segment ability for carrying. The non- check fixes.The non- breakdown segment carries to the power is off time only for go together with to give or get an electric shock an equipments to pour an operation for time.(3).Ask to satisfy a following principle while allowing the capacity of the power outage and the target of the instauration power supply while going together with charged barbed wire net breakdown to make the customer the power is off:①The customer of two back track power supplies , after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock.②The customer of three back track power supplies , after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock, again after losing a back track, should satisfy power supply capacity 50-70% is used an electricity.③When all of a back track or much customer's the power of back track power supplies stopped, resume target time of power supply broke down to handle for a back track restored of ask.④At wreath net power supply method in for open the customer in the wreath network, the lowest instauration power supply request for breaking down wreath net is to need to pass charged barbed wire net operation instaurationPower supply of time, its target time need for operating of asking; It is the power supply that passes to go together with net automation restriction to resume an intact block in the l min to go together with net automation circuit.Power supply ability and safety(1).Of each electric voltage layer net capacity in the city net, press definitely change the electric capacity carry to compare an allocation, the all levels electric voltage net changes the electric capacity carry compare satisfy the upper limit request that current 《electric power net in the city programming design lead 》stipulates.According to 2001 national economy trade committee promulgation of electric power profession standard 《electric power system safety stability lead 》middle finger: N .a standard is under the normal movement method of the any component(is like circuit, generator, and transformer...etc.) in the electric power system have no break down or because of break down break to open, electric power system should Can keep stable to circulate with normal power supply, other components however carry, electric voltage and frequency all are allowing inside the scope. This is usually called N. one standard.The charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard has: N-l standard and quasi- N one 2 standards and Ns is one 2 standards.City's going together with the power supply safety of charged barbed wire net to usually request is to adopt N one standard. It is one 2 standards to have already adopted quasi- N as well at the power supply safety special important place one 2 standards or Ns.(2).Medium press and go together with charged barbed wire net and have certain back up capacity, generally should have 50% Yu degrees, while being any component check and fixing and breaking down and stopping and carrying should pass and pour a operation can keep a segment the customer continue toward the customer or non- trouble power supply, go together with each component of charged barbed wire net while transfer burden however carry, unlimited electricity. When two set lords hand pen that the power is off at the same time, that is used circuit should adjust above 60% burden.科技文献译文城市电网运行的最基本要求是安全与稳定。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Power System Protection & Control, 2013, 3(5):63-68.英文原文General Requirements to Construction of SubstationCarpentier JennySubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises. They serve to receive , convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10kV;distribution substations for 6-10kV;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38- the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is ata voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV , the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations, major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production. Substationsare erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a power supply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .When elaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic enclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises forall voltages, the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and bustles substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices (switches, isolators, current limiters, arresters, high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose, power and significance of the substation.Power System Substation is an important and indispensable component of the power it assumed the task of conversion anddistribution of grid security and the economy play a decisive role in running is to contact the user’s power plant s and intermediate links. With economic development, expanding grid capacity, reliability of operation of the power grid is getting higher and higher requirements. Development of science and technology, intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformer, a run-line state detection, training simulation Substation Operation matures, such as high-tech, as well as fiber-optic technology, computer high-speed network system in the development of real-time applications, bound to the existing substation automation technology have a profound impact, all-digital substation automation system development trend.Power system is operated by the production, transmission, distribution and consumption of a variety of power linked to the composition of electrical equipment. As a result of a large number of powers can not be stored, we must ensure that the production of electricity and energy balance. With the scientific and technological advances in the technological development of our country has reached a certain level. Intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformer, a run-line state detection, training simulation Substation Operation matures, such as high-tech, as well as fiber-optic technology, computer high-speed network system in the development of real-time applications, significantly increase the transformation degree ofautomation.Design of our substation cable programs tend to be simple, many of the recent domestic new 220 k V substation and 110kV voltage levels of wiring without the use of dual-bus bypass bus. The use of GIS, the priority sub-bus single wire. Terminal Substation, the line as far as possible, such as transformer unit wiring. A large number of the introduction of new technology, transformer substation rising level of electrical equipment, power distribution devices from the traditional form of moving toward oil-free, vacuum switches, SF6 switches and mechanical, electrical equipment combination of the development of small-scale integration. In recent years the world famous high-voltage electrical equipment companies have been developing, the development of the various types of 145-550 kV outdoor high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure combination of electrical appliances, some high-voltage switchgear plant has also started production of 145 k V compact outdoor portfolio electrical appliances. Smart plug-in type outdoor switchgear is a more complete high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure switch system, which includes electrical first and second equipment, as well as the associated fiber optic cable, such as plug-type compound. The entire distributed substation automation system; the introduction of advanced network technology; substation and the construction area covers an area of reduced substation program tosimplify wiring, switchgear, bus and steel pipes, such as the use of stents to substation layout is more simple, the abolition of the former station area and optimize the layout to make a substantial decline in an area substation.With technological advances, the traditional relay protection devices are gradually being replaced by microprocessor-based protection. Microprocessor-based protection is referred to as the protection of PC computer, a digital relay protection, is based on the programmable digital circuit technology and real-time digital signal processing technology of the Power System Protection. At present, both at home and abroad have been developed to 32-bit digital signal processor for hardware-based protection, control, measurement, and data communications integration of microprocessor-based protection control devices, and artificial intelligence technology into a number of relay protection, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy theory to determine the realization of fault type, fault location, the direction of protection, the main equipment and other new methods of protection. By means of wavelet analysis of the theory of digital signal failure of the entire frequency band information and to achieve fault detection. These artificial intelligence technologies to improve the accuracy of failure to provide a means of identification, but also some single-frequency signal based on the traditional method difficult to identify the problems to be resolved. At present, themicroprocessor-based relay protection is along the microprocessor-based protection network, and intelligent, adaptive and protection, control, measurement, signal, data communications integration direction. The most basic request that charged barbed wire net in the city circulates is safe and stable. The core problem of charged barbed wire net safety in the city stability wants to build up to be a with the city mutually accommodative of, reasonable of charged barbed wire net structure. This text passes and programs to the charged barbed wire net with electric power and designs the technique principle of the aspect analysis. Elaborated the standard concerning electric voltage grade, power supply credibility, power supply ability and charged barbed wire net safe power supply requests etc. some problems that should notice in the charged barbed wire net safety; And have already aimed at sex's elaborating request to the concrete design principle opposite charged barbed wire net safe power supply of the 220 kV transformer substation and 110kV transformer substation.How to promise power supply credibility1) Satisfy charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard. The power supply network satisfies the request of power supply credibility. The standard that all satisfies N-l, city area center high burden density important customer in the district satisfies the standard of N-2.Disallow transformer over carry. Help a southern city net power supply credibilityrate index sign programming target is 99.99%.2) Press to go together with charged barbed wire net burden to transfer ability in the city satisfies following request:①The transformer substation loses any once enter line or one set lord transformer but lower power supply ability, win press to go together with charged barbed wire net to have to transfer burden to ensure the ability of power supply. ②When a female line of transformer substation stops luck because of putting, winning to press to go together with charged barbed wire net should have the ability that transfer all burden.③When the 10kV goes together with electric wire road any check to fix or breaks down, going together with the charged barbed wire net should have non- check of transfer to fix, non- breakdown segment ability for carrying. The non- check fixes, The non- breakdown segment carries to the power is off time only for go together with to give or get an electric shock an equipments to pour a Zia operation for time.3) Ask to satisfy a following principle while allowing the capacity of the power outage and the target of the instauration power supply while going together with charged barbed wire net breakdown to make the customer the power is off:①The customer of two back track power supplies, after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock.②The customer of three back track power supplies , after losing aback track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock, again after losing a back track, should satisfy power supply capacity 50-70% is used an electricity.③When all of a back track or much customer's the power of back track power supplies stopped, resume target time of power supply broke down to handle for a back track restored of ask.④At wreath net power supply method in for open the customer in the wreath network, the lowest instauration power supply request for breaking down wreath net is to need to pass charged barbed wire net operation instaurationPower supply of time, its target time need for operating of asks; it is the power supply that passes to go together with net automation restriction to resume an intact block in the lain to go together with net automation circuit.(3)Power supply ability and safety1)Of each electric voltage layer net capacity in the city net, press definitely change the electric capacity carry to compare an allocation, the all levels electric voltage net changes the electric capacity carry compare satisfy the upper limit request that current 《electric power net in the city programming design lead 》stipulates. According to 2001 national economy trade committee promulgation of electric power profession standard 《electric power system safety stability lead 》middlefinger:N.a standard is under the normal movement method of the any component(is like circuit, generator, and transformer...etc.) In the electric power system have no break down or because of break down break to open, electric power system should Can keep stable to circulate with normal power supply, other components however carry, electric voltage and frequency all are allowing inside the scope. This is usually called N. one standard.The charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard has-l standard and quasi- N one 2 standards and Ns is one 2 standards.City's going together with the power supply safety of charged barbed wire net to usually request is to adopt N one standard. It is one 2 standards to have already adopted quasi- N as well at the power supply safety especially important place one 2 standards or Ns.2) Medium press and go together with charged barbed wire net and have certain back up capacity, generally should have 50% Yu degrees, while being any component check and fixing and breaking down and stopping and carrying should pass and pour a Zia operation can keep a segment the customer continue toward the customer or non- trouble power supply, go together with each component of charged barbed wire net while transferring burden however carry, unlimited electricity. When two set lords happen that the power is off at the same time, that is used circuit should adjust above 60% burden.中文译文变电站建设的一般要求作者：Carpentier Jenny变电站是工业企业供电系统的重要组成部分。

英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。

POWER SYSTEM RELAYING1、What is relaying?In order to understand the function of protective relaying systems, one must be familiar with the nature and the modes of operation of an electric power system. Electric energy is one of the fundamental resources of modem industrial society. Electric power is available to the user instantly, at the correct voltage and frequency, and exactly in the amount that is needed. This remarkable performance is achieved through careful planning, design, installation and operation of a very complex network of generators, transformers, and transmission and distribution lines. To the user of electricity, the power system appears to be in a steady state: imperturbable, constant and infinite in capacity. Yet, the power system is subject to constant disturbances created by random load changes, by faults created by natural causes and sometimes as a result of equipment or operator failure. In spite of these constant perturbations, the power system maintains its quasi steady state because of two basic factors: the large size of the power system in relation to the size of individual loads or generators, and correct and quick remedial action taken by the protective relaying equipment.Relaying is the branch of electric power engineering concerned with the principles of design and operation of equipment (called “relays’or ‘protective relays’）that detects abnormal power system conditions, and initiates corrective action as quickly as possible in order to return the power system to its normal state. The quickness of response is an essential element of protective relaying systems - response times of the order of a few milliseconds are often required. Consequently,human intervention in the protection system operation is not possible. The response must be automatic, quick and should cause a minimum amount of disruption to the power system. To accomplish these goals, we must examine all possible types of fault or abnormal conditions which may occur in the power system. We must analyze the required response to each of these events, and design protective equipment which will provide such a response. We must further examine the possibility that protective relaying equipment itself may fail to operate correctly, and provide for a backup protective function. It should be clear that extensive and sophisticated equipment is needed to accomplish these tasks.2、Power system structural considerations 2.1Multilayered structure of power systemsA power system is made up of interconnected equipment which can be said to belong to one of three layers from the point of view of the functions performed. At the basic level is the power apparatus which generates, transforms and distributes the electric power to the loads. Next, there is the layer of control equipment. This equipment helps maintain the power system at its normal voltage and frequency, generates sufficient power to meet the load and maintains optimum economy and security in the interconnected network. The control equipment is organized in a hierarchy of its own, consisting of localand central control functions. Finally, there is the protection equipment layer. The response time of protection functions is generally faster than that of the control functions. Protection acts to open and close circuit breakers, thus changing the structure of the power system, whereas the control functions act continuously to adjust system variables, such as the voltages, currents and power flow on the network. Oftentimes, the distinction between a control function and a protection function becomes blurred. This is becoming even more of a problem with the recent advent of computer-based protection systems in substations. For our purposes, we may arbitrarily define all functions which lead to operation of power switches or circuit breakers to be the tasks of protective relays, while all actions which change the operating state (voltages, currents, power flows) of the power system without changing its structure to be the domain of control functions.2.2 Neutral grounding of power systemsNeutrals of power transformers and generators can be grounded in a variety of ways, depending upon the needs of the affected portion of the power system. As grounding practices affect fault current levels, they have a direct bearing upon relay system designs. In this section, we will examine the types of grounding system in use in modem power systems and the reasons for each of the grounding choices.It is obvious that there is no ground fault current in a truly ungrounded system. This is the main reason for operating the power system ungrounded. As the vast majority of faults on a power system are ground faults, sendee interruptions due to faults on an ungrounded system are greatly reduced. However, as the number of transmission lines connected to the power system grows, the capacitive coupling of the feeder conductors with ground provides a path to ground, and a ground fault on such a system produces a capacitive fault current. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (a). The coupling capacitors to ground CO provide the return path for the fault current. The interphase capacitors 1/3 Cl play no role in this fault. When the size of thecapacitance becomes sufficiently large, the capacitive ground fault current becomes self-sustaining, and docs not clear by itself. It then becomes necessary to open the circuit breakers to clear the fault, and the relaying problem becomes one of detecting such low magnitudes of fault currents. In order to produce a sufficient fault current, a resistance is introduced between the neutral and the ground - inside the box shown by a dotted line in Figure 1 (a). One of the design considerations in selecting the grounding resistance is the thermal capacity of the resistance to handle a sustained ground fault.Ungrounded systems produce good service continuity, but are subjected to high oven^oltages on the unfaulted phases when a ground fault occurs. It is clear from the phasor diagram of Figure 1 (b) that when a ground fault occurs on phase a,the steady-state voltages of phases b and c become^ 3 times their normal value. Transient overvoltages become correspondingly higher. This places additional stress on theinsulation of all connected equipment. As the insulation level of lower voltage systems is primarily influenced by lightning-induced phenomena, it is possible to accept the fault-induced overvoltages as they are lower than the lightning-induced overvoltages. However，as the system voltages increase to higher than about 100 kV， the fault-induced overvoltages begin to assume a critical role in insulation design, especially of power transformers. At high voltages, it is therefore common to use solidly grounded neutrals (more precisely 'effectively grounded^). Such systems have high ground fault currents, and each ground fault must be cleared by circuit breakers.As high-voltage systems are generally heavily interconnected, with several alternative paths to load centers, operation of circuit breakers for ground faults does not lead to a reduced service continuity.In certain heavily meshed systems, particularly at 69 kV and 138 kV the ground fault current could become excessive because of very low zero sequence impedance at some buses. If ground fault current is beyond the capability of the circuit breakers, it becomes necessary to insert an inductance in the neutral in order to limit the ground fault current to a safe value. As the network Thevenin impedance is primarily inductive, a neutral inductance is much more effective (than resistance) in reducing the fault current. Also, there is no significant power loss in the neutral reactor during ground faults.In several lower voltage networks, a very effective alternative to ungrounded operation can be found if the capacitive fault current causes ground faults to beC〇 C〇 C〇(a)self-sustaining. This is the use of a Petersen coil, also known as the ground fault neutralizer (GFN). Consider the symmetrical component representation of a ground fault on a power system，which is grounded through a grounding reactance of ^(Figure 2). If 3办 is made equal to XcO (the zero sequence capacitive reactance of the connected network), the parallel resonant circuit formed by these two elements creates an open circuit in the fault path, and the ground fault current is once again zero. The overvoltages produced on the unfaulted conductors are comparable to those of ungrounded systems, and consequently GFN use is limited to system voltages below 100 kV. In practice, GFNs must be tuned to the entire connected zero sequence capacitance on the network, and thus if some lines are out of service，the GFNreactance must be adjusted accordingly. Petersen coils have found much greater use in several European countries than in the USA.Figure 1 Neutral grounding impedance, (a) System diagram, (b) Phasor diagram showing neutralshift on ground faultFigure 2 Symmetrical component representation for ground fault with grounding reactor3、P o w e r system bus configurationsThe manner in which the power apparatus is connected together in substations and switching stations, and the general layout of the power network, has a profound influence on protective relaying. It is therefore necessary to review the alternatives,From Transmission NetworkSwitch Main TransformerLoadand the underlying reasons for selecting a particular configuration. A radial system is a single-source arrangement with multiple loads, and is generally associated with a distribution system (defined as asystem operating at voltages below 100 kV) or an industrial complex (Figure 3).SwitchSwitch Load LoadFigure 3 Radial power system Such a system is most economical to build; but from the reliability point of view, the loss of the single source will result in the loss of service to all of the users. Opening main line reclosers or other sectionalizing devices for faults on the line sections will disconnect the loads downstream of the switching device. From the protection point of view, a radial system presents a less complex problem. The fault current can only flow in one direction, i.c. away from the source and towards the fault. Since radial systems are generally electrically remote from generators, the fault current docs not vary much with changes in generation capacity.A network has multiple sources and multiple loops between the sources and the loads. Subtransmission and transmission systems (generally defined as systems operating at voltages of 100-200 kV and above) arc network systems (Figure 4).In a network, the number of lines and their interconnections provide more flexibility in maintaining service to customers, and the impact of the loss of a single generator or transmission line on service reliability is minimal. Since sources of power exist on all sides of a fault, fault current contributions from each direction must be considered in designing the protection system. In addition, the magnitude of thefault current varies greatly with changes in system configuration and installed generation capacity.4、The nature of relayingWe will now discuss certain attributes of relays which are inherent to the process of relaying, and can be discussed without reference to a particular relay. The function of protective relaying is to promptly remove from sendee any element of the power system that starts to operate in an abnormal manner. In general, relays do not prevent damage to equipment: they operate after some detectable damage has already occurred. Their purpose is to limit, to the extent possible, further damage to equipment, to minimize danger to people, to reduce stress on other equipment and, above all, to remove the faulted equipment from the power system as quickly as possible so that the integrity and stability of the remaining system is maintained. The control aspect of relaying systems also helps return the power system to an acceptable configuration as soon as possible so that sendee to customers can be restored.。

附录Ⅲ英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments ofquick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completelyand system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importancepart of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipmentsand the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from theelectric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical.As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modernelectric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of thesociety life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry andnational economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower,nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fastand stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areasis an indispensable component.。

变电站-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-变电站的综合概述英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。

变电站英文范文The hum of the substation was a constant in our small town, a reminder of the unseen energy that powered our lives. Its presence was as essential as the air we breathed, yet often overlooked.From a distance, the substation looked like a fortress of steel and concrete, guarding the flow of electricity to every corner of our community. Its towering structures stood firm against the elements, a testament to human engineering.As children, we were fascinated by the substation, imagining it as a giant battery that never ran out of juice. We would watch the transformers buzz, wondering at the invisible currents that connected our homes to this mysterious power source.As I grew older, I came to appreciate the substation's role in our daily lives. It was the unsung hero of our town, working tirelessly behind the scenes to keep the lights on and the appliances running.The substation was also a symbol of progress, a beacon of modernity amidst the rustic charm of our town. It connected us to the wider world, bringing the comforts of technology to our doorstep.Despite its importance, the substation was a place ofcaution. We were taught to respect its power and to keep a safe distance, understanding that it was not a playground but a critical piece of infrastructure.In the evenings, the substation would light up, its warning lights blinking like stars against the night sky. It was a comforting sight, a silent guardian ensuring that we could switch on a lamp or charge a phone at any time.The substation was more than just a building; it was a vital link in the chain of energy that kept our town alive.It was a symbol of our dependence on technology and a reminder of the unseen forces that shape our world.。

山东理工大学毕业设计（外文翻译材料）学院：专业：学生姓名：指导教师：电气与电子工程学院电气工程及其自动化韦柳军孟繁玉Reliability modelling and analysis for SheffieldSubstation 220 kV upgrade projectCaroline Lee Transend, Networks Pty Ltd , TasmaniaDr Sudhir Agarwal,San Diego, California, USAABSTRACTThis paper describes the application of a defensible probabilistic process in reliability evaluation for Sheffield 220 kV Substation redevelopment project. Sheffield Substation is a hub of 220 kV transmission system in the North and North-West regions of Tasmania. It provides connection to West Coast and Mersey Forth hydro power stations and facilitates power transfers from these power stations to major industrial customers in George Town area and retail andindustrial loads in the North and North-West regions of Tasmania. Therefore, it is important that integrity of Sheffield Substation is protected as much as possible and consequences of unplanned outages minimised to prevent possible widespread system disturbances.Together with General Reliability from San Diego,California, Transend undertook the reliability evaluation of four redevelopment options for Sheffield Substation using SUBREL, substation reliability and TRANSREL, transmission system reliability programs.1.INTRODUCTIONTransend, as a Transmission Service Provider and Transmission Network Operator in Tasmania is responsible for providing reliable electricity supply and providing cost effective development solutions- 1 -of the transmission network. Transend has identified a need for a comprehensive and more objective process in justification of development projects from its capital works program. The need to combine customer reliability targets and economics to achieve cost effective development solutions has been long recognised. A hierarchical framework for overall power system reliability evaluation is presented in [1].Different design, planning and operating principles and techniques have been developed in different countries over many decades in an attempt to find balance between reliability targets and economic constraints [2].Following the reliability concept and principles, differentutilities applied different reliability criteria to justify projects from their capital works program. Reliability criteria can be viewed as conditions that should be satisfied by electricity generation, transmission and distribution systems in order to achieve requiredreliability targets. Reliability criteria usually fall into two categories: established numerical target levels of reliability (eg level of expected energy not supplied) and performance test criteria (eg N-1, N-2 incidents that the system has to withstand). An attempt to combine these two categories into one set of reliability criteria is currently underway in Tasmania [3]. The use of reliability criteria from the first category is the core of probabilistic reliability evaluation approach. The second category is a deterministic reliability evaluation approach. The usefulness of deterministic criteria and security standards in justification of projects from capital works program is challenged in [4]. Instead, an approach involving customers in decision making and simulating a realistic system operation and failure is commended. The basic steps suggested in proper reliability evaluations are based on complete understanding of the equipment and system behaviour including:• Understanding the way the equipment and system operate;- 2 -• Identify the situations in which equipment can fail;• Understand consequences of the failures;• Incorporate these events into the reliability model;•Use the available evaluation techniques tocalculate reliability indices and costs.With this understanding of the system behaviour probability theory is then only seen as a tool to transform this understanding into the likely system future behaviour.2. SELECTION OF EVALUATION TECHNIQUE AND SOFTWARE TOOLS There are two main categories of evaluation techniques[5]: analytical (stateenumeration) and Monte Carlo simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed in [1].Analytical technique was chosen by Transend because of its usefulness in comparing different development options for network development projects. This approach was presented also in the Electricity Supply Association of Australia Guidelines for Reliability Assessment Planning [6]. Consequently, decision was made to acquire SUBREL, and TRANSREL, substation reliability and transmission system reliability programs from General Reliability,USA.2.1. SUBREL - SUBSTATION RELIABILITYPROGRAMSUBREL is a computer program which calculates reliability indices for an electricity utility substation and generating station switchyard [7]. The methodology used to analyse impact of substation generated outages on overall system reliability performances has been described in [8]. The program models the following outage events, including all required subsequent automatic and manual switching operations:1. Forced outage of any substation component:- 3 -• Breaker• Transformer• Bus Section• Disconnector2. Forced outage of an incoming line.3. Forced outage overlapping a maintenance outage for substation equipment or an incoming line.4. Stuck breaker (failure to open when needed to clear the fault). SUBREL calculates the following load point indices:• Frequency of Interruption (per year)• Number of Circuits Interruptions (per year)• Outage Duration (minutes per outage)• Annual Total Outage Duration (minutes per year)• Customer Minutes of Interruption CMI (per year)• Expected Unsupplied Energy (EUE) (kWh per year)• Expected Outage Cost ($ per year)SUBREL also calculates the following substation or totalsystem indices:• SAIFI, System Average Interruption Frequency Index• SAIDI, System Average Interruption Duration Index• CAIDI, Customer Average Interruption Duration Index• ASAI, Average Service Availability Index• EUE, Expected Unsupplied Energy (kWh per year)- 4 -• Expected Outage Cost ($ per year)SUBREL generates a list of substation generated outages that can be used further by TRANSREL to analyse impact on overall system reliability performance.2.2. TRANSREL – TRANSMISSION SYSTEM RELIABILITY PROGRAMTRANSREL uses contingency enumeration of transmission contingencies to evaluate power network reliability. It is designed to aid electric utility system planners for reliability assessment of bulk power systems. The process involves specifying contingencies (outages of transmission lines and station originated outages) and performing load flow analysis to determine system problems such as circuit overloads, low/high bus voltages, bus separation or islanding. Using the probability, frequency and duration of the contingencies evaluated, indices of system problems as measures of system unreliability are calculated. Both post contingency and post remedial action indices can be calculated. If no remedial actions are taken to alleviate a problem, the post contingency indices may provide a pessimistic assessment of system reliability. If remedial actions such as generation redispatch, switching of facilities, curtailment of load alleviates some of the system problems, the post remedial action reliability indices provide a more realistic measure of system performance. The amount of load shedding is used as an indicator of contingency severity or system capability to withstand contingencies. Using probabilities of contingencies, expected load curtailment at buses can be calculated as reliability indices. TRANSREL was used with load flow program, PTI PSS/E to examine the impact of an outage on system performance. The types of failures identified for checking the impact of a contingency on system performance are: Transmission circuit overloads - by comparing flows based on the load flow solution with user- 5 -selected circuit ratings; Bus voltage violations - by checking bus voltages against high and low voltage limits, or maximum allowable voltage deviation from the base case; Load curtailment - by tabulating the amount of load curtailed as a result of system failure;Load flow divergence - by tabulating the bus mismatches above a predefined tolerance. TRANSREL computes reliability indices using a contingency enumeration approach, which involves selection and evaluation of contingencies, classification of each contingency according to specified failure criteria, and computation of reliability indices. Reliability indices include frequency, duration and severity (overloads, voltage violations, load curtailed, and energy curtailed). Both system and bus indices are calculated.3.SUBREL AND TRANSREL APPLICATION FOR SHEFFIELD 220 KV SUBSTATION Sheffield Substation is a hub of 220 kV transmission system in the North and North-West regions of Tasmania. As shown on Figure 1, it provides connections from the West Coast and Mersey Forth hydro power stations to the rest of the system. In addition, it supplies Aurora Energy customers in North and North-West regions and major industrial customers in the George Town area.During winter months, from May to September, the amount of energy supplied through and transferred from Sheffield Substation can reach more than 50% of the energy supplied to the rest of the system as shown in Figure 2.As such, Sheffield Substation has been recognized as a vulnerable point in the Tasmanian power system. The total loss of Sheffield Substation during times of large power transfer from West Coast of Tasmania to the rest of the system could possibly lead to a large system disturbance in Tasmania. With the present Sheffield Substation 220 kV layout, the total loss of Sheffield Substation can be caused by a single element failure.- 6 -3.1. DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS ANALYSEDThe need to redesign the existing substation 220 kV layout has been recognised long time ago. The following three options have been selected for detailed modeling and analysis:Option 1: Triple busbar arrangementOption 2: Full breaker and a half and double breaker arrangement Option 3: Partial breaker and half and double breaker arrangement These options were compared against the existing 220 kV busbar design (Do Nothing option).A brief description of each of these options is as follows:3.1.1. DO NOTHING OPTION- 7 -The “Do nothing option” represents the existing 220 kV busbar arrangement at Sheffield Substation. The existing 220 kV Sheffield Substation has had some major changes since substation commissioning and installation of two autotransformers for the North and North-West regions of Tasmania supply in 1967. The substation 220 kV busbar arrangement is double, strung busbar arrangement with one bus coupler. In normal system configuration main bus coupler A752 is closed, 220 kV“S” by pass bus and second bus coupler S752 are not in service. The schematic diagram of this option is shown below. Total number of circuits connected at Sheffield Substation is 12. Total number of circuit breakers is 14 (12 plus 2 bus couplers). Sheffield Substation is a main supply point to the North-West Region of Tasmania. Total load in the region is around 260 MVA. The fault on bus coupler A752 will result in the loss of both busbar A and B and therefore loss of more than 50% of supply in Tasmania during winter season leading to a blackout in the North-West region.West Coast region will loose synchronism with the rest of the system, experience over frequency and will be islanded. The rest of the system will experience.Under frequency and significant amount of load must be shed to prevent total blackout. In the case of 220 kV busbar A fault at Sheffield Substation, two elements supplying the North-West region which are the Sheffield–Burnie 220 kV line and autotransformer T1, would be lost. During high winter load the remaining autotransformer T2 will be overloaded and tripped on overload conditions. This will lead to total blackout in the North-West region of Tasmania. In the case of 220 kV busbar B fault, two elements supplying George Town which are the Sheffield–George Town No 1 transmission line and Sheffield–Palmerston transmission line will be lost. During high winter loads the remaining Sheffield–George Town No 2 line will tripped on overload.- 8 -This will cause significant change in network impedance with requirement to shed load at major industrial customers at George Town. Consequently, this will produce excessive generation connected at Farrell and Sheffield, which can move the system towards unstable operation and cascade of events with possible blackout in the North and North West regions of Tasmania.3.1.2. OPTION 1-TRIPLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENTThe schematic diagram of this option is shown below In comparison with “do nothing option” this option proposes to use the spare S752 circuit breaker and upgrade a nd energise “S” bypass bus to full size. The existing 12 circuits will be spread across the three busbars. Only one additional 220 kV circuit breaker is required in this option. The total number of circuit breakers in this option is 15.3.1.3. OPTION 2 - FULL BREAKER AND A HALF AND DOUBLE BREAKER ARRANGEMENT The schematic diagram of this option is shown below. This option includes- 9 -creating double breaker and breaker and half arrangements. Breaker and a half arrangement is proposed between Hydro Tasmania’s C ethana power station and autotransformer T1; and Lemonthyme power station and autotransformer T2. The total number of circuit breakers in this option is 19.3.1.4. OPTION 3 - PARTIAL BREAKER AND A HALF AND DOUBLE BREAKER ARRANGEMENTThe schematic diagram of this option is shown below. The main difference in comparison with option 2 is thatthere is no breaker and half arrangements between Hydro Tasmania’s Cethana power station and autotransformer T1; and Lemonthyme power station and autotransformer T2. The establishment of breaker and a half arrangements between these circuits could have as a consequence increase in connection charges for Hydro Tasmania for middle breakers, which needs to be discussed and agreed with this customer. Total number of circuit breakers in this option is 17.3.2. RESULTSIn this study, the following outages are examined:• n-1 forced outage of a station component including transmission lines and transformers• n-1 maintenance overlapping n-1 forced outages•breaker stuck condition following a fault. For a fault on line, transformer, bus or a breaker, only those breakers will be considered for being in a stuck condition that are supposed to trip to clear the fault. In this case back up protection will clear the fault.Apart from the above outages examined, higher order of outages can also be considered and simulated in the programs, however the probability and frequency of- 10 -their occurrence is quite low. Based on the Transend outage data, it was decided that the above settings should capture most of the credible outage events. The number of events for each of the options is given in the following table. These events are generated by the program to study their impact on substation performance. For each event, the program calculates the probability, frequency and duration. Using the connectivity model, it also computes the amount of loss of load and energy for a load point and for the overall substation. Using a linear flow method it checks if the load can be supplied without violating the ratings of any component. The number of outage events enumerated and examined by the SUBREL program depends on the number of components in a station and the program settings. If more components are added to a station, their exposure to failures also increases. To select an optimal design, a balance between the redundancy provided by adding a component (breaker or a busbar) and the increased exposure should be kept in mind. As seen from the tables above, the number of outage events for options 1,2 and 3 is higher than for the existing configuration since these options have more breakers and buses in their suggested configurations. There is no event that causes the complete loss of load in the area (including Burnie, Sheffield and George Town substations in the model) in any of the options. However there are events in each option that will cause partial loss of load. Option 2 has the lowest number of events causing loss of load while the existing configuration has the highest number of events causing loss of load. Reliability indices computed by SUBREL program for each of the option is given in the table below. These indices are computed using the load Probability Density Function (PDF) as unity. PDF of unity means that the load is same throughout the year. The widely used reliability indices such as SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI,and EUE are computed by the program.Outage costs are calculated based on calculated expected- 11 -unsupplied energy (EUE) and value of lost load applied to particular customer groups. A comprehensive analysis of value of lost load for different customer groups has been undertaken by Monash University for Victorian utilities [9]. Based on the table above it is clear that option 1 – triple busbar arrangement, has lowest outage costs. Based on the list of substation originated outages generated by SUBREL, TRANSREL program was used to indicated consequences on the overall system performances. The voltage violations were encountered only for option2 in 9 simulation events. There were few contingencies for which solution did not converge. For these contingencies, a potential exists that the system will face major problems including a collapse. The system stress and its response will, of course, depend on the system conditions present at the time outages. There are four events for Option 1 that result in non-convergence of the power flow. The probability of these non-convergence cases for Option 1 is 0.0026 which means that there is a potential that exists that the system may collapse once every 400 years. This is a very low likely event and during this time the system is likely to go through several changes. It should also be noted that in this analysis no remedial actions are included. With remedial actions, operators may be able to avoid such a situation.4. CONCLUSIONSThe implementation and application of a probabilistic based planning for selecting a substation configuration provides quite useful information to an engineer in deciding the best option. The use of both SUBREL and TRANSREL programs for Sheffield Substation study has sufficiently demonstrated that it is important to examine all credible outage scenarios that are not possible to do manually. Quantitative indices computed by these programs provide an objective assessment of various- 12 -options considered. For transmission substations it is important that only SUBREL analysis may not provide the complete information. Without performing a TRANSREL analysis,it is likely that the risk posed by a configuration may not be correctly assessed from the overall system point of view. For the Sheffield Substation the triple busbar arrangement (Option 1) is the cheapest option, easy to implement, and reliability indices for Sheffield Substation are the best in this option. The low probabilities divergent cases can be resolved with appropriate remedial actions in place, including, generation rescheduling, voltage support and load shedding.REFERENCES[1] Billinton, R. and Allan, R.N.,:”Power-system reliability in perspective”, IEE Electronic and Power, pp. 231-236, March 1984.[2] “Power System Reliability Analysis. Application Guide,” CIGRE WG03 of SC 38,Edited by Lesley Kelley-Regnier, 1987.[3] “Transmission Network Security and Planning Criteria-draft”, Office of Tasmanian Energy Regulator, August 2005.[4] Al lan, R.N., and Billinton, R.:”Probabilistic methods applied to electric power systems-are they worth it?”,Power Engineering Journal, pp.121-129, May 1992.[5] Billinton, R. and Allan, R.N.,:” Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems”, Pitmans Books, New Yor k and London, 2nd edition, 1996. [6] “ESAA Guidelines for Reliability Assessment Planning,”, November 1997.[7] “Subrel-Substation Reliability Program User Manual”, General Reliability, San Diego, CA, 2002.- 13 -[8] Agarwal, S.K., and Anderson, P.M..: “Effect o f Station Originated Outages on Bulk Power System Reliability, ”, Cigre Symposium, S 38- 91, Montreal, 1991.[9] Monash University,:” Study of the Value of Lost Load” , Study conducted for the Victorian Power Exchange (VPX) company,Melbourne,2000.- 14 -谢菲尔德变电站220千伏升级项目的可靠性建模与分析创见网络私人有限公司，塔斯马尼亚阿加瓦尔博士，美国加利福尼亚州圣迭戈摘要本文介绍了在可靠性评估中的应用一个可防御概率过程谢菲尔德220千伏变电站重建项目。

变电站外文翻译外文文献英文文献变电站的综合概述Introduction:2. Circuit Breakers: Circuit breakers are protective devices used to interrupt or break an electrical circuit during abnormal conditions. They prevent excessive damage to equipment and maintain system stability by isolating faulty parts from therest of the system.3. Switchgear: Switchgear refers to a collection ofelectrical disconnect switches, fuses, or circuit breakers used to control and protect electrical equipment within the substation. It allows operators to isolate faulty sections of the electrical network for maintenance or repair without affecting the rest of the system.5. Lightning Arresters: Lightning arresters are protective devices installed on substation equipment to safeguard against high voltage surges caused by lightning strikes. They divert the excess electrical energy away from the equipment and prevent damage to the substation.Types of Substations:2. Transmission Substations: Transmission substations receive electricity from power generating stations and transform the voltage to a suitable level for long-distance transmissionover high voltage transmission lines. They are often located at the interconnection points between different transmission lines.3. Switching Substations: Switching substations provide switching, control, and protection functions in the electrical power system. They allow for the rerouting of power flows and enable system operators to isolate faulty equipment or sectionsof the system while still maintaining power supply to consumers.4. Converter Substations: Converter substations are specific to systems using high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology. They convert alternating current (AC) from the power grid to direct current (DC) for transmission over long distances, and then convert it back to AC at the receiving end.Conclusion:。

变电站中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述XXXns are an essential part of electrical power systems。

servingas the interface een high-voltage n lines and lower-voltage n lines。

They play a critical role in XXX homes。

businesses。

and industries.Types of nsThere are several types of ns。

including n ns。

n ns。

and customer XXX to the end-users and step down the voltage for n to XXX a single customer or group of customers.XXXns consist of us components。

including transformers。

circuit breakers。

switches。

XXX are used to step up or step down thevoltage of the electricity。

XXX are used to control the flow ofXXX to the system.XXXXXX stages。

including site n。

layout design。

equipment n。

XXX n lines。

land availability。

and environmental ns。

The layout design involves determining the placement of equipment。

XXX appropriate transformers。

circuit breakers。

and other components。

外文文献一General Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system ofdividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations ,major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages , the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity into individual particles baffled them.Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more thanelectrical flowing along a wire.But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wanders away.Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other.This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. V olta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.MagnetsAlmost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tippedwith iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron ter, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets.In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magnetic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electricity).So we can see that there is arelationship between moving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons.Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.翻译：变电站建设的一般要求变电站(所)在电源系统的工业企业是一个至关重要的因素。

110kv Substation Primary Design English References1. C. Sankarakrishnan, G. Subramanian, and S. S. Brahmanandam, “Design and development of a 110 kV substation SCADA system using IEC xxx-5-104 protocol,” in 2018 International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Control and Computing (PICC), Kannur, India, 2018, pp. 1-6.2. A. J. Morozov, “Selection of optimal design solutions for 110 kV substation switchgear,” Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, vol. 326, no. 1, pp. 6-11, 2018.3. F. Khan, M. Amjad, and M. Saleem, “Analysis and design of 110 kV gas insulated substation (GIS) and itsparative analysis with 本人r insulated substation (本人S),” in 2019 International Conference on Sust本人nable Energies, Power and Computing (SEPC), Bangalore, India, 2019, pp. 1-6.4. M. M. Qinawy, A. M. Mansour, and R. A. Mahmoud, “Optimization of 110 kV substation grounding grid using genetic algorithm,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 148, pp. 40-47, 2017.5. Y. Ueda, K. Taniguchi, and H. Fujii, “Design and economic analysis of a 110/20 kV substation with a battery energy storage system for peak load shaving,” in 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Turin, Italy, 2017, pp. 1-6.6. Z. Wang and F. Cao, “Research on applications of IECxxx in 110kV substation digital control systems,” in 2017 IEEE 3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia (IFEEC 2017 - ECCE Asia), Kaohsiung, T本人wan, 2017, pp. 188-191.7. Q. Zeng, S. Zhao and Y. Zhou, “Si mulating and analyzing the insulation co-ordination for a 110 kV substation,” in 2017 IEEE 3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia (IFEEC 2017 - ECCE Asia), Kaohsiung, T本人wan, 2017, pp. 1512-1516.8. B. M. Trinh and T. H. Phan, “A study on design of a 110/22 kV substation grounding grid,” in 2019 7th International Conference on the Development of Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), Hanoi, Vietnam, 2019, pp. 1-6.9. Y. Cheng, H. Li, and Z. Lu, “Design and simulation of a 110 kV substation surge arrester based on PSCAD/EMTDC,” in 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Turin, Italy, 2017, pp. 1-5.10. R. Pik and D. Mastelic, “Design and implementation of a 110/35 kV substation automation system based on IEC xxx standard,” in 2018 International Symposium ELMAR, Zadar, Croatia, 2018, pp. 277-282.。

英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。