Chapter 1 Colonial Period

Exercises for First Chapters 1 and 2I. Filling the blamks.1. At last early in the ___17______ century, the English settlements in ___Virgina________ and __Massachusetts_____________ began the main strems of what we recognize as the American national history.2. The earliest settlers in US, includes __duch_______ , Swedes, __germans_______,French ，_Spaniards_________，Italians and __ Portuguese___.3. The Puritans had come to New Land for the sake of _________________, while Virginia hadbeen plantedmainly as a ____________________.4. Hard work, _________, piety, and _________ were the Puritan values that dominated muchof the earliest American writing.5. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of the two writers, Anne Bradstreetand Edward Taylor, rose to the level of ____________________.6. __________ was , probably, at once the first modern American and the country's lastmedieval man.7. The Puritans were opposed to _______________ and _______________.8. _______________ was the only American to sign the four documents that created theUnited States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance, the treaty peace with England and the constitution9. Franklin's main literature achievement relys on his ___________________________ and___________________________.II. Define the following literary terms:1. American Puritanism2. Puritan writing stylesIII. Answer the following questions:1. give a description of Franklin.2. what does Franklin's Autobiography reflect?3. Why do people think Franklin is the embodiment of American Dream?Chapter 3I. Filling the blanks.1. The American Romanticism lasted from the end of 18th century to the __________________.2. As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American Romanticism was both ______________ and ______________________.3. Through the first half of 19th century the persuit of _____________, utility, and _________________ remained an American characteristic.4. Irving's _______________ became the first work by an American writeer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.5. ______________ values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War..6. Romantic writers placed increasing value on the _______________ expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the _______________ states of their characters.7. __________ was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism, and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporariess as Scott and Cooper.8. Irvinf was the first great ____________, writing always for _____________, and to produce ___________________.9. Cooper lanuched two kinds of novels, _________________ and _______________.10. _________________ was the father of Short story in American.11. As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American Romanticism was both ______________ and __________________. (imitative, independent)12. _______________ marked the beginning of Ameican Romantisim. (The Sketch Book)13. The Leatherstocking Tales was written by __________. (James Fenimore Cooper.)II. Answer the followings briefly.1. American Romanticism2. Features of American RomanticismIII. State the followingsConflict thoughts in Leatherstocking TalesChapter 4I. Filling the blanks.1. ____________________________ is called the summit of American Romanticism.2 Transcedentalism is also called ________________.3. Transcedentlists formed a club ___________________________ and published their own journal ________.4. New England Transcedentlism was the product of a combination of _____________ and ____________. (foreign influence, American Puritan tradition)5. ________ is regarded as the Bible of Transcedentalism. (Nature)6 ______________ has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. (The American Scholar)7. In the book, “The American Scholar”, Emerson advocated the Americans should write about _____________. (American itself.)8. Henry David Thoreau wrote his masterpiece, __________. (Walden)II. Answer the following question briefly.TranscedentalismThe sources of TranscedentalismIII. What are the thought sources of Transcedentalism?IV. Emerson’s aethetics.V. Emerson’s ideas in his literature career.How to interpret the INDIVIDUAL in Nature?Chapter 5 to 6I. Filiing the blanks1. with the book, _____________, Hawthorne became famous as the greatest writer in America.(The Scarlet Letter.)2. The letter “A” in the book stands for ____________, ____________ and ______________.(adultery, able, angel)3. Melsille wrote his famous book _______________, which fully presented the Sybolism.(Moby Dick)4.Hawthorne was haunted in his life by his sense of sin and evil.5.Hawthorne’s most of books revealed the social “ blackness”.6. Whitman wrote about ______ poems, which were collected in _________________. (400,Leaves of Grass)7. the last poem in Whitman’s life is _____________________. (Goodbye, My Fancy)8. _________ first wrote about the common people and daily event in poems. (Whitman)9. Dickinson’s themes in poems is about __________, __________, and ___________. (love,suffering, death)10. Dickinson worte altogether ____________. (1175)11. Dickinson’s basic tone in her poems is __________. (tragic)II. Short answer to the followings.1. Hawthorne’s main thoughts in his writing.2. State three subsections of Whitman’s poems briefly.3. Compare two poets Dickinson and Whitman.III. Give an account of Whitman’s contribution to American literature.Give an account of characters of Dickinson’s poems.Analyze the structural patterns in Dickinson’s poems.7到十二I. Filling the blanks1. ____________ is the father of the detective story in America. (Allan Poe)2. ____________ dorminated American literature for 50 years. (Howells)3. The Rise of Silas Lapham was ______________’s masterpiece. (Howells)4. Henry James was concerned with “___________________”which is the center of hisaesthetics of the novel. ( point of view)5. The appearrance of Bret;s Harte’s “_______________________________-“in 1868 markeda significant development in the brief history of local color fiction. (The Luck of RoaringCamp)6. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the ______________________ 0of their region. (local character)7. Local Colorism lasted from _________ to _____________. (1860s ,the end of the century).II. Define the literatural terms listed below.RealismIn American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to the end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of Romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward the ordinary and a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for the common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realist literature finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realist writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths.Mark TwainMark Twain is one of the great artists of all time, he was and an authentic giant of American national. He is the main representative of Local Colorism. His satire and humor are as popular today as at any time in American history. Mark Twain’s significant contribution to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literature medium in the literary history of the country. His masterpiece is the Adventure of Tom Sawyer and the Adventure of Huckberry Finn.Local colorismIt refers to a literature which has local texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native. It is characterized with a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular place. It is also concerned with ite local background including the physical setting and landscape which condition human thought and behavior.Local colorists concerned with themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forget to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.II. State the following briefly.1.Evalute Poe in the histroy of American literature.Poe remained the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature. He was for and against by American. Ironically, in Europe, Poe enjoyed respect and welcome. Swinburne, Bernard Shaw, D. H. Lawrence and W. H. Auden all admired and spoke highly of him.2.State Henry James’ three writing periods.His tree distinctive periods was: the first is from 1865 to 1882 which he wrote a number of novels such as American. He won the international fame in the period; the second is from 1882 to 189, which he wrote his tales of subtle studies of inter-personal relations; the third is from 1895 to 1900, which he wrote some novels tand tales dealing with childrenhood and adolescence. He won his fame again3.State Pound’s poetic principles.1)direct treatment of the thing;2)to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3)as regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.IV. Statementpare three realist writers: Howells, James and Twain.They all worked for realism. But they are quite different. On theme, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society. On techniques, Howells wrote in the vein of genteel realism, but Mark Twain’s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction.课文内容➢Introduction➢Brief Outline of American Literature➢Chapter I Colonial Period➢Chapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip Freneau➢Chapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel Hawthorne第一章➢Introduction➢Brief Outline of American Literature➢Chapter I Colonial Period➢Chapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip Freneau➢Chapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel Hawthorne➢4Why did Puritans come to America?- to reform the Church of England- to have an entirely new church- to escape religious persecution* God’s chosen people* To seek a new Garden of Eden* To build “City of God on earth”➢5Influence- Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism- American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.- American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.- Simplicity in writing skillsThree major poets in colonial period Three major poets in colonial period1.Michael Wigglesworth ，Anne Bradstreet ，Edward TaylorAnne Bradstreet (1612-1672)1.Anne Bradstreet’s Works“contemplation”《沉思录》“The Spirit and the Flesh”《灵与肉》The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《北美洲最近出现的第十个缪斯》2.Anne Bradstreet’s Life* She was born and educated in England.* At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband.* She had 8 children.* She became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.二Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)the most popular poet in American Colonial PeriodWork: “The Day of Doom” (1662三Edward Taylor (1642?-1729)the finest poet in colonial periodWork: Preparaory Meditation 《自省录》metaphysical poets/thoughts四Other writers in colonial period:Roger williams (1720-1772 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) philip Freneau 91752-1832Charles Brown (1771-1810五Features of Colonial Poets and Works1.They were servants of God.2.They faithfully imitated and transplanted English literary traditions.Chapter2Revolutionary Period (1775-1783)The Age of Reason”“American Enlightenment”•Splendid thoughts in this period in the world:Newton's gravity Rousseau in FranceAlexander Pope in England Daniel Defoe in England？？？•In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human reason.With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of reason.•Words had never been so useful and so important in human history. People wrote a lot of political writings. Numerous pamphlets and printings were published. These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world.•The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.•Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.•The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason;they were ambitious, inquisitive, optimistic, practical, politically astute, and self-reliant. Leading writers and their works•Edwards(1703-1758) The Freedom of the Will; The Nature of True Virtue; The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Definended•Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826): The Declaration of Independence (1776)•Thomas Paine(1737-1809): Common Sense (1776)•Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography•Philip Freneau: “The Wild Honey Suckle”Edwards (1703-1758)His Works: The Freedom of the Will; The Nature of True Virtue; The Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefinendedHis Thoughts: to reveal the mind of the man;to believe in the regeneration of man;to hold the belief that God is the Master of the nature and souls.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)•Woks The Autobiography 自传Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷查理历书》•Life：Benjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.•He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.•At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.•At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .•At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.•He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club•Franklin’s Contributions to Society•He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.•He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.•And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.•Franklin’s Contributions to Sci ence He was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.•And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”•Frankl in’s Contributions to the U.S.•He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: •The Declaration of Independence,•The Treaty of Alliance with France,•The Treaty of Peace with England,•The Constitution•Evaluation•The Autobiography is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.•Benjamin Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of the 18th century enlightenment •The Autobiography is a how-to-do-it book, a book on the art of self-improvement. (for example, Franklin’s 13 virtues)•Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.•The Autobiography is in the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision••Crevecoeur (克里夫古尔）(1752-1832•the new man of American•Pioneer of the comments on literature works•his works: Letters from American Farmer (1775•Philip Freneau•“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”•“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”•Life He was born in New York. At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America。

Introduction一the Colonial Period(in the early seventeenth century through the end of the eighteenth)The major topic is about Puritanism. And the representatives are Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin.二the Romantic Period(covers the first half of the nineteenth century; from the end of the eighteenth century to the Civil War)The representatives and their works:Washington Irving: the Sketch Book《见闻札记》(two famous stories are “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”)James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales(illustrates the importance of the frontier and the wilderness)American Romanticism culminated around 1840s in what has come to be known as “New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance”The representatives and their works:Ralph Waldo Emerson: nature; the American scholar (is regarded as America’s …Declarations of Intellectual Independence‟)Henry David Thoreau: WaldenWalt Whitman: Leaves of GrassEmily DickinsonNathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterHerman Melville: Moby Dick 《大白鲸》Edgar Allan Poe侦探小说之父Wadsworth Longfellow三the Realism Age (the civil war to the first world war)The representatives and their works:William Dean Howells: the Atlantic monthly----- a influential journal Mark twain: the Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHenry JamesRealism developed into Naturalism. Representatives are like Theodore Dreiser whose work is Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》四Modernism PeriodRepresentatives and their works:poetsEzra Pound -------the father of modern American poetryT.S.Eliot: the Waste Land《荒原》William Carlos WilliamsWallace StevensRobert FrostThe novel flourished in the 1920s.Representatives:F.Scott Fitzgerald : the Great GatsbyErnest HemingwayWilliam Faulkner20年代是美国的第2次文艺复兴American drama: Eugene O‟NeillChapter oneAmerican Puritanism: the first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American were quite a few of them puritans. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They carried with them to American a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view, which in time took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.Its influence: 1）it was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature. 2）It contributed to no small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism.3) It influenced the writing style of American literature: simple, fresh, direct.American puritans were idealists and more practical. They accepted the doctrine of predestination (命运天定), original sins and total depravity （性恶说）and limited atonement (有限的救赎）。

colonialperiod美国⽂学American Literature◆The four main categories of literature:1.fiction: novel, novella, short stories, myth, legend, folktale…2. poetry: epic, ballad, free verse, lyrics, psalm, eulogy , sonnet…3. drama: play , opera, radio/TV/film scripts…4. prose: essay , criticism, literary theory ,(auto)biography…◆How to Approach a Literary Work?Analyticale.g. the elements of fiction: plot, character, setting, point of view, theme, symbol, allegory , style, tone, etc.ThematicWhat is it about? e.g. love, freedom, courage, alienation, etc.HistoricalThe historical development of literature, e.g. romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism, post-modernism.◆Some Basic Characteristics of American Literature:Short history but great achievementBegan with oral myths, legends, talesPoetry , fiction, drama, essay all highly developedFemale, ethnic literature came into the centreDrawn immense interest from Chinese readers◆Brief Introduction of American History殖民时期以前(1607以前) →殖民时期(1607～1753) →独⽴运动(1754～1783) →组成新政府(1784～1819) →向西扩张(1820～1849) →南北冲突(1850～1869) →⼯业化与改⾰(1870～1916) 世界的新地位(1917～1929) →不景⽓时代和第⼆次世界⼤战(1930～1959) → 1960年以来1.The Colonial Period: 1609—1776 2.The Revolutionary Period: 1776—1820 3.The Romantic Period: 1820—1865 4.The Realism and Naturalism: 1865—1920 5.The Modern Period: 1920—1960 6. The Post-modern Period: since 1960⼀、The Colonial Period: 1609—1776 (Puritan writing)◆ 1. (1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. (2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3) Total depravity (4) Limited atonement: Only the ―elect‖ can be saved.◆Influence1、A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influencedAmerican literature.2 It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.3 Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perc eption was chiefly instrumentalin calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.4 With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest,not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.◆Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the Church should be restored to the ―purity‖ of the first-century Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God’s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in heaven.◆清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.③look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted.④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.◆清教徒在美国的写作内容：①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliarclimates and crops ③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit◆早期的六个州：缅新佛康马罗Maine 缅因New Hampshire 新罕布什尔V ermont 佛蒙特Connecticut 康涅狄格Massachusetts 马萨诸塞Rhode Island 罗德岛◆John Smith (the first American writer)―A True Relation of Such Occurences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”; “A Map of Virginia: with a Descriotion of the Country”; “General History of Virginia”; “New England Trialss”.◆典型的清教徒：John Cotton and Roger Williams他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy.Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America.Williams的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.⾏为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何⼈强迫别⼈该如何⾏事的权利。