2018届英语二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测题专练(三)指代猜测类

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词句猜测--代词指代题考查解读代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。

有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。

设问形式常有：(1)What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which...” refer to?(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which...” in Paragraph...refers to “”．解题技巧——“就近原则”判指代第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。

第二步：熟悉代词的含义(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。

(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。

(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。

第三步：替换核实再比较(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。

(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。

例如：【真题感悟】中第26题，sharing that与前面的shared thebelief呼应，由此可推知，拥有同样的信念使两人成了朋友；the belief替换that后，经核实意义正确，故选A项。

AThroughout the past few years，I have tried to give myself to others.I have bounced around to find where I truly fit in.I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage(孤儿院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential：7makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)．I lived like they did.It was the most relaxing feeling in the world.When at Nuestros Pequenos Hermanos，we were given the task of creating a pig 8pen.At first，I thought it should be easy.After arriving at the area where the pig pen should be，we saw a hill.We were told to 1uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area.Looking at it，we felt it would be impossible.On my own faith journey，I have felt this type of doubt before.The “hole”，as we referred to，is a symbol of my faith journey.It appeared to be an 2obstacle I could not overcome，but in the end I completed it with efforts.I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.I’ve always struggled to be on a journey of faith，but I’ve never completely stepped foot onto the path until Guatemala.I’ve always tried to open my heart to everyone aroundme and give them my love.I feel as though I cut open my heart and share every bit of love I had with these orphans.There is one orphan named Ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.In Guatemala，I sponsor with thirty dollars a month，but it doesn’t seem enough.I’ll return there next summer a nd give more of my love for a whole month.When it was time to leave，I looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children.Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.1．What resulted in the author’s decision to live a new life? A．Desire to help others.B．Decrease in his income.C．A knowledge of the orphans’ life.D．Awareness of the difficulty in his life.答案 C解析细节理解题。

主标题：专题 2 阅读理解之猜测词义关键词：阅读理解,猜测词义,上下文推理,语境难度系数：✱✱✱✱推荐指数：✱✱✱✱✱【基础回顾】考点归纳：根据上下文推断生词的词义正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。

但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。

能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。

此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。

这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。

考点1 猜测词义题考点2猜测短语题考点3 猜测指代题考点4 猜测句意题基础必读：高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。

在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。

A．词义猜测主要的设题方式有：（1）The underlined words "took off " in paragraph 2 mean "_____".（2）What does the underlined word "them" in the last paragraph refer to?（3）The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_______.（4）Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word "exotic" in the third paragraph? （5）The underlined phrase " turn his back on" (paragraph 6) most probably mean _______.（6）By saying " We need them yesterday "(paragraph 7), Stover means that snakelike robots _______. B．词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜测、语法猜词和常识猜词。

阅读理解词义猜测题专练( 二)猜测词语类A(2017 〃广东佛山市检测 )The times are changing. On Thursday October 13th, singer-songwriter Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature,marking the first time the highly - eyed -on literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician, and giving rise to heated discussions.The 75- year - old won the prize“ for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”，the Swedish Academy said.“ For 54 years he has been at it, reinventing himself，”said Sara Danius, the academy's permanent secretary.“ Bob Dylan writes poetry for the ear. But it's perfectly fine to read his works as poetry.”And while many Dylan's fans have found great delight at the news，others online and in the literary community are cross with the Committee, saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year.NewYork Times Book Review editor Pamela Paul said it was good news but pointed out how many“deserving ” novelists there are.Director Martin Scorsese put out a statement saying he was “overjoyed ” that Dylan was awarded the prize.“ Dylan's poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world，”Scorsese said.“His work has influenced and shaped culture,and he has never stopped exploring and growing as an artist.The Nobel Committee has given Dylan a form of recognition that fits his role in our culture—in world culture.”Dylan won a Pulitzer Prize in 2008 for his“great influence on popular music and American culture”. He's the first American to win the literary Nobel since Toni Morrison in 1993.体裁：说明文题材：文化教育主题：诺贝尔文学奖被授予一位歌手而引发热议【语篇导读】作为一名歌手，鲍勃〃迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。

2018考前冲刺英语Ⅱ专题10 阅读理解词义猜测考情分析词义猜测题主要考查考生根据文章内容和所学知识推测词义的能力，包括考查生词词义和熟词新义，或是一些短语的引申意义或是一句话的含义。

今几年来的高考阅读理解题中，词义猜测类题越来越受到命题者的青睐，如2018年高考试题中，大部分地区的试卷都有词义猜测题，有的地区的一套试卷上甚至出现了2~3道词义猜测题，预计2018年各地高考也将会不同程度地考查考生对词义的理解能力。

要点突破一．词义猜测题常见的命题形式有;1.What does the underlined word “…”mean in the passage?2.The word“...”refer to/probably means . The underlined word “ (i)Paragraph…means .3.What do you think the expression“”stands for?4.“”as used in the passage can best be defined as.二．猜测词义的方法和技巧1.根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义猜测词义的方法很多，其中一条是根据定义或解释来猜测其意义。

这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释往往跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。

生词的意义也就清楚了。

复述也是一种解释方法，即用不同的词语重复表达同一内容。

复述部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句或句子。

在做这类题时，要注意复述和被复述部分往往构成同位语关系，在句中多用逗号连接，有时也用破折号、冒号或分号来连接。

有时他们中间还常常插入一个起解释作用的标志语如or，or rather，that is to say，that is，namely，in other words 等来强调这种同位关系。

例：（2018.福建，B 篇）Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995;by 2018 the number had climbed about 60%.That is some way behind the U.S.,where there are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the internet. Five millions more families in Sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years.In 2018, after the fall of Taliban, which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2018-pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.60.The underlined word “outlawed”in Paragraph 2 probably means“”.A. allowedB. bannedC. offeredD. refused分析;由文意可知，2018年塔利班垮台以后，1／5的啊富汗人有了电视，说明在这之前电视是禁止的。

专题6 阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题班级姓名学号分数（测试时间：45分钟）1. 【安徽省皖南八校2018届高三第二次联考英语试题】ASanlinx Inc. first introduced its original market defining SayaJoy Soy Milk Maker over 14 years ego to the North America market. Now we are introducing the SoyaPower G4, the fourth generation of advanced soy milk makers replacing the top rated SayaPower Plu.The SoyaPower has been a best seller for nearly two years before it was replaced by the G4, with more favorable ratings than any other soy milk maker during its lifetime.The SoyaPower G4 retains all the SoyaPower Plus features and functions. It makes soy milk, almond milk from other nuts seeds, or grains or a combination of them It makes both fully cooked and raw milks. It even makes creamy soups and porridge and hot chocolate drink.The Main Improvements●The G4 adds stainless steel to the lower part of the machine head, and thus makes the total grinding and cooking chamber all stainless steel. This is very important for people who are concerned of plastic leaching into food.●The G4 changed to bottom heating like a typical electric water kettle. Since soy milk or soups are easily burnt onto bottom heating plate, many other bottom heating makers suffer from this problem. The G4 solved this problem by using advanced technologies and design.●The perfect technology ensures excellent grinding and milk yields. It also makes the use and cleaning even easier.●Eight push button functions, for making milks from soaked beans, dry beans, and other seeds and grains or combination of them. It also makes soups and porridge. It even has a function to make hot chocolate!3. What does the underlined word "retains" in paragraph 3 mean?A. keepsB. replacesC. obtainsD. prohibits【答案】3.A【解析】文章介绍了一种新型畅销的豆奶机SoyaPower G4的功能和各方面的改进和提高。

2018高考英语（通用）二轮训练：阅读理解（词义猜测）含答案阅读理解---词句猜测题词句猜测题常见命题方式：1．The underlined word...in the...paragraph refers to/means “”．2．By saying...in the first paragraph，the author means that . 3．The meaning of...in Paragraph...is related to .4．Which of the following has the closest meaning to...(Paragraph...)? 5．The underlined sentence...in the...paragraph probably means that . 6．Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”？1．单词或短语意义猜测词汇量小是制约学生阅读理解能力的一个重要因素。

具体技巧如下：(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。

有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。

(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。

阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或短语意义进行猜测。

(3)根据同义关系进行猜测。

当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的或相反的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。

(4)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测。

在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀或在后面加后缀，从而构成另外一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义了。

(5)根据因果关系进行猜测。

2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略高考考情分析解读：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。

词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。

通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。

考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。

在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。

2016年全国卷设问形式例子：(1)What does the underlined word “downside”in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)(3)What does the word “contributions”in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word “________”in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”．What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?本学案结构：代词指代猜测题目句子猜测句意题目附：典故谚语知识储备单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。

第二讲词义猜测题题型1 猜测单词类[示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ，B)Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare，“But I’m just not creative.”27．What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Mistake. B．Drawback.C．Difficulty. D．Burden.[解题思路]第一步阅读文章，在画线词前后找出相关信息词①Encouraging__this__kind__of__thinking__has__a__downside.②I__ran__the__risk__of__losing__those__students__who__had__a__different__style__of__thi nking.第二步对比信息词与选项，找出符合题干要求的选项尝试解答____B____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)The underlined word...probably means____________．(2)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word...?2．“文中信息”巧利用(1)同义或定义解释法。

专题6 阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题【构建知识体系】2015-2017年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计2015-2017年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计32016-2017年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计5【考纲解读】【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向1.【2017·全国I】DA build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only c omponents required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down wit h a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still eve ry time you need a drink.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube.B. The still.D. The cup.C. The hole.近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高同学们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。

专题6 阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题【构建知识体系】2015-2017年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考查分布明细统计2015-2017年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考查分布明细统计2016-2017年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计【考纲解读】【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向1.【2017·全国I】DA build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only c omponents required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down wit h a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still eve ry time you need a drink.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.D. The cup.【名师点睛】近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高同学们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。

模式4| 词义猜测题(对应学生用书第52页)单词、短语的含义单词表示的对象句子的含义代词的指代对象根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。

猜测单词(一般是名词)代表什么范畴的东西。

根据上下文猜测某个句子的含义。

根据上下文猜测代词it，they，that，these，those代指的人或物。

解题技巧1.利用针对性的解释，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。

2.利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。

3.利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。

4.根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、对比、因果关系等。

5.根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。

[典例1] (2017·江苏高考卷，B节选)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule_the_roost．As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Ad v ances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world. 58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”．A．be the worstB．be the bestC．be just as badD．be just as good58.B[考查词义猜测。

专题6阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题班级姓名学号分数（测试时间：45分钟）1. 【安徽省皖南八校2018届高三第二次联考英语试题】ASanlinx Inc. first introduced its original market defining SayaJoy Soy Milk Maker over 14 years ego to the North America market. Now we are introducing the SoyaPower G4, the fourth generation of advanced soy milk makers replacing the top rated SayaPower Plu.The SoyaPower has been a best seller for nearly two years before it was replaced by the G4, with more favorable ratings than any other soy milk maker during its lifetime.The SoyaPower G4 retains all the SoyaPower Plus features and functions. It makes soy milk, almond milk from other nuts seeds, or grains or a combination of them It makes both fully cooked and raw milks. It even makes creamy soups and porridge and hot chocolate drink.The Main Improvements●The G4 adds stainless steel to the lower part of the machine head, and thus makes the total grinding and cooking chamber all stainless steel. This is very important for people who are concerned of plastic leaching into food.●The G4 changed to bottom heating like a typical electric water kettle. Since soy milk or soups are easily burnt onto bottom heating plate, many other bottom heating makers suffer from this problem. The G4 solved this problem by using advanced technologies and design.●The perfect technology ensures excellent grinding and milk yields. It also makes the use and cleaning even easier.●Eight push button functions, for making milks from soaked beans, dry beans, and other seeds and grains or combination of them. It also makes soups and porridge. It even has a function to make hot chocolate!3. What does the underlined word "retains" in paragraph 3 mean?A. keepsB. replacesC. obtainsD. prohibits【答案】3.A【解析】文章介绍了一种新型畅销的豆奶机SoyaPower G4的功能和各方面的改进和提高。

（江苏专版）2018年高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题三阅读理解专题限时检测（二十一）阅读理解词义猜测类之单词意义猜测题编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（（江苏专版）2018年高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题三阅读理解专题限时检测（二十一）阅读理解词义猜测类之单词意义猜测题）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为（江苏专版）2018年高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题三阅读理解专题限时检测（二十一）阅读理解词义猜测类之单词意义猜测题的全部内容。

专题限时检测（二十一）阅读理解词义猜测类之单词意义猜测题（加★的为单词意义猜测题，本卷限时23分钟）A(2017·南京市四校联考)As seniors in co llege looking forward to life’s next goals — graduation and employment — it is important to have a sense of feeling important。

Every time I look through job listings, there is a small, and sometimes not so small current running through my mind， spitting out little charges that are meant to stop me from even applying。

The charges come in the form of words that seem to shout out like “It is not even worth trying！” or “Laugh out loud and look as if you were a qualified man 。

第二讲词义猜测题A(2017·云南高三检测一)My doorbell rings at 11 a．m. On the step, I fin d an elderly Chinese lady. She is small and slight. She holds a paper carrier bag in her hands.I know this lady. It is by no means her first visit. Her daughter, Nicole, bought the house next door last October.Nicole, who is currently in Shanghai, has apparently told her mother that I am having heart surgery shortly, and the result is that her mother has decided I need to be supplied with meals.I know what is inside the paper carrier bag—a stainless steel container with a meal of rice, vegetables and either chicken, meat or shrimp. This has become an almost­daily occurrence.Communication between my benefactor(恩人) and me is somewhat handicapped by the fact that she doesn’t speak English and all I can say in Mandarin is “ hello”. Once, she brought an iPad and pointed to the screen, which displayed a message from Nicole telling me that her mother wanted to know if the food was all right.“Your mother just can’t be bringing me meals like this all the time，” I protested. “ I can hardly reciprocate by cooking something from my native land, like roast beef or Yorkshire pudding for her, ”I said.“Oh, no，” Nicole sa id. “Don’t worry about that. She has to cook for the family anyway, and she wants to do it for you. You can call her Wing, which is her surname. ”The tenant in my basement suite is a university student who speaks Mandarin quite well, so with her help, I have found out that Wing is 68—13 years younger than I am. For my part, I was raised in wartime Britain.So here we are, two grandmothers a world away from where we were raised, neither of us able to speak the other’s language. But the doorbell keeps ringing and there is the familiar paper carrier bag, handed smilingly to me by Wing.Right now I am working on some more Mandarin words—it’s the least I can do after such a display of kindness.“Thank you” is, of course, the first one, which somehow seems inadequate.[解题导语] 本文是一篇记叙文。

考点分类练(十一) 词句猜测题——代词指代类A(山东淄博一模)Several years ago, when someone used camera covers to protect against possible monitoring, it was not popular to talk about it. Today, people use various types of tapes to cover the web cameras and microphones.There are many types of spyware that can dive into our devices and secretly spy on them, recording everything they do. Such programmes may infect not only computers but also smartphones. Your data may be used by hackers who will try to request money for not eation or by companies like NSO Group who created a kind of spyware to “provide authorised governments with technology that helps struggle against terror and crime”.In my opinion, the protection technique is highly overestimated. Users tape the cameras and microphones through lack of understanding of how their devices work and how the malware(恶意软件) works. Hackers and even secret services do not have enoughresources to monitor all victims using the cameras or microphones. If they need to get any information, they get it by sending a targeted virus to your device, which will not be stopped by the tapes. Such a virus will find what to steal—from personal photos and videos to passwords from social networks, browser history, bank accounts and so on.It is unwise to believe that attackers will not be able to find a way to spy on you, even if the device, discharged to zero, can still deliver data about your location, using the smartphones of the surrounding people as signal repeaters. Let us face it: we live in an era when it is eething and a piece of tape is clearly not the most useful tool in the struggle for your privacy.Again, to be able to spy on you, attackers need to plant the malware in your device. To prevent the malware from entering your device, do not click suspected links and email attachments. Use strong passwords for email, social media and online bank accounts.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph2referto?A.Cameras.B.Types.C.Programmes.D.Devices.2.What is NSO Group?A.A group of hackers.B.A company developing spyware.C.A group of terrorists and criminals.D.A company fighting against crime.3.Why does the author think “the protection technique is highly overestimated”?A.People know little about their devices.B.Hackers have no access to others.C.It hardly prevents the malware from getting privacy.D.It can’t cover the cameras completely.BEver since she received a little toy airliner as a birthday gift, Kate has been attracted by flight. From flying remote-controlled airplanes to building her own model ones, Kate has always consideredflying a plane one of her passions, but only until recently has she been able to take that to new heights.When Kate heard about the Upwind Scholarship from her school counselor, she knew it was an extraordinary opportunity to realise her dream. The programme’s mission is to provide all the training necessary to obtain a private pilot’s license (PPL) for students in between their junior and senior year of high school free of charge.After completing a lengthy application and her subsequent acceptance into the programme, Kate began her training last spring. Normally, recipients of the scholarship would attend ground school in person where they learn the fundamentals of flying. Due to the pandemic, however, Kate spent hours each weekend studying online lessons in her room whenever she got a break from homework. Once summer came around, Kate and three peers put in two straight weeks of ground school, reviewing flight training from nine to five every day.“It was the toughest part of the programme,” Kate said.After completing that portion of ground school, Kate was finally able to begin flying at the San Carlos Airport with the other scholarship recipients from around the Bay Area. Flying, especially for first-timers like Kate, is a hands-on process involving lots of checklists to make sure the important tasks are being taken care of.Now, having finished the programme and earned her PPL, Kate plans on training as a flight instructor and hopes to become an airline pilot in her future.She credits the Upwind Scholarship to all she’s been able to accomplish so far and hopes that anyone who shares her passion will look into it.“It is a very hard scholarship to win, and you have to be truly interested in flight,” Kate said.“It can’t be something like ‘Oh, why don’t I try flying this summer?’ You have to be ready to do a lot of work and put effort into succeeding in the programme.”4.Wha tdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph1referto?A.Her skill of building model airplanes.B.Her wish to travel around the world.C.Her childhood dream of becoming a pilot.D.Her desire to fly remote-controlled airplanes.5.What is the goal of the Upwind Scholarship?A.To help students in need to achieve their dreams.B.To provide necessary training for private pilots for free.C.To give students expert advice on earning a scholarship.D.To prepare high school students to become a private pilot.6.What did Kate do in ground school?A.She took online lessons on flying.B.She went over the fundamentals of flying.C.She did some research into the pandemic.D.She finished applying for the programme.7.Which of the following best describes Kate?A.Confident and aggressive.B.Strong-willed and patient.C.Demanding and courageous.D.Ambitious and hard-working.C(河北秦皇岛二模)Every four or five years, vast quantities of warm water build up along the west coast of South America. This phenomenon, El Niño, creates storms that cause destructive floods. The result is costly.Modern farmers come to terms with El Niño. They use money saved in good years to rebuild in bad ones. But history suggests it need not be like that. In a paper published recently, Ari Caramanica, an archaeologist in Lima, shows how it used to be done. And the answer seems to be “better”.Dr Caramanica and her colleagues have been studying the Pampa de Mocan, a coastal desert plain in northern Peru. It is not suitable for farming. Its soil contains little organic matter and the annual rainfall in non-Niño years is usually less than two centimetres. Today’s farmers therefore depend on canals to carry water from local rivers to their fields.It had been assumed that ancient farmers had a similar arrangement—and so they did. But Dr Caramanica also found eight canals that could carry water far beyond the range of modern farms. She thought that they were intended to guide the floodwaters arriving during Niño years. Around a quarter of the ancient agricultural infrastructure of this area seemed to have been built only for managing Niño-generated floodwaters.Evidence from pollen supports this theory, revealing that the Pampa de Mocan produced lots of crops in some years, while remaining nearly barren in others. The team also uncovered two cisterns(蓄水箱) in the area serviced by the extended canals. These, probably, were used to store extra floodwaters.These findings suggest that, rather than resisting El Niño, early farmers in the Pampa de Mocan were ready to make use of it when it arrived. Modern farmers might do well to learn from them.8.What does the recent study focus on?A.Living with El Niño.B.Effects of El Niño.C.Farming in the desert.D.Water shortage in Peru.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph4referto?A.Ancient farmers.B.Rivers.C.Farms.D.Canals.10.What lesson can be learned from early farmers?A.Every advantage has its disadvantage.B.In every difficulty lies an opportunity.C.Sharp tools make good work.D.It’s never too late to mend.11.In which section of a website may this text appear?cation.B.Travel.C.Business.D.Science.考点分类练(十一) 词句猜测题——代词指代类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。

模式4| 词义猜测题单词、短语的含义单词表示的对象句子的含义代词的指代对象根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。

猜测单词(一般是名词)代表什么范畴的东西。

根据上下文猜测某个句子的含义。

根据上下文猜测代词it，they，that，these，those代指的人或物。

解题技巧1.利用针对性的解释，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。

2．利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。

3．利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。

4．根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、对比、因果关系等。

5．根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。

[典题互动示法][典题1](2017·全国卷Ⅱ·D·节选)Some plants pump out smelly chemicals tokeep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned．The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.1．What does the author mean by“the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?A．The attackers get attacked.B．The insects gather under the table.C．The plants get ready to fight back.D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.[属于猜测句子的含义。

根据划线部分后面的句子“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.”可知，正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被袭击了，故选A项。

阅读理解词义猜测题专练(三) 指代猜测类A(2017·黄冈检测)On Christmas Day, 2003, a woman named Nancy Sue Brown took her daughter and grandchildren to see a movie at an AMC theater. When the movie was over, the crowd made for the exits. A theater employee had just finished mopping the hallway and dutifully placed the “wet floor” sign in the slippery area. No one slipped due to the wet conditions, but someone did manage to knock over the sign. And by the time Ms. Brown got to the area, the sign was lying on the floor. And shortly thereafter, so was she. Her foot got caught in the sign, in a bad way, and she fell. Unfortunately Ms. Brown had undergone a back operation, and the fall caused more damage than it otherwise would have. So she and her husband sued (提起诉讼)．AMC argued that the entire point of the “wet floor” sign above was to warn of danger, and therefore, courts should encourage the use by not allowing Brown's case to proceed (继续进行). AMC referred to a case about a December, 1998 incident, where a “wet floor” sign, not in us e, fell to the floor causing another trip­and­fall. In that case, Georgia's Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the store, but didn't go so far as to say that “wet floor” signs couldn't give rise to legal liability (责任) in trip­and­fall accidents. In the B rown case, the Supreme Court therefore rejected AMC's argument that the former case applied.But the Browns argued something surprising that the “wet floor” sign was, itself, dangerous, because “using this type of sign in areas passed by lots of customers creates an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to the public in the form of tripping hazards (危险)．” That's right — the safety sign, used in the way it was designed, was itself dangerous. The court thankfully didn't accept that argument, at least not entirely. But it did conclude that Brown's case could continue to a jury (陪审团) —“a merchant's selection and use of equipment designed to warn customers of one danger that has the potential to expose them to a different one”．体裁：议论文题材：社会现象主题：“小心地滑”指示牌引发的安全事件【语篇导读】本文主要介绍了布朗夫人在美国一家AMC影院看完电影离开时，被“小心地滑”的指示牌绊倒受伤后，向法院提起诉讼的原因以及法院的审判结果。