语用学 第三章指示词语

指示词语的名词解释近代语言学研究中，指示词语是一个重要的概念，它用来指代特定的人、物、地点或概念。

指示词语可以帮助人们在沟通中更准确地表达自己的意思，避免语义模糊和歧义。

在本文中，将对指示词语进行详细的名词解释。

一、指示代词指示代词是一种用来指示特定人或物的词语。

它们可以根据它们的形式和用法被分为多个类别。

一个常见的例子是“this”和“that”，它们用于指代离讲话者较近和较远的人或物。

例如，当某人指着某样东西并说“这个”时，他们使用的就是指示代词“this”。

指示代词还可以根据它们的数量来分类。

例如，“these”和“those”用于指代复数形式的人或物，表示离讲话者较近或较远的多个对象。

此外，“here”和“there”也被视为指示代词，在句子中用于指代特定的位置。

二、指示副词指示副词是一种用于指示地点、距离、时间等的词语。

它们可以帮助我们在交流中更准确地描述某事发生的地点或时间。

例如，“here”用于指代讲话者所在的地方，“there”用于指代离讲话者较远的地方。

指示副词还可以根据它们的程度或方向来分类。

例如，“near”和“far”用于指示接近或远离的地点，“now”和“then”用于指示当前或之后的时间。

三、指示形容词指示形容词是一种用于形容名词的词语，用来指示特定的人或物。

它们通常在名词前被使用，以帮助我们更准确地描述和识别某个对象。

例如，“this”和“that”用于指代较近和较远的人或物，与指示代词的使用方式相似。

指示形容词还可以根据它们与名词的关系来分类。

例如，“these”和“those”用于指代复数形式的名词，表示离讲话者较近或较远的多个对象。

此外，“same”和“different”也被视为指示形容词，用于描述两个或多个对象之间的相似或不同之处。

总结起来，指示词语在语言交流中起到了非常关键的作用。

它们帮助我们更准确地指代特定的人、物、地点或概念，避免了语义模糊和歧义。

通过了解和正确使用指示词语，我们可以提高我们的表达准确性，促进有效的沟通。

语用学是现代语言学发展最快和受到语言学界普遍重视的分支学科。

它以言语交际为研究对象，关注的是特定语境中话语的动态意义，强调交际双方在意义的生成和理解过程中的作用。

本课程将聚焦于语用学的传统研究课题，从指示语、言语行为理论、间接言语行为、古典格赖斯会话含义理论、新格赖斯会话含义理论、关联理论等视角剖析言语交际，为学生提供比较全面、系统的交际理论体系。

本课程的教学目的：通过本课程的教学，使学生了解语用学的发展历史、最新动态及发展趋势；了解传统语用学的研究体系及分析单元；了解各种交际理论的产生背景、基本内容、对言语交际的解释力及其局限性；培养学生运用语用学理论进行话语分析的能力。

了解语用学学科的形成和发展历史；了解传统语用学研究体系的主要课题；熟谙各交际理论的基本框架及其对言语交际的解释力；掌握运用语用学理论进行言语交际研究的基本方法。

以教师讲授、学生讨论为主，辅以课外语用小论文的写作。

教学手段可适当利用多媒体辅助教学。

第三讲：指示语一、指示语的含义：是其所指或意义需要特定的交际语境来确定的词语和语法范畴。

如：时、空、人称等。

如：我半小时后到那里。

二、指示语的特点：1、说话人参照：以自我为中心，主观性词语。

比勒（Buhlerk）指示场理论——“我”-“这里”-“现在”主体定位系统。

中枢人物：说话人；中枢时间：说话时间；中枢地点：说话人说话时所处位置；话语中枢：一句话中说话人当时正说到的部分。

社交中枢：说话人相对听话人的社会地位和等级。

有些指示语以说话人以外的参加者所处的位置为中心，如：家宅、活动组织等。

“Party”2、指示语的先用作用及指示的不可替代性（以非指示代指示）三、指示词语的用法：1、手势型用法即与身体语言一起使用，要理解指示的意义必须要知道说话人在说话的同时使用了什么样的身体语言。

如：“把钢琴放在这里”。

“不，不是这里，而是这里”。

理解完全依靠原来的真实交际情景2、象征型用法理解无需重现交际的真实情景，而往往只是包括交际发生人时间、地点在内的更大范围的时间、地点以及参与者。

第三章指示词语及其功能•什么叫指示词语•指示词语的指示用法•指示词语的类别•指示词语的功能•思考与分析一、什么叫指示词语1、英语“deixis”的汉译英语“deixis”一词来自希腊语，原意为“指点（pointing）”或“标示（indicating）”。

作为语用学术语，其汉译，语用学者有人译作“指示词语”，有人译作“指别”。

我们认为应译为“指示词语及其功能”才比较确切。

2、指示词语的定义指示词语，也称指示语，就是表示指示信息的词语。

即巴尔－希勒尔所谓的“在不知其使用语境时就无法确定其所指语义的指示词或指示句。

”（见教材第39页）指示信息，就是指示词语所表达的指称意义或者隐含意义。

包括人称、时间、空间、移动等概念；也指话语进程、会话双方、相互识别及相互关系等。

指示词语包括：指示代词、人称代词、物主代词、时态助词、某些情态助动词和表示移动的动词、时间和地点副词、某些称谓，以及在特定语境中表示事物关系和人的社交关系的词语。

指示词语包括：指示代词、人称代词、物主代词、时态助词、某些情态助动词和表示移动的动词、时间和地点副词、某些称谓，以及在特定语境中表示事物关系和人的社交关系的词语。

3、指示系统的组织方式在面对面的言语交际中，指示系统一般是以自我（说话人）为中心组织起来的。

指示语的指示中心：①中心人物一般是说话人；②中心时间是说话人说话的时间；③中心地点是说话人说话时所处的地点；④语篇中心是一句话中说话人当时正说到的部分；⑤社交中心是说话人相对于说话对象的社会地位。

指示词语用例（1）我一个小时后回来。

假设你在某教室看到这样一张没有落款和时间的纸条，你会选择等待还是离开？我们不能确定那个“我”究竟是谁，不知道“一个小时后”是什么时候，因为“我”和“一个小时后”都是指示语，要确定其具体意义必须参照具体的语境——究竟是谁在什么时候留下了这张纸条。

当这些基本的语境信息缺失时，我们无法断定这句话中指示语的意义。

指示语deixis话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。

指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。

这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。

指示语主要有：1、人称指示。

称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。

最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。

2、时间指示。

时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。

时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。

在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。

3、空间指示。

空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。

空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。

4、话语指示。

话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。

由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。

5、社交指示。

社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。

DeixisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1]The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2Types of deixis[edit]Traditional categoriesPossibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3] [edit]PersonPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.GenderIn many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :A man is responsible for his own soulas opposed toEach person is responsible for his or her own soulcommon in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female persons.PlacePlace deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs“here” and “there”and the demonstratives“this” and “that” - although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]Some examples:I enjoy living in this city.Here is where we will place the statue.She was sitting over there.Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as inThe shop is across the street.where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, whileHere is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closerto the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic Englishforms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]TimeTime, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to inan utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the "tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to writeIt is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latterthe DT.Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, forexample, simple English past tense is absolute, such as inHe went.while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as inHe had gone.Other categoriesThough the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4][edit]DiscourseDiscourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the utterance itself. For example, inThis is a great story.“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and inThat was an amazing day.that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as inMatthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time. In his exampleI was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their refe rence to London, and deictically in that the choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.[1]The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[samesubject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed][edit]SocialSocial deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions and honorifics.Usages of deixisIt is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well asnon-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for exampleI broke this finger.requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereasI love this city.requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,I went to this city one time . . .is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used inits place.。