语言学期末习参考

文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]英语语言学练习题I ∙ MatChingMatCh each Of the following terms in COlUmn A With One Of th©appropria te defi nit ions in COlUnIn B.COlUmn A1. displacement 10. motivation 19.blending2. IangUe 11.arbitrariness 20. CUItUre3. SUPraSegmentaI PetenCe 21. lea:Tningfeature 13. broad Strategies4. deep Strueture transcription 22.SeIeCtiOnaI5. PrediCatiOn 14.morphology restrictionsanalysis 15. CategOry 23.PhraSe Structure 6. idiolect 16. errors rules7・ Pidgin POnential 24.CUItUre8. IniStakeS analysis CIiffUSiOn9. interlanguage 18. COntextCOlUmn BA.LearnerS t independent SyStem Of the SeCOnd language, WhiChis Of neither the native IangUage nor the SeCOnd language, but a COntinUUnI Or approximation from his native IangUage to the target IangUage・9B.Learner, S attitudes and affective State Or Iearning drive,having a Strong impact On his efforts n Iearning a SeCOnelIangUage・21C.The rules that SPeCify the COnStituents Of SyntaCticCategories・ 23D.ThrOUgh COnlmUniCatiOnJ SOme el emen ts Of CUltUre A enter CUltUreB and become Part Of CUltUre B. 24E. A PerSOnaI dialect Of an individual SPeaker that COmbineSelements regarding regional, social, gender, and age VariatiOnS・6F. A SPeCiaI IangUage Variety that mixes Or blends IangUageS andit is USed by PeOPIe WhO SPeak different IangUageS for restricted PUrPOSeS SUCh as trading・7G.The kind Of analysis WhiCh involves the breaking down OfPrediCatiOnS into their COnStitUents ------- arguments andPrediCateS・ 5H.They refer to COnStraintS Orl What IeXiCaI items Can go WithWhat Others・22I.The StrUCture formed by the XP rule in accordance With the head' SSUbCategOriZatiOn PrOPertieS・ 4J. K. L. M. N. O.P. Q. R. S.T . U .V .W .X.The PhOnemiC features that OCCUr above the IeVeI Of the Segments. 3The StUdy Of the internal StrUCtUre Of WOrdSJ and the rules that govern the rule Of WOrd formation.The abstract IingUiStiCSPeeCh COnImUnity. 2 LangUage Can be USed immediate SitUatiOnS distinctive features Learner? S conscious,14SyStenl Shared by all the members Of arefer to COnteXtS removed from the theSPeaker・ It is One Of thehuman IangUage・ 1goal-oriented and PrObIenI-SOIVing basedtoOfOfefforts to achieve Iearning efficiency・10The total Way Of Iife Of a people, including the PatternS Of belief, CUStOmSJ ObjeCts, InStitUtions, IangUage that CharaCteriZeS the Iife Of 20The COnImOn knowledge Shared by both the 18techniques, and thehuman COnlmUnity.SPeaker and hearer.The Way Of WOrd formation by WhiCh new WOrdS may be formed by COmbining PartS Of Other WOrdS・ 19A group Of IingUiStic items WhiCh fulfill the Same Or SinliIar functions in a PartiCUIar language, SUCh as a sentence, a noun PhraSe Or a Verb・ 15A Way PrOPOSeCl by the StrUCtUraI SemantiCiStS to analyze WOrd meaning・ ThiS approach believes that the meaning Of a WOrd Can be dissected into meaning COmPOnents. 17The ideal USer, S knowledge Of the rules Of his IangUage・12 One Of the PrOPertieS Of human IangUage・ It means that there is no IOgiCal COnneCtiOn between meanings and SOUndS・ 11 A Way to transcribe SPeeCh SOUndS With letter-symbols only.13They reflect gaps In a Iearner, S knowledge Of the target IangUageJ not Self-COrrigibIe・16They reflect OCCaSiOnaI IaPSeS in PerfOrmanCe・ 8II ・ BIank-filling.FilI in the following blanks With a word, WhOSe initial Ietter has been given.1."A rose by any Other name WOUld SmelI as SWeet・” ThiSQUOtatiOn is a good illustration Of the a _______ nature OfIangUage・ Arbitrary2.The description Of a IangUage at SOme POint Of time inhistory is a SynChrOniC study; the description Of a IangUage as it ChangeS through time IS a d _________ StUdy. DiaChrOniC3.ChOmSky defines C _____ as the ideal user" S knowledge Of therules Of his language, and PerfOrmanCe the actual realization Of this knowledge in IingUiStic COmmUniCatiOrι. COmPetenCe4.In the PrOdUCtiOn Of VOWeIS the air Streain COlning from theIUngS meets With no o _____ ・ ThiS marks the essentialCIifferenCe between VOWeIS and COnSOnantS・ ObStrUCtiOn5.The different PhOneS that Can represent a PhOneme inCIifferent PhOnetiC environments are Called the a ______ Of the PhOneme・ AlIOPhOne6.AlIOPhOneS Of the Same PhOneme Cannot OCCUr in the SamePhOnetiC environment・ They are Said to be in C ______CIiStribUtiO n. COmPIeme nt ary7・ When pitch, Stress and SOUncl Iength are tied to the SentenCe rather than the WOrCl in ISOIation, they are COlIeCtiVeIy known as i ___________ ・IntOnation8.The m ____ Unit Of meaning is traditionally CalIed morpheme・MinimUln9.I ___ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the mostPart PUreIy grammatical markers, Signifying SUCh COnCePtS astense, number, CaSe and SO OrL InfIeCtiOnal10.PhraSeS that are formed Of more than One WOrd USUalIyCOntain three elements： head, SPeCifierJ and C ______ ・COmPlement11.COnCerning the StUdy Of meaning, COnCePtUaIiSt VieW holdsthat there IS no direct Iink between a IingUiStiC form and What it refers to; rather, in the interpretation Of meaning they are Iinked through the mediation Of C ________________ in the mind・COnCePt12.The SenSe relation between U animaI n and U dog v is CalIeclh ___ ・ hyponymy13.P ___ refers to the PhenOmenOn that the Same WOrd may have aSet Of CIifferent meanings・ POIySemy14.What essentially distinguishes Semantics and PragmatiCS isWhether in the StUdy Of meaning the C _______ Of USe is takeninto COnSideratiOn. COntext15.S ___ refers to the IingUiStic Variety CharaCteriStiC Of aPartiCUIar SOCiaI ClaSS・ SOCiOIeCt16.WHO is an a ____ derived from the initials Of "World HeaIthOrganization v・ ACronynI17.ACCOrding to HalIiday, IangUage VarieS as its function VarieS: itCIifferS in different SitUatiOnS・ The type OfIangUage WhiCh IS SeIeCted as appropriate to the type OfSitUatiOn is a r _____ ・ RegiSter18. In CrOSS-CUItUral CommUniCation, SOme elements Of CUltUre Aenter CUltUre B and become Part Of CUItUre B, thus bringing aboUt the PhenOmenOn Of CUltUraI d ____________ ・ DiffUSiOn19. WhiIe the first IangUage is acquired S ______ J the SeCOnd Orforeign IangUage is more COnImOnIy Iearned COnSCiOUSIy ・SUbCOnSCiOUSIy20. LangUage a ______ refers to a natural ability forSeCOnd IangUage ・ ACqUiSition21. VibratiOn Of VOCaI COrdS results in a QUaIity OfSOUndS CalIed U V ________ " , WhiCh is a feature Of and SOme COnSOnantS in EngIiSh ・ VOiCe22. The PhOnenIiC features that OCCUr above the IeVeI Segment are CalIed S ____ features ・ SUPraSegmentaI23. MOrPhOIOgy refers to the StUdy Of the internal StrUCtUre Of WOrdSand rules for WOrel f ・ FOrnlatiOn24. The minimal Unit Of meaning is traditionally CalIed m ________ ・MOrPheme25. The SenSe relation between "autumn" and U fall n is CalIeclS ___ ・ SynOnym26. H ___ refers to the PhenOmenOn that WOrdS having differentmeanings have the Same form, i ・ e. J different WOrdS areidentiCaI in SOUnd Or SPelIingJ Or in both. HOmOnymy27. In daily COnlmUniCation, PeOPIe do not always ObSerVe the fourmaxims Of the CO-OPeratiVe PrinCiPIe ・ COnVerSatiOnaIi ___ WOUld arise When the maxims are flouted ・ Implicature28. SARS is an a ____ derived from the initials Of U SeVere ACUteReSPiratOry SynClrOme M ・ Ac:TOnym29. I ___ is a PerSOnaI CIiaIeCt Of an individual SPeaker thatCOmbineS elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age VariatiOnS ・ IdiOIeCt30. RP, the ShOrt form Of "R ______ PrOnUnCiatiOn n refers to thePartiCUIar Way Of PrOnOUnCing Standard EngIiSh ・ ReCeiVedIlL MUItiPle ChOiCe ・ChOOSe the best answer to the following items ・1. ___ is COnSidered to be the father Of modern IingUiStiCS ・A. N ・ ChOmSkyB. F. de SaUSSUreC. LeOnarCi BIOOInfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2・ In the SCOPe Of IingUiStics, _____ form the Part Of IangUageWhiCh IinkS together the SOUnd Pattern and meaning ・ SPeeCh all VOWeISOf theA. morphology and SyntaXB. PhOnetiCS and semanticsC. SemantiCS and SyntaX D ・ mo:TPhOlOgy and SemantiCSStUdieS the SOUndS from the hearer , S POint Of view, i ・ e. , how the SOUndS are PerCeiVed by the hearer ・A ・ auditory PhOnetiCS B. acoustic PhOnetics C. articulatory PhOneticsWhiCh Of the following WOrdS begins With a velar voiced StOP A.godB. bossC. COCkD. dog WhiCh Of the following WOrdS ends With a dentaL voiceless friestive _A. roseB. WaVeC. ClOthD. massage WhiCh Of the following WOrdS COrItains a back, open andunrounded VOWel _inflectional morphemes except ___ ・A. PaintSB. PaiIIterC.Painted D. Painting WhiCh Of the following WOrdS has more than three morphemesA.PSyChOPhySiCS B. boyfriends C. forefather D.undesirabilityThe Pair Of WOrdS "dead and alive ,t is CalIed ______ ・A. gradable antonymsB. relational OPPOSiteS C ∙comp 1 ©mentary BntonyinSWhiCh Pair Of the following WOrdS Can be Categorized asStyliStiC SynOnymS __A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. IUggage & baggageX ： JOhn has given UP SmOking ・Y: JOhrl USed to SmOke ・The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is _____ 3.4.5. 6. 7. & 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.A. god WhiCh Of A. [h] WhiCh OfB. boot the following B. Ek] the following B. kill, D. taskSOUnd _____D . T?FC. WaIk is NOt a Velar C. [g] is NOt a IninimaI Pair ____ PilI C. peak, pig,D. meat, Seat is an OPerl CIaSS WOrdS ____ C. the D. theyA. bat, bite WhiCh Of the following A ・ emailB. but The Underlined morphemes in the following belong to theA・X βntails Y B. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With YD. X is InCOnSiStent With Y X: My father has been to LOndOn.Y: My father has been to UK.The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is _______A. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With YD. X is inconsistent With Y16. When We ViOlate any Of the maxims Of CO-OPeratiVe PrinCipie,OUr IangUage Inight become _____ ・A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirect D ・ UnClea:T17. ACCOrding to SearI t S CIaSSifiCatiOn Of SPeeCh acts, WhiChOf the following is an instance Of CIireCtiVeS ______A. I fire you!B. YOUr money Or your life!C. I'm SOrry for the mess I have made ・D ・ I have never Seen the man before ・imitation and habit formation ______ ・A. Th © behaviorist viewB. The InnatiSt VieWC. The interactionist VieWD. The COgrlitive theory23. WhiCh Of the following SentenCeS is an example OfOVergeneraliZatiOn _____ ・A. Jane told me to give UP SmOking ・B. Jane asked me to give UP SmOking ・C. Jane advised me to give UP SmOking ・D ∙ Jane suggested me to give UP smoking.24. WhiCh Of the following hypotheses is PUt forth by Dr.KraShen ____ ・A. CritiCaI PeriOd HyPOtheSiSB. InPUt HyPOtheSiSC. LangUage ACqUiSitiOn DeViCe HyPOthesisD. Sapir- WhOrf HyPOthesis25. WhO among the following IingUiSts PUt forward CO-OPeratiVethe following WOrdS is B. CraSh 18. WhiCh Of A ∙ t ΓΘΘ bang 19. The WOrd A. blend 20. WhiCh OfCIiPPing A. memo B. motel C. quake 21. ACCOrding to HalIiday, mode Of discourseOf COnImUniCatiOn. A. SUbjeCt B. role 22. WhiCh Of the following U KOdak n is a(n) _ B. COined WOrd entirely arbitraryC. tyPewriterD.C. CIiPPeel WOrd D ・ acronym the following WOrdS is NOt formed by means OfD. gym refersto theC. SitUation theories Of IangUage acquisition Iearning is SimPIy amatter Of D ∙ meansPrinCiPIeSA. PaUI GriCe B ・ JOhn SearIe C. KraShenA. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YD. LeeCh26. WhiCh Of the following IingUiStS is the initiator Oftransformational generative grammarA. F. de SaUSSUreB. N. ChOmSkyC. G ・ LeeCh D ・ M ・A. K. HaIIiday27. When a ______ COmeS to be adopted by a POPUIatiOn as itsPrimary IangUage and Children Iearn it as their first language, it becomes __________________ ・B. A. CreOIe ・・・ Pidgin B.pidgin... CreOleC. C. regional dialect ・・・ SOCiOIeCtD.SOCiOIeCt ・・・ regional dialect28. ___ StUdieS the SOUndS from the SPeaker , S POint Of view,i. e ・, how a SPeaker USeS his SPeeCh OrganS to articulate SPeeCh SOUndS ・A. AUCIitOry PhOnetiCSB. ACOUStiC PhOnetiCS C ∙ Articulatory phon ©tics29. We know the Verb "put" requires an NP followed by a PP OrAdV ・ Thus, the PrOCeSS Of PUtting WOrdS Of the Same IeXiCaI CategOry into SmalIer CIaSSeS according to their SyntaCtiC CharaCteriStiC IS CalIeel ______ ・A. CategOriZatiOn B ∙ SUbCategorizationC. SyntaCtiC CategOrieS D ・ COOrdinatiOn30. WhiCh Of the following WOrdS COntainS a front, ClOSe andUnrOUnded VOWeI ___A. badB. bed C ∙ beat D ・ but31. The UnderIined morphemes in the following belong to the33. The Pair Of WOrdS U borrow and Iend M is CalIed __________A. gradable antonyms B ∙ rβlational opposites C.COmPIementary antonyms34. WhiCh Pair Of the following WOrdS Can be CategOriZed asCOlIOCatiOnaI SynOnymS _____A. torch & flashlight B ∙ Pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. IUggage & baggage35. X: My SiSter WilI SOOn be divorced ・derivational morphemes A ∙ faster B. Writer32. WhiCh Of the following A. email B. but except ____ ・ C. IOVeIy D. ConVerSiOn is an OPerl CIaSS WOrdS____ C. the D. theyA. PaUI GriCe B ・ JOhn SearIe C. KraShenA. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YY: My SiSter IS a married WOlnan.The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is ________C. X is SynOnymOUS With Y D・ X is inconsistent With Y36.X: JOhn married a blond heiress・Y: JOhn married a blond・The SentenCe relation between X and Y is _______A. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With Y D・ X is COntradiCtOry With Y37.ACCOrding to SearI t S CIaSSifiCation Of SPeeCh acts, WhiChOf the following is NOt an instance Of directiVeS _______A.OPen the window!B.YOUr money Or your Iife!C.WOUId you Iike to go to the PiCniC With USD.I have never seen the man before.38.The WOrd "brunch” is a(n) _______ ・A∙ blend B. COined WOrd C. CIiPPed WOrel D・ acronym39.ACCOrding to HalIiday, field Of discourse refers to the OfCOmmUniCatiOn.A. SUbjeCt B・ role C. SitUatiOn D・ means40.There are different tyPeS Of affixes Or morphemes・ The affix "ed"in the WOrcl "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morpheme D・ free form41.WhiCh Of the following theories Of IangUage acquisitionholds that human beings are biologically PrOgranlmed for IangUage and that the IangUage develops in the Child just as Otherbiological functions SUCh as WaIking ____________ ・A. The behaviorist VieWB∙ The innatist VieWC.The interactionist VieWD.The COgnitiVe theory42.The OPening between the VOCaI COrdS is SOmetimes referred toas ___ ■A. glottisB. VOCaI CaVityC. PharynXD. UVUIa43.WhiCh Of the following hypotheses is PUt forward by EriCLenneberg ___ ・A.ClritiCaI PeriOd HyPOthesisB.InPUt HyPOthesisngUage ACqUiSitiOn DeViCe HyPOtheSiSD.SaPir-WhOrf HyPOtheSiS44.MOrPhemeS that represent tense, number, gender and CaSe areCalIed ___ morpheme・A. infleCtiOnal B . free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the WOrd denationalizationA. threeB. four C∙ five D. SiXC. StatiCD. genetiCalIy transmitted47・ PitCh Variation is known as ____ When its Patterns areimposed On SentenCeS ・ A. intonation B. ton © C. PrOnUnCiatiOn D. VOiCe48. WhiCh One is different from the OtherS according to mannersOf articulation A. [z] 49. 21. WhiCh PIaCeS Of A. [n] B. [w] C. [e] D. [v]One is different from the OtherS according toarticulationB. [m]C. [b]D. [p]30. WhiCh VOWeI is CIifferent from the OtherS according to theCharaCteriStiCS Of VOWeISA. [i:] B ・[u] C. [e] D. [i]51. What kind Of SOUndS Can We make When the VOCaI COrdS areVibratingA. VOiCeleSSB. VoicedC. GlOttai StOPD.COnSOnant32. When a ChiId USeS U mummy n to refer to any WOmanJ mostPrObabIy his "mummy” means ___________ ・A. + HUmanB. + HUman + AdUItC. + HUman + AdUlt - MaIe D ・ + HUman + AClUIt 一 MaIe + Parent33. The UtteranCe "We're already WOrking 25 hours a day, eightdays a Week ・"ObViOUSIy ViOIateS the maxim Of _________ ・A. QUaIity B ∙ quantity C. relation D ・ manner34. The Pair Of WOrdS U nOrth n and U SOUth n is _____________ ・A. gradable OPPOSiteSB. relational OPPOSitesC. co-hyponymsD. SynOnymS35. W hiCh Of the following SentenCeS is NoT an example Of cross-associationA. Other / anotherB. InUCh / manyC. StaIagmite / StaIagtite D ∙ bow / bow36. _____ describes Whether a PrOPOSitiOn is true Or false ・A. TrUthB. TrUth ValUeC. Truth COndition D ・ FaISehOOel37. "John Sent Mary a POSt Card ・"is a CaSe OfA. One 一PlaCe PreeIiCatiOnB. two-place PrediCatiOnC. thτθθ-place predication D ・ no 一PIaCe PrediCatiOn58. ,,John killed BilI but BilI didn' t die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. PreSUPPOSitionC. anomaly D ・ COntradiCtiOn59. ____ refers to the PrOCeSS Whereby a WOrd is ShOrtenedWithOUt a Change in the meaning and in the Part Of SPeeCh ・46. LangUage isA. instinctiveB. non —instinctive60.A. BIenCIing B. Back-formation C. CIiPPing D. COnVerSiOn61.W hiCh Of the following aspects is NOT the COre Of the StUdy Ofgeneral IingUiStiCSA. SOUndB. StructureC. meaningD. applicationΓV. TrUe Of false judgment∙JUdge Whether the following Stat©ments are true Or false. Write T in the corresponding brack©t for a true Statement and F for a false one∙1.LingUiStiCS StUdieS IangUageS in general, but not anyPartiCUIar language, e. g・ English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.MOdern IingUiStics regards the Written IangUage as the natural OrPrimary medium Of human IangUage・ F3.In narrow transcription, We transcribe the SPeeCh SOUndS WithIetter-SymbOIS OnIy WhiIe in broad transcription We transcribe the SPeeCh SOUndS With Ietter-SymbOIS together With the CIiaCritiCS・T4.By diachronic StUdy We mean to StUdy the ChangeS and development OfIangUage・ TPIete homonyms are Often brought into being by coincidence. T6.Of the three PhOnetics branches, the IOngeSt established one, andUntiI recently the most highly developed, is acoustic PhOnetiCS・ F 7・ The meaning Of the WOrd U SeaI M in the SentenCe "the SeaI COUld not be found v CannOt be determined UnIeSS the COnteXt in WhICh theSentenCe OCCUrS is restored・ T8.An InnatiSt VieW Of IangUage acquisition holds that human beingsare biologically PrOgranImecl for IangUage・ T9.ACCOrCIing to CO-OPeratiVe PrinCipie, the COnVerSatiOnaIPartiCiPantS have to StriCtly ObSerVe the four maxims, SO that the COnVerSatiOn Can go On SUCCeSSfUlly. F10.T he Same WOrd may Stir UP different association In PeOPIe Underdifferent CUItUraI background・ T11.A ChiId WhO enters a foreign IangUage SPeeCh COmmUnity by the ageOf three Or four Can Iearn the new IangUage WithOUt the trace Of an accent・ T12.In COmmUniCatiOn it WilI never be the CaSe that What is grammaticalis not acceptable, and What is UngranlmatiCaI may not beinappropriate. F13.MOdern IingUiStics is mostly descriptive・ T14.SinCe there is no IOgiCaI COnneCtion between meanings and SOUnds,IangUage is absolUtely arbitrary. F13.VOWeIS may be distinguished as front, Central and back according tothe manner Of articulation. F16.APPIied IingUiStiCS is the application Of IingUiStIC PrinCiPIeS andtheories to IangUage teaching and Iearning・ F17.A PhOnOIOgiCaI feature Of the EngIiSh COmPOUndS IS that the StreSSOf the WOrCl always falls On the first element, and the SeCOnCl element receives SeCOndary StreSS・ F18.AlI the affixes belong to bound morphemes・ T19.A POIySenIiC WOrd is the result Of the evolution Of the Primarymeaning Of the WOrd・ T20.ACCOrCIing to the innatist VieW Of IangUage acquisition, OnIy Whenthe IangUage is modified and adjusted to the IeVeI Of Children t S COmPrehenSion, do they PrOCeSS and internalize the IangUage ItemS・F21.When a Child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a1anguage-specific CUItUre and becomes SOCiaIiZed In Certain WayS・T22.ACCOrCIing to Austin, the PerfOrmatiVe UtteranCe IS USed toPerfOriII an action, it also has truth VaIUe・ F23.Children Can Iearn their native IangUage WelI WheneVer they Startand WhateVer kinds Of IangUage SamPIeS they receive・ F24.DUaIity is One Of the CharaCteriStiCS Of human IangUage・ It refersto the fact that IangUage has two IeVelS Of StrUCtUreS: the SyStem Of SOUndS and the SyStenI Of meanings・ T25.LingUiStiC forms having the Same SenSe may have CIifferentreferences in different SitUatiOnS WhiIe IingUiStic forms With the Same reference always have the Same SenSe・ FV. Give a ShOrt answer to each Of the following quβstiOns∙1.SenSe and reference are two terms Often encountered in the StUdy OfWOrd meaning・ What are they and how are they related to each Other P662.ACCOrcIing to HalIiday, What is register What are the SOCiaIVariabIeS that determine the register P117-1183.What are the main features Of human IangUage that essentially makeit different from Other animal COnImUniCation SyStems P8- 94.GiVe a brief illustration to the U SemantiC triangle n SUggeSted byOgden and RiChardS・ P63~64VL ESSay question.1.ACCOrding to AUStin, What are the three acts a PerSOn is POSSibIyPerfOrnling WhiIe making an UtteranCe GiVe an example toillustrate this P80-822.What are the four maxims Of the CP IlIUSt:Tate With examples howflouting these maxims gives rise to COnVerSational ImplicatureP85-883.PIeaSe ObSerVe the following SentenCeS: all Of them are IIOt WelIformed・ What rules does each Of the following SentenCeS ViOIate And What are the two aspects in terms Of Sentence meaning PIeaSe IlIUStrate briefly.1)He ated the Cake yesterday.2)We WilI gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the Chair・4)My favorite fruit is red PearS・Pleas© take a IOOk at the seetion 5.5. 2 (page 73) to thefirst ParagraPh On page 74∙1.The meaning Of SentenCe is not the SUm total Of the meanings Ofall ItS COmPOnentS・ And it includes both grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning・2.The grammatical meaning Of a SentenCe refers to itsgrammaticality, WhiCh is governed by the grammatical rules Of the IangUage・ Any ViOlatiOn Can result in mistakes, making a SentenCe UnaCCePtable・SUCh as SentenCe 1) has a WrOng WOrd "ated” and 2) has U WilI gone,,;3.BUt grammatically WelI-formed SentenCeS Can StilI beUnaCCePtabIe because Whether a Sentence is SemantiCalIy meaningful is decided by rules CalIeel SeIeCtiOnaI restrictions, in Otherwords, COnStraints On What IeXiCaI items Can go With What others・SOme SerItences may be grammatically WelI-formed, yet they may not be SemantiCalIy meaningful because they COntain WOrdS WhiCh are not SUPPOSed to go together・ For example, as We Can find inSentence 3) and 4), no table WOUId intend to marry the ChairUnIeSS in a children1 S StOry and there is no red PearS USUalIy in the WOrIcl・ Therefore, SOme SeIeCtiOnaI restrictions have been ViOIa ted.。

SixⅠ. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.Provide explanations for the false statements.1.The word hour contains a diphthong and a pure vowel.2.The sound /p/ in the word expensive is pronounced as a voiceless consonant.3.Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole and performance.4.It is one of the cardinal principles of modern linguistics that spoken language ismore basic than written language.5. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can beadded.6.Happiness is colder than me is a grammatical but unacceptable sentence.7.The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.8.Broad transcription represents phonemes of a language whereas narrowtranscription denotes its particular allophones.9.Derivation is the manifestation of grammatical relationships.10./u/is a mid-high front rounded vowel.11.By displacement we mean that language can refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker.12.Greek does not belong to Indo-European Language Family.13.After taking the right turn at the intersection....is a case of lexical ambiguity.14.Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic systemmust be learned anew by each speaker.15.NP may consist of NP+(S).16.Plural is a morpheme.17.The voiced dental fricative is /z/.18.Allophones are described in phonetic terms.19.Allomorphs which share the common meaning should occur in parallelformations.20.In the following pair of sentences, Sentences b presupposes Sentence a.a.John managed to finish in time.b.John tried to finish in time.Ⅱ.Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: and .2.One of the design features termed as means that human languagesenable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(intime and space) at the moment of communication.3.The five associative meanings categorized by Leech are: ，social, ,reflected and collocative.4.Of the three branches of phonetics, the phonetics studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view; the phonetics studies sounds from hearer’s point ofview; the phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.5. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonologic, , syntactic, semantic and .Ⅲ. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.Of the following words, the sound [l] in ___ is a clear one.A.tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel2.Of the following pairs ___ is in complementary distribution.A.[l] as in [leik] and [m] as in [meik]B.[l] as in [li:f] and [f] as in [tef]C.[l] as in [li:d] and [r] as in [ri:d]D.none of the above3.Of the following pairs___ doesn't form a minimal pair.A. pill and tillB. dill and gillC. gale and galeD. beat and pea4.If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be ___.A. /s/B. /t/C. /l/D. /p/5.[k] is a voiceless___.A. alveolar stopB. velar stopC. post-alveolarD. voiced alveolar affricate6.[z] is a ___.A.voiced approximantB. post-alveolar affricateC. voiced alveolar fricativeD. voiced alveolar affricate7.[j] is a ___.A. glottal fricativeB. palatal approximantC. alveolar approximantD. palatal fricative8.[З] is a ___ vowel.A. low back lax unroundedB. central front unroundedC. central lax unroundedD. high front tense unrounded9.The one that does not fall into the property of alveolar is___.A.[m]B.[t]C.[n]D.[r]10./l/ and /r/ function as minimal pair in___.A.lead and readB. led and redC. peel and pearD. both A and BⅣ. Match the phonetic features in Column B with the correspondent phonetic alphabets inColumn A.A Bcelar(1)[K] a.nasal(2)[θ] b.dental(3)[s] c.fricative(4)[b] d.voiced(5)[l] e.voiceless(6)[t] f.bilabial(7)[m] g.(8)[h] h.alveolarplosivei.glottalj.Ⅴ. Specify the following pairs according to the sense relation.a. hit / miss (a target)b. own / belong toc. lesson / lessend. rich / poore. squeak / creakf. tap / faucetg. above / below h. the morning stari. saw / hacksaw j. sow(to scatter seeds) / sow(female adult pig)(1)complementary antonyms_______________(2)synonyms____________(3)relational________________(4)gradable antonyms_______________(5)homonyms_______________(6)hyponymy_______________Ⅵ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.ment on the sentence She was already half dead then. in terms of sense relation.2.What does the following logical form stand for in English? (where j = Jane, b = Bill, c = Carol,L = like:) L(j, b) & ~ L（j, c）3.What category/ categories of CP does the following exchange violate?A: Are you going to use your laptop this evening?B. I haven't finished my assignment yet.4.Do you think the idea that the subject of a sentence is the person or thing that does the action isacceptable?5.Is it correct to say that every one （even a radio news announcer) speaks a dialect?。

导言一、填空题1.语言学是研究语言的学科，语言是语言学的研究对象。

语言学的基本任务是研究人类语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。

2.中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。

3.我国传统语言学包括文字学、音韵学、训诂学等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。

二、判断题1.综合各种语言的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，这是具体语言学的任务。

（错）2.世界上有几千种语言，有些语言的研究已经比较深入，大部分语言的研究还很不够，甚至还没有人去研究。

（对）三、名词解释1.普通语言学以人类一般语言为研究对象，探究人类语言的起源、发展、本质。

探究人类语言内部结构的共性及普遍规律的语言学门类。

2.应用语言学狭义的应用语言学指语言教学、文字的创制和改革、正音正字、词典编纂等，广义的应用语言学还包括与计算机有关的及其翻译、情报检索、语音识别、自然语言处理等。

3.小学在中国古代，小学先从教授字的形、音、义开始，就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。

小学一直是经学的一部分，包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科。

第一章一、填空题1.从语言的社会功能上看，语言是人类独有的最重要的交际和思维的工具；从语言的内部结构上看，语言是一套音义结合的符号。

2.文字是建立在语言基础之上的最重要的辅助交际工具，旗语之类是建立在语言和文字基础上的特殊领域的辅助交际工具。

二、判断1.从理论上来说，句子的长度是可以无限的。

（对）2.语言是文字基础上产生的人类最重要的交际工具。

（错）3.文字始终是从属于语言的。

（错）4.思维离不开语言，语言也离不开思维。

（对）5.语言和思维互相依存共同发展。

（对）6.在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。

（错）7.文字也是人类最重要的交际工具。

（错）8.语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

（对）9.会不会说话是人类和动物的根本区别之一。

（对）10．思维能力是全人类共同的，语言是各民族不同的。

（对）11.思维离不开语言，聋哑人不能掌握语言，所以聋哑人不能进行思维。

语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案语言学概论复题一、单项选择题1.音高取决于什么？A.发音体振动的振幅B.发音体振动的频率C.发音体振动的持续时间D.共鸣器的形状2.北京话“慢”单念时读[man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[maimar]，前一音节的语流音变现象是什么？A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音3.英语“worker”中的“-er”是什么？A.构词语素B.构形语素C.虚词语素D.词根语素4.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是什么？A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿5.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是什么？A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同6.“XXX说服了XXX”中“XXX”是行为的施事，“XXX”是行为的受事，这种意义是什么？A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义7.语言成分的借用，最常见、最突出的是什么？A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用8.下列几种类型的社会方言中，具有排他性的是什么？A.行话B.黑话C.官腔D.贵族语言9.下列辅音音素都是XXX的一组是什么？A.[d。

l]B.[b。

k]C.[p。

n]D.[t。

v]10.从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是什么？A.音位B.音素C.音节D.音渡11.英语“students”中的“-s”是什么？A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素12.下列现象中不属于词法手段的是什么？A.虚词B.重叠C.轻重音D.词形变化13.下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是什么？A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究14.下列成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是什么？A.成功—失败B.合法—非法C.本地—外地D.勤劳—懒惰15.造成“北京人多”一句歧义的主要原因是什么？A.一词多义B.不同的句法结构关系C.不同的语义结构关系D.不同的层次构造16.下列关于语言起源的表述中，正确的一项是什么？A.语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿B.语言产生于人们的相互约定C.语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的D.语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的17.在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童已经具备了语法能力，能够组合两个词来表达意思。

《语言学概论》综合练习参考答案一、重要名词解释：（考试时名词解释一定要举例）1、语言学：《期末复习指导》第13页。

2、普通语言学：《学习指导书》第4页末段。

3、专语语言学：《学习指导书》第4页倒数第二段。

4、历史比较语言学：又称比较语法，它通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律，拟测它们的共同母语。

它是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，主要是印欧语系的历史比较。

它为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础，并使语言学走上独立发展的道路。

5、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。

6、二层性：语言是由一定的单位按照一定的层级组成的，可分为音位层和符号层，其音位层和符号层我们合称为语言的二层性。

7、任意性：《期末复习指导》第17页末段。

8、符号：《期末复习指导》第17页第一段。

9、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。

简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。

10、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。

11、语音：《期末复习指导》第20页；12、音素（后有语素，估计是印刷错误）：《期末复习指导》第21页；13、元音：《期末复习指导》第21页；14、辅音：《期末复习指导》第21页；15、音标：《期末复习指导》第21页；16、发音部位：《期末复习指导》第22页；17、发音方法：《期末复习指导》第22页；18、音位：《期末复习指导》第22页；19、音位变体：是a音位的变异形式，是a音位的变体。

20、区别特征：《期末复习指导》第24页倒数第二段；21、音节：《期末复习指导》第25页；22、语流音变：书第83页倒数第二段；23、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。

语言学期末复习资料整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

期末语言学试题及答案第一部分：选择题1. 下列哪个属于语言学的研究范畴？a) 文学作品的分析b) 语言文字的演变c) 心理学的实验d) 数学公式的推导答案：b) 语言文字的演变2. “语言是人类所特有的交流工具”这句话表达了以下哪个语言学观点？a) 脱离人类语言的存在b) 语言的多样性c) 语言与文化的关联性d) 语言的外在表现形式答案：a) 脱离人类语言的存在3. 以下哪个属于双关语？a) “有钱人终成眷属”b) “真理只能通过实践来证明”c) “独立自主，自由自在”d) “一叶知秋”答案：c) “独立自主，自由自在”4. 以下哪个是语义学的研究范畴？a) 语音学b) 词汇学c) 句法学d) 语用学答案：b) 词汇学5. 下列哪个不属于语言学基本假设？a) 语言是有限的b) 语言与思维密切相关c) 语言学研究应遵循科学原则d) 语言的起源来自上帝的创造答案：d) 语言的起源来自上帝的创造第二部分：简答题1. 解释语言变体的概念，并举例说明。

语言变体指的是不同于标准语的语言变体形式，通常由地理、社会、文化等因素引起。

例如，在中国普通话的基础上，各地方言就是语言的一个变体。

同时，在不同社会群体中，也存在着年龄、职业、阶层等因素引发的语言变体。

例如，年轻人之间的网络流行语和老年人之间的特定方言就是不同的语言变体。

2. 请介绍一下语音学的研究内容。

语音学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语音的产生、传播和接收过程，以及语音在不同语言之间的差异和共性。

它涉及到元音、辅音等语音单位的分类和描述，以及语音的声音特征、语音规律和变体等课题。

语音学的研究方法包括实地采集语音数据、记录音频，以及使用仪器设备进行分析和测量等。

第三部分：论述题请论述语用学在社会交际中的重要性。

语用学是研究语言使用的学科，它关注的是言语行为和语境对语言意义的影响。

在社会交际中，语用学发挥着重要的作用。

首先，语用学可以帮助人们理解和解释说话者的真实意图。

最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitionsin Column B.Column A1.最新 2019英语8.mistakes17.语言学期末试题9.interlanguage18.context练习 +答案10.motivation19.blendingngue11.arbitrariness20.culture3.suprasegmental feature12.21.learning strategies4.deep structure13.broad transcription22.selectional restrictions5.predication analysis14.morphology23.phrase structure rules6.idiolect15.category24.culture diffusion7.pidgin16.errors最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案A. Learners ’ indepentdesystem of the second language， which is of neither the nativelanguage nor the second language， but a continuum or approximation from his nativelanguage to the target language. 9B.Learner ’ s attitudes and affective state or learning drive， having a strong impact on hisefforts n learning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.24E. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people whospeak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H. They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.22I. The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s propertiessubcategorization.4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words ， and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner ’conscious， goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.20P.18Q. .19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language，such as a sentence， a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.17T.The ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language12.U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W. They reflect gaps in a learner’ s knowledge of the target，languagenotself-corrigible.16X. They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word ， whose initial letter has been given.1. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user Competence’4._. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. Theyare said to be in c____ distribution.7.When pitch ， stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation，they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8. The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers， signifying such concepts as tense， number， case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head，specifier ， and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning ，conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ， in the interpretation of meaning theyare linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12. The sense relation between“ animal” and“ dog” hyponymyiscalled____.13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials o f “ World Health Organization Acronym”.17.According to Halliday ， language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.Diffusion19.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called”， which is a “vfeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between autumn”“ and fall“” is calleds____. Synonym26. H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. ， different words are identical in sound or spelling ， or in both. Homonymy27.Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “ SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome ”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an indi Idiolect30. RP， the short form of“ R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. ReceivedⅢ .Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics ， ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’，s point.e.，of howview the sounds are perceivedby the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental， voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back，open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat ， biteB. kill ， pillC. peak， pig，D. meat， seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words“ dead and alive” is called ____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y:John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y:My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl ’ s classification of speech， actswhich of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I ’ m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “ Kodak ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27..B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’，s point.e.，ofhowviewa speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put ”requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv，. theThusprocess ofputting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called.A. categorization B . subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30. Which of the following words contains a front ， close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A . faster B. writer C. lovely D. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words borrow“ and lend ” is called ___.A. gradable antonyms B . relational opposites34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y:John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37. According to Searl’ s classification of speech，actswhich of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D.I have never seen the man before.38.The word “ brunch ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense， number， gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45. There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B.[m]C.[b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52. When a child uses “ mummy” to refer to any woman ，most probably his “ mummy”means.A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult–MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day ， eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words“ north ” and“ south ” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in thepart of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the correspondingbracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general ， but not any particular language ， e.g. English ，Chinese， Arabic ， and Latin ， etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium ofhuman language. F3.In narrow transcription ， we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with thediacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T5.T6.Of the three phonetics branches ， the longest established one ， and until recently the mosthighly developed ， is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “ seal in”the sentence “ theseal could not be found ”cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmedfor language. T9.According to co-operative principle ， the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims ， so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.T12. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14. Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds ， language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning. F17. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20. According to the innatist view of language acquisition，only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children F’21.T22.According to Austin ， the performative utterance is used to perform an action， it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languagehas two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. Whatare they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday ， what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-1183.P8-94. Give a brief illustration to the“ semantic triangle” suggestedcharsby.P63Ogden-64 and Ri Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin ， what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims givesrise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does eachof the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning?Please illustrate briefly.1)He ated the cake yesterday.2)We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the chair.4)My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1.The meaning of sentence And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality ， which is governed by thegrammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes ， making a sentenceunacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated”and 2) has “will gone ”;3.But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions ， in other words， constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed ， yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example， as we can find in sentence 3) and4)， no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children ’s story and there is no redpears usually in the world. Therefore ， some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

第八章语言的发展名词解释。

1共同语：一个社会的全体成员或大多数人日常生活中使用的语言叫做共同语。

在没有方言分歧的社会里，全体社会成员所使用的语言都是共同语。

2.方言：3.地域方言：地域方言也叫“地区方言”，是全民语言在不同地域的变体，是统一的全民语言的分支。

它是最为常见的语言分化现象。

4.社会方言：由于社会中的人们所处社会地位、职业、年龄、性别、文化高低等方面存在着许多差异，这些差异必然使人们在运用语言方面形成某些个性化或类型化的特点，从而形成了社会方言，各种行业语、阶级方言、黑话等，都属于社会方言。

社会方言也是全民语言的社会变体，是语言分化的结果。

5.亲属语言：凡是从同一种语言分化出来的若干种独立的语言，它们就是亲属语言，亲属语言也是语言分化的结果。

6.标准语：7.克里奥尔语：克里奥尔语是指在各种语言频繁接触的地区出现的一种包含不同语言成分混合自然语言。

8.底层：在语言融合的过程中，胜利的语言也必将从失败的语言中吸收一些成分来丰富自己。

或者说，被同化的语言不会马上彻底消失，还会有一些成分遗留在同化的语言中，这种现象就是底层现象。

复习思考题。

1.谈一谈语言发展的原因和特点。

（1）语言发展的原因：外因：社会的发展是语言发展的基本条件语言是人类最重要的交际工具，它随着社会的产生而产生，随着社会的发展而发展，社会的发展是语言发展的基本条件。

①社会进步推动语言的发展：随着社会生产力的发展，生产关系的改变，以及社会生活的变化，新事物、新概念不断出现，这就要求语言要不断地产生各种各样的词语以适应交际的需要。

②社会的分化和统一推动语言的发展：语言是全社会的交际工具，当社会走向分化的时候，这个社会的各个部分之间交际就会逐渐减少，各个部分成员使用的语言就会产生差异，逐渐形成不同的方言或语言。

另外，由于社会分工的存在，使社会上形成了不同的社会集团，各个集团在语言使用上会形成不同的特点，从而形成社会方言。

反之，如果已经分化的社会各个部分或不同社会之间逐渐走向统一，语言或方言之间的影响加强，促使语言逐渐趋向统一。

1. sociolinguistics: as an interdisciplinary study of language use, attempts to show therelationship between language and society. We try to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context and understand sociological things of society by linguistic phenomenon in speaking community.2. pragmatics: is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly therelationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.Pragmatics includes the study of3. Psycholinguistics can be defined as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition oflanguage in any medium (spoken or written). It is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.4. Cognitive psycholinguistics: Cognitive psycholinguistics is concerned above all with makinginferences about the content of the human mind.5.illocutionary act: it is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.municative competence: refers to what a learners knows about how a language is used inparticular situations for effective and appropriate communication, which include knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary, knowledge of rules of speaking, knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts and social conventions, and knowledge of how to use language appropriately.7.interlanguage: is often understood as a language system between the target language and thelearner’s native language. It is imperfect with the target language.8. Context of situation(1) The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities:a. The verbal action of the participantsb. The non-verbal action of the participants(2) The relevant objects(3) The effects of the verbal action9. Speech community: Speech community refers to a group of people who form a community,e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common.10. Gender difference: Gender difference is the difference in a speech between men and women.11. Linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity: Linguistic determinism is one of the twopoints in S-W hypothesis, i.e. language determines thought. Linguistic relativity is the other point: there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages.12. What is a speech act?A speech act is an utterance as a functional unit in communication. In speech act theory,utterances have two kinds of meaning.Propositional meaning (locutionary meaning): This is the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by the particular words and structures which the utterance contains.Illocutionary meaning (illocutionary force): This is the effect the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener. E.g. in I’m thirsty, the propositional meaning is what the utterance says about the speaker’s physical state. The illocutionary force is the effect the speaker wants the utterance to have on the listener. It may be intended as request for something to drink. A speech act is a sentence or utterance which has both propositional meaning and illocutionaryforce.A speech act which is performed indirectly is sometimes known as an indirect speech act, such as the speech act of the requesting above. Indirect speech acts are often felt to be more polite ways of performing certain kinds of speech act, such as requests and refusals.13. What the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests is like this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in the theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other hand, similarity between language is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. This hypothesis has two versions: a strong and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis suggests, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version, however, is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.14. Locutionary act: A distinction is made by Austin in the theory of speech acts between three different types of acts involved in or caused by the utterance of a sentence.A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood. Illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is using a sentence to perform a function. Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.15. Cooperative principle refers to the “co-operation”between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation. There are four conversational maxims:(1) The maxim of quantity:a. Make your contribution as informative as required.b. Don’t make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.a. Don’t say what you believe to be false.b. Don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relation: Say things that are relevant.(4) The maxim of manner: Be perspicuous.a. Avoid obscurity of expression.b. Avoid ambiguity.c. Be brief.d. Be orderly.16. Conversational implicature: The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation is called conversational implicature.17. Error: Error is the grammatically incorrect form.Mistake: Mistake appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.18. Input Hypothesis was offered by Krashen. It refers to learner acquire language as a result ofcomprehending input addressed to them. “i+1”principle is most famous.The Input hypothesis is a theory proposed by Krashen (1985) to deal with the relationship between language input and learner s’ acquiring language. According to thishypothesis, learners acquire a language as a result of comprehending input addressed tothem. Krashen brought forward the concept of “i + 1” principle, i.e. the language thatlearners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence thatthey can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress. Input shouldneither be so far beyond their reach that they are overwhelmed, nor so close to theircurrent stage that they are not challenged at all.19. Interlanguage is a language system between the target language and the learner’s nativelanguage. It formed when the learner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.20. Error: Error is the grammatically incorrect form.21. Mistake: Mistake appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in acommunicational context.22. Error analysis: Error analysis is the study and analysis of error and is confined to thelanguage learner.。