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高级英语第四版第二课修辞摘要：一、引言二、比喻的定义与作用三、明喻和隐喻的实例分析四、如何运用比喻进行有效修辞五、总结正文：【引言】在本篇文章中，我们将探讨高级英语第四版第二课中的修辞手法——比喻。
通过了解比喻的定义、作用以及如何运用，我们将能够更好地在写作和口语中表达思想和情感，从而提高语言表达能力。
【比喻的定义与作用】比喻是一种常见的修辞手法，它通过将一个事物（本体）与另一个具有相似性的事物（喻体）相联系，以便更生动、形象地表达本体的特点或抽象概念。
比喻的作用在于使抽象或难以理解的事物变得具体、形象，从而使读者更容易理解。
【明喻和隐喻的实例分析】1.明喻：明喻是一种直接、明确地将本体与喻体相联系的比喻方式。
例如：“她的笑声像银铃般清脆。
”在这个例子中，本体是“她的笑声”，喻体是“银铃”，通过将两者相联系，形象地表达了笑声的清脆特点。
2.隐喻：隐喻是一种较为含蓄地将本体与喻体相联系的比喻方式。
例如：“时间是无声的审判者。
”在这个例子中，本体是“时间”，喻体是“无声的审判者”，通过将两者相联系，暗示了时间的无情和公正。
【如何运用比喻进行有效修辞】1.选择恰当的喻体：在运用比喻时，要选择一个与本体具有相似性且能为读者所熟知的喻体。
2.确保喻体与本体之间的联系清晰：使用比喻时，要注意确保读者能够明确地理解本体与喻体之间的联系。
3.避免过多的比喻：过多的比喻可能会使文章显得累赘，失去表达效果。
因此，在运用比喻时，要适可而止。
【总结】比喻是一种强大的修辞手法，通过将抽象或难以理解的事物与具体、形象的事物相联系，能够使文章更加生动、有趣。
《英语修辞学》第一章----第四章练习答案Tell what figures of speech each sentence contains.1. You might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give up smoking.(simile)2. I stayed on Hong Kong island and found myself in a different world, where surprising quiet and the green smell of lush foliage is just steps away from the business district.(Jane Wooldridge: Hong Kong) (synaesthesia)3. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. (kate Chopin: The Dream of an Hour) (synaesthesia)4. How all my own territory would be altered, as if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike. (simile)(I had never realized until Mike’s leaving) How much my own life would be affected, as if it had been destroyed by a landslide, which took away everything I used to enjoy, leaving behind only the pain from missing Mike.我的世界里，就像发生了天崩地裂，除了迈克的离去，其余所有的记忆都被冲走了。
4.3 The Tropes / Figures of Speech4.3.1 IntroductionBy figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical devices termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, and therefore involve deviation from the ordinary and literal meaning of words. They are ways of making our language figurative.•We are said to be speaking or writing figuratively when we use words in non-literal senses to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create atmosphere. For example, it is more vivid and colorful to say that stars "twinkle like diamonds" in the sky, than to say simply that they "shine brightly" in the sky. Similarly, "Imperialism is a paper tiger" is an expression more suggestive of outward ferocity and inner weakness than the literal statement "Imperialism appears to be strong but inwardly it is weak."•Like a diamond is a simile, and paper tiger is a metaphor, and with metonymy, hyperbole, personification, paradox they make up a score or more of figures of speech most commonly used today. Each figure has its own form and characteristics, and its own way of achieving effect. Sometimes two or more figures can be used together for greater impact.A knowledge of these figures, and of how they are best used will, therefore, be of help to us not only in deepening our understanding of what we read, but also in appreciating more fully the finer points of a writer's style. In the process, we might even learn to write better ourselves.It is difficult to be precise about how many figures existed in classical times. The numbers range from 65 to 200 or more. Many of these figures, however, were over-subtle distinctions of one type or another , and such hair-splitting refinement is not essential in our age of fast high-tech communication. In this chapter only those that are of most universal appeal, and of the greatest practical value have been chosen for discussion.4.3.2 Common Tropes / Figures of Speech1. SimileA simile makes a comparison, but is different from an ordinary, literal comparison. When we say "Jim looks like his brother Billy", we are making an ordinary literal comparison, fora) we are comparing two like elements -- Jim and Billy are both human beings; andb) we mean Jim is literally like his brother in appearance.But when we say ―Jim and Billy are as like as two peas’’ we are using a simile, fora) We are comparing two unlike elements -- human beings and peas; andb) we don't mean Jim and Billy are literally like peas, but only that they have one thing in common with peas: great similarity in appearance.• A simile, then, is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, in our "inward eye" and not in the nature of the things themselves. To make the comparison, words like as,as … so, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.•Sometimes the association is between unfamiliar and familiar things, or between abstract and concrete images. The stronger the association that is felt, the greater the force of the comparison, the stronger the power of suggestion and the sharper the image produced.simile (明喻) 用like等喻词联结两类不同的事物(主体和喻体)，以表明相似关系的比喻.主体和喻体: See 李鑫华，pp8-9。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech英语修辞的一般规律与特点General principles and features of English rhetoric▪1.关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。
而汉语是以意合为主的语言。
That is our policy and that is our declaration.▪这就是我们的国策。
这就是我们的宣言。
▪If winter comes,can spring be far behind?▪冬天来了，春天还会远吗？▪This is the reason why he is leaving so soon.▪这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。
▪ 2.英语名词用得多，汉语动词用得多。
因此，从总体修辞效果上看，英语呈静态，汉语呈动态。
▪I fell madly in love with her,and she–with me.▪我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。
▪A woman with fair opportunities,and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.▪一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
▪Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years,because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.▪激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。
▪ 3.英语有“物称倾向”，即主语往往是表示无生命物体的名词或表示事物的名词词组。
