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高三英语材料科学单选题60题1.Metal is a common material in engineering. Which of the following is not a metal?A.ironB.aluminumC.glassD.copper答案：C。
本题考查材料科学中金属的概念。
铁（iron）、铝（aluminum）和铜（（copper）都是常见的金属。
而玻璃（（glass）是一种非金属材料，主要由硅酸盐等组成。
2.Which material is often used for insulation?A.steelB.plasticC.goldD.silver答案：B。
在材料科学中，塑料（（plastic）常被用作绝缘材料。
钢（steel）、金（（gold）和银（（silver）都是导电性能较好的金属材料，不适合用于绝缘。
3.In the field of materials science, which one is a composite material?A.woodB.paperC.concreteD.water答案：C。
混凝土（（concrete）是一种复合材料，由水泥、骨料和水等组成。
木头（（wood）是天然材料。
纸（（paper）主要由纤维素等组成，不是复合材料。
水（water）是一种化合物，不是复合材料。
4.Which material is known for its high hardness?A.rubberB.leatherC.diamondD.cloth答案：C。
在材料科学中，钻石（（diamond）以其高硬度而闻名。
橡胶（rubber）、皮革（leather）和布（cloth）的硬度都较低。
5.Which of the following materials is ductile?A.brickB.glassC.copperD.stone答案：C。
在材料科学中，铜（（copper）是一种具有延展性（（ductile）的金属材料。
Unit 1 Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials science材料科学Stone age石器时代Naked eye肉眼Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能Integrated circuit集成电路Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。
，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。
固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。
In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。
无机非金属材料工程专业英语一、无机非金属材料概论中文英文无机非金属材料inorganic non-metallic materials 定义definition分类classification组成composition结构structure性能properties制备方法preparation methods应用领域application fields陶瓷ceramics玻璃glass耐火材料refractories水泥cement石膏gypsum石棉asbestos碳素材料carbon materials石墨graphite碳纤维carbon fiber碳纳米管carbon nanotube钻石diamond全氟聚合物fluoropolymer聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)聚偏氟乙烯polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)聚合物陶瓷polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs)氧化物陶瓷oxide ceramics氧化铝alumina (Al2O3)氧化锆zirconia (ZrO2)氧化镁magnesia (MgO)氧化钛titania (TiO2)非氧化物陶瓷non-oxide ceramics氮化硅silicon nitride (Si3N4)氮化铝aluminium nitride (AlN)碳化硅silicon carbide (SiC)碳化钨tungsten carbide (WC)碳化钛titanium carbide (TiC)二、物理化学中文英文物理化学physical chemistry物质matter结构structure组成composition性质properties变化规律laws of change分子运动论kinetic theory of molecules分子molecule原子atom离子ion气体gas液体liquid固体solid理想气体ideal gas真实气体real gas相平衡phase equilibrium相phase相图phase diagram相规则phase rule单元系unary system二元系binary system三元系ternary system溶液理论solution theory溶液solution溶剂solvent溶质solute浓度concentration摩尔分数mole fraction理想溶液ideal solution非理想溶液non-ideal solutionRaoult定律Raoult's lawHenry定律Henry's law三、无机材料科学基础中文英文无机材料科学基础fundamentals of inorganic materials science 无机材料inorganic materials结构structure性能properties结构-性能关系structure-property relationship晶体结构crystal structure晶体系统crystal system点阵类型lattice type空间群space group单胞参数lattice parameters基元胞primitive cell单位胞unit cell四、热工基础中文英文热工基础thermal engineering fundamentals热力学thermodynamics传热学heat transfer流体力学fluid mechanics热工学科thermal engineering disciplines 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力系统thermodynamic system系统边界system boundary系统状态system state状态方程equation of state过程process循环cycle工作物质working substance理想气体ideal gas气体常数gas constant温度temperature压力pressure体积volume内能internal energy热容heat capacity比热容specific heat capacity焓enthalpy熵entropy自由能free energy吉布斯函数Gibbs function卡诺循环Carnot cycle热效率thermal efficiency 反向卡诺循环reversed Carnot cycle制冷系数coefficient of performance传导传热heat conduction傅里叶定律Fourier's law热导率thermal conductivity热阻thermal resistance稳态传热steady-state heat transfer非稳态传热transient heat transfer对流传热heat convection对流换热系数convection heat transfer coefficient 力对流forced convection自然对流natural convection努塞尔特数Nusselt number辐射传热heat radiation斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律Stefan-Boltzmann law黑体blackbody发射率emissivity吸收率absorptivity反射率reflectivity透射率transmissivity灰体graybody视域因子view factor流体静力学fluid statics流体fluid密度density粘度viscosity表面张力surface tension液压hydrostatics帕斯卡定律Pascal's law流体运动方程equations of fluid motion质量守恒方程continuity equation动量守恒方程momentum equation能量守恒方程energy equation雷诺数Reynolds number理想流体ideal fluid实际流体real fluid层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow边界层boundary layer阻力drag升力lift伯努利方程Bernoulli's equation皮托管Pitot tube五、无机非金属材料物理性能中文英文无机非金属材料物理性能physical properties of inorganic non-metallic materials 电学性能electrical properties磁学性能magnetic properties光学性能optical properties声学性能acoustic properties热学性能thermal properties电导率electrical conductivity电阻率electrical resistivity电容率electrical capacitance介电常数dielectric constant压电效应piezoelectric effect热电效应thermoelectric effect光电效应photoelectric effect半导体性质semiconductor properties铁电性质ferroelectric properties磁导率magnetic permeability磁化率magnetic susceptibility磁滞回线hysteresis loop铁磁性质ferromagnetic properties反铁磁性质antiferromagnetic properties顺磁性质paramagnetic properties抗磁性质diamagnetic properties光学常数optical constants折射率refractive index反射率reflectance吸收率absorbance透射率transmittance色散现象dispersion phenomenon双折射现象birefringence phenomenon声速sound velocity声阻抗acoustic impedance。
The Professional English for Inorganic Nonmetallic MaterialsA.Translation1.We define ceramics as the art and science of making and using solid articles which have as their essentialcomponent ,and are composed in large part of, inorganic nonmetallic materials.我们把陶瓷学定义为制造和应用由无机非金属材料作为基本组分组成的固体制品的技术和科学。
2.The origination of novel ceramic materials and new methods of manufacture requires us to take afundamental approach to the art and science and a broad view of the field.新颖的陶瓷材料和新的制造方法的出现，要求我们对这种技艺和科学进行基础性的探讨，并且要对相关领域有更广泛的认识。
3.Perhaps even more important than being useful or necessary of themselves are those situations inwhich the feasibility or effectiveness of a large system depends critically on its ceramic components.也许比陶瓷本身的实用性或必要性更为重要的是，一个大的系统是否切实可行或有效，在很大程度上取决于这一系统中所使用的陶瓷组件。
4.This leverage in the importance of ceramic materials has in many cases led to intensive research toward abetter understanding of properties, often out of all proportion to their dollar value.在很多情况下，陶瓷材料所具有的举足轻重的地位导致了对其进行深入的研究，以便更好地了解它的性能。
无机非金属材料专业英语复习题材料科学与工程专业英语（要懂得变通，背了的词组里有些词可以换了以后变成另一个词，背词组建议把词组拆开背会各词的意思。
）一、二单词、词组翻译（英译汉'15'2=30⨯）⨯汉译英'1515'1=单词：1 H 氢Hydrogen 11 Na 钠Sodium2 He 氦Helium 12 Mg 镁Magnesium3 Li 锂Lithium 13 Al 铝Aluminum4 Be 铍Beryllium 14 Si 硅Silicon5 B 硼Boron 15 P 磷Phosphorus6 C 碳Carbon 16 S 硫Sulfur7 N 氮Nitrogen 17 Cl 氯Chlorine8 O 氧Oxygen 18 Ar 氩Argon9 F 氟Fluorine 19 K 钾Potassium10 Ne 氖Neon 20 Ca 钙Calciumbarium nitrate硝酸钡magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁manganese sulfate硫酸锰（此处结构注意后面酸的写法，前面元素可换）PS：常用单词Mechanical 力学的magnetic 磁学的electrical 电学的thermal 热学的Optical 光学的deteriorative 化学的carbonate碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物Carbide 碳化物Processing 加工stiffness 刚度toughness 韧性structure 结构property 性质performance 性能strength 强度density 密度ceramic 陶瓷plastic 塑料semiconductor 半导体polymer 聚合物metal 金属alloy 合金composite 复合材料Atomic 原子的electronic 电子的phase 相PS:加粗的必掌握。
被铝取代的氧O2-ion replaced by Al3+比热specific heat波函数wave function玻璃态的vitreous玻璃组成glass composition 不完整的配位incomplete coordination长石feldspar成对电子paired electrons 初晶相the primary phase 磁光效应magneto-optic effect缔合缺陷associated defects 电导conductivity电光效应electro-optic effect电子空穴electron holes电子排布electronconfiguration断裂韧性fracture-toughness二价阳离子divalentcation钙铝硅酸盐玻璃calcium-aluminateglass刚性体rigid body锆英石zircon共沉淀和过饱和coprecipitationandsupersaturation共价键covalent bonds固体电解质Solid electrolyte硅铝酸盐alumina-silica红外投射infraredtransmission互溶体mutual solution化学方程式chemical formulate碱金属alkali metal碱金属硅酸盐玻璃alkali silicateglass碱金属卤化物hailde of alkalimetals角连接的硅氧四面体[SiO4]tetrahedrawith shared corners介电常数、强度、损耗dielectricconstant、strength、losses紧密堆积结构closed-packedstructure近似立方紧密堆积nearly cubicclose-packedstructure净化工艺purificatinprocedures颗粒尺寸分布particle sizedistribution颗粒的重排和团聚particlerearrangement andagglomerate快离子导体Fast ion conductor冷却速率cooling rate离子键ionic bonds链状排列chain arrangement莫来石mullite母体玻璃parent glass钠钙硅玻璃soda-lime-silicaglass配位数coordinationnumber喷雾干燥和煅烧spray-drying andcalcination缺乏absence of缺陷化学defect chemistry热历史the thermal history热能thermal energy热膨胀系数thermal expansioncoefficient熔点melting point软化范围softening range三元系统the ternary system受控结晶controlledcrystallization水软化water softener四面体tetrahedron体积核化volume nucleation退火玻璃annealing glass退火和烧结温度annealing andsinteringtemperature网络结构network structure网络条整体network modifier相图phase diagram学说theory学说解释account for压敏电阻和热敏电阻varistor andthermistor亚原子粒子subatomicparticles衍生结构derivationstructure阳离子cation氧化锆陶瓷zirconia-basedceramics氧离子oxygen ions液相温度liquidustemperature一价阴离子univalent anion异质核化heter ogeneousnucleation阴离子anion阴离子空位vacant anion sites有效电荷effective charges折射率和色散index of refractionand dispersion中间体intermediate转变温度transmissiontemperatureact as作为，冲当aggregation of finepowder细粉团聚alumina-silica铝硅酸盐as compared to与…比较ball-milled powers球磨粉末be based on以…为基础be regarded as被认为是chanrgedinterstitial site带电间隙位chemical formulate化学方程式cohesive fore内聚力commence with从……开始effectivelyneutral charge有效中性点荷fireclay products黏土烧制产品framework框架结构glassy andcrystalline grainboundary phases玻璃相和晶界相hexagonalclosed-packedstructure六方紧密堆积结构host lattice主晶格hot uniaxialpressing单轴热压hybridization ofthe atomic orbitals原子杂化轨道in particular of特别尤其in spite of尽管isotronic均质的isotrophicsubstitution均匀取代layed structure层状结构Low temperaturemodifications低温变体non-metal非金属octahedral hole八面体空隙olivine minerals橄榄石矿物on the basis of 以…为基础point defects点缺陷quantum mechanics 量子力学shrinkage and densification收缩和致密化solid solution固溶体tetrahedral coordinations四面体配位tetrahedral site 四面体位置Three dimensiona models三维结构模型transmission of light beams透过光束transparency、translucency、opacity透明、半透明、不透明universal acceptance普遍认可vacancy pair空位对Van der Waals forces范德华力vice versa反之亦然。
材料科学与工程专业英语（要懂得变通，背了的词组里有些词可以换了以后变成另一个词，背词组建议把词组拆开背会各词的意思。
）一、二单词、词组翻译（英译汉'15'2=30⨯）⨯汉译英'1515'1=单词：1 H 氢Hydrogen11 Na 钠Sodium2 He 氦Helium 12 Mg 镁Magnesium3 Li 锂Lithium 13 Al 铝Aluminum4 Be 铍Beryllium 14 Si 硅Silicon5 B 硼Boron 15 P 磷Phosphorus6 C 碳Carbon16 S 硫Sulfur7 N 氮Nitrogen17 Cl 氯Chlorine8 O 氧Oxygen18 Ar 氩Argon9 F 氟Fluorine 19 K 钾Potassium10 Ne 氖Neon 20 Ca 钙Calciumbarium nitrate硝酸钡magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁manganese sulfate硫酸锰（此处结构注意后面酸的写法，前面元素可换）PS：常用单词Mechanical 力学的magnetic 磁学的electrical 电学的thermal 热学的Optical 光学的deteriorative 化学的carbonate碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物Carbide 碳化物Processing 加工stiffness 刚度toughness 韧性structure 结构property 性质performance 性能strength 强度density 密度ceramic 陶瓷plastic 塑料semiconductor 半导体polymer 聚合物metal 金属alloy 合金composite 复合材料Atomic 原子的electronic 电子的phase 相PS:加粗的必掌握。
英译汉:Elastic modulus 弹性模量Stiffness and toughness 刚度和韧性，机械性能Naked eye肉眼Optical property 光学性质Thermal conductivity 热导率Mechanical strength 机械强度Transition elements 过渡元素magnetic permeability 磁导率Alkali metals 碱金属integrated circuit 集成电路Positively charged protons 正电荷质子specific gravity 比重The melting point 熔点conduction bands 导带The ion lattice 离子晶格polycrystalline ceramics 多晶陶瓷Composite materials 复合材料汉译英:Materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程1.257×10-6 1.257 times ten to negative six powerHigh-performance materials 高性能材料Microstructure 微观结构Macrostructure 宏观结构Chemical reaction 化学反应Atomic weight 原子量The boiling point 沸点Balanced electrical charge 电荷平衡Thermal conductivity 热导率Alkali-earth metals 碱土金属Electrical conductivity 导电性（电导率）Hotpressed ceramics 热压陶瓷Phase transformation 相变Dielectric constant 介电常数Heat capacity 热容Materials processing 材料加工Elastic modulus 弹性模量Magnetic radiation 电磁辐射Mechanical property 力学性质Glass transition temperature 玻璃转变温度词组：（加粗的是她提了的，英译汉还是汉译英都不确定）Solid material 固体材Nuclear charge 核电荷Electron microscope 电子显微镜lattice defect/imperfection 晶格缺陷High electrical resistivity 高电阻率Low lattice constant 低晶格常数一种常见的聚合物[ polyester 聚酯polyethylene (PE) 聚乙烯Poly vinyl chloride （PVC）聚氯乙烯Polycarbonate (PC) 聚碳酸酯Polystyrene (PS) 聚苯乙烯Epoxy 环氧树脂]三、四句子（英译汉'5⨯）'4=2015⨯汉译英'5'3=英译汉:1. “Materials Science ” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.In contrast, “Materials engieering ” involves, on the basis of these structure-property correlations,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories：mechanical ,electrical, thermal ,magnetic , optical, and deteriorative.实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3.P38（2）5使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小，这种材料被称为反磁性材料。
使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。
汉译英:1.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.磁性材料在第四单元（其他的多看看，尤其第一、二、三、四、九、十单元）五、段落（英译汉'10=⨯）2'201.什么是材料科学，什么是材料工程，二者的关系Sometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials engineering subdisciplines. Strictly speaking, ”materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and p roperties of materials. In contrast, ”materials engineering” involves, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials,whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials and/or to develop techniques for processing materials. Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers. (P1 Materials Science and Engineering)有时候把材料科学与工程再细分为材料科学与材料工程的分支是十分有用的。
严格来讲，“材料科学”包含研究材料结构与性质间存在的关系。
相比之下，“材料工程”是根据材料的结构和性质间的关系来设计或改变材料的结构以制造出一系列可预先决定的性质。
从功能的角度来讲，材料科学家的任务是开发或合成新材料，然而材料工程师被要求用现有的材料去创造新产物和/或去开发材料加工方法。
大多数毕业生在材料专业的教学计划下被培养成材料科学家同时也是材料工程师。
2.多晶陶瓷的构成，相变，微观结构和加工过程之间的关系Polycrystalline ceramics have a structure consisting of many grains. The size, shape, and orientation of the grains play a key role in many of the macroscopic properties of these materials, for example, mechanical strength. In most ceramics, more than one phase is present, with each phase having its own structure, composition, and properties. Control of the type, size, distribution, and amount of these phases within the material provides a means to control properties. The microstructure of a ceramic is often a result of the way it was processed. For example, hotpressed ceramics often have very few pores. This may not be the case in sintered materials.（P99 第一段）多晶陶瓷的结构中包含很多晶粒。
