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被铝取代的氧O2-ion replaced by Al3+比热specific heat波函数wave function玻璃态的vitreous玻璃组成glass composition 不完整的配位incomplete coordination长石feldspar成对电子paired electrons 初晶相the primary phase 磁光效应magneto-optic effect缔合缺陷associated defects 电导conductivity电光效应electro-optic effect电子空穴electron holes电子排布electronconfiguration断裂韧性fracture-toughness二价阳离子divalentcation钙铝硅酸盐玻璃calcium-aluminateglass刚性体rigid body锆英石zircon共沉淀和过饱和coprecipitationandsupersaturation共价键covalent bonds固体电解质Solid electrolyte硅铝酸盐alumina-silica红外投射infraredtransmission互溶体mutual solution化学方程式chemical formulate碱金属alkali metal碱金属硅酸盐玻璃alkali silicateglass碱金属卤化物hailde of alkalimetals角连接的硅氧四面体[SiO4]tetrahedrawith shared corners介电常数、强度、损耗dielectricconstant、strength、losses紧密堆积结构closed-packedstructure近似立方紧密堆积nearly cubicclose-packedstructure净化工艺purificatinprocedures颗粒尺寸分布particle sizedistribution颗粒的重排和团聚particlerearrangement andagglomerate快离子导体Fast ion conductor冷却速率cooling rate离子键ionic bonds链状排列chain arrangement莫来石mullite母体玻璃parent glass钠钙硅玻璃soda-lime-silicaglass配位数coordinationnumber喷雾干燥和煅烧spray-drying andcalcination缺乏absence of缺陷化学defect chemistry热历史the thermal history热能thermal energy热膨胀系数thermal expansioncoefficient熔点melting point软化范围softening range三元系统the ternary system受控结晶controlledcrystallization水软化water softener四面体tetrahedron体积核化volume nucleation退火玻璃annealing glass退火和烧结温度annealing andsinteringtemperature网络结构network structure网络条整体network modifier相图phase diagram学说theory学说解释account for压敏电阻和热敏电阻varistor andthermistor亚原子粒子subatomicparticles衍生结构derivationstructure阳离子cation氧化锆陶瓷zirconia-basedceramics氧离子oxygen ions液相温度liquidustemperature一价阴离子univalent anion异质核化heter ogeneousnucleation阴离子anion阴离子空位vacant anion sites有效电荷effective charges折射率和色散index of refractionand dispersion中间体intermediate转变温度transmissiontemperatureact as作为，冲当aggregation of finepowder细粉团聚alumina-silica铝硅酸盐as compared to与…比较ball-milled powers球磨粉末be based on以…为基础be regarded as被认为是chanrgedinterstitial site带电间隙位chemical formulate化学方程式cohesive fore内聚力commence with从……开始effectivelyneutral charge有效中性点荷fireclay products黏土烧制产品framework框架结构glassy andcrystalline grainboundary phases玻璃相和晶界相hexagonalclosed-packedstructure六方紧密堆积结构host lattice主晶格hot uniaxialpressing单轴热压hybridization ofthe atomic orbitals原子杂化轨道in particular of特别尤其in spite of尽管isotronic均质的isotrophicsubstitution均匀取代layed structure层状结构Low temperaturemodifications低温变体non-metal非金属octahedral hole八面体空隙olivine minerals橄榄石矿物on the basis of 以…为基础point defects点缺陷quantum mechanics 量子力学shrinkage and densification收缩和致密化solid solution固溶体tetrahedral coordinations四面体配位tetrahedral site 四面体位置Three dimensiona models三维结构模型transmission of light beams透过光束transparency、translucency、opacity透明、半透明、不透明universal acceptance普遍认可vacancy pair空位对Van der Waals forces范德华力vice versa反之亦然。
英语考得很简单，最后的翻译千万不要空着。
只要填上，老师就会给分，去年我们班有个孩子直接空着，老师都没办法通融。
Chapter 1 The Development of Modern Ceramic Technology1.1 Definitionfictile[‘fiktail]（可塑性的,陶土制的）clay and bat（油页岩,泥质页岩), such as brick, tile, clay pipe and all fire-proofs(耐火物器）Ceramics is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products which are subjected to an high temperature during manufacture or use and which are produced with natural mineral materials and/or synthetic materials and/or chemical products as raw materials. refractory[ri’fræktəri]耐熔的, 难熔炼的monolithic[,mɔnə’liθik]整体的,块体的products are used in iron and steel, non-ferrous metals有色金属blown glass吹制(dinnerware),abrasive[ə’breisiv] 耐磨材料,磨料garnet[‘ɡɑ:nit]金刚砂, diamond金刚石polishing, lapping抛光、擦光、研磨enamels[I’næməl]搪瓷vt.涂瓷釉于; 给…上瓷漆; 给…上彩饰stoneware 炻器once-fired 一次烧成biscuit fired 素烧glazed firing 釉烧feldspars 长石chalk白垩White-ware: a general term for all those varieties of pottery thatusually have a white body, e.g, tableware, sanitary ware and wall tiles.Glaze: A thin glassy layer formed on the surface of a ceramic product by firing on applied coating, a glaze may be partially crystalline.Porcelain: thin shiny material of very fine quality, of which cups, dishes etc., may be made, and which is produced by baking a clay mixture.瓷器China: in USA, A STM-C242 defines the word as any glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic white-ware used for non-technical purposes, e.g. dinnerware, sanitary-ware and art-ware, provided that they are vitreous. 精细瓷器China, a hard white substance made by baking fine clay at high temperature- compare porcelain.1.2 Classification of ceramicsAdvanced ceramics can be classified as Engineering Ceramics and Functional Ceramics by their propertiesTypical engineering ceramics now widely used are alumina [ə’lju:minə]n.氧化铝, zirconia[zə:’kəuniə]氧化锆, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride etcFunctional ceramics includes bioceramics,electronic ceramics, magnetic ceramics, optical ceramics,nuclear and environmental ceramics, super-conducting ceramics, electro-optic ceramics etc.1.3The history of Chinese ceramicsPorcelain derived from pottery. Scholars differ on 持不同意见exactly how and when pottery-making began.prehistory史前Porcelain was a great invention of ancient ChinaAfter 1,000 years, mature celadons [‘selədən]灰绿色,青瓷色were manufactured in Eastern Han. Eastern Han was in important milestone in Chinese ceramic history.For example, North Xin邢were white ceramics ‘‘silver-alike, snow-alike’’, Southern Yue were celadons ‘‘jade-alike, ice-alike’’, two series of wares "north white, South celadon ‘‘formed.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed[‘ʌndəɡleiz]釉下的red porcelain and egg white porcelain.People invented another new way to make ceramics which mixed porcelain stones and kaolin.bronze red 铜红delicate[‘delikit]精美的,雅致的elegant优美的the opium war 鸦片战争breaking out, China reduced to the status of semi-colonial[kə’ləunjəl], semi-feudal[‘fju:dl]封建的society with weak national power.Being the peak of Chinese ceramics history, the ceramics industry of Ming and Qing Dynasty had a great influence upon modern Chinese ceramics industry.sites of遗址the Neolithic age, commodities日用品, pottery figurine雕像. clay-strip building method （泥条筑成型方法）throw clay method（拉坯成型）, side-fired kiln（侧烧窑）and shaft kiln （立窑）ground firing （园烧）. firing temperature烧成温度Kiln[kiln]窑: A high temperature installation used for firing ceramic ware or for calcining or sintering.shaft kiln（立窑）: vertical kiln charged at the top and discharged at the bottom.Celadon: An art ware glaze of a characteristic green colour, which is obtained by introducing a small percentage of iron oxide into the glaze match and firing under reducing conditions so that the iron is in ferrous state亚铁态.Aging(陈腐): A process, also known as souring, in which moistened clay, or prepared body, is stored for a period to permit the water to become more uniformly dispersed.filtration滤泥, washing, pugging mullering练泥, aging 陈腐were omitted. Body bareness （秃釉）and glaze flow（流釉）combination between body and glazeScaling（脱釉）seedtime（萌芽期）In this period, the society was turbulent（动荡）, truceless（战乱）. Buddhism[‘budizəm] 佛教all-time (有史以来）exquisite（优美的）.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed red porcelain and egg white porcelain.jigger 辘轳车wheel jiggering 旋坯成型,又称压坯成型,或样板刀成型（template forming),是将可塑泥料置于旋坯机上旋转的石膏模具中,泥料受到样板刀剪切和挤压,在模子表面形成坯体的可塑成型方法。
