环球北美考试院 Mark (朱斌) 新托福阅读讲义

托福阅读讲义一.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语前置定语: adj+n后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developedfor the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that,which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)A, or BA that + 句子( 完整句)A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离Adv 副词Prep phrase 介词短语分词短语不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配……关联词(完整句)…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 划右括号的条件:句子终结连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously) and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition,or the study of the relationship betweenhealth and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essentialagents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP‟s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语，删除), was able to maintain a steadyposition on the ocean‟s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples ofsediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is oftenmuch heavier) 独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790‟s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributingmaterials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century) 例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.读和写作的关系：为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构．Basic to any understanding of thedisadvantages of building a large factory neara community is _________.例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certainfidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America‟s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as …slient‟, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句)that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper inplace of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容结构主体的内容非举例性质的概括描述题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容大量的数据堆砌明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置对比\类比读一半让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is. 1. (1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG 第25页(2) 词汇题的解答方法认识：直接解题，沾边就对。

【关键字】托福托福强化班阅读讲义范琛Samuel100VSPStrategy /skills反衬凡塵Mortaldust10028 26 23 23Input vs outputOutputinput30考试报名：送一套OG 3Delta-Blue 4Delta-Red 6TPO 13InputOutput一、词汇题：1.题型概括:近义2.解题思路i.“生僻”词汇ii.熟词僻义iii.上下文理解5%Context3.备考提示数量词源词性i.背诵词汇的优先顺序a)通用的V & Adj,特别是已经学过的简单词汇的升级版(书面语b)常用的名词c)专有名词jargonii.背单词的方法:词根词缀iii. B. Delta p63-p66Vocabulary Builder4.例题OG 43-11,B.Delta 72-8, 73-9, 73-1, 74-3*, 75-8/9, 76-2, 79-,Dis-banded band dismissSophisticatedUniqueBan brandSophisticatedDis-band-edUniqueThis custom is unique to the southwestern aboriginal tribes.=only found inXXXXX (风俗) is unique to XXX Tribe.二、指代题1.题型概述i.基本原则:a)代词指名词b)代词通常指前（相邻句子）没有歧义：同一句相邻句子：两句话c)单复数一致代词指后When he returned to homeland, the ambassador embarked on anew course.主从句/主句+状语从句/状语在前，主句在后，则名词完整形式放主句中，代词放从句/状语中2.解题思路代入检查i.主语同指主1 xxxxxxxx. 主2（代词）xxxxx ii.上下文理解112-43.例题OG 42-5 62-9 71-5 92-2Delta 48-1/2 49-4 51-1 52-6三、插入题：1.题型概述2.解题思路i.代词（指代）黑体句句首：代词+名词→原文（重复/同义替换）黑体句首有This→段落最开头的方格必错ii.总分/隐含先后关系a)明显标记词(之后的名词) Both, also, again, another; a third, finalb)先抽象后具体●在抽象句子开头有结论性词语，则颠倒顺序Thus, in conclusion, consequently…c)A of B = B’s Ad)要比较先介绍A: xxx, B: xxx A>B三转折13ChaosSalonUltimate clue: Cohesion between ‘Repeated’ nouns3.例题OG: 43-12 52-12 63-12 84-11 107-11 114-12 指代73-11 95-11 121-11*Delta:143-7/9(先抽象后具体)144-10 (both) 145-3(AofB) 146-6(要比较先描述) 147-8(先整体后个体)486-39* ,514-38*,538-24,红Delta:36-2444-49 210-24四、句子改写（简化）1.题型概述Essential Infoi.主谓宾ii.逻辑关系条件/因果/转折/对比/比较级2.解题思路i.简单句筛选主’谓’提示：竖读选项排除具有相同错误的选项看上文：◆句首代词◆主语内涵不明◆呼应结构(also)ii.并列句筛选主谓宾小心：并列句原句前短后长，答案将对原句进行缩减，要把握句子重心And ;➢原句隐含关系在选项表面化分词→结果/原因/目的/伴随iii.复杂句抓住原句逻辑关系词筛选选项3.例题Delta:一124例题131-7 135-7；128-2* 129-4*（看上文）二126-7 128-1 130-6* （错项）130-5*（分词/隐含关系）三127例题131-8 133-3 135-10OG:一93-7二81-2*（句子重心的把握）三43-10 51-10 60-3 72-8*（whereas）106-10 112-6* 120-9 Respectively五、细节题纯粹细节Infer否定(先看选项，观察共性) EXCEPT NOT细节题重大出题点：i.相似性/差异性描述As …as比较级The same, similar, different, like/unlike关系/内容ii.否定信息/强调信息否定/最高级、绝对化表达、each /every,强调语气、强调句iii.逻辑关系改变转折iv.从结构看细节2.错项特征i.新概念ii.新逻辑（小心隐含）iii.绝对化表达only all 最高级never always（原文没有）3.例题OG 41-1*/2* 61-6* 81-1* 51-11 105-9**（逻辑关系转变）OG 43-9* 92-5* 42-7/8红Delta 213-26*蓝Delta449-10*六、修辞目的Why/in order to1.答案特征功能&对象（同义替换）2.解题思路i.例证关系：a)标记词such as, for example,e.g. –PrevailPrevailb)对称/相似结构描述同类现象，往前找答案ii.相似性/差异性：判断关系确定内容A VS B:为啥提到A: 为了B (互为目的)为啥提到A：为了告诉你B是XXX(= / 不= A)Delta:108-1 112-2 OG 92-3 60-3 iii.逻辑关系的另外一半A 细节与B细节用逻辑关系词相联，两者互为目的。

新托福考试阅读部分冯一伟目录The TOEFL TestBrief Introduction to Reading (4)Vocabulary Question (5)Sentence Simplification Question (6)Rhetorical Purpose Question (18)Insert Text Question (29)Factual Information Question (46)Reference Question (66)Inference Question (74)Prose in Summary (82)Vocabulary Practice (83)Preface十六字令(长征) 三首山，快马加鞭未下鞍。

惊回首，离天三尺三。

山，倒海翻江卷巨澜。

奔腾急，万马战犹酣。

山，刺破青天锷未残。

天欲堕，赖以拄其间。

Reading Section : two more passagesOrListening Section: one more section(one more conversation and two lectures)Types of Question in Reading SectionBasic Information and Inferencing questions1. Factual information questions2. Inference question questions3. Rhetorical purpose questions4. Vocabulary questions5. Reference questions6. Sentence simplification questions7. Insert text questionsReading to Learn questions:8. Prose summaryFill in a tableE．G．Vocabulary Question (iBT)Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to:a. extendb. transformc. activated. wasteBackground Preparation:VOA(NORMAL SPEED), science 60 secs,No BBC Please!!!For Business School (MBA,MA,PhD)For Undergraduates1. Vocabulary Questions (3-5)There is no “list of words” that must be tested. (OG, p25)题型1)The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to2)In stating X, the author means that正确选项必须与所选词汇在词性，单复数和情感色彩上一致解题方法1)并列A and B，A or B2)转折A but B3)介词搭配n/v+介词介词本身不是被考察对象4)解释线索形式：A=B/A-B/A(B)/A“B”内容：A is BA that is BA refer to BA is defined as B可以使用的词汇书《词以类记》前120页（张红岩）《托福红宝》（俞敏洪）2. Simplify a Sentencebest express the essential informationin correct answer 1) change the meaning2) leave our essential information从句子拆分的角度讲句子题的实质是保留外层，剥离内层的过程S 逻辑语义相关语义无关语义从句子构造的角度讲句子题的本质是保留逻辑和相关语义，剔除无关语义的过程。

托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章？每篇有几道题目？每篇文章大约多少字？考试时间多久？✓托福阅读有哪些题型？哪种题最简单？哪种题最难？我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤？✓托福阅读满分多少分？我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分？答案十大题型Basic Information（提取信息）①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing（分析推理）⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn （学以致用）⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准（2019年8月之后）2. 托福阅读文章特点（Characteristics of TOEFL reading text）“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试，托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。

1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlightedIncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration forArctic animals.B.The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctictundra.C.In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.D.For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them duringsummer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B.The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in thewinter.C.It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray inthe fall.D.The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons. 答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlightedIncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strongadhesive.B.Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C.Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongest adhesive of all.D.Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymermicrospheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by acolleague.B.One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notesattached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovativeproducts.B.Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C.The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D.After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was notinnovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop itfurther.B.The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerousvarieties to make it successful.C.The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades assales improved.D.It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and howmany variation were possible.答案：D2. 排除列举题The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantlyLine modifying the face of the Earth.(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transportedby wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean. (10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize itspotential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the (15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs—atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A watermolecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on acontinent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water(20) transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over thecontinents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes (25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of thecontinents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium答案：BThe canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, andporcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not Line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulentenvironment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area perunit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions mayfluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy forinsects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition forfood, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminalleaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or(15) Leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping offand retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail andplucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than forlarge climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: itcan achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard,even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surfacearea of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may beproblematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?(A) Monkeys(B) Cats(C) Porcupines(D) Mice答案：DDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about thecontributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newlyformed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some (5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the bestcontemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned importantletters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the effortsof female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their malecounterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, andthey were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personalcorrespondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the (20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuablematerials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during thenineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great (25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to Americanlife, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else importantwomen produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in publiclife as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were notrepresentative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians答案：DPotash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the otherbeing soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making ofglass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being theLine product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America needhardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certainMediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was(10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of theeconomy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It wasrequired for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced insufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of(15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among itspassengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned inthe open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in thebottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was(20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass intowhat was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing ofland for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing landcould be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New (25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America答案：C2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.答案：B7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water答案：CPennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had bothindustrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of theLine colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the(5) colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 toprohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making hadbecome the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the (10) time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, wasmanufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued toform the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rurallandscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke,(15) charcola-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation'sgrowth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods duringwar and peace—ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-ironstoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of (20) iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwoodforests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows thatpumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves,for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its(25) transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts madeby Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they ware assembled intostoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time thelast fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some80,000 cast-iron stoves.5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood答案：BUnder the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there aredeposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also revealLine clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock thatgradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller andsmaller pieces that eventually become clay.(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is themost abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxidessilica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impuritiessuch as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is thebasis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered withimpermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanicaction, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rockcalled obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire (20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay canstand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.V ariations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account forthe differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenwareflowerpot.2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?(A) in desert sand dunes(B) in forests(C) on hillsides(D) near rivers答案：AIn July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiouslywatched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere ofJupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out (5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been firstglimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quicklyscientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giantplanet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming firethat quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed (10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy wastransformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through thetunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out tofrom dark ribbons.(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piquedpublic curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening televisionnewscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientificendeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the (20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by randomassaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should nothave been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet答案：DBy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during (5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cottongin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separatingthe fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton wasrelatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, availableonly along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shortergrowing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that aworker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from (15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The laterdevelopment of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivityfurther.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total Americanexports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to anunprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT(A) cotton's softness(B) cotton's ease of processing(C) a shortage of flax and wool(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.答案：CFlatfishMembers of the flatfish family, sand dabs and flounders, have an evolutionary advantage over many colorfully decorated ocean neighbors in that they are able to adapt their body coloration to different environments. These aquatic chameleons have flattened bodies that are。