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上海对外贸易学院MTI初试经验心得分享2013年上海对外贸易学院MTI 初试经验心得分享从决定考研到现在，在论坛潜水两年，满眼看到的都是名校的经验帖，回忆帖，鲜有上海对外贸易学院的帖子，那我就来做13年的第一个。
开门见山吧，本人今年二战，经过2年的准备，积攒有充足的实战经验，不管是成功的还是不成功的。
所以，昨夜临时决定写下这篇文章，以滋后人。
下文字字珠玑，望指点学弟学妹，少走弯路，错路。
一、选择上外贸的原因首先，懂行的人都知道，学英语，尤其是考英语研究生，最理想的地方无外乎三个地方，北上广。
为什么这样说，原因只有一个，英语是一个与经济因素联系紧密的学科。
经济发达的地方英语的用途也就越广。
当然，除非你的职业理想是做教师。
上海，中国第一大城市，国际性大都市，经济中心，文化繁荣。
在这儿一年见得世面也许比内地三年见得还要多。
各种展览，活动，各种用英语的地方。
目前，上海确实有许多著名高校办的翻硕专业风生水起，然而报考它们的难度也是可想而知。
上外贸，其毕业生一直在上海地区认可度较高，因为有对外经贸的特色，毕业生找工作也有很大优势。
听学长说上外贸的师资也挺给力的，研究生老师里不乏有来自欧盟口译司的国际职业翻译官。
学校也在去年花大钱购买了专业的口译和笔译训练设备，给学生们创造了很好的学习环境。
如果你是尖子生，当然推荐你考上交，复旦，上外这些名校。
如果你基础一般，本科一般，又希望在研究生时期逆袭人生，上外贸可以是首选。
而且上外贸已经连续多年要调剂生，这就意味着一志愿被直接录取的几率很大。
而且今年上外贸也扩招了，笔译从30增加到了60人，说不准明年还会继续扩招。
而且上外贸的翻硕公费名额一直是70%。
有人也许这样说：本来还不火，你这样一说明年就火了。
那请记住：好学生还是会报考好学校的，愿意一志愿报上外贸的同学大部分都是本科一般，三本或学习一般的同学，所以只要你复习备考期间能够踏实坚持，一定能从普通的竞争者中脱颖而出，顺利被录取。
2015年上海对外经贸大学考研参考书目分享MTI一共四门课，包括思想政治（100分）、英语基础（100分）、翻译基础（150分）、汉语写作与百科知识（150分）大家都很关心参考书，我觉得上外贸的参考书可以选择性地去看，毕竟那些书只是做参考用的，谁也不知道考试的具体范围方向会是什么。
那接下来我就提供下我自己准备初试的备考书目。
一、政治1.2015政治考研大纲解析（也就是所谓的红宝书）政治想要考高分，考研大纲还是得过几遍的吧。
2.《风中劲草》杨杰主编政治就靠这本书的，把核心知识点背了两遍3.《考研政治冲刺抢分500题》徐涛主编这本书我是报了徐涛老师的网课发的，很有用4.《命题人1000题》肖秀荣主编肖大大的这本书我也做完了的（但是3和4选一本练就够了）5.《考研政治考前冲刺必背20题》徐涛主编这本小黄书真的好有用啊，大题押对了好几道。
二、英语基础1.《刘毅10000》刘毅主编考研论坛上有人推荐我就买了，背了三四遍。
2.GRE词汇真到了考场的时候才发现GRE词汇必须背啊，词汇题还是偏难的，记住了背GRE啊！3.《2015星火英语英语专业考研考点精梳与精练（基础英语）》这本书我是用来练修辞这一块的，当时是问别人借的，现在发现当当网上有电子版。
基础不好的同学可以看看这本书的全部内容啊。
4.《专八精品范文100篇》作文是最后两个星期准备的，我就记一些好词好句，考前自己练了两三篇。
5.星火专八真题阅读就靠它了！6.《SAT文法》张一冰主编这本书原先是买来练改错以及培养语感用的，对理清句子逻辑关系也是有帮助的。
但上外贸今年没有改错！！！三、翻译基础1.《翻译点睛150篇》练哲学、文化部分的翻译2.《英语笔译实务3级》配套训练3.《圣才英语翻译基础考研真题与典型题详解》也是练文化、经济部分的翻译4.《散文佳作108篇》就好好看了10篇，散文翻译真的太难了。
最后一个月的时候会拿出来读一读，培养语感。
5.《意群分解组合翻译法》这本书是拿来练长难句翻译的。
上海外国语大学英语语言文学翻译学方向考研经验分享上海外国语大学英语语言文学翻译学方向考研经验分享写在前面：上外是一个很公平的院校，不会问你的本科出身是哪里，不管你之前的学习成绩如何，只看你的专业水平，不过在这里告诉大家，上外的英语语言文学没那么容易考的，还是要好好准备，专四专八的水平是要达到，才有希望备考该专业。
不要相信有捷径，别人口中的捷径，也是人家付出了200%的努力换来的。
越努力越幸运，是没有错的。
既然选择了远方，便只顾风雨兼程。
现在竞争太大，就是要逼自己一把。
现在研究生那么多，竞争力还是你的那点专业知识。
上外的毕业生，肯定会占据一定优势的。
上海外国语大学英语语言文学考研上外是一个很公平的院校，不会问你的本科出身是哪里，不管你之前的学习成绩如何，只看你的专业水平，不过在这里告诉大家，上外的英语语言文学没那么容易考的，还是要好好准备，专四专八的水平是要达到，才有希望备考该专业。
不要相信有捷径，别人口中的捷径，也是人家付出了200%的努力换来的。
越努力越幸运，是没有错的。
既然选择了远方，便只顾风雨兼程。
现在竞争太大，就是要逼自己一把。
现在研究生那么多，竞争力还是你的那点专业知识。
上外的毕业生，肯定会占据一定优势的。
考研政治：政治的复习，不用重点，但是也不可忽略，过国家线即可，政治大家复习用的资料都是相同的，比如《红宝书》、《一千题》、《风中劲草》、《肖秀荣最后八套卷》+《最后四套卷》等，内容有的地方是相通的，大家可以根据自己的情况来进行选择，虽然政治分数占比不大，不过还是建议大家暑假开始进行复习，毕竟很多知识点是要花时间背诵的，如果自己找不到复习重点，暑假报班是最合适的时间，因为暑假是大家复习的关键时期，一定要充分利用。
上外英语语言文学考研二外法语英语语言文学是要考二外的，如果之前没有学过第二外语的同学，建议选择法语，相对其他语种来说，单词语法什么的比较好理解，语法会稍微细致一点，法语试题会稍微简单，并且比较易学，部分同学参考的是《简明。
2017年对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题、答题攻略及复习经验指导357英语翻译基础考研真题第一部分短语翻译加解释七个选五个翻译加解释E-C barriestoentrycarpooling specialdrawingrightscurrentaccountquotaexportcredittertiaryindustry C-E全面二孩灵猫六国跨太平洋伙伴合作协定一带一路首次公开募股国际收支平衡表投资组合理论第二部分E-C世界银行集团的风险管理C-E第一部分三个古文句子翻译1.百川汇海阔风正好扬帆（后半句不大确定了）2.同心合意，庶几有成3.急人之急，雪中送炭，是中国所推崇的处世之道第二部分，篇章翻译是关于RCEP的，貌似是李克强的一个讲话。
211翻译硕士英语单选20题考的基本上都是词义辨析改错10题不是很难阅读四篇第一篇用机器鸟赶鸽子T/F/NG第二篇关于学习英语的（FT中文网原文）四选一第三篇关于Creation的选headings的题目第四篇关于Uber的文章（没记错的话也是FT中文网的文章）选句子填空写作图表作文给了两个图，第一个是FDI的图，第二个China'stradewithGeorfia（记不清是不是这个国家了）通过这两个图标分析说明中国在这个地区建立自由贸易区的可行性。
百科福之祸所依是谁说的2015诺贝尔文学奖武汉的意义法国西班牙分界线孙思邈写的书获得普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖的唯一女作家狄更斯的小说晏殊的昨夜西风凋碧树中东地区矛盾冲突的原因二十四节气英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。
2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。
北京：清华大学出版社，2001。
3、中国日报（ChinaDaily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。
5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。
2020-2021上海对外经贸大学MTI考研经验分享一．择校和专业首先选的城市，想来上海，之前一战考的某985，二战想更稳一些，所以连211都没考虑，而且上外贸的名声也不错。
自己本专业就是英语，商务方向，感觉和这个学校更契合。
复习时间大概是从十月底辞职，十一月初开始。
但是其中陆陆续续还有很多别的事情，也耽误了很多时间，比如去考了二笔，耽误了三四天，拔牙出血在床上瘫了五六天，所以复习不在于时间长短，更重要的是安排时间和制定计划。
然后说一下2019年上海对外经贸大学的情况，主要是笔译，口译一直都是十个。
计划招生60人，往年都是1：1.8进复试，今年突然缩成1.2，所以第一批复试只有72人，分数线是379。
4月2号上外贸通知第二批复试，来自外应等其他专业的名额。
只去了17个人，分数线373，。
最后总录取81人。
二．各科复习（一）基础英语基础英语里面，20个选择题，一个一分，这个不太好拿分，专八我是背的如鱼得水，但是不认识的单词还有很多，就那种一回也没见过的感觉，感觉有点像GRE，背完专八之后反正要尽可能扩大词汇，可以背GRE和托福词汇。
阅读也是20t，一个一分，类型其实和星火华研那个专八阅读都不太像，有点像专八真题，不太长，也不难，生词很少，有一篇生词很多，感觉要托福词汇，有小行星之类的，有点专业，但是上外贸的题目很怪，就是那种你全部看得懂但是选不出来的，选项答案在文中很难直接找出来，有点凭运气那种，我个人觉得不要在阅读上费很多时间，每天两篇保持手感就行了，单选和阅读都是把重点放在词汇上面。
然后是改错，分值开始高了，一个两分，这个其实没什么窍门，就是多做题，做的多了就知道技巧了，冲击波星火华研，各种改错都可以买，记得拿一个本子写那种错的或者做对了但是不知道为什么的题目，后面就可以只复习这个本子，非常好用。
最重要的是作文，分值很高，四十，上外贸往年这一块都非常高，五颗星重视。
可以买一本《英语专业八级考试精品范文100篇》就行了，分不同类型，甚至挑几篇背一下也很好。
语言学1language?“Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically,rather than randomly.Arbitrary,in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work(like“book”)and the object it refers to.This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different“books”:“book”in English,“livre”in French,“shu”in Chinese.It is symbolic,because words are associated with objects,actions,ideas etc.by nothing but ly,people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.It is vocal,because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages.Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms.The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak(and listen)before they write (and read)also indicates that language is primarily vocal,rather than written.The term“human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.2features of language?“Design features”here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.They are arbitrariness,duality, productivity,displacement,cultural transmission and interchangeability3.arbitrariness?By“arbitrariness”,we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a nguage is therefore largely arbitrary.But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association,if we think of echo words,like“bang”,“crash”,“roar”,which are motivated in a certain sense.Secondly,some compounds(words compounded to be one word)are not entirely arbitrary either.“Type”and“write”are opaque or unmotivated words,while“type-writer”is less so,or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it.So we can say“arbitrariness”is a matter of degree.4duality?Linguists refer“duality”(of structure)to the fact that in all languages so far investigated,one finds two levels of structure or patterning.At the first,higher level,language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes,words etc.);at the second,lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves,but which combine to form units of meaning.According to Hu Zhanglin et al.,language is a system of two sets of structures,one of sounds and the other of meaning.This is important for the workings of language.A small number of semantic units(words),and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences(note that we have dictionaries of words,but no dictionary of sentences!).Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge.No animal communication system enjoys this duality.5productivity?Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language,including those that has never heard before,but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.No one has ever said or heard“A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon”,but he can say it when necessary,and he can understand it in right register.Different from artistic creativity,though,productivity never goes outside the language,thus also called“rule-bound creativity”(by N.Chomsky).6displacement?“Displacement”,as one of the design features of the human language,refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present,as easily as he does things present.In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things,things of the past,of the present,of the nguage itself can be talked about too.When a man,for example,is crying to a woman,about something,itmight be something that had occurred,or something that is occurring,or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking,however,you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there.It couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for a bone to be lost.The bee’s system,nonetheless,has a small share of“displacement”,but it is an unspeakable tiny share.7.What is cultural transmission?This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation,but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.It is true that the capacity for language in human beings(N.Chomsky called it“language acquisition device”,or LAD)has a genetic basis,but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system.If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language.The Wolf Child reared by the pack of wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring“tongue”when he was saved.He learned thereafter,with no small difficulty,the ABC of a certain human language.8What functions does language have?Language has at least seven functions:phatic,directive,Informative,interrogative,expressive, evocative and performative.According to Wang Gang(1988,p.11),language has three main functions:a tool of communication,a tool whereby people learn about the world,and a tool by which people learn about the world,and a tool by which people create art.M.A.K.Halliday, representative of the London school,recognizes three“Macro-Functions”:ideational, interpersonal and textual.9.linguistics?“Linguistics”is the scientific study of language.It studies not just one language of any one society,but the language of all human beings.A linguist,though,does not have to know and use a large number of languages,but to investigate how each language is constructed.He is also concerned with how a language varies from dialect to dialect,from class to class,how it changes from century to century,how children acquire their mother tongue,and perhaps how a person learns or should learn a foreign language.In short,linguistics studies the general principles whereupon all human languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in their societies or communities.10branches of linguistics?The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.But a linguist sometimes is able to deal with only one aspect of language at a time,thus the arise of various branches: phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,applied linguistics,psycholinguistics etc.11.What are synchronic and diachronic studies?The description of a language at some point of time(as if it stopped developing)is a synchrony study(synchrony).The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study (diachronic).An essay entitled“On the Use of THE”,for example,may be synchronic,if the author does not recall the past of THE,and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.12What are the differences between the descriptive and the prescriptive approaches?A linguistic study is“descriptive”if it only describes and analyses the facts of language,and “prescriptive”if it tries to lay down rules for“correct”language behavior.Linguistic studies before this century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on“high”(literary or religious)written records.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive,however.It(the latter)believes that whatever occurs in natural speech(hesitation,incomplete utterance,misunderstanding,etc.)should be described in the analysis,and not be marked as incorrect,abnormal,corrupt,or lousy.These,with changes in vocabulary and structures,need to be explained also.13What is the difference between langue and parole?F.de Saussure refers“langue”to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers“parole”to the actual or actualized language,or the realization of ngue is abstract,parole specific to the speaking situation;langue not actually spoken by an individual,parole always a naturally occurring event;langue relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts,thus not suitable for systematic investigation.What a linguist ought to do,according to Saussure,is to abstract langue from instances of parole,i.e.to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make than the subject of linguistics.The langue-parole distinction is of great importance,which casts great influence on later linguists.14What is the difference between competence and performance?According to N.Chomsky,“competence”is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and“performance”is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities.A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors.So a speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence.Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence,rather than performance.In other words,they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as,though similar to,F.de Saussure’s langue-parole ngue is a social product,and a set of conventions for a community,while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual.Sussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N.Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.15phonetics?“Phonetics”is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making,especially those sounds used in speech,and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription,speech sounds may be studied in different ways,thus by three different branches of phonetics.(1)Articulatory phonetics;the branch of phonetics that examines the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process.(2)Auditory phonetics,the branch of phonetic research from the hearer’s point of view,looking into the impression which a speech sound makes on the hearer as mediated by the ear,the auditory nerve and the brain.(3)Acoustic phonetics:the study of the physical properties of speech sounds,as transmitted between mouth and ear.Most phoneticians,however,are interested in articulatory phonetics.16place of articulation?It refers to the place in the mouth where,for example,the obstruction occurs,resulting in the utterance of a consonant.Whatever sound is pronounced,at least some vocal organs will get involved,e.g.lips,hard palate etc.,so a consonant may be one of the following(1)bilabial:[p,b, m];(2)];(4)alveolar:[t,d,l,n,s,z];(5)T,Plabiodental:[f,v];(3)dental:[retroflex;(6)palato-alveolar:[];(7)palatal:[j];(8)velar[k,g];(9)uvular;(10)glottal:[h].Some sounds involve the simultaneous use of two places of articulation.For example,the English[w]has both an approximation of the two lips and that two lips and that of the tongue and the soft palate,and may be termed“labial-velar”.18manner of articulation?The“manner of articulation”literally means the way a sound is articulated.At a given place of articulation,the airstream may be obstructed in various ways,resulting in various manners of articulation,are the following:(1)plosive:[p,b,t,d,k,g];(2)nasal:[m,n,];(3)trill;(4)tap or flap;(5)lateral:[l];(6)fricative:[f,v,s,z];(7)approximant:[w,j];(8)affricate:[].19IPAThe IPA,abbreviation of“International Phonetic Alphabet”,is a compromise system making use of symbols of all sources,including diacritics indicating length,stress and intonation,indicating phonetic variation.Ever since it was developed in1888,IPA has undergone a number of revisions.20phonology“Phonology”is the study of sound systems-the invention of distinctive speech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns wherein they fall.Minimal pair,phonemes,allophones,free variation,complementary distribution,etc.,are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription.A phonetist is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds,whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features,morphological features,and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which from meaningful utterances,to recognize a foreign“accent”,to make up new words,to add the appropriate phonetic segments to from plurals and past tenses,to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language.21Phone phoneme allophoneA“phone”is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.When we hear the following words pronounced:[pit],[tip],[spit], etc.,the similar phones we have heard are[p]for one thing,and three different[p]s,readily making possible the“narrow transcription or diacritics”.Phones may and may not distinguish meaning.A“phoneme”is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.As an abstract unit,a phoneme is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example,the phoneme[p]is represented differently in [pit],[tip]and[spit].The phones representing a phoneme are called its“allophones”,i.e.,the different(i.e.,phones)but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof.So the different[p]s in the above words are the allophones of the same phoneme[p].How a phoneme is represented by a phone,or which allophone is to be used,is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs.But the choice of an allophone is not random.In most cases it is rule-governed;these rules are to be found out by a phonologist.22minimal pairsWhen two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string,the two forms(i.e.,word)are supposed to form a“minimal pair”,e.g.,“pill”and“bill”,“pill”and“till”,“till”and“dill”,“till”and“kill”,etc.All these words together constitute a minimal set.They are identical in form except for the initial consonants. There are many minimal pairs in English,which makes it relatively easy to know what are English phonemes.It is of great importance to find the minimal pairs when a phonologist is dealing with the sound system of an unknown language.23assimilation rule&deletion ruleThe“assimilation rule”assimilates one segment to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones more similar.This rule accounts for the raring pronunciation of the nasal[n]that occurs within a word.The rule is that within a word the nasal consonant[n]assumes the same place of articulation as the following consonant.The negative prefix“in-“serves as a good example.It may be pronounced as[in],[i]or[im]when occurring in different phonetic contexts:e.g.,indiscrete-[](alveolar)inconceivable-[](velar)input-[‘imput](bilabial)The“deletion rule”tells us when a sound is to be deleted although is orthographically represented. While the letter“g”is mute in“sign”,“design”and“paradigm”,it is pronounced in their corresponding derivatives:“signature”,“designation”and“paradigmatic”.The rule then can be stated as:delete a[g]when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.This accounts for some of the seeming irregularities of the English spelling.24morphology“Morphology”is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.It is generally divided into two fields:inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology.25inflection/inflexion?“Inflection”is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect,and case,which does not change the grammatical class of the items to which they are attached.26morpheme&allomorphThe“morpheme”is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.The word“boxes”,for example,has two morphemes:“box”and“-es”, neither of which permits further division or analysis if we don’t wish to sacrifice meaning. Therefore a morpheme is considered the minimal unit of meaning.Allomorphs,like allophones vs. phones,are the alternate shapes(and thus phonetic forms)of the same morphemes.Some morphemes,though,have no more than one invariable form in all contexts,such as“dog”,“cat”, etc.The variants of the plurality“-s”make the allomorphs thereof in the following examples: map-maps,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep etc.27free morpheme&bound morphemeA“free morpheme”is a morpheme that constitutes a word by itself,such as‘bed”,“tree”,etc.A “bound morpheme”is one that appears with at least another morpheme,such as“-s”in“beds”,“-al”in“national”and so on.All monomorphemic words are free morphemes.Those polymorphemic words are either compounds(combination of two or more free morphemes)or derivatives(word derived from free morphemes).28root stem affixA“root”is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.In other words,a“root”is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.“Internationalism”is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme“nation”as its root when“inter-”,“-al”and“-ism”are taken away.A“stem”is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.It may be the same as,and in other cases,different from,a root.For example,in the word“friends”,“friend”is both the root and the stem,but in the word“friendships”,“friendships”is its stem,“friend”is its root.Some words(i.e.,compounds)have more than one root,e.g.,“mailman”,“girlfriend”,ect.An“affix”is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used,only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes:prefix,suffix and infix,e.g.,“mini-”,“un-”, ect.(prefix);“-ise”,“-tion”,ect.(suffix).29open classes&closed classes?In English,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary.They are“open-class words”,since we can regularly add new lexical entries to these classes.The other syntactic categories are,for the most part,closed classes,or closed-class words.The number of them is hardly alterable,if they are changeable at all.30collocation“Collocation”is a term used in lexicology by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences of individual lexical items.For example,we can“read”a“book”;“correct”can narrowly occur with“book”which is supposed to have faults,but no one can“read”a“mistake”because with regard to co-occurrence these two words are not collocates.31syntax“Syntax”is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words,word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.32syntactic relations“Syntactic relations”refer to the ways in which words,word groups or phrases form sentences; hence three kinds of syntactic relations:positional relations,relations of substitutability and relations of co-occurrence.“Positional relation”,or“word order”,refers to the sequentialarrangement to words in a language.It is a manifestation of a certain aspect of what F.de Saussure called“syntagmatic relations”,or of what other linguists call“horizontal relations”or“chain relations”.“Relations of substitutability”refer to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in same sentence structures.Saussure called them“associative relations”. Other people call them“paradigmatic/vertical/choice relations”.By“relations of co-occurrence”, one means that words of different sets of clauses may permit or require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations and partly to paradigmatic relations.33IC analysis What are immediate constituents(and ultimate constituents)?“IC analysis”is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two(or more) segments.This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are.What remain of the first cut are called “immediate constituents”,and what are left at the final cut are called“ultimate constituents”.For example,“John left yesterday”can be thus segmented:“John|left||yesterday”.We get two immediate constituents for the first cut(|),and they are“John”and“left yesterday”.Further split(||) this sentence generates three“ultimate constituents”:“John”,“left”and“yesterday”.34endocentric and exocentric constructions“Endocentric construction”is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable“centre”or “head”.Usually noun phrases,verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the head.“Exocentric construction”,opposite of endocentric construction,refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as whole;that is to say,there is no definable centre or head inside the group.Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence,prepositional phrase, predicate(verb+object)construction,and connective(be+complement)construction.35categoryThe term“category”in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense,e.g., noun,verb,subject,predicate,noun phrase,verb phrase,etc.More specifically it refers to the defining properties of these general units:the categories of the noun,for example,include number, gender,case and countability;and of the verb,for example,tense,aspect,voice,etc.36Number gender case“Number”is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular,dual,plural,etc.In English,number is mainly observed in nouns,and there are only two forms:singular and plural.Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs.“Gender”displays such contrasts as“masculine”,“feminine”,“neuter”,or“animate”and “inanimate”,etc.,for the analysis of word classes.When word items refer to the sex of the real-world entities,we natural gender(the opposite is grammatical gender).“Case”identifies the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence.In Latin grammar,cases are based on variations in the morphological forms of the word,and are given the terms “accusative”,“nominative”,“dative”,etc.In English,the case category is realized in three ways: by following a preposition and by word order.37concord&government“Concord”may be defined as requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories,e.g.,“man runs”,“men run”.“Government”requires that one word of a particular class in a given syntactic class shall exhibit the form of a specific category.In English,government applies only to pronouns among the variable words,that is,prepositions and verbs govern particular forms of the paradigms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them,e.g.,“I helped him;he helped me.”38semantics“Semantics”refers to the study of the communication of meaning through language.Or simply,it is the study of meaning.39meaningThough it is difficult to define,“meaning”has the following meaning:(1)an intrinsic property;(2) the connotation of a word;(3)the words put after a dictionary entry;(4)the position an object occupies in a system;(5)what the symbol user actually refers to;(6)what the symbol user should refer to;(7)what the symbol user believes he is referring to;(8)what the symbol interpreter refers to;(9)what the symbol interpreter believes it refers to;(10)what the symbol interpreter believes the user refers to…linguists argued about“meaning of meaning”fiercely in the result of“realism”,“conceptualism/mentalism”,“mechanism”,“contextualism”,“behaviorism”,“functionalism”,etc. Mention ought to be made of the“Semantic Triangle Theory”of Ogden&Richards.We use a word and the listener knows what it refers to because,according to the theory,they have acquired the same concept/reference of the word used and of the object/referent.40contextualism“Contextualism”is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from,or reduce it to, observable context:the“situational context”and the“linguistic context”.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatial-temporal situation,as the following factors are related to the situational context:(1)the speaker and the hearer;(2)the actions they are performing at the time;(3)various external objects and events;(4)deictic features.The“linguistic context”is another aspect of contextualism.It considers the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning,and an important factor in communication.41synonymy“Synonymy”is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Dictionary makers (lexicographers)rely on the existence of synonymy for their definitions.Some semanticians maintain,however,that there are no real synonyms,because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects:In shades of meaning(e.g.,finish,complete,close,conclude,terminate,finalize,end,etc.);In stylistic meaning;In emotive meaning(or affective meaning);In range of use(or collocative meaning);In British and American English usages[e.g.,autumn(BrE),fall(AmE)].Simeon Potter said,“Language is like dress.We vary our dress to suit the occasion.We do not appear at a friend’s silver-wedding anniversary in gardening clothes,nor do we go punting on the river in a dinner-jacket.”This means the learning of synonyms is important to anyone that wishes to use his language freely and well.42Antonymy How many kinds of antonyms are thereThe term“antonymy”is used for oppositions of meaning;words that stand opposite in meaning are called“antonyms”,or opposites,which fall in there categories1)gradable antonyms(e.g, good-bad);(2)complementary antonyms(e.g.,single-married);(3)relational antonyms(e.g.,buy-sell).43hyponymy hyponym superordinate?“Hyponymy”involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion.It is a matter of class membership. That is to say,when X id a kind of Y,the lower term X is the“hyponym”,and the upper term Y is the“superordinate”.Two or more hyponyms sharing the same one superordinate are called“co-hyponyms”.For example,“flower”is the superordinate of“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,which are the co-hyponyms of“flower”.44entailment“Entailment”can be illustrated by the following two sentences,with Sentence A entailing Sentence B:A:He married a blonde heiress.B:He married a blonde.In terms of truth value,the following relationships exist between these two sentences1)When A is true,B is necessarily true;(2)When B is false,too;(3)when A is false,B may be true or false;(4)。
上海对外经贸大学考研翻译硕士MTI经验分享一、翻译硕士英语（100分）上外贸的翻硕英还是挺有难度的，有如下5个题型，选择、阅读、修辞、选词填空、作文。
可以买英语专业考研基础英语高分突破（全新精华版）和星火英语专业考研名校全真试卷，做做其他学校的试题，因为明年的上外贸的题型也可能会变。
（1）选择（20分）选择共20道，专八和GRE难度，没有语法题。
建议背如鱼得水记单词和乱序版的GRE(绿皮的)，GRE背起来的确很痛苦，我是背了4.5遍差不多，结果还是有很多忘记了，单词每天都要背哦。
（2）阅读（20分）阅读共4篇，不太难，我是考前练了1个月差不多，拿专八练练就好。
前期不用练专八，但是大家可以买个英语文摘，中英版的，阅读的同时积累单词，很有帮助。
（3）修辞（15分）共10道，给出10-15种修辞，然后跟句子进行匹配，大家把修辞都研究一下（4）选词填空（15分）共10道，也是高难度词汇，其中有涉及到希腊神话之类的，大家暑假的时候看一下希腊神话故事这类的，网上也搜一下这方面的，今年出现了Pandora's Box、narcissism、sound and fury、platonic（5）作文（30分）拿专八作文练习就可以，400字，字迹工整，字数一定要写够！今年考的是是“电子书与纸质书”之类的话题，不偏文学，但去年考了一篇篇文学的，所以我背了很多这方面的作文，新东方的散文也看了一些，结果题型变了，但是说不准明年的情况，大家两手准备吧！二、翻译基础（150分）有如下题型，短语翻译跟篇章翻译。
（1）短语翻译（英译汉）（30分）共10个，上外贸的这道题型有点奇葩，跟其他高校的翻译硕士不一样，我背了很多专有名词以及英语笔译常用词语应试手册、育明教育的三本词汇，自己整理的各高校短语翻译，china daily上的词组，反正也积累了不少。
手头上也有很多电子资料，大家要的话可以找我。
但是最后悔的是没看哈佛商业评论，这是学姐强烈推荐的但我没怎么在意。
学姐告诉你上外英语语言文学考研的一些重点难点及备考方案一、学科情况：1.报录情况：整体报录比接近1:10初试报录比约为1:6.5复试录取比例约为1:1.52.专业情况：英美文学要考的科目（初试基础英语翻译政治二外）计分公式：初试最终成绩=基英+翻译+(基英+翻译+政治+二外)×10%复习重点：基础英语和翻译要力求高分，政治和二外只需过线（上外政治过线分数约为55，二外约为55）最好有60分就够了二、具体科目1.基础英语：（1）、题型：①、单选15题15分（包括语法、单词辨析、文学常识、语言学常识等）；②、完形30题15分（根据所给单词的适当形式填空）；③、阅读4篇40分（大约专八难度）；④、写作2篇80分（小作文：描写或记叙文，不少于300词，35分；大作文：议论文不少于400词，45分）（2）、重点难点：①、单词：无论单选、完形、阅读还是写作，都离不开单词，第一大题的选择题多半是由单词量决定正确率，所以考生在备考期间一定要给自己分配一个长期背单词的任务（专八和GRE的单词难度）②、阅读：按照专八难度准备就可以；辅助GRE阅读锻炼逻辑思维能力；并且可以适当阅读一些文论（非常基础的比如Virginia Woolf,Oscar Wilde,T.S.Eliot等等作家自己写的文论，一方面提升阅读理解能力，另一方面也可以巩固专业文学知识）③、完形建议一边读就一边下手填空，毕竟没有选项，而且时间比较紧张；④、作文占比非常大，平常最好养成多写作的习惯，比如一周写三篇小作文，三篇大作文；小作文涉及到描写和叙述，所以平常可以一方面背单词时积累一些生活中常用的小词（日用品、食物等等、尤其是动词小词，越具体越好，单选的词语辨析当中也会遇到）；另一方面可以尝试背诵一些经典的小说或者散文片段，从模仿开始练习写作也是比较好的办法。
2.英汉互译：（1）、题型：一篇英译汉；一篇汉译英；（2）、重点难点：①、对常用的俗语谚语的掌握；②、对英语和汉语表达习惯的区别的认识：例如汉语中没有冠词，而且介词和代词的使用量也远远少于英语；③、英语语法知识和汉语表达习惯（3）、解决计划：①、多练，克服恐惧感；②、书可以看，但是并不是翻完了就马上看，翻完一篇的第一件事情是，就自己已经翻好的东西进行改正；③、用批判的眼光看教科书，每个人都有自己的翻译风格，我们能从参考书上学到的东西，最好是我们会，但是并没有想过要用，或者知道这个单词，但是没有掌握这个用法的；④、第一宗旨是准确，别人说五个人，你就不能翻about five persons；准确很难做到，这需要有极大的词汇量和灵活运用句式的技巧。
