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1.冠词问题主要错误类型：（1）缺少定冠词或不定冠词，因为中文是没有冠词的，当我们用汉语思维来写英语句子时，很容易忽略冠词。
如The this that,those these, an ,aEg. Police stopped me for speeding driving the other day.The police stopped me for speeding driving the other day.（2）专用名词前加冠词，但是一些专用名词，如国名，地名，专业术语等是不能加名词的。
Eg. The SEU is one of the most prestigious universities in China.SEU is one of the most prestigious universities in China.（3）定冠词和不定冠词的混淆。
a) 序数词前冠词的使用问题。
强调顺序时用定冠词；当不强调顺序，而是表示“又，还，再”时用不定冠词。
Eg. I was full when I had the first cake.I had a second cake in the request of the welcomed hostess.b) 姓氏前冠词的使用问题。
the+姓氏，表示一家人或夫妇；a+姓氏，表示某个姓什么的人。
Eg. Could you show me the way to the Warrens,please?--Sorry,we don't have a Warren in this town.2.单复数问题主要错误类型：（1）主谓单复数不一致。
a) 主语由复杂的成分构成。
例如用and 连接两个名词，明主语是复数主语，谓语动词也应该使用复数；但是当名词前面有了every,no这样的词的时候，虽然由and，但是谓语动词也应该使用单数Eg. Jim and Jack are going to play basketball.Every teacher and (every) student is going to attend the meeting.(from: /b/4104863.html)b）可能是主谓之间插入了很多复杂的成分，比如这些成分可能是主语是复数的从句，从而干扰了我们的思维。
英语写作中几种常见错误分析中国人学英语总是受到汉语的干扰。
英语写作是语法概念、词汇知识、修辞手法等交流手段的综合运用。
缺乏对英语习惯表达法的了解及缺少写作技巧的基本训练，英语写作中就会出现各种错误。
下面笔者将学生作文中最普遍的错误作一归类整理,以便对症下药，排除干扰，用地道的英语表达自己的观点。
一、结构错误1. There be 句型拖泥带水。
如：There is an old sentence says “Practice makes perfect.”学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头,于是在There be句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。
实际上,要表示“常言道”英语中有现成的说法，如：“As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”等。
还有些学生的作文开头就是“There has different ideas about...”，连基本的“There be”句型也被改造了。
2. 误用平行结构。
所谓平行结构，或对称结构(Parallelism)，是指用相同的语法结构表示几个意思上密切相关内容的修辞手法。
这一修辞手法极其有用，使用得当，可使句子结构紧凑，对称协调，语意鲜明，逻辑性强。
但是，许多学生由于对这种修辞手法知之甚少，对其对称照应的特点掌握不好，常常写出一些结构不均衡，文意欠通顺，逻辑混乱的句子。
如：My summer's work proved not only interesting but I also learned much from it.She has fallen in love with him not because he is handsome but that he is diligent.3. 出现“悬垂结构”。
在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。
简析学生英语写作中的常见错误在英语学习中，中国学生由于受母语的影响，常常会不自觉地站在汉语的角度去思考所写英语是否正确，因此在英语写作时会经常出现表达上的错误。
下面就一些常见错误，探讨一下英汉上的差异。
一.语法错误(一)介词使用错误1)前天我们坐她的车去北京。
（误）We went to Beijing by her car the day before yesterday.（正）We went to Beijing in her car the day before yesterday.介词by用来表达交通工具时，后面必须没有冠词或所有格修饰的名词。
如by ship,by plane。
所以要强调“乘她的车”的时候，就要用介词in。
2）我们学习英语非常重要。
（误）It is importment of us to learn English...（正）It is importment for us to learn English.It is adj for sb to do sth.. 前面的形容词通常是不定式所指的事给予评论。
如It is necessary for us to get up.但在It is adj of sb.to do sth.句型中，介词前面的形容词通常是表示某人的特质或性格等主观的东西。
(二)时态使用错误收到你的来信我很高兴。
（误）I am glad to hear from you.（正）I was glad to hear from you.虽然有些情况发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上过去某时发生的，应当用过去时态。
汉语动词无时态变化，但英语中动词的时态变化却很多。
(三)形容词前后置错误出席的人都同意他的建议。
（误）The present persons agreed to his plan.（正）The persons present agreed to his plan.在英语中有些形容词可置名词中心词的前或后，其意义不变，但有的形容词就不同。
中国学生作文中常见的错误：1．标点错误中文与英文的最大区别，在于中文句子是意合，而英文句子则是形合。
例如，中文可以说“他赢了，我们笑了。
”英文则不能说“He won, we laughed.”而是要用连词把两句话连起来，成为“He won, and we laughed.”. 练习：(1) 改错1．It rained all night, the ceiling began to leak.2．He lifted a rock, it fell on his feet.3．She leaped up screaming, a snake was moving toward her.4．Many people lined up at the ticket booth, all the tickets had been sold out.5．The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse, and organized robbery.6．John Smith, his wife, his two children, and his dog Pluto, were under a pear tree, in the garden.7．The next day, late in the evening, Charles was killed, by a gang of villains.8． A letter, that is written in pencil, is difficult to read. (2) 添上逗号1．“I see my son you are wearing one of my best tiesagain.”2．Rosemary suspected of having murdered her husband was questioned by the police for over three hours. 3．The lady was dressed in gray the color of a pigeon’s feathers.4．It is a sad truth but in this unfriendly world he who cries cries alone.(3) 分号常用在两个或两个以上关系较为密切的分句之间。
大学生英语作文常出现的十大语法错误（2）6.冠词错误学生在翻译时常会忘了考虑冠词，或者说不重视冠词这个问题，常有多用或少用或错用的弊病。
冠词考查分两个方面，一是冠词的残缺或多余，考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的.区别，如：in charge of与in the charge of, out of question与out of the question的区别。
二是冠词the, a, an(不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。
英汉名词确有许多共同点，但是也有不少不同点。
英语名词有可数与不可数之分，汉语里没有，且一般情况下，名词都可受到数量词的限制。
因此，英语写作中，一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather，information等少数常用不可数名词时，学生往往会犯错误。
不过，在使用英语不可数名词时，又会出现两种情况，一种是绝不可以用a/an或数词来直接修饰，如上述提及的几个名词：另一种情况是，少数不可数名词在被形容词等修饰后，可用a/an等来修饰。
如time(时间)，rain(雨)。
所以我们可以说：We had a wonderful time yesterday. 例如：a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.正确的句子：a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.7.代词的错误代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、关系代词、反身代词、疑问代词、复合疑问代词、指示代词，要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用，关系代词 which, that, as之间的误用，关系代词that与疑问代词what之间的误用，关系代词which与关系副词when, where，以及what与how的误用等。
词汇 1) 词不达意 (1)误：With the development of the economics, more and more people are able to receive college education. (2) 误：Fake drugs are not efficient in treating diseases. (3) 误：Most students are probable to take out loans. (4) 误：It is the habit of foreigners to change gifts at Christmas. (5) 误：At first, reading extensively can give people knowledge in many fields. (6) 误：Some drivers neglected traffic regulations. (7) 误：In my opinion, this (i.e. being laid off) is the normal result of social competition (8) 误：The housing problem is so outstanding that the government has to solve it with concentrated efforts. (9) 误：Continuous smoking is bad to health. (10) 误： I think it is very difficult to solute this problem. 2) 中式英语 (1) 误：Attending college is really admirable except the high tuition and fees. (2) 误：I am necessary to find a part-time job during the vacation. (3) 误：In the past, many men objected their wives to go out to work. (4) 误： According to my opinion, applying for a loan is the best way to solve the problem of tuition and fees for college. (5) 误：I wish to learn more knowledge at college. (6) 误：When I first came here, I couldn’t accustom the weather. (7) 误：Some manufacturers only know making money. (8) 误：I usually go to the department store to buy something at weekends. (9) 误：Parents should limit their children to watch TV. (10) 误：If they are unfortunate to meet with troubles, they will be able to get some money to deal with troubles. (11) 误：The good commodities can not be sold well, because the fake commodities are much cheaper. (12) 误：With an outline, you can write a composition closely. (13) 误：After he graduated from a university, he took part in work 3) 搭配不当 (1) 误：Nowadays, more and more students are able to enter into a college. (2) 误：The government should make some measures against fake commodities. (3) 误：I have difficulty to pay for my college education. (4) 误：There is some possibility for you to succeed as long as you work hard. (5) 误：I think the second choice is preferable than the first. (6) 误：After practising a lot in listening and speaking, I am now capable to express myself in English. (7) 误：The production of fake commodities interfered in our industrial development. (8) 误：Because both my parents have been laid off, it is difficult for them to pay my college education. (9) 误：If all the people had their own cars, you can imagine how crowded the traffic would become. (10) 误：I deeply believe in the proverb “no pains, no gains”. 4) 词性误⽤ (1) 误：I get up early to do exercises in order to strong my body. (2) 误：Some regard fail as a good thing. They first find out the reason why they have failed and then do their best to overcome the obstacles. (3) 误：Some people think money can bring them comfort, secure, and so on. (4) 误：My family is not rich, so I can not dependent on my parents. (5) 误： Many intellectuals did not come back for a various of reasons. (6) 误：Some people have many “lucky numbers”, but they don’t luck at all. (7) 误：You can sale some little goods to gain some tuition and fees. (8) 误：This social phenomenon shows that more and more people aware the importance of taking out insurance. 5) 拼写错误 (1) 误：The government should offer special previleges to those who come back from foreign countries. (2) 误：College life is full of varity. (3) 误：This social phenominon reflects that more and more Chinese people have come to realize the importance of taking out insurance. (4) 误：Different people have different opiums on the topic of friendship. (5) 误：However, adequate money does not garantee children good education。
中国学生容易犯的最常见的标点符号错误A.逗号错误：英文一个完整的句子以大写字母开始，以句点结束。
写英文时中国学生习惯于“一逗到底”式的中文表达方法，这正是中国学生所要避免的。
错误：It（主语）was raining hard, they（主语）could not work in the fields.解释：上面句子中划横线的部分是两个不同的主语，而且逗点前后的句子是完整的-----单独拿出来都能代表一个完整的意思。
因此，用逗号违反了英文规定:即一个句子只能有一套主干。
）正确：It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.B.书名号、顿号、省略号错误：比较中英文标点符号,可见英文标点中没有中文形式的顿号、书名号和省略号。
而这三种标点符号成了英语写作中“出错较高的符号。
如:〔错误〕1. While she is reading《Gone With the Wind》, I am cooking。
解释：英文中的印刷体用斜体字表示书籍、报刊、戏剧、电影、绘画作品等的名称。
〔修改〕1. While she is reading Gone With the Wind , I am cooking. (印刷体)(错误〕2. My sister bought a lot of fruits for me , such as banana 、orange 、apple and pear.解释“英文中没有顿号，英文常用逗号来代替冒号。
:〔修改〕2. My sister bought a lot of fruits for me , such as banana , orange , apple and pear.还有,英文中的省略号其实是三个点的并列,许多学生由于受中文影响常错误地把英文省略号写成六点。
C.冒号错误。
冒号是中英文兼有的标点符号。
在汉语中,冒号是表示提示性话语之后的停顿,常用在“说、道、讲、问、唱、回答、喊、吼”等动词的后边,以标明下面的话是谁说的。
中国人写英语作文易犯错的点As English is not the native language of Chinese people, there are several common mistakes that they often make when writing English essays. One of the most common mistakes is the incorrect use of articles (a, an, the). Many Chinese writers have trouble understanding when to use "a" or "an" and when to use "the" or no article at all. This can lead to confusion and awkwardness in their writing.Another common mistake is the incorrect use of tenses. Chinese writers often have difficulty with the past, present, and future tenses, and can mix them up in their writing. This can make their essays hard to follow and can lead to misunderstanding.In addition, Chinese writers often struggle with word order and sentence structure. In Chinese, the word order is often subject-verb-object, while in English it is usuallysubject-object-verb. This can lead to sentences that are awkward or difficult to understand.Furthermore, Chinese writers often struggle with the use of prepositions and conjunctions. They may use the wrong preposition or conjunction in a sentence, leading to confusion and misunderstanding.Finally, Chinese writers may have difficulty with idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs. These are often not directly translatable from Chinese to English, and Chinese writers may struggle to use them correctly.In conclusion, Chinese writers often make mistakes with articles, tenses, word order, prepositions and conjunctions, and idiomatic expressions in their English essays. However, with practice and attention to detail, these mistakes can be overcome, and Chinese writers can improve their English writing skills.。
中考英语作文易犯的六大错误虽然中考英语书面表达题大都属于引导性写作，看起来很容易把握，但真正写起来却有一定的难度。
有些考生虽然下笔能言，但错误百出。
归纳起来，常见错误有以下几种:一、汉语思维多，英语定出错汉语和英语在语言系统和文化上存在差异，因此不能用汉语思维来写作，不能只按字面去翻译。
如:1.【误】Unluckily, there was a big rain when I went to school【正】Unluckily, there was a heavy rain when I went to school.【析】根据英语表达习惯，“一场大雨”应表达为aheavyrain 而不是a big rain。
2.【误】Although I was wet, but I was very happy【正]Although I was wet,I was very happy.=I was wetbut I was very happy【析】在英语中，although开头表转折的句子已经有“尽管……但是……”的意思，因此不需要but。
3.[误】Mary has forgotten his ticket on his way home【正】Mary hasleft his ticket on his way home【析】forget表示记忆上的“忘记”，而把某物“忘(丢)”是一个动作，应用leave。
因此，应将句中的forgotten 改为left(即leave 的过去式)。
4.【误】I sad because I cannot go to Beijing Zoo【正】Iam sad becauseI cannot go to Beijing Zoo.【析】汉语中的形容词可以做谓语，而英语中的形容词不能单独做谓语，需要在它前面加上系动词be，两者构成复合谓语。
二、词性不明确，用时靠乱写“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用，形容词当副词用，名词当动词用等。
中国学生英文书写中常见典型错误1书写英文时错用或滥用“，”连接句子。
错误：She is very young,she is only seven years old.正确：She is very young; she is only seven years old.She is very young. She is only seven years old.错误：It rained yesterday, she didn’t come to school, her father was very angry.正确：It rained yesterday and she didn’t come to school. So her father was very angry.2书写英文时用中文的书名号“《》”。
英文没有书名号，书名一般全部字母大写或实词首字母大写，在印刷品中一般用斜体表示。
3书写英文时用中文的顿号“、”。
英文没有顿号，应该使用逗号“，”。
错误：I bought some meat、fruit、paper、pens at the supermarket.正确：I bought some meat, fruit, paper and pens at the supermarket.4书写英文时用中文的省略号“……”。
英文的省略号是“…”5在英文书信的信首称呼时错用冒号“：”错误：Dear Sir or Madam:正确：Dear Sir or Madam,6写几个英文单词就点“.”一下的坏习惯，而英文的点“.”代表句号。
错误：He is one of the top. students in. his class.正确：He is one of the top students in his class.7句号后第一个单词首字母忘记大写。
8一些字母书写不规范，看起来似是而非。
如：r与v；t与e；a或d书写不到位（不封口）。
英语写作中的十大常见错误英语写作中的十大常见错误俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。
英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。
下面店铺为大家整理了英语写作中的十大常见错误，希望能帮到大家！一、不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。
例：When one have money, he can do what he want to.剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has；同理，want应改为wants。
本句是典型的主谓不一致。
改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).二、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。
对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。
例：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末。
三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。
可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
例：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分"for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on."不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。
中国学生在英文写作中最容易犯的典型错误(T ypical Mistakes Committed Most Frequently by ChineseBeginners of English)1. 偏离主题(Straying from the Subject or Point)英文写作中要求必须紧扣主题，否则等于白费力气。
偏离主题严重者，几乎不给什么分。
许多学生往往忽视这一点，不按文章标题和主题句的要求写，容易出现跑题和扣题不紧的问题。
(Y ou must keep to the subject when writing something in English; otherwise your efforts to write will turn out to be useless. He that strays far from the subject may score lowly or zero, the fact of which is likely to be overlooked by many college students who tend to write an essay which drags on and on without making a point.)纠正办法：如果命题作文中有主题句（一般多出现在每一段的段首），应变换一下说法，适当进行扩展，接着就列举至少两个例子或理由；如果命题作文中没有主题句，自己应该根据文章标题的要求确立三个主题句（文章一般以三段式为好），然后再展开。
【例1】Making FriendsEveryone of us needs friends. Friendship is very important. A faithful friend is hard to find. A friend is never known till a man has need. Of course, one’s friend may have some shortcomings. Therefore we should be tolerant towards our friends.上面是“making friends”这篇作文的第一段。
简析中学生英语写作中的常见错误在英语学习中，中国学生由于受母语的影响，常常会不自觉地站在汉语的角度去审视所写的英语是否正确，因此在英语写作时会不断出现表达上的错误，造成信息传递的梗塞，让人感到不知所云。
下面就一些常见的错误，探讨一下英汉表达上的差异。
一、词汇错误1.同义词使用错误中国的物价低廉。
（误）The prices are cheap in China.（正）The prices are low in China.cheap虽然能表示“便宜的”（反义词为expensive,dear），但它所修饰的名词应是具体的物品或服务。
如：Fruits are cheap in autumn.要表示价格和费用的低廉，需用low这个词。
它的反义词是high。
2.词义内涵理解错误我身体很好，因此从不感冒。
（误）I have a good body so I never catch cold.（正）I am in good health So I never catch cold.body指的是人的“身躯”“身体”(whole physical structure of a hum an being)，而这句汉语中的“身体”指的是“健康状况”(condition of a person;s body)，所以只有用be in good health才能确切表达“身体好”。
3.搭配使用错误我们的老师教了我们很多有用的知识。
（误）Our teachers taught us a lot of useful knowledge.（正）Our teachers imparted/communicated a lot of useful knowledge to us.teach表示“教”时，是指传授某种知识或技艺的过程（to cause to know a subiect或to cause to know how）。
如：Mr.Li teaches us history.He is teaching his sonhow to swim.而impart或communicate的意思是“使某事物被人知晓”(to make something known to somebody)。
The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written by Graduate Chinese Engineering StudentsBy Felicia BrittmanThis paper presents some of the most common Chinese-English habits observed from over two hundred English technical papers by Chinese writers. The habits are explained and in most cases, example text from an actual paper is given along with preferred text. An attempt is made to explain how to correct and prevent such mistakes. In some cases a possible explanation of why the habit occurs is also given. This paper can serve as an individual guide to editing technical papers especially when a native English-speaking editor is unavailable.IntroductionMost Chinese universities require their doctoral and master candidates in technical and scientific fields to publish at least one English paper in an international journal as a degree requirement. However, many factors make this task difficult to accomplish. First, previous English studies may not have focused enough on writing, let alone technical writing. Current studies may not include English, causing the writers English fluency level to decline. Second, most writers have never lived in an English-speaking country. Third, due to the special aspects of technical writing, even native English-speaking engineering students have a technical writing course as part of their study.Too often, students’ papers are returned unaccepted because of poor English. If available, students may have their papers edited by a native English speaker. However, this can get expensive for a department that has many students with each paper typically needing to be edited twice. Hiring someone to edit papers is difficult, costly and only puts a patch over the problem. A native English speaker can do a good job at getting rid of most of the grammatical mistakes. However, if this person does not have a technical background, particularly in the area of the papers he is editing, he is unable to get rid of all of the mistakes and make sure that the meaning is clear. He cannot recognize the incorrect translation of technical terms for which there is a standard word. Such mistakes will not be picked up by the processor’s spelling and grammar checker. In addition, if they are not familiar with the topic or field, they may not grasp the meaning of the entire article and fail to make critical edits.Hiring a person with a technical background similar to that of the papers being edited is a better option. Nevertheless, while a person with a technical background may be able to edit the paper sufficiently, he may not be able to explain to the writer how to prevent such mistakes in the future. Besides, it is difficult for most Chinese universities to hire such staff simply for editing. Universities may consider inviting a visiting scholar who will edit papers in addition to doing research or teaching as part of an exchange.Although editing may be the fastest way to publish papers, it does little in the way of teaching the writers how to prevent common mistakes and colloquial habits that prevent a clear understanding of the writer’s ideas. Writers who have already obtained animpressing command of the English language can only truly benefit if they are made aware of their common mistakes and colloquial habits and how to prevent them.PurposeThe purpose of this report is to introduce the most common habits in Chinese-English writing as noted from the over two hundred papers I have edited. The habits include grammar mistakes, colloquialisms, and formatting problems and in most cases prevent a clear understanding of the writer’s ideas. A few of the habits, such as writing extremely long sentences, can be corrected with careful use of the MS Word® grammar and style checker. However, most habits, such as missing articles, go unnoticed by automatic grammar checking devices. Still, Chinese-English colloquial habits are not recognized by such software tools.StructureThe common habits are presented in two sections. The first section lists the habits that, in my opinion, need the most attention. These habits interrupt the flow of the paper making it difficult to understand and occur most frequently. In this section, the habits are explained, example sentences from actual papers are given to show the habits, and the sentences are rewritten to show the correct way to write them. In the case of missing articles, a flow chart is also given to aid in choosing the correct articles.In the second section, an additional list of habits is given. In some cases, example sentences are given. In other cases, advice is given. The second section is very useful in becoming familiar with small nuances.Not all of the common habits I observed are presented mainly because they can only be dealt with on an individual basis. For example, writers had difficulty titling their papers and naming new technical ideas to express their contents and functions concisely. This problem frequently occurred but it can only be addressed individually. Once writers are aware of their habits, they would be able to write better technical English articles. Section 1“a, an, the”a, an, and the. This occurs because Mandarin has no direct equivalent of articles and the rules for using them are somewhat complicated for a non-native speakers.Articles signal that a noun will follow and that any modifiers between the article and the noun refer to that noun (a big blue bicycle / the first award). A and an are indefinite articles; the is a definite article. Every time a singular noncount noun, a common noun that names one countable item, is used the noun requires some kind of determiner.Mistake: The, a, and an are 1) omitted where they are required, 2) used where they are not needed or contribute to wordiness 3) used wrongly in place of the correct article. Examples of incorrect usages:Incorrect Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.15Correct Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.15Incorrect The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.4Correct The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.4There was only one 3D modeling tool used in this study, therefore ‘3D modelingtool’ is specific and requires the article the.Incorrect A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and investigation of the interactionsbetween main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vorticesare distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects offlows. Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices isconducted.15Correct A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and an investigation of the interactionsbetween main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vorticesare distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects offlows. A systematical study of the number and distribution of vortices isconducted.15Incorrect Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on environment tothe greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials;consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16Correct Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EOF product thereby minimizing the impact on theenvironment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling ofmaterials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16 Definitions:determiners or noun markers, articles are the words a, an, and calledArticles Alsothe. A and an are indefinite articles, and the is a definite article. Articles signal that anoun will follow and that any modifiers between the article and the noun refer to that noun. ( a cold , metal chair/ the lightning-fast computer).Determiners A word or word group, traditionally identified as an adjective, that limits a noun by telling how much or how many about it. (expression of quantity, limiting adjective, marker) They tell whether a noun is general (a tree) or specific (the tree). The is a definite article. Before a noun, the conveys that the known refers to a specific item (the plan). A and an are indefinite articles. They convey that a noun refers to an item in a nonspecific or general way (a plan).Common nouns A noun that names a general group, place, person, or thing: dog, house.Count noun A noun that names an item or items that can be counted: radio,fingernails.streets,idea,Noncount nouns A noun that names a thing that cannot be counted: water, time. Specific noun A noun understood to be exactly and specifically referred to; usesarticlethe.definitetheNonspecific noun A noun that refers to any of a number of identical items; it takesa , an.articlestheindefiniteVery long sentencesVery long sentences are especially common in Chinese-English writing because the writers often translate directly from Chinese to English. Although, in Chinese writing it is acceptable to put several supporting ideas in on sentence to show their relationship, in English, the main idea and each supporting idea is typically written in separate sentences.One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length – sixty words or more. However, sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea. Long sentences can be avoided by limiting each sentence to one or two topics. Semicolons should be used where the writer really wants to emphasize the relationship between ideas.Too long According to the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioning systems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories andputs forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Air-side, which can monitor the individual air-conditioning cooling consumptionduring a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition –temperature and humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as theparameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.Correct This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the characteristics of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward anew method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air-side . The newmethod can monitor individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during aperiod of time by detecting the condition of inlet air – temperature and humidity –of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet coolingwater provided by the chiller.Too long The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the geargap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, non-linearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase functionmethod, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of theMatlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in thebacklash block is set to zero.9Correct The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians,has different output values corresponding to any given input value. The non-linearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase functionmethod. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of theMatlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in thebacklash block is set to zero.Another type of super-long sentence that frequently occurs in technical papers is that of a list. The writer wants to give a large amount of data, usually parameter values, and puts this information into one long, paragraph-sized sentence. However, the bestway to give such type and quantity of information is to tabulate it (put it in a bulleted list).Too long …where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of amassless elastic shaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from thegeometric center of the disk, φ is the angle between the orientation of theeccentricity and the ξ axis, ξk and ηk are the stiffness coefficients in twoprincipal directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficientof the shaft and the disk, i c is the inner damping coefficient of shaft, ω is therotating speed, s ξ and s η are the components of initial bend in directions ofξ,η axes respectively: θξcos b s r =,θηsin b s r =.1Correct Wherem is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a masslesselasticshaft,e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center ofthe disk,φ is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the ξaxis,ξk and ηk are the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directionsof theshaft,c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk,i c is the inner damping coefficient of the shaft,ω is the rotating speed,s ξ and s η are the components of initial bend in directions of ξ,ηaxes, respectively: θξcos b s r =,θηsin b s r =.Too long The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85 meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6 meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 meters, the length of the jacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127 tons.3Clear • Case clearance height 6.15 meters• Roof thickness 0.85 meters• Bottom thickness 0.90 meters• Overall width 26.6 meters• Overall length of the axial cord 304.5 meters • Length of the jacking section 148.8 meters (approx.)• Weight of the case 24127 tons (approx.)Prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose,location or reason firstChinese writers often preface the main topic of a sentence by first stating the purpose, location, reason, examples and conditions as introductory elements. However, this has the effect of demoting the importance of the main idea and making the reader think the author is indirect. Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any locations, reasons, etc., afterwards.Incorrect For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nestingoptimization problem in leather manufacturing. 5Correct This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturingfor application in automobile interiors.Incorrect Especially when numerical control (NC) techniques [4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods [5][6] bring a huge economical benefits, the advantage of constructing 3D model [7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious.2Correct The advantage of constructing a 3D model [7][8][9] becomes extremely obviousespecially when numerical control (NC) techniques [4] are widely used inindustry and rapid prototype methods [5][6] bring a huge economical benefits.Incorrect Inside the test box, the space was filled with asbestos.15Correct The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos.Incorrect In practice, we employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.16Correct We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.Incorrect To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.16Correct CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.Tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of a sentenceIncorrect When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for ∆=0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig. 8.Correct Figure 8 shows the BDs for ∆=0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.Place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for emphasisIncorrect Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended STL format is described in this section.4Correct The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.Incorrect The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models are designed precisely with complicated surfaces.4Correct The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicated surfaces are designed precisely.“w hich/ that”The antecedent (noun or pronoun) to which which refers is not specific, causing confusion.Antecedent The noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers.‘The Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force, which is built at 1978(10680t).’ [‘Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force which is built at 1978(10680t).’Absolute truths in paleontology are often elusive, and even the filmmakers were surprised at the fierce arguments that split the scientists when an initial brainstorming session was else.‘Respectively’ and ‘respective’Respectively refers back to two or more persons or things only in the order they were previously designated or mentioned. If two lists are given, respectively pairs the list entries according to the order in which they are given. In this case the use of respectively is to allow the writer to give a lot of information without confusing the reader or writing several short sentences. Respectively is usually at the end of the sentence. In both cases, mentioning the order must be important to the meaning of the sentence otherwise it is not used.For example: Bobby, Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively.List 1 List 2Bobby wore a red coat.Nicole wore a green coat.Daren wore a blue coat.Respective to two or more persons or things only in the order they were previously designated or mentioned.The uses of these two words are usually incorrect or confusing as in the following examples.1. Respectively is misplaced in the sentence; it is put before the nouns to which it refers. Incorrect Equations 2～6 can be respectively linearized as:......(equations given) (13)Correct Equations 2～6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)…, respectively. Incorrect The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19Correct The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.2. Respectively is inserted to express that there is a certain order in which something was done. However, the order is already implied elsewhere in the sentence or does not need to be expressed because it does not add value to meaning of the sentence.Incorrect I f both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are, respectively, below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, ifeither is, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2.Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are, respectively, above acertain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is,respectively,below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.19Correct I f both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either isabove a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the coretechnology and core quality are above a certain score, then we refer to strategy3, otherwise, if either is below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.Incorrect Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades aretransformed into two singularities on the ζ-plane and integrate the inducedvelocity along the blades respectively.20Correct Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades aretransformed into two singularities on the ζ-plane and integrate the inducedvelocity along the blades.3. In addition to 2, it is unclear to what ‘respectively’ refers.Incorrect The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before respectively [1-4]Correct The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before [1-4].Incorrect The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured using two thermocouples respectively.17Correctthermocouples.‘In this paper’, ‘in this study’Two errors occur when these phrases are used. The first is overuse. In some papers written by Chinese, these phrases can occur as much as twice per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses1.In the introduction and conclusion to emphasize the content of the paper.2.In the body of the paper, after referring to work not done by the author such as inother journal articles or in standard.Therefore, if either phrase occurs more than three times in a paper, its use is questionable. Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repeat these phrases.The second error is more subtle. The two phrases are interchanged.Awkward In this paper, IDEAS was used to ….Correct In this study, IDEAS was used to….Awkward In the paper, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, itcomponents equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design andtesting.9Correct In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, itcomponents equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design andtesting.The ‘study’ is the work the author/s did. The paper is the mode to present this work andis what the reader is holding/ reading. Keep in mind the writer can also use other phrases such as ‘in this research’, and ‘this paper present’.N umbers and EquationsTwo very common errors are those concerning the presentation of Arabic numerals, and equations. Chinese writers usually write Arabic numerals instead of spelling out the word. The use of Arabic numerals, itself, is not an error however; they should never be used at the beginning of sentences.Incorrect 12 parameters were selected for the experiment.Correct Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.In addition, Arabic numerals are overused. Arabic numerals should be used to give datain technical papers, however they should not be used to give general information. Incorrect All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.Correct All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.This probably stems from the fact that Mandarin is a symbolic language and not alphabetic. Thus, the writer will find it easier to write a symbol that expresses the idea instead of the word. This problem is even more serious when equations are used in place of words in a way that is not practiced by native English speakers. Consider the following examples.Equations should be introduced as much as possible, not inserted in place of words. Most journals, like the International Journal of Production Research, discourage the use of even short expressions within the text.Incorrect If the power battery SOC > SOC lo and the driving torque belongs to themiddle load,…Correct If the power battery SOC is greater than SOC lo and the driving torquebelongs to the middle load,…Incorrect All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.Correct All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.FormatParagraphsA paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one topic or thought. Paragraphs are separated to indicate the end of one idea or thought and the beginning of another. All English paragraphs start on a new line with an indent of about one inch orwith an extra line between the two paragraphs. The latter is more typical for business writing.Chinese students are often puzzled by separating paragraphs; the may perform one of two error. One error occurs when the writer fails to distinguish between two paragraphs. Although the new paragraph starts on a new line, there is no indentation, therefore, the reader in is not aware of the change in paragraphs or ideas. The second error occurs when a paragraph is preceded by a single sentence on a single line. The single line is indented along with the succeeding paragraph as in example #. This commonly occurs in Chinese texts but is never done in English.‘Figure’ and ‘Table’The abbreviations for figure and table are Fig. and Tbl, respectively. However, the abbreviation of table is rarely seen in text. One can also write fig. for figure. However, one should choose one convention and use it throughout the paper. You should not switchnumber.Incorrect Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10Correct Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10VariablesVariables, especially those of the English alphabet, should be italicized in technical papers to distinguish them from English words. Of course, this depends on the style required by the journal.CapitalsBe careful that capitals are not in the middle of the sentence.Incorrect In table 1, The mark…Correct In table 1, the mark…‘such as’ and ‘etc.’Such as and etc. are commonly misused by Chinese-English writers. Such as means ‘for example’ and implies that an incomplete list will follow; etc. means ‘and so on’ and is used at the end of a list to show it is not complete. Therefore, using such as and etc. together is redundant.Incorrect Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, printers, and etc.11Correct Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, and printers.Such as means that an incomplete list will be given and should not be used when a complete list is given.Incorrect Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has threecharacteristics such as high complexity, high precision and high automation. Correct Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has threecharacteristics: high complexity, high precision and high automation.Section 21) Some words have identical singular and plural forms and do not need an s added on to make them plural. These words include:•literature (when referring to research)•equipment,•staff (referring to a group of people)•faculty2) Avoid redundancy in the following types of phrases frequently used by Chinese English writersInstead of Say Or say Research work Research WorkLimit condition Limit conditionKnowledge memory Knowledge MemorySketch map Sketch mapLayout scheme Layout schemeArrangement plan Arrangement planOutput performance Output performanceSimulation results results simulationKnowledge information Knowledge informationCalculation results results calculationApplication results Results Application3) Certain words demand that the noun they modify is plural. These include different, various, and number words.Don’t write Instead writeDifferent node Different nodesVarious method Various methodsTwo advantage Two advantagesFifteen thermocouple Fifteen thermocouples4) Never begin an English sentence with abbreviations and Arabic numerals such as Fig. and 8. Instead write Figure and Eight.5) Do not write ‘by this way’. Instead write ‘by doing this’, or ‘using this method’.6) Never write ‘How to…’ at the beginning of a sentence. (Don’t say it ither.)。
外教一对一英语写作中最易犯的10类错误1. 审题不清如某一年的中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。
依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。
2. 拼写错误拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。
有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。
3. 名词单复数问题误：My father and my mother is all teacher.正：My father and my mother are both teachers.4. 缺少动词在汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，但英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来构成，如：“我累了。
”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：I'm tired.误：I happy I can come to Beijing Zoo.正：I am happy I can come to Beijing Zoo.误：The apples cheap. I'll take some.正：The apples are cheap. I'll take some.5. 缺少介词、冠词等还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，不了解中英文语言习惯的不同，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。
误：Because heavy rain we can't hold the sports meeting.正：Because of the heavy rain we can't hold the sports meeting.6. 代词的误用英语中代词的形式很多，包括主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词等。
中国学生在英文写作中最容易犯的典型错误G．把状语从句或短语单独成句，破坏了句子的完整性。
(Some students show their natural inclination to write incomplete sentences by punctuating some adverbial clauses or phrases into sentences.)【例1】“Is honesty out of date?” Many people may ask．My answer is “no”．Because honesty is not a single social phenomenon but rather, a kind of humanity rooted in our mind．(×) “Is honesty out of date?” Many people may ask．My answer is “no”，because honesty is not a single social phenomenon but rather, a kind of humanity rooted in our mind．(√)【例2】Traffic is very bad in this city．Particularly in its downtown area．(×)Traffic is very bad in this city, particularly in its downtown area．(√)【例3】And then there is no need worrying you‟11 be lost in a new place，if you have a cellphone．Especially, in some urgent situations．(×)And then there is no need worrying you‟11 be lost in a new place if you have a cellphone，especially in some urgent situations．(√)H．不会使用“there be”结构。
(It is not uncommon that some students are incapable of using "there be" structure in their writing.)修正办法：应该十分明确：在“there be”结构中，be后面的名词是句子的表语，如果它后面再有动作，应设法用定语从句、分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语来表示。
【例1】There are some people think that money can make the world go round．(×)There are some people who think that money can make the world go round．(√)【例2】At the meeting there are a lot of questions discuss．(×)At the meeting there are a lot of questions to be discussed．(√)I．句式缺少变化，使人读起来兴味索然。
(Lack of sentence structure variety in some students’ writing always dampens the reader’s spirits.)修正办法：在写一段英文时，应尽量避免使用同一类句型。
要长、短句相间，适当使用一些被动句和there be句型，有时也可使用一些问句或倒装句。
【例1】True friendship is important to us．True friendship is a kind of human relation．But true friendship is not easy to come by．True friendship is based on mutual understanding，not on mutual benefit．It means that there are similar ideas between the friends and that true friends should trust each other and helps each other．True friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests．(×)True friendship is important to us．Why we value true friendship very much lies in the fact that it can lead to a pleasant mutual understanding among friends and a sound human relationship．But true friendship is not easy to come by．Only by sharing joy and happiness as well as worries and hardships can we cultivate and develop it．True friendship will be able to stand all sorts of test so long as friends can trust and help each other．(√)【例2】There is a modem library in this university．There are 20 reading rooms，10 video rooms and 5 multi-function halls in the library．There are about 8000000 books and magazines on the shelves there．(×)The university boasts a modern library which consists of 20 reading rooms，10 video rooms and 5 multi-function halls．There are about 8000000 books and magazines on the library's shelves．(√)J．列举例证时，常常把列举用语“such as…”和“for example(instance)…”等独立成句，造成句法残缺不全。
(Such phrase as "such as…" and "for example (instance)" usually used to cite examples are likely to appear as complete sentences in some students’ writing)【例1】It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects．For example physics．(×)It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects，for example physics．(√)【例2】There is a similar word in many languages．For example in French and Italian．(×) There is a similar word in many languages，for example in French and Italian．(√)【例3】In the English writing class．some basic skills are taught．Such as how to keep to the subject，how to choose the correct words，how to avoid “Ch inglish”，how to make our sentences varied，and so on．(×)In the English writing class, some basic skills are taught，such as how to keep to the subject，how to choose the correct words，how to avoid “Ch inglish”，how to make our sentences varied，and so on．(√)【例4 】We should pay attention to several aspects in learning English．Such as grammar, idioms, phonetics，etc．(×)We should pay attention to several aspects in learning English，such as grammar, idioms，phonetics，etc．(√)【例5】The life science will make revolutionary progress，which can solve many problems．Such as curing some fatal diseases，prolonging human life，and to improve the quality of life．(×)The life science will make revolutionary progress，which can have many problems solved，such as curing some fatal diseases，prolonging human life，and improving the quality of life．(√)K．句子残缺破碎，严重影响意思的表达。
