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Chapter 1 The Development of Modern Ceramic Technology1.1 Definitionfictile[‘fiktail]（可塑性的,陶土制的）clay and bat（油页岩,泥质页岩), such as brick, tile, clay pipe and all fire-proofs(耐火物器）Ceramics is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products which are subjected to an high temperature during manufacture or use and which are produced with natural mineral materials and/or synthetic materials and/or chemical products as raw materials. refractory[ri’fræktəri]耐熔的, 难熔炼的monolithic[,mɔnə’liθik]整体的,块体的products are used in iron and steel, non-ferrous metals有色金属blown glass吹制(dinnerware),abrasive[ə’breisiv] 耐磨材料,磨料garnet[‘ɡɑ:nit]金刚砂, diamond金刚石polishing, lapping抛光、擦光、研磨enamels[I’næməl]搪瓷vt.涂瓷釉于; 给…上瓷漆; 给…上彩饰stoneware 炻器once-fired 一次烧成biscuit fired 素烧glazed firing 釉烧feldspars 长石chalk白垩White-ware: a general term for all those varieties of pottery thatusually have a white body, e.g, tableware, sanitary ware and wall tiles.Glaze: A thin glassy layer formed on the surface of a ceramic product by firing on applied coating, a glaze may be partially crystalline.Porcelain: thin shiny material of very fine quality, of which cups, dishes etc., may be made, and which is produced by baking a clay mixture.瓷器China: in USA, A STM-C242 defines the word as any glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic white-ware used for non-technical purposes, e.g. dinnerware, sanitary-ware and art-ware, provided that they are vitreous. 精细瓷器China, a hard white substance made by baking fine clay at high temperature- compare porcelain.1.2 Classification of ceramicsAdvanced ceramics can be classified as Engineering Ceramics and Functional Ceramics by their propertiesTypical engineering ceramics now widely used are alumina [ə’lju:minə]n.氧化铝, zirconia[zə:’kəuniə]氧化锆, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride etcFunctional ceramics includes bioceramics,electronic ceramics, magnetic ceramics, optical ceramics,nuclear and environmental ceramics, super-conducting ceramics, electro-optic ceramics etc.1.3The history of Chinese ceramicsPorcelain derived from pottery. Scholars differ on 持不同意见exactly how and when pottery-making began.prehistory史前Porcelain was a great invention of ancient ChinaAfter 1,000 years, mature celadons [‘selədən]灰绿色,青瓷色were manufactured in Eastern Han. Eastern Han was in important milestone in Chinese ceramic history.For example, North Xin邢were white ceramics ‘‘silver-alike, snow-alike’’, Southern Yue were celadons ‘‘jade-alike, ice-alike’’, two series of wares "north white, South celadon ‘‘formed.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed[‘ʌndəɡleiz]釉下的red porcelain and egg white porcelain.People invented another new way to make ceramics which mixed porcelain stones and kaolin.bronze red 铜红delicate[‘delikit]精美的,雅致的elegant优美的the opium war 鸦片战争breaking out, China reduced to the status of semi-colonial[kə’ləunjəl], semi-feudal[‘fju:dl]封建的society with weak national power.Being the peak of Chinese ceramics history, the ceramics industry of Ming and Qing Dynasty had a great influence upon modern Chinese ceramics industry.sites of遗址the Neolithic age, commodities日用品, pottery figurine雕像. clay-strip building method （泥条筑成型方法）throw clay method（拉坯成型）, side-fired kiln（侧烧窑）and shaft kiln （立窑）ground firing （园烧）. firing temperature烧成温度Kiln[kiln]窑: A high temperature installation used for firing ceramic ware or for calcining or sintering.shaft kiln（立窑）: vertical kiln charged at the top and discharged at the bottom.Celadon: An art ware glaze of a characteristic green colour, which is obtained by introducing a small percentage of iron oxide into the glaze match and firing under reducing conditions so that the iron is in ferrous state亚铁态.Aging(陈腐): A process, also known as souring, in which moistened clay, or prepared body, is stored for a period to permit the water to become more uniformly dispersed.filtration滤泥, washing, pugging mullering练泥, aging 陈腐were omitted. Body bareness （秃釉）and glaze flow（流釉）combination between body and glazeScaling（脱釉）seedtime（萌芽期）In this period, the society was turbulent（动荡）, truceless（战乱）. Buddhism[‘budizəm] 佛教all-time (有史以来）exquisite（优美的）.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed red porcelain and egg white porcelain.jigger 辘轳车wheel jiggering 旋坯成型,又称压坯成型,或样板刀成型（template forming),是将可塑泥料置于旋坯机上旋转的石膏模具中,泥料受到样板刀剪切和挤压,在模子表面形成坯体的可塑成型方法。
无机非金属材料工程专业英语一、无机非金属材料概论中文英文无机非金属材料inorganic non-metallic materials 定义definition分类classification组成composition结构structure性能properties制备方法preparation methods应用领域application fields陶瓷ceramics玻璃glass耐火材料refractories水泥cement石膏gypsum石棉asbestos碳素材料carbon materials石墨graphite碳纤维carbon fiber碳纳米管carbon nanotube钻石diamond全氟聚合物fluoropolymer聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)聚偏氟乙烯polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)聚合物陶瓷polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs)氧化物陶瓷oxide ceramics氧化铝alumina (Al2O3)氧化锆zirconia (ZrO2)氧化镁magnesia (MgO)氧化钛titania (TiO2)非氧化物陶瓷non-oxide ceramics氮化硅silicon nitride (Si3N4)氮化铝aluminium nitride (AlN)碳化硅silicon carbide (SiC)碳化钨tungsten carbide (WC)碳化钛titanium carbide (TiC)二、物理化学中文英文物理化学physical chemistry物质matter结构structure组成composition性质properties变化规律laws of change分子运动论kinetic theory of molecules分子molecule原子atom离子ion气体gas液体liquid固体solid理想气体ideal gas真实气体real gas相平衡phase equilibrium相phase相图phase diagram相规则phase rule单元系unary system二元系binary system三元系ternary system溶液理论solution theory溶液solution溶剂solvent溶质solute浓度concentration摩尔分数mole fraction理想溶液ideal solution非理想溶液non-ideal solutionRaoult定律Raoult's lawHenry定律Henry's law三、无机材料科学基础中文英文无机材料科学基础fundamentals of inorganic materials science 无机材料inorganic materials结构structure性能properties结构-性能关系structure-property relationship晶体结构crystal structure晶体系统crystal system点阵类型lattice type空间群space group单胞参数lattice parameters基元胞primitive cell单位胞unit cell四、热工基础中文英文热工基础thermal engineering fundamentals热力学thermodynamics传热学heat transfer流体力学fluid mechanics热工学科thermal engineering disciplines 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力系统thermodynamic system系统边界system boundary系统状态system state状态方程equation of state过程process循环cycle工作物质working substance理想气体ideal gas气体常数gas constant温度temperature压力pressure体积volume内能internal energy热容heat capacity比热容specific heat capacity焓enthalpy熵entropy自由能free energy吉布斯函数Gibbs function卡诺循环Carnot cycle热效率thermal efficiency 反向卡诺循环reversed Carnot cycle制冷系数coefficient of performance传导传热heat conduction傅里叶定律Fourier's law热导率thermal conductivity热阻thermal resistance稳态传热steady-state heat transfer非稳态传热transient heat transfer对流传热heat convection对流换热系数convection heat transfer coefficient 力对流forced convection自然对流natural convection努塞尔特数Nusselt number辐射传热heat radiation斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律Stefan-Boltzmann law黑体blackbody发射率emissivity吸收率absorptivity反射率reflectivity透射率transmissivity灰体graybody视域因子view factor流体静力学fluid statics流体fluid密度density粘度viscosity表面张力surface tension液压hydrostatics帕斯卡定律Pascal's law流体运动方程equations of fluid motion质量守恒方程continuity equation动量守恒方程momentum equation能量守恒方程energy equation雷诺数Reynolds number理想流体ideal fluid实际流体real fluid层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow边界层boundary layer阻力drag升力lift伯努利方程Bernoulli's equation皮托管Pitot tube五、无机非金属材料物理性能中文英文无机非金属材料物理性能physical properties of inorganic non-metallic materials 电学性能electrical properties磁学性能magnetic properties光学性能optical properties声学性能acoustic properties热学性能thermal properties电导率electrical conductivity电阻率electrical resistivity电容率electrical capacitance介电常数dielectric constant压电效应piezoelectric effect热电效应thermoelectric effect光电效应photoelectric effect半导体性质semiconductor properties铁电性质ferroelectric properties磁导率magnetic permeability磁化率magnetic susceptibility磁滞回线hysteresis loop铁磁性质ferromagnetic properties反铁磁性质antiferromagnetic properties顺磁性质paramagnetic properties抗磁性质diamagnetic properties光学常数optical constants折射率refractive index反射率reflectance吸收率absorbance透射率transmittance色散现象dispersion phenomenon双折射现象birefringence phenomenon声速sound velocity声阻抗acoustic impedance。
«无机非金属材料工学»基本专业词汇(433个词)一、水泥与混凝土（一）产品1.Portland cement 硅酸盐水泥（波特兰水泥）2. concrete 混凝土3. hydraulic cement 水硬性水泥4. fresh concrete 新拌混凝土5. air entraining concrete 加气混凝土6. early strength cement 早强水泥7.expansive cement 膨胀水泥8. high alumina cement 高铝水泥9. rapid hardening cement 快硬水泥10. quick setting cement 快凝水泥11. polymer concrete 聚合物混凝土12. high strength concrete 高强混凝土坝13. prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土14. Portland cement for highway 道路硅酸盐水泥15. polymer impregnated concrete 聚合物浸渍混凝土16 fiber-reinforced cement concrete 纤维增强混凝土17. self-compacting concrete 自密实混凝土18. calcareous material 钙质材料19. binding material 胶凝材料20. fly-ash cement 粉煤灰水泥（二）生产1.calcium silicates 硅酸钙2. calcium aluminates 铝酸钙3. clay 粘土4. iron ore 铁矿5. limestone 石灰石6. sand 砂7. gypsum 石膏8. ettringite 钙矾石9. calcium sulfate dihydrate 二水石膏10. tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙11. dicalcium silicate 硅酸二钙12. tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙13. sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫14. alite A矿15. belite B矿16. clite C矿17. setting time 凝结时间18. curing 养护19. calcium aluminate hydrates 水化铝酸钙20. calcium sulfoaluminate 硫铝酸钙21. rotary kiln 回转窑22. monosulfate 单硫型23. ferrite phase 铁相24. decomposition 分解25. chemical processes 化学过程26. partial fusion 部分熔融27. fineness 细度28. chemical composition 化学成分29. fineness modulus 细度模数30. phase diagram 相图31. capillary pores 毛细孔32. hydration reaction 水化反应33. microstructure 微观结构34. cement paste 水泥浆体35. aggregate 集料36. crystallization 结晶37. alkali sulfates 硫酸碱38. carbonates 碳酸盐39. deterioration 劣化40. organic chemistry 有机化学41. inorganic chemistry 无机化学42. surface chemistry 表面化学43. thermodynamical 热力学的44. silica gel 硅酸凝胶45. pozzolanic 火山灰质的46. marine environment 海洋环境47. deicing salts 除冰盐48. concrete mixtures 混凝土配合比49. alkali-silica reactivity 碱硅反应50. harden 硬化51 active addition 活性混合材52. admixture 外加剂53. age 龄期54. broken stone 碎石55. calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙56. calcium lignosulphonate 木质磺酸钙57. calcium silicate hydrate (CSH)水化硅酸钙58. alkali-aggregate reaction碱-集料反应59. clinker 熟料60. cement-water ratio 灰水比61. coarse aggregate 粗集料62. concrete mix 混凝土混合料63. crushing test 压碎试验64. gap grading 间断级配65. gradation 级配66. gravel 卵石67. normal distribution 正态分布68. hydrophilic aggregate 亲水集料69. hydrophobic aggregate 憎水集料70. initial set 初凝71 mortar 砂浆72. cement-based 水泥基73. pore 孔隙74. water reducer 减水剂75.waterproof mortar 防水砂浆76. phosphogypsum 磷石膏77. blast furnace slag 高炉渣78. fly ash 粉煤灰79. steel slag 钢渣80. corrosion inhibitors 阻锈剂81. mineral admixtures 矿物掺合料83. bound water 结合水84. boiler slag 沸腾炉渣85. admixture 外加剂86. hydration 水化87. milling 粉磨88. mortar 浆89.mineral constituent 矿物组成90. masonry 石质的二、玻璃（一）产品1. flat glass 平板玻璃2. vycor glass 高硅氧玻璃3. quartz glass 石英玻璃4. wired glass 夹丝玻璃5. float glass 浮法玻璃6. polished glass 机械磨光玻璃7. coloured glass 颜色玻璃8. heat-reflection glass 热反射玻璃9. conductive glass 导电玻璃10. ground glass 蒙砂玻璃11. ice glass 冰花玻璃12. sand blasted glass 喷砂玻璃13. strengthened glass 钢化玻璃14. laminated glass 夹层玻璃15. glazing glass 中空玻璃16. coating glass 镀膜玻璃17. bottle glass 瓶罐玻璃18. horticultural glass 圆艺用玻璃19. glass-ceramics 微晶玻璃20. lustre glass 虹彩玻璃21. luxury glass 陈设玻璃22. pressed glass 压制玻璃23. prescription glass24. parent glass 原玻璃25. laboratory glass化学仪器玻璃26. velvet-finish glass 丝光玻璃27. glass article 玻璃制品28. glass beaker 玻璃烧杯29. glass fabric 玻璃纤维30. glass foam 玻璃泡沫31. glass wall 玻璃幕墙32. double glazed unit 夹层玻璃33. electropane glass 玻璃导电膜34. fire-retardant glass 防火玻璃35. glass diamond 玻璃刀36. object glass 物镜37. obscured glass 毛玻璃38. optical glass 光学玻璃39. optical film 光学薄膜40. tempered glass 钢化玻璃41. boron glass 硼玻璃42. heat absorbing glass 吸热玻璃（二）生产1．colouring agent 着色剂2.fourcault process 有槽法3.pittsburgh process 无槽法4. Colburn Process 平拉法5.Asahi process 旭法6. ionic glasses 离子玻璃7. aluminium-boron anomaly 铝-硼效应8. aluminium effect 铝效应9. mixed alkali effect 玻璃的双碱效应10. invert glass 逆向玻璃11. chemical strengthened 玻璃的化学钢化12. air tempered 玻璃热钢化13. surface colouration 玻璃表面着色14. chemical polishing 化学抛光15. acid etching of glass 玻璃的化学蚀刻16. heat work 热加工17. surface treatment of glass玻璃的表面处理18. cold work 冷加工19. grinding and polishing 研磨抛光20. ionic colouration 离子着色21. semiconductor colouration 化合物着色22. short glass 短性玻璃23. metal-colloidah colouration金属胶体着色24. long glass 长性玻璃25. mixed alkali effect 玻璃的双碱效应26. hot mold blowing 热模吹制27. hot iron mold blowing 人工热模吹制28. machine stop 停止、引上29. machine-cylinder process 机械吹圆筒法30. surface of the melt 玻璃液面31.forming 成形32.spinodal dcomposion 亚稳分解33.nucleation and growth 成核生长34.nucleation process 核化过程35.phase transformation 相变36.cupola 冲天炉37. fining 澄清剂38. fining agent 澄清剂39. fining area(end)(zone) 澄清部,澄清带40. fining cell 澄清室池41. electric melting furnace 电熔窑42.tank furnace 玻璃熔窑分池窑43.pot furnace 坩埚窑44.drawing process 拉制成型45.blow process 吹制成型46.glass basis 玻璃基体47.‘L’glass ‘L’玻璃铅玻璃防辐照玻璃48. glass batch 玻璃配合料49. glass block 玻璃块50. glass coating 玻璃涂层51. glass component 玻璃组分52. glass current 玻璃液流53. glass decoration 玻璃装饰54. glass defect 玻璃缺陷55. glass drop 玻璃滴56. glass finishing 玻璃加工57. glass formation range 玻璃形成范围58. glass former 玻璃形成体59. glass frit 玻璃熔块60. glass melt 玻璃熔体61. glass melting furnace 玻璃熔窑62. glass phase 玻璃相63. fine seed 灰泡64. float bath 锡槽65. nucleus 晶核66. nucleating agent 晶核剂67. glass yield 玻璃获得率68. glassy state 玻璃态69. heat storage 蓄热70. crystallization 析晶71. crystal nucleus 晶核72. metal level 玻璃液面73. metaphase 介稳相74. occlusion 玻璃夹杂物75. patch of crizzles 表面微裂纹76. fusing 熔化77. fusing point 熔化温度78. refine 澄清79. deformation point 变形温度点80. red edge 红边(抛光玻璃缺陷)81. speck 斑点82. deformation 变形83. ash contamination 落脏84. crack 裂纹85. bubble or blister 起泡86. pinhole 棕眼87. exposed body 缺釉88. tint unevenness 色泽不良89. sandwich 夹层90. excess glaze 釉缕91. waviness 波纹92. smoke staining 烟熏93. orange peel 橘釉94. knot 节瘤95. bubble 气泡96. toed-in finish 凹口97. crater type drip 锡滴坑98. string 细条纹,线道99. stone 结石三、陶瓷（一）产品1. china ware 瓷器2.earthenware 陶器3. ordinary ceramics 普通陶瓷4. special ceramics 特种陶瓷5. bioceramics 生物陶瓷6. semiconductive ceramics 半导体陶瓷7．conductive ceramics 导电陶瓷8.superconductive ceramics 超导陶瓷9.magnetic ceramics 磁性瓷10.piezoelectric ceramics 压电陶瓷11.capacitor ceramics 电容器陶瓷12.structural ceramics 结构陶瓷13.advanced ceramics 先进陶瓷14.fine ceramics 精细陶瓷15.engineering ceramics 工程陶瓷16. new ceramics 新型陶瓷17.modern ceramics 近代陶瓷18. high technology ceramics 高技术陶瓷19.high performance ceramics 高性能陶瓷20. construction ceramics 建筑陶瓷21. electronic ceramics 电子陶瓷22. engineering ceramics 工程陶瓷23. foamed ceramics 泡末陶瓷24. functional ceramics 功能陶瓷25. honeycomb ceramics 蜂窝陶瓷26. bone china 骨灰瓷27. feldspar china 长石瓷28. vitrified china 玻化瓷29. fine earthenware 精陶30.talc earthenware 滑石陶器31.electrical porcelain 电瓷2.household porcelain 日用瓷33.sanitary porcelain 卫生瓷34.stoneware 炻器35. altar red 祭红36. bright glaze 光泽釉37. clear glaze 透明釉38. flambè (glaze ) 铜红釉39. fritted glaze 熔块釉40. fusible glaze 易熔釉41. glossy glaze 光泽釉42. ground glaze 底釉43. hard glaze 高温釉44. matt glaze 无光釉45. opaque glaze 乳浊釉,不透明釉46. photochromic glaze 变色釉47. satin glaze 缎光釉,丝光釉48. salt glaze 盐釉49. soft glaze 中、低温釉50.Tang triclour 唐三彩51. transmutation glaze 窑变釉52. vapour glaze 挥发釉53. table ware 餐具54. tile 墙地砖55. sanitary ware 卫生洁具56.sample/facing brick 清水砖（二）生产1. lubricants 润滑剂2. briders 结合剂3.deflocculants 解凝剂、解胶剂、稀释剂4. fluxing agent 助熔剂5. glost fire 釉烧6. glazing 施釉7. filter-pressing 压滤8. temper 练泥9. blend 混料10. pug machine 练泥机11. consolidated and extruded挤压12. stir 搅拌13. sieve 筛分,筛子14. slip casting 注浆成型15. spray drying 喷雾干燥16. atomize 雾化17. moisture content 含水量18. plastic making 可塑成型19. dry pressing 干压成型20. plaster mould 石膏模21. drying shrinkage 干燥收缩22. biscuit firing 素烧23. extrusion 挤压成型24. jolleying 阴模旋坯成型25. jiggering 阳模旋坯成型26. unfired article 生坯27. isostatic pressing 等静压成型28. hot pressing 热压成型29. decoration 装饰30. age 陈腐31. removal from the mould 脱模32. grinding 研磨33. dipping 浸釉34. kiln 窑炉35. curtain coating 淋釉36. spraying 喷釉37. electrostatic spray 静电施釉38. fluidised bed 流化床施釉39. pressing 干法施釉40. sintering 烧结41. refiring 重烧42. tw ice firing 二次烧成43. resistance furnace 电阻炉44. flame furnace 火焰窑炉45. electric furnace 电热窑炉46. shuttle kiln 梭式窑47. down draught kiln 倒焰窑48. intermittent kiln 间歇窑49. roller-hearth kiln 辊道窑50. tunnel kiln 隧道窑51. liquid phase sintering 液相烧结52. induction furnace 感应炉53. electronic impact furnace 电子束炉54. plasma furnace 等离子炉55. reacti on sintering 反应烧结56. heat densification 热致密化57. self-propagating high-temperature synthesis 高温自蔓延烧结58. glaze formula 釉式四、耐火材料1.principal crystalline phase 主晶相2. matrix 基质3. secondary crystalline phase 次晶相4. mineralizer矿化剂5. bulk refractory不定形耐火材料6. magnesia brick rich in CaO 镁钙砖7. high-silica magnesite brick 镁硅砖8. magnesite-chrome brick 镁铬砖9. magnesite-alumina brick 镁铝砖10. magnesite brick 普通镁砖11. magnesite refractory 镁质耐火材料12. fused-quartz product 熔融石英制品13. quartzitic sandston 白泡石14. siliceous refractory 硅质耐火材料15. high-alumina refractory 高铝质耐火材料16. fireclay refractory 粘土质耐火材料17. aluminasilicate refractory 硅酸铝质耐火材料18.graphite refractory 石墨耐火材料19.carbon refractory 炭素耐火材料20.refractory mortar 耐火泥21.slinger mix 投射料22.gunning mix 喷射料23.refractory ramming material 捣打料24.plastic refractory 可塑耐火材料25. refractory castables 浇注料26.binder 胶结剂27.refractory powde r掺合料28.aggregate 骨料29.refractory fibre 耐火纤维31.light weight refractory 轻质耐火材料30.fused cast refractory 熔铸耐火材料五、性能1. elasticity 弹性2. brittleness 脆性3. hardness 硬度4. surface tension 表面张力5. viscosity 粘度6. thermal shock resistance 耐热震性7. glossiness 釉的光泽度8. elastic modulus 弹性模数9. strength 强度10. whitness 白度11.refractoriness under load 荷重软化温度12. vacuum resistance 耐真空性13.volume stability under high temperature高温体积稳定性14. durability 耐久性15. moisture 湿度16.soundness 安定性17.workability 工作性18.adhesiveness 粘附性19.cohesiveness 粘聚性20.bleeding 泌水性21. creep 徐变，蠕变22.crushing value 压碎指标23.density 密度pressive strength 抗压强度25.frost resistance 抗冻性26.flexural strength 弯曲强度27. normal consistency 标准稠度28.modulus of elasticity 弹性模量29.porosity 孔隙率31 Corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性32. weaterbility 耐候性32. Freeze-thaw cycles 冻融循环33. Toughness 韧性34. compressive strength 抗压强度35. bending strength 抗弯强度36. glass density 玻璃密度37. refractive index 折射率38.thermal stress 热应力。
Materials science材料科学Stone age石器时代Naked eye肉眼Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能Integrated circuit集成电路Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。
，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料V irtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。
固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。
In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。
无机非金属材料专业英语单词abrasive [ ə'breisiv ]n. 磨料a. 磨蚀的，磨损的agate [ 'æɡət ]n. 玛瑙alite [ 'eilait ]n. 硅酸三钙石（C3A）alkali resistance [ 'ælkəlai ri'zistəns]耐碱性，抗碱能力alumina [ ə'lju:minə ]n. 氧化铝amorphous phase [ ə'mɔ:fəs feiz]无定形相，非晶相ampoule [ 'æmpju:l ]n. 小玻璃瓶，筒，安瓿anhydrite [ æn'haidrait ]n. 硬（无水）石膏，CaSO4 anion [ 'ænaiən ]n. 阴离子anisotropic [ æn,aisəu'trɔpik ] a. 各向异性的，非均质的anneal [ ə'ni:l ]n. & v. 退火anomaly [ ə'nɔməli ]n. 反常现象，不规则anorthite [ æ'nɔ:θait ]n. 钙长石CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2 apatite [ 'æpətait ]n. 磷灰石apparent porosity [ ə'pærənt pɔ:'rɔsiti]显气孔率asbestos [ æz'bestɔs ]n. 石棉asphalt [ 'æsfælt ]n. 沥青basicity [ bə'sisəti ]n. 碱度，碱性batch bin [ bætʃ bin]配合料料仓batch feeder [ bætʃ 'fi:də]投料机，加料器bauxite [ 'bɔ:ksait ]n. 矾土，铝矾土belite [ 'bi:lait ]n. 二钙硅酸盐（水泥）binder [ 'baində ]n. 粘胶剂，粘结剂biocompatibility [ 'baiəukəm,pætə'biləti ]n. 生物相容性biological [ ,baiəu'lɔdʒik,-kəl ] a. 生物学的，用生物（如病菌等）对付敌人的bisque firing [ bisk 'faiəriŋ]素烧（初次焙烧）body [ 'bɔdi ]n. 坯体body-centered lattice[ 'bɔdi 'sentəd 'lætis]体心格子borate [ 'bɔ:reit ]n. 硼酸盐borax [ 'bɔ:ræks ]n. 硼砂Na2B4O7·10H2Ocalcine [ 'kælsain ]v. & n. 烧结，烧成calcite [ 'kælsait ]n. 方解石calcium [ 'kælsiəm ]n. 钙capillary [ kə'piləri, 'kæpi- ] a. 细作用（的）n. 毛细管catalyst [ 'kætəlist ]n. 催化剂cation [ 'kætaiən ]n. 阳离子cellular [ 'seljulə ] a. 细胞的，由细胞组成的，多孔的cellulose [ 'seljuləus ]n. & a. 纤维素，含纤维素的ceramic [ si'ræmik ] a. 陶瓷、陶器checker [ 'tʃekə ]n. 格子砖checker chamber [ 'tʃekə 'tʃeimbə]蓄热室chemical durability [ 'kemikəl ,djuərə'biləti]化学稳定性chemical vapour deposition (CVD) [ 'kemikəl 'veipə ,depə'ziʃən]化学气相沉积cleavage [ 'kli:vidʒ ]n. 解理clinker[ 'kliŋkə ]n. 熟料、熔块coagulation[ kəuæɡju'leiʃən ]n. 凝结、凝固作用，聚集、角凝coating [ 'kəutiŋ ]n. 涂层，涂料，涂盖层collagen [ 'kɔlə,dʒen ]n. 骨胶原combustion flue [ kəm'bʌstʃən flu:]烟道complex [ 'kɔmpleks ]n. & a. 复合物，络合物；复杂的configuration [ kən,fiɡju'reiʃən ]n. 构形；（电子）排布constituent [ kən'stitjuənt ]n. 成分，组分contamination [ kən,tæmi'neiʃən ]n. 污染，杂质convection [ kən'vekʃən ]n. 对流，传递coordination numbers [ kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən 'nʌmbəs]配位数coordination polyhedron [ kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən ,pɔli'hi:drən]配位多面体cord [ kɔ:d ]n. 条纹，条痕（玻璃缺陷）cordierite [ 'kɔ:diərait ]n. 堇青石2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2 corrosion-resistant [ kə'rəuʒən ri'zistənt] a. 抗腐蚀的corundum [ kə'rʌndəm ]n. 刚玉α-Al2O3covalent [kəuˈveilənt] a. 共价的crazing[ 'kreiziŋ ]n. 细裂，龟裂，碎纹裂creep [ kri:p ]n. 蠕变cristobalite [ kris'təu,bəlait ]n. 方石英critical value [ 'kritikəl 'vælju:]临界值cross-fired glass melting furnace [ krɔ:s 'faiəd ɡlɑ:s'meltiŋ 'fə:nis]横火焰池窑crown [ kraun ]n. 炉顶，窑拱crown flint glass [ kraun flint ɡlɑ:s]冕火石玻璃crucible [ 'kru:sibl ]n. 坩埚crystallinity [kristəˈlinəti]n. 结晶度，结晶性crystallization [ ,kristəlai'zeiʃən ]n. 结晶（作用），晶化cubic [ 'kju:bik ] a. 立方晶系的cubic body-centered [ 'kju:bik 'bɔdi 'sentəd]体心立方（晶格）cubic face-centered[ 'kju:bik feis 'sentəd]面心立方（晶格）cullet [ 'kʌlit ]n. 碎玻璃，废玻璃（料）curing [ 'kjuəriŋ ]n. 固化，熟化，养护damper [ 'dæmpə ]n. 挡板，烟道闸板deflocculant [ di'flɔkjulənt ]n. 反絮凝剂，解凝剂deformation [ ,di:fɔ:'meiʃən ]n. 变形degrade [ 'di'ɡreid ]v. 降（裂，分）解，降低，衰变dendrite [ 'dendrait ]n. 树枝石，树枝状结晶densification [ ,densifi'keiʃən ]n. 密实化desiccator [ 'desikeitə ]n. 干燥器（皿）deteriorate [ di'tiəriəreit ]v. 1、（使）变坏，（使）恶化；2、损坏，消耗devitrify [ di:'vitrifai ]vt. 析晶devitrite [di:ˈvitrait]n. 失透石dielectric constant [ ,daii'lektrik 'kɔnstənt]介电常数differential thermal analysis (DTA) [ ,difə'renʃəl 'θə:məl ə'næləsis]差热分析diffraction [ di'frækʃən ]n. 衍射diffusion [ di'fju:ʒən ]n. 扩散dilatation [ ,dailə'teiʃən, dilə- ]n. 膨胀，扩展dilatometer [ ,dilə'tɔmitə ]n. 膨胀仪diode [ 'daiəud ]n. 二极管dipole moment [ 'daipəul 'məumənt]偶极矩dislocation [ ,disləu'keiʃən ]n. 位错，位移dispersion [ dis'pə:ʃən ]n. 色散，分散displacement [ dis'pleismənt ]n. 位移，易位，取代distortion [ dis'tɔ:ʃən ]n. 扭曲，变形dolomite [ 'dɔləmait ]n. 白云石MgCO3·CaCO3 domain [ dəu'mein ]n. 畴，域，范围，铁电体的均一极化区donor level [ 'dəunə 'levəl]施主能级dopant [ 'dəupənt ]n. 掺杂剂dotted line [ 'dɔtid lain]虚线drawability [ ,drɔ:ə'biləti ]n. 可纺性（玻璃纤维），可拉伸性ductile [ 'dʌktail, -til ] a. 可延展的，易变形的earthenware [ 'ə:θənwεə ]n. 陶（瓦）器eddy [ 'edi ]n. 涡流，漩涡，螺旋efflorescence [ ,eflɔ:'resəns ]n. 粉化、风化elastic modulus [ i'læstik 'mɔdjuləs]弹性模量electronegativity [ i'lektrəu,neɡə'tivəti ]n. 电负性electrophoretic [ i,lektrəfə'retik ] a. 电泳的electrostatic [ i,lektrə'stætik ] a. 静电的，静电学的embossing [ im'bɔsiŋ ]n. 浮雕，压花，压纹emulsifier [ i'mʌlsifaiə ]n. 乳化剂enamel [ i'næməl ]n. 搪瓷endothermic [ ,endəu'θə:mik,-məl ] a. 吸热的end-port furnace [ end pɔ:t 'fə:nis] (或horseshoe-fired furnace) 马蹄焰窑enstatite [ 'enstətait ]n. 顽火辉石enzyme [ 'enzaim ]n. 酶epitaxy [ 'epitæksi ]n. 外延，（晶体）取向生长epoxy [ ep'ɔksi ] a. 环氧的n. 环氧树脂erode [ i'rəud ]v. 腐蚀，受侵蚀ethylene[ 'eθili:n ]n. 乙烯eucryptite [ju:ˈkripˌtait]n. 锂霞石eutectic [ ju:'tektik ] a. 低共熔的，共晶的exothermic [ ,eksəu'θə:mik,-'θə:məl ] a. 放热的extrude [ ek'stru:d ]v. 挤压extrusion [ ek'stru:ʒən ]n. 挤出，挤压feldspar [ 'feldspɑ: ]n. 长石ferrite [ 'ferait ]n. 铁氧体ferroelectric [ ,ferəui'liktrik ] a. & n. 铁电体（性，的）filament [ 'filəmənt ]n. 细丝，灯丝filter press [ filtə pres]压滤机fineness [ 'fainnis ]n. 细度、精度、纯度fireclay [ 'faiəklei ]n. 耐火（粘）土，（耐）火泥firing [ 'faiəriŋ ]n. 烧成flaw [ flɔ: ]n. 裂纹，裂痕，瑕疵flexural strength [ˈflekʃərəl streŋθ]抗弯强度flexible [ 'fleksibl ] a. 挠性的，易柔曲的，韧性的float glass [ fləut ɡlɑ:s]浮法（平板）玻璃fluorescence [ fluə'resns ]n. 荧光，荧光性fluoride [ 'flu（:）əraid ]n. 氟化物fluorspar [ 'fluəspɑ: ]n. 萤石，氟石CaF2 fracture toughness [ 'fræktʃəˈtʌfnis]n. 断裂韧性frit [ frit ]n. 熔块、釉料garnet [ 'ɡɑ:nit ]n. 石榴石，石榴红色gel [ dʒel ]n. 凝胶germanium [ dʒə:'meiniəm ]n. 锗（Ge）glass fiber reinforced plastics[ɡlɑ:s'faibə,ri:in'fɔ:sd 'plæstiks ]玻璃纤维增强塑料（GFRP）glaze [ ɡleiz ]v. 上釉glost [ ɡlɔst ]n. 釉grain boundary [ ɡrein 'baundəri]n. 颗粒界面，晶界granulate [ 'ɡrænjuleit ]v. 粒化，成粒graphite [ 'ɡræfait ]n. 石墨green body [ ɡri:n 'bɔdi]n. 生坯，未烧坯grinding [ 'ɡraindiŋ ]n. 研磨，磨碎grit [ ɡrit ]n. 磨料gypsum [ 'dʒipsəm ]n. 石膏halide [ 'hælaid ] a. 卤化物（的），卤族的heterogeneous [ ,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs ] a. 异种的，非均质的hexagonal [ hek'sæɡənəl ] a. 六方的，六方晶系的host [ həust ]n. 基质，晶核homogeneity [ ,hɔməudʒe'ni:əti, ,həu- ]n. 均匀性，均一（性）homogeneous [ ,hɔmə'dʒi:niəs, ,həu- ] a. 均匀的，均一的humidity [ hju:'midəti ]n. 湿气，湿度hydrolysis [ hai'drɔlisis ]n. 水解（作用），加水分解immiscibility [ i,misə'biləti ]n. 不混溶性impediment [ im'pedimənt ]n. 妨碍，阻碍，障碍物impermeable [ im'pə:miəbl ] a. 不可渗透的，不透水的impurity [ im'pjuərəti ]n. 杂质，不纯物inclusion [ in'klu:ʒən ]n. 夹杂（物），掺杂index of refraction [ 'indeks ɔv ri'frækʃən]折射率inertness[iˈnə:tnis]n. 惰性infra-red spectrum [ 'inflə red 'spektrəm]红外光谱ingot[ 'iŋɡət ]n. 块料interferometer [ ,intəfə'rɔmitə ]n. 干涉仪interphase [ 'intəfeiz ]n. 界面，中间相a. 相间的interstitial [ ,intə'stiʃəl ] a. 间隙的intrinsic(al) [ in'trinsik,-kəl ] a. 内在的，固有的，本质的intrude [ in'tru:d ]v. 渗入isomorphic [ ,aisəu'mɔ:fik ] a. 同晶型的isostatic pressing [ ,aisəu'stætik 'presiŋ]n. 等静压成型isotherm [ 'aisəuθə:m ]n. 等温isotropic [ ,aisəu'trɔpik ] a. 各向同性的，均质的jiggering [ 'dʒiɡəriŋ ]n. 旋坯kaolinite [ 'keiəlinait ]n. 高岭土kiln [ kiln, kil ]n. 窑，炉lime [ laim ]n. 石灰，氧化钙limestone [ 'laimstəun ]n. 石灰石lithium [ 'liθiəm ]n. 锂lubrication [ ,lu:bri'keiʃən ]n. 润滑作用luster [ 'lʌstə ]n. 光泽v. 发光，使有光泽，给……上釉magnesium [ mæɡ'ni:ziəm, -ʃi- ]n. 镁magnesite [ 'mæɡnəsait ]n. 菱镁矿manganese[ 'mæŋɡə,ni:s]n. 锰（Mn）marls [ mɑ:l s ]n. 石灰泥matrix [ 'meitriks ]n. 基体，基质metallurgical [ ,melə'lə:dʒik,-kəl ] a. 冶金学的，冶金术的metastable [ ,metə'steibl ] a. 亚稳的，介稳的methane[ 'mi:θein ]n. 甲烷mica [ 'maikə ]n. 云母microcrack [ 'maikrəukræk ]n. 微裂纹microprobe [ 'maikrəuprəub ]n. 显微探针microstructure [ 'maikrəu,strʌktʃə ]n. 显微结构migrate [ mai'ɡreit, 'maiɡ- ]vi. 迁移mineralogy [ ,minə'rælədʒi ]n. 矿物学mineralizer [ 'minərəlaizə ]n. 矿化剂miscible [ 'misəbl ] a. 可混（合）的，可混（溶）的mixer [ 'miksə ]n. 混合机，混料机modification [ ,mɔdifi'keiʃən ]n. 更改，修改，变体modifier [ 'mɔdifaiə ]n. 调整体modulus [ 'mɔdjuləs, -dʒu- ]n. 模数，模量moldable [ˈməuldəbl] a. 可塑的，可模制的monoclinic [ ,mɔnəu'klinik ] a. 单斜的monolithic [ ,mɔnəu'liθik ]n. 单片（块）a. 整体的，单块的mortar [ 'mɔ:tə ]n. 砂（灰、泥）浆mullite [ 'mʌlait ]n. 莫来石multicomponent[ˌmʌltikəmˈpəunənt] a. 多成分的，多元的multiplicity [ ,mʌlti'plisəti ]n. 多样（性），多重性，大量mutrual orientation [ 'mju:tʃuəl ,ɔ:rien'teiʃən]相互取向needle-like [ 'ni:dl laik]针状neutralisation [ ,nju:trəlai'zeiʃən ]n. 中和（作用，法）nitridation [ ,naitri'deiʃən ]n. 氮化notch [ nɔtʃ ]n. 凹口，槽口observable [ əb'zə:vəbl ] a. 可观察到的，可以察觉的octahedral [ ,ɔktə'hedrəl, -'hi:- ] a. 八面体的octahedron [ ,ɔktə'hedrən, -'hi:- ]n. 八面体olivine [ ,ɔli'vi:n, 'ɔlivi:n ]n. 橄榄石opacity [ əu'pæsiti ]n. 乳浊，不透光性，浑浊度，不透明度opaque [ əu'peik ] a. 不透明的，模糊的optical flint [ 'ɔptikəl flint]火石光学玻璃optical crown [ 'ɔptikəl kraun]冕牌光学玻璃optics [ 'ɔptiks ]n. 光学optimum [ 'ɔptiməm ]n. 最佳条件orbital hybridation [ 'ɔ:bitəl haibriˈdeiʃən]轨道杂化organosilane [ 'ɔ:ɡənəu'silein]n. 有机硅烷orient [ 'ɔ:riənt, 'əu-, 'ɔ:rient ]n. 东方vt. 定……的方位orthorhombic [ ,ɔ:θə'rɔmbik ] a. 正交（晶）的，斜方（晶）的orthosilicate [ˌɔ:θəˈsiləkeit]n. 正（原）硅酸盐oscillate [ 'ɔsileit ]v. 振荡，振动overlap [ ,əuvə'læp, 'əuvəlæp ]vt. 与……重叠，与……部分一致overview [ 'əuvəvju: ]n. 综述，概述，概观oxalate [ 'ɔksəleit ]n. 草酸盐pelletization [ ,pelitai'zeiʃən ]n. 造球，球粒化作用particle size distribution [ 'pɑ:tikl saiz ,distri'bju:ʃən]粒径分布particulate [ pə'tikjulit ]n. & a. 粒子，细粒（的）peel [ pi:l ]v. 剥，削，剥落pellet [ 'pelit ]n. 片，粒化（料），丸permeation[ˌpə:miˈeiʃən]n. 渗入，透过permissible [ pə'misibl ] a. 容许的，许可的perpendicular [ ,pə:pən'dikjulə ] a. 垂直的petrochemical [ ,petrəu'kemikəl ] a. & n. 化工的，化工产品phase transition [ feiz træn'siʒən]相变phosphate [ 'fɔsfeit ]n. 磷酸盐photonic [ fəu-'tɔnik ] a. 光子的，光电子的piezoceramic [ pi:'eizəu si'ræmik ]n. 压电陶瓷pigment [ 'piɡmənt ]n. 颜（色）料pitch [ pitʃ ]n. 沥青placement [ 'pleismənt ]n. 放置，布局plasma [ 'plæzmə ]n. 等离子体，等离子区platinum [ 'plætinəm ]n. 铂plotter [ 'plɔtə ]n. 绘图器，测绘仪；制图员plunger [ 'plʌndʒə ]n. 活塞，园柱，插棒polarization [ ,pəulərai'zeiʃən, -ri'z- ]n. 极化，偏振polycrystalline [ ,pɔli'kristəlain, -lin ] a. 多晶的polyhedron [ ,pɔli'hi:drən, -he- ]n. 多面体polymorphic [ ,pɔli'mɔ:fik ] a. 多形的，多态的，多晶的porosity [ pɔ:'rɔsiti, pəu- ]n. 气孔率，多孔性postulate [ 'pɔstjuleit, -tʃə- ]n. 假定，假设potash [ 'pɔtæʃ ]n. 碳酸钾pottery [ 'pɔtəri ]n. 陶器厂，陶器（制造术）precursor [ pri:'kə:sə, pri- ]n. 前驱物premise [ pri'maiz, 'premis ]n. 前提vt. 预述（条件），提出……为前提prism [ 'prizm ]n. 棱镜prismatic [ priz'mætik ] a. 斜方晶系的probe [ prəub ]v. & n. 探针，探测器，（以探针等）探察，查明progressively [ prəu'ɡresiv li ]ad. 日益增多地，逐渐projection [ prəu'dʒekʃən ]n. 喷射prolong [ prə'lɔŋ, 'lɔ:ŋ ]vt. 拉长，延长prospective [ prəu'spektiv ] a. 预期的，有希望的prototype [ 'prəutətaip ]n. 原型，样品pseudomorph [ 'psju:dəumɔ:f ]n. 假象，假晶quarry [ 'kwɔri ]n. 采石场quartzite [ 'kwɔ:tsait ]n. 石英岩，硅岩quench [ kwentʃ ]vt. 1、把……淬火；2、熄灭ram [ ræm ]v. 猛击，填塞，撞reagent [ ri:'eidʒənt ]n. 试剂rearrangement [ 'ri:ə'reindʒmənt ]n. 重排reciprocal [ ri'siprəkəl ]n. 倒数reciprocate [ ri'siprəkeit ]v. 往复运动，上下移动，来回recycle [ ,ri:'saikl ]v. & n. 再循环，反复利用refining[riˈfainiŋ]n. （玻璃液）澄清reflectivity [ ,ri:flek'tiviti ]n. 反射性，反射系数refraction [ ri'frækʃən ]n. 折射refractive index [ ri'fræktiv 'indeks]n. 折射率refractoriness[ ri'fræktərinis]n. 耐火度refractory [ ri'fræktəri ]n. & a. 耐火材料，耐熔的，难熔的rigorous [ 'riɡərəs ] a. 严厉的，严酷的replica [ 'replikə ]n. 复制品，拷贝resonator [ 'rezəneitə ]n. 谐振器，共振器retract [ ri'trækt ]vt. 缩进，收缩retrieve [ ri'tri:v ]vt. 1、取回，恢复；2、补偿，弥补retrogression [ ,retrəu'ɡreʃən ]n. 逆反应rheology [ ri:'ɔlədʒi, ri- ]n. 流变性rhombohedral [ˌrɔmbəuˈhi:drəl] a. 菱形的，菱面体的ruby [ 'ru:bi ]n. 红宝石rupture [ 'rʌptʃə ]n. 断裂rutile [ 'ru:tail, -ti:l ]n. 金红石sagger [ 'sæɡə ]n. 闸体sanitaryware[ˈsænitəriwɛə]n. 卫生洁具schematically[ski:ˈmætikəli]ad. 用示意图，示意地，大略地scrap [ skræp ]n. 碎片，废料screw dislocation [ skru: ,disləu'keiʃən]螺旋位错cullet [ 'kʌlit ]n. 碎玻璃seam [ si:m ]n. 缝，接缝segregation [ ,seɡri'ɡeiʃən ]n. 分层sensor [ 'sensə, -sɔ: ]n. 传感器setting time[ 'setiŋ taim]硬化时间setup [ 'setʌp ]n. 1、组织，构造；2、装置，装配，创立shear [ ʃiə ]n. 剪切shrinkage [ 'ʃriŋkidʒ ]n. 收缩（性，量，率）shutdown [ 'ʃʌtdaun ]n. 关闭，熄灭sieve [ siv ]vt. & n. 筛分silicate [ 'silikit, -keit ]n. 硅酸盐silo [ 'sailəu ]n. 料仓，简仓sintering [ 'sintəriŋ ]n. 烧结skid [ skid ]n. 1、滑动，打滑；2、滑橇，划板slab [ slæb ]n. 板皮，石板岩，厚平板，厚片slag [ slæɡ ]n. （炉）渣slip casting [ slip 'kɑ:stiŋ]n. 注浆成型，泥浆浇注slurry [ 'slə:ri, 'slʌ- ]n. 稀泥浆，水泥浆soda ash [ 'səudə æʃ]苏打灰Na2CO3sodium [ 'səudiəm ]n. 纳（Na）solder [ 'sɔldə ]n. & vt. 焊料，焊接spall [ 'spɔ:l ]v. 研碎，散裂spark plug [ spɑ:k plʌɡ]n. 火花塞spatial orientations [ 'speiʃəl ,ɔ:rien'teiʃəns]空间取向spherically [ 'sferikəli]ad. 球地，球形地spindle [ 'spindl ]n. 1、轴，心轴；2、锭子，纺锤spine [ spain ]n. 脊柱spinel [ spi'nel, 'spinəl ]n. 尖晶石spodumene [ 'spɔdjumi:n ]n. 锂辉石Li2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 spray-drying[ sprei 'draiiŋ]n. 喷雾干燥sputter deposition [ 'spʌtə ,depə'ziʃən]溅射沉积stochastic [ stɔ'kæstik, stəu- ] a. 随机的，机遇的，推测的stoichiometric [ ,stɔikiə'metrik ] a. 化学计量的stoneware [ 'stəunwεə ]n. 石制品，粗陶瓷（器）stress-strain curve [ stres strein kə:v]应力-应变曲线subjective [ səb'dʒektiv ] a. 主观的submicrometer [ sʌb 'maikrəu mi:tə ]n. 亚微米suffice [ sə'fais ]v. 足够，使满足superconductor [ ,sju:pəkən'dʌktə ]n. 超导体superfine [ ,sju:pə'fain ] a. 特级的supersaturation [ 'sju:pə,sætʃə'reiʃən ]n. 过饱和（现象）surfactant [ sə:'fæktənt ]n. 表面活化剂suspension [ sə'spenʃən ]n. 悬浮液symmetry [ 'simitri ]n. 对称，匀称symposium [ sim'pəuziəm ]n. 1、专题讨论会；2、专题论文集talc [ tælk ]n. & vt. 滑石，用滑石处理tantalum [ 'tæntələm ]n. 钽tar [ tɑ: ]n. 焦油temporal [ 'tempərəl ] a. 1、暂时的，转瞬间的；2、时间的tensile strength [ 'tensail streŋθ]抗张强度ternary [ 'tə:nəri ] a. & n. 三元（的），三重（的）tetragonal [ te'træɡənəl ] a. 四方晶系的tetrahedron [ ,tetrə'hi:drət, -'he- ]n. 四面体tetravalent [ ,tetrə'veilənt, te'trævə- ] a. 四价的texture [ 'tekstʃə ]n. 织构，质地，结构thermalcouple [ 'θə:məl 'kʌpl]n. 热电偶thermal expansion coefficient[ 'θə:məl ik'spænʃən ,kəui'fiʃənt ]热膨胀系数thermal shock resistance[ 'θə:məl ʃɔk ri'zistəns ]抗热震（性）thermoplastic[ ,θə:məu'plæstik ] a. 热塑性的throwing[ 'θrəuiŋ ]n. 手工拉坯titania [ tai'teiniə, ti- ]n. 二氧化钛titanate [ 'taitəneit ]n. 钛酸盐tolerance [ 'tɔlərəns ]n. 公差，容许限度toughness[ tʌfnis ] n. 韧性toxicity [ tɔk'sisəti ]n. 毒性translucent [ trænz'lju:sənt, træns-, trɑ:n- ]n. 半透明的tridymite [ 'tridimait ]n. 磷石英trigonal [ 'triɡənəl, trai'ɡəunəl ] a. 三方的valency [ 'veilənsi ]n. 化合价，价，原子价varistor [ və'ristə ]n. 压敏电阻，可变电阻versatile [ 'və:sətail ] a. 1、通用的，万能的；2、活动的，万向的vertebra [ 'və:tibrə ]n. 椎骨，脊椎（pl. vertebrae）vinylalcohol [ 'vainil 'ælkəhɔl]n. 乙烯醇vitreous [ 'vitriəs ] a. 玻璃质的，玻璃态的vitrification [ ,vitrifi'keiʃən ]n. 玻璃化vitrify [ 'vitrifai ]v. 玻璃化，（使）成玻璃volatilization [ vɔ,lætilai'zeiʃən ]n. 挥发wetting[ 'wetiŋ ]n. （变、润、浸）湿whisker [ 'hwiskə ]n. 晶须whiteware [ 'hwaitwεə ]n. 白色（卫生）陶瓷wollastonite [ 'wuləstənait ]n. 硅灰石workability [ ,wə:kə'biləti ]n. 成型性zeolite [ 'zi:əlait ]n. 沸石zinc[ ziŋk ]n. 锌zirconia [ 'zə:kɔniə]n. 氧化锆zircon [ 'zə:kɔn ]n. 锆石，锆英石。
英语考得很简单，最后的翻译千万不要空着。
只要填上，老师就会给分，去年我们班有个孩子直接空着，老师都没办法通融。
Chapter 1 The Development of Modern Ceramic Technology1.1 Definitionfictile[‘fiktail]（可塑性的,陶土制的）clay and bat（油页岩,泥质页岩), such as brick, tile, clay pipe and all fire-proofs(耐火物器）Ceramics is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products which are subjected to an high temperature during manufacture or use and which are produced with natural mineral materials and/or synthetic materials and/or chemical products as raw materials. refractory[ri’fræktəri]耐熔的, 难熔炼的monolithic[,mɔnə’liθik]整体的,块体的products are used in iron and steel, non-ferrous metals有色金属blown glass吹制(dinnerware),abrasive[ə’breisiv] 耐磨材料,磨料garnet[‘ɡɑ:nit]金刚砂, diamond金刚石polishing, lapping抛光、擦光、研磨enamels[I’næməl]搪瓷vt.涂瓷釉于; 给…上瓷漆; 给…上彩饰stoneware 炻器once-fired 一次烧成biscuit fired 素烧glazed firing 釉烧feldspars 长石chalk白垩White-ware: a general term for all those varieties of pottery thatusually have a white body, e.g, tableware, sanitary ware and wall tiles.Glaze: A thin glassy layer formed on the surface of a ceramic product by firing on applied coating, a glaze may be partially crystalline.Porcelain: thin shiny material of very fine quality, of which cups, dishes etc., may be made, and which is produced by baking a clay mixture.瓷器China: in USA, A STM-C242 defines the word as any glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic white-ware used for non-technical purposes, e.g. dinnerware, sanitary-ware and art-ware, provided that they are vitreous. 精细瓷器China, a hard white substance made by baking fine clay at high temperature- compare porcelain.1.2 Classification of ceramicsAdvanced ceramics can be classified as Engineering Ceramics and Functional Ceramics by their propertiesTypical engineering ceramics now widely used are alumina [ə’lju:minə]n.氧化铝, zirconia[zə:’kəuniə]氧化锆, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride etcFunctional ceramics includes bioceramics,electronic ceramics, magnetic ceramics, optical ceramics,nuclear and environmental ceramics, super-conducting ceramics, electro-optic ceramics etc.1.3The history of Chinese ceramicsPorcelain derived from pottery. Scholars differ on 持不同意见exactly how and when pottery-making began.prehistory史前Porcelain was a great invention of ancient ChinaAfter 1,000 years, mature celadons [‘selədən]灰绿色,青瓷色were manufactured in Eastern Han. Eastern Han was in important milestone in Chinese ceramic history.For example, North Xin邢were white ceramics ‘‘silver-alike, snow-alike’’, Southern Yue were celadons ‘‘jade-alike, ice-alike’’, two series of wares "north white, South celadon ‘‘formed.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed[‘ʌndəɡleiz]釉下的red porcelain and egg white porcelain.People invented another new way to make ceramics which mixed porcelain stones and kaolin.bronze red 铜红delicate[‘delikit]精美的,雅致的elegant优美的the opium war 鸦片战争breaking out, China reduced to the status of semi-colonial[kə’ləunjəl], semi-feudal[‘fju:dl]封建的society with weak national power.Being the peak of Chinese ceramics history, the ceramics industry of Ming and Qing Dynasty had a great influence upon modern Chinese ceramics industry.sites of遗址the Neolithic age, commodities日用品, pottery figurine雕像. clay-strip building method （泥条筑成型方法）throw clay method（拉坯成型）, side-fired kiln（侧烧窑）and shaft kiln （立窑）ground firing （园烧）. firing temperature烧成温度Kiln[kiln]窑: A high temperature installation used for firing ceramic ware or for calcining or sintering.shaft kiln（立窑）: vertical kiln charged at the top and discharged at the bottom.Celadon: An art ware glaze of a characteristic green colour, which is obtained by introducing a small percentage of iron oxide into the glaze match and firing under reducing conditions so that the iron is in ferrous state亚铁态.Aging(陈腐): A process, also known as souring, in which moistened clay, or prepared body, is stored for a period to permit the water to become more uniformly dispersed.filtration滤泥, washing, pugging mullering练泥, aging 陈腐were omitted. Body bareness （秃釉）and glaze flow（流釉）combination between body and glazeScaling（脱釉）seedtime（萌芽期）In this period, the society was turbulent（动荡）, truceless（战乱）. Buddhism[‘budizəm] 佛教all-time (有史以来）exquisite（优美的）.The porcelain capital Jingdezhen grew up in Yuan Dynasty, and it was very famous for blue-and-white porcelain, underglazed red porcelain and egg white porcelain.jigger 辘轳车wheel jiggering 旋坯成型,又称压坯成型,或样板刀成型（template forming),是将可塑泥料置于旋坯机上旋转的石膏模具中,泥料受到样板刀剪切和挤压,在模子表面形成坯体的可塑成型方法。
