考研翻译年必背词组总结

本文是历年考研真题翻译部分常考的词汇的总结，希望对您的学习有所帮助。

Nativeadj.出生地的, 故乡的, 当地(人)的; 原产于某地的n.当地人, 本地人no less than不少于, 多达Notionn.概念, 观念，意愿, 打算, 意图Obligevt. & vi.迫使做; 使负义务，满足请求; 施惠vt.感激Observevt. & vi.观察; 研究vt.看到; 注意到，遵守; 遵循Obviousadj.明显的; 显而易见的Occurvi.(事件等)发生，想起，出现; 被发现Offendvt.触怒; 冒犯，使反感 vi.犯规, 触犯Operationn.操作, 运转(方式)，作用, 效力，【医】手术Ordinaryadj.普通的, 平常的; 平庸的, 平淡的Owing to由于, 因为Paralleladj.(指至少两条线)平行的，类似的; n.平行线[面]，极相似的人[事物]，类似(点), 相似(之处)Particularadj.特定的, 某一的，特殊的, 特有的 n.详情; 细目Partlyadv.在一定程度上，部分地, 不完全地Passionn.热情, 强烈感情(尤指爱、恨、怒)，爱情; 情欲，爱好;Pastadj.以前的, 过去的 n.过去,昔时; 往事 prep.(表示时间)迟于,晚于，（表示关涉)从…旁边通过Patternn.型, 样式，花样, 图案 vt.模仿; 仿制Performvt.履行, 执行, 完成(事业), 演奏, 演出Personalityn.人, 人的存在; 个性; 【心理】性格; 人格, 品格Phenomenan.现象（单数）Philosophern.哲学家，思想家; 学者Pointn.要点, 论点, 观点 vt.削尖vt. & vi.指; 指向Possibleadj.可能的, 可能存在[发生, 做到]的; 潜在的Practicen.练习, 实习，实践, 实际Predictvt. & vi.预言; 预测; 预示Predictionn.预言; 预言的事物Preservevt.保护; 维护，保藏, 蜜饯(水果); 腌制(蔬菜等);Primaryadj.首要的; 主要的; 最初的; 初级的Principlen.原理, 原则，主义; 本质,Privilegen.特权, 特别待遇或权益 vt. 给与...特权, 特免Processn.过程, 进程 vt.加工; 处理 vi.列队行进Producevt. & vi.生产, 产生, 出产，制作, 创作Provevt. 证明, 查验, 检验, 勘探, 显示vi. 证明是，【经】证实Psychologicaladj.心理的; 精神的，心理学的; 关于心理学的Quarreln.争吵, 不和, 口角vi.争吵, 争辩Ragevi.大发脾气, 动怒n.狂怒, 盛怒rather than（要)…而不…, 与其…倒不如…，宁可, 宁愿Realizevt.实现，了解; 认识到vt. & vi.变卖; 赚得Reasonn.理由; 原因，理性, 理智vt. & vi.推理; 思考Recognizevt.认出, 识别出某人[某事物]簁本文是历年考研真题翻译部分常考的词汇的总结，希望对您的学习有所帮助。

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总1990年1。

be determined by 由…所决定2。

have something to do with 与…有关3。

be central to sth。

是…的核心4。

in contrast/by contrast与此相反5。

be due to 由于（常做表语）6。

be deprived of 被剥夺7。

respond to 对…作出反应8。

as the basis of 依据/根据9。

be born with 天生具有10。

In contrast 相比之下1991年11。

shut off 关上，停止，切断12。

in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不13。

or so 大概，大约14。

at the rate of 以…的速率15。

take time 花费时间16。

be likely to 可能；倾向于17。

result in 导致 18。

not nearly 远不能；远非19。

head into走向；陷入（危机）20。

in the matter of 关于；就…而言21。

make…possible 使…成为可能22。

combine…with把……和…结合起来；加上23。

in the fashion of 以…方式24。

such…as 像…一样1992年25。

refer to…提到；谈到26。

agreement on 一致意见27。

be comparable to 和…相当；犹如28。

in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面29。

on the whole 总体来说；大体上看30。

draw a conclusion 得出结论31。

have the attitude towards 对…的态度32。

only if 只要33。

the same…as 与…一样34。

2024年考研词汇共100个1. Abandon -放弃2. Abstract -摘要3. Access -访问4. Accommodate -容纳5. Accumulate -积累6. Acknowledge -承认7. Adequate -充足的8. Adhere -遵守9. Aggregate -聚集10. Alleviate -缓解11. Ambiguous -模糊的12. Analyze -分析13. Apprehend -理解，逮捕14. Ascertain -确定15. Authentic -真实的16. Bureaucracy -官僚主义17. Capitulate -投降18. Categorize -分类19. Circumvent -规避20. Coherent -连贯的21. Collate -整理22. Compatible -兼容的23. Comprehensive -全面的24. Concede -承认25. Conducive -有助于26. Confer -授予，商讨27. Constitute -构成28. Convey -传达29. Corroborate -证实30. Criteria -标准31. Cumulative -累积的32. Deceptive -欺骗的33. Deduce -推断34. Deficit -赤字35. Depict -描述36. Derive -获得37. Deteriorate -恶化38. Dilemma -困境39. Discern -辨别40. Discrepancy -差异41. Disseminate -散布42. Diversify -多样化43. Dominate -主导44. Elicit -引出45. Elucidate -阐明46. Empirical -经验的47. Endeavor -努力48. Enhance -提高49. Enumerate -列举50. Erode -侵蚀51. Evaluate -评估52. Evolve -进化53. Exacerbate -加剧54. Explicate -解释55. Facilitate -促进56. Formulate -制定57. Generate -产生58. Hinder -阻碍59. Hypothesize -假设60. Implement -实施61. Implicate -牵涉62. Incentive -刺激63. Inherent -内在的64. Inhibit -抑制65. Innovate -创新66. Integrate -整合67. Interpret -解释68. Invoke -调用69. Justify -证明合理70. Magnify -放大71. Manipulate -操纵72. Mitigate -缓解73. Modify -修改74. Negate -否定75. Objectivity -客观性76. Obsolete -过时的77. Paradigm -范例78. Perceive -察觉79. Ponder -考虑80. Pragmatic -实用的81. Precede -先于82. Precipitate -促使83. Profound -深刻的84. Prohibit -禁止85. Promote -促进86. Propagate -传播87. Quantify -量化88. Reconcile -调和89. Redundant -冗余的90. Reflect -反映91. Reform -改革92. Reinforce -强化93. Reiterate -重申94. Relevance -相关性95. Replicate -复制96. Resilient -有韧性的97. Retain -保留98. Revise -修订99. Simulate -模拟100. Sustain -维持。

总结考研英语翻译词组汇总（免费下载）考研英语翻译词组汇总（历年总结）英语学习是⼀个过程，也是时间的堆砌和磨砺。

⼩学，初中，⾼中，⼤学，专科，本科，研究⽣，博⼠，博⼠后，⾮英语专业，英语专业，MTI的English learners 都应该熟悉记忆本⽂列出的词组和词语，并且熟练运⽤，对英语学习会有所帮助。

⾼分英语是如何练成的？笔者⾼考英语140分，⼤学进⼊英⽂学院学习，在此整理的资料希望对⼴⼤英语学习者有所帮助。

1990年1. be determined by 由…所决定your success is determined by the strong will.2. have something to do withHer diligence must have something to do with his success.她的勤勉和她的成功⼀定有某些关系。

3. be central to sth. Maintaining this balancing act will prove to be central to a winning strategy是…的核⼼4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反5. be due to 由于（常做表语）6. be deprived of 被剥夺she was deprived of political rights for whole life.7. respond to 对…作出反应8. as the basis of 依据/根据9. be born with 天⽣具有1991年11. shut off 关上，停⽌，切断They pulled over and shut off the engine.他们把车停到路边并关掉了发动机。

Billy tends to keep things to himself more and shut himself off.⽐利更加倾向于把事情藏在⼼⾥，不与他⼈来往。

英语考研翻译高频词汇
System
n.系统; 体系,制度, 体制
Technique
n.技巧, 手法, 技术
Technology
n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学,工业技术
Therefore
adv.因此, 为此, 所以, 故…; 由此得出
Thought
n.思索, 思维能力; 思想, 思潮
trait
n.人的个性, 显著的特点, 特征, 一点点, 少许(of) Transfer
vt. & vi.转移; 迁移 n.转移; 转让; 转录
Transport
n. 运输, 运输工具,流放犯 vt. 传送, 运输, 流放
Treat
n.款待, 招待 vt.对待, 看待, 处理
Trend
n.(海岸、河流、山脉等)走向, 方向,趋势, 倾向, 流行, 时尚Undergo
vt.经历, 承受
Understanding
n.了解; 相互理解, 谅解; adj谅解的; 通情达理的
Unique
adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 特有的, 少见的Until
prep.到…为止,在…以前
conj.到…为止,在…以前,直到…才validate
vt.证实; 确证,使生效; 使有法律效力Vanish
vi.消失, 突然不见, 绝迹
Various
adj.各种不同的, 各种各样的
View
n.展望, 视野, 眼界, 观点, 看法Whereas
conj.但是, 而
Whether…or
是…还是。

英语常用词组4249个 (详细版)A1.a fraction of 一部分2.a matter of concern 焦点3.a series of 一系列, 一连串4.abandon sb to sth （不顾责任、义务等）抛弃,离弃5.abandon sth to sb 不得已而放弃辨析abandon：迫于不得已而停止（支持，帮助）；放弃义务，信念，责任stop：停止某行为give up doing：放弃做某种行为6.ability to do sth（注：不加of doing）有能力做某事7.to the best of one’s ability 尽其所能辨析ability：具备做某事的能力（用法：ability to do sth（注：不加of doing））capability：具备做某事所需的能力或素质（用法：capability to do sth/也可加of doing））8.be able to do sth 能够辨析able：强调通过努力而获得的能力（用法：be able to do sth）can：表示本身具有的一般能力centered26.accommodate sb with 向某人提供…27.accommodate oneself to 适应…28.of one’s own accord自愿地29.in accord with 与…一致 .30.out of one’s accord with 同…不一致31.with one accord 近义词:with everybody agreeing 一致地32.in accordance with 近义词:in agreement with 依照,根据33.account for 解释34.on one’s own account ①为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益②(=at one’s own risk) 自行负责③(=by oneself)依靠自己35.on account 赊账36.on account of 因为37.on no account 不论什么原因也不38.of …account 有…重要性.39.take…into account/consider 把…考虑进去40.give sb an account of 说明, 解释 (理由)41.account for 解释,说明.42.on account of 近义词:because of 由于,因为.43.on no account 近义词:in no case,for no reason 绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)44.accuse sb of sth. 控告辨析accuse ：控告（用法：accuse sb of sth ）charge：控告（用法：charge sb with sth ）sue：控告（用法：sue sb for sth ）45.be accustomed to 习惯于辨析achieve：经过努力而获得动力或达到某种目的gain：经过努力或奋斗获得某种利益get：以某种方式或手段得到某种东西46.acknowledge that…承认47.acknowledge doing 承认做48.acknowledge sb as/to be sth 承认某人49.be acquainted with ①了解②熟悉50.act for 代理…51.act on 对…起作用;按照…行动52.act out 比划着表演;履行;将…表演出来53.act as 扮演54.take an active part in 积极参加55.be active in 热心于辨析actual：真的，强调事实上已经发生或存在，而不是理论上可发生或存在real：真的，真正的，指客观上存在，并非想象和虚拟，与“无”相对，反义词为 unrealtrue：真实的，强调事实的实际情况相符，与“假”相对，反义词为 false56.adapt to 近义词:adjust oneself to 适应于57.adapt from 改编自…（剧本）辨析adapt（动词）：改写adept（形容词）：熟练的adopt（动词）：采取，收养重点词组58.add in 增加59.add to 加上60.add sth to sth例如：one added to one is/makes two.把…加上…61.add up例如：The balloons added up the festival atmosphere.增加62.add up to例如：His whole school education added up to no more than one year.加起来总共63.be addicted to 对…有瘾64.in addition 近义词:besides 此外65.in addition to 近义词:as well as, other than 除…之外66.adhere to 近义词:abide by,conform to,comply with,cling to,insist on, persist in ①粘附; ②坚持,遵循67.adjust sth to sth 调节68.adjust to（doing）sth 习惯于；使自己适应于…辨析adjust：稍作调整(用法:adjust to(doing)sth)adapt：较大的改动来适应(用法:adapt sth for sth)69.admire sb/sth for (doing) sth 钦佩某人所做的某事70.admit of 近义词:be capable of, leave room for 留有…的余地71.be admitted to (doing) 承认72.adore doing 喜欢做某事73.in advance 预先74.advance on/towards sth/sb 向…前进75.advance sb sth = advance sth to sb 向某人预付…钱76.gain/get/have/win an advantage over 胜过,比…处于优势地位77.have the advantage of 具有…的有利条件78.have the advantage of sb 知道某人所不知道的事79.take advantage of 近义词:make the best of, make use of, profit from①利用;②占…便宜;③欺骗80.advertise for 登广告寻求、寻找…81.advise sb of sth 把某事通知某人82.advise with sb on sth 同某人商量某事83.soon after…在…之后一会84.right after 在…之后立刻….can,could, be able to + afford （to do）负担得起辨析ago：表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用before：指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用重点词组85.agree with例如：I don‘t agree with what you said.同意（观点）The climate here doesn‘t agree with me.（气候，食物）适合某人86.agree on 与…（观点）达成一致87.agree to 同意（计划）88.be in agreement with 同意, 一致89.ahead of 在…之前90.ahead of time/schedule 提前91.aim at 瞄准、针对…92.let in air 使…通风93.by air 乘飞机94.in the air ①在空中;②不肯定, 不具体;③在谣传中95.on the air （用无线电，电视）播送96.alien to 与…相反97.above all 尤其是98.after all 毕竟99.all along 一直100.all but 近义词;almost,nearly 几乎，差点没101.all at once 近义词：suddenly 突然, 同时102.all in all 总之103.all of a sudden 突然104.all over again 再一次105.all over 遍及106.all right 好的107.all the same 仍然；别忘了，到底108.all the time 一直109.all together 总共；一道110.above all 最重要的111.after all 毕竟,到底112.be all in 累极了113.first of all 首先114.for all 尽管，虽然115.not at all 一点也不116.once and for all 只此一次117.in alliance with 与…联盟118.allow for 近义词：take into consideration, take into account考虑到…；体谅…119.allow of 容许，容得…辨析allow：指听任或默认某人去做某事permit：表示正式地许可，会比较积极地同意某人去做某事promise：表示答应许诺，表示主语许诺要去做某事almost 与 nearly 的主要区别修饰 no, none, never, any 以及 no, 和 any 的合成词时，一般用 almostalthough 与though的主要区别though 可放在句尾；although 不可放在句尾120.have ambitious for/to do 对…有雄心、抱负121.amount to 相当于…122.be angry with sb at/about sth. 对某人/某事生气辨析announce 指正式“公布”，“宣布”，侧重预告人们关心或感兴趣的事情，尤指新闻declare 正式向公众宣布，侧重“当众”发表，多用于宣战、议和、宣判123.answer for 近义词：undertake responsibility for, be liable for,take charge for 对…负责.124.answer to 近义词：conform to 适合,符合辨析answer：及物动词reply：不及物动词vi，后接 to，为书面用语125.be anxious about 挂念…126.be anxious to do sth 渴望做…127.be anxious for sth 渴望得到某物128.be anxious for sb to do sth 希望某人做某事129.anything of 一点儿130.for anything 无论如何131.not anything like 无论如何都不132.anything but 根本不133.apart from 除…外(有/无)134.take apart 拆开135.set apart 储存136.tell apart 区别137.appeal to ①吸引;②申述;③请求138.appeal to sb for sth 为某事向某人提出呼吁139.appear +形容词/to do/that…似乎140.have an appetite for 喜爱141.the apple of someone's eye 掌上明珠142.applicable to 适用于143.apply for 申请144.apply to ①适用于; ②向…申请145.apply to sb for sth 请求某人…146.apply oneself to sth 致力于某事147.appoint sb as 任命某人为…(职务)148.appoint sb to 任命、委任某人为…149.approach sb on/about sth 为某事同某人打交道150.approach to …的方法151.appropriate for/to 合适152.approve of 赞成153.approximate to 接近154.apologize to sb for sth 为某事向某人道歉155.make an apology to sb for sth 因某人向某人道歉156.apt at 聪明, 善于157.apt to 易于158.argue with/against sb about/on sth 与某人辩论某事159.argue for 主张160.argue sb into/out of doing sth 说服某人做或不做某事161.arise from/out of 由…而引起辨析arise用于问题、困难、责任、争吵等的发生出现occur,happen,take place用于事故、事情、变化等发生、产生162.be around 差不多163.around the clock 夜以继日164.arrange with sb for/about sth 与某人商定某事165.arrive at 到达（小地点，如车站）166.arrive in 到达（大地点）167.as a matter of fact 实际上168.as a result(of) 因此,由于169.as a rule 通常,照例170.as far as 远至,到…程度171.as far as …be concerned 就…而言172.as follows 如下173.as for 至于,关于174.as good as 和…几乎一样175.as if 好像辨析as many as +数词 +复数名词，用于人/物的具体数目前as much as +数词 +复数名词，用于价格、重量前176.as regards 关于177.as to 至于,关于178.as usual 照例179.as well 也180.as well as 除…外(也),即…又181.be ashamed of 对…感到羞愧182.aside from 除…外(还有)183.ask for 请求…;向…要…;通过询问找…184.assess on/upon 向…征税、罚款185.assign … to把…分配给…186.assist sb with sth/in doing sth 帮助某人做某事187.assure sb of sth 使某人确信某事188.be astonished at/by 对…感到吃惊189.at a loss 不知所措190.at a time 一次,每次191.at all 丝毫(不),一点也不192.at all costs 不惜一切代价193.at all events 不管怎样,无论如何194.at all times 随时,总是195.at any rate 无论如何,至少196.at best 充其量,至多197.at first sight 乍一看,初看起来198.at first 最初,起先199.at hand 在手边,在附近200.at heart 内心里,本质上201.at high speed 高速地202.at intervals 不时,每隔203.at large 大多数,未被捕获的/逍遥法外204.at last 终于205.at least 至少206.at length 终于207.at most 至多,不超过208.at no time 从不,决不209.at once 立刻210.at one time 曾经;同时211.at present 目前212.at someone's disposal 由…处理213.at random 随机的、任意的214.at the age of 在…岁的时候215.at the bottom of 在…底部216.at the cost of 以…为代价217.at the end of 在…的结尾218.at the foot of 在…脚下219.at the height of 在…顶点；在（事业等）的高峰220.at the mercy of 由…控制221.at the moment 此刻,目前222.at the same time 同时223.at this rate 照此速度224.at times 有时225.attach to 缚,系,结226.make an attempt at doing sth/to do sth 试图做…227.attend on/upon 近义词:wait upon, serve, look after 侍候,照料228.attend to 近义词:give one’s attention ①专心于…;②照顾辨析attend 指参加会议，听报告，典礼，仪式，上学等(attend to服务)join 指加入某团体，如参军，入团等join in 指参加比赛的活动take part in 指参加群众性活动、运动、劳动等（在活动中发挥作用）229.attitude to/toward …对…的态度.看法230.attribute … to把…归咎于…231.avail oneself of 利用…232.be available to sb. 可用,可供233.on average 平均234.average out 算出…平均数235.be aware of 近义词:be conscious of意识到236.awara … to把…授予（判给）…237.be away from 远离…238.right away 立刻239.far away 遥远补充笔记（自己整理）1.back and forth 来回地,反复地2.back of 在…后面3.back up 后备,支援4.at the back of 近义词:behind 在…后面5.in the back of 在…后部(里面)6.on the back of 在…后部(外面)7.be on one’s back卧病不起.8.at one’s back支持,维护9.have sb. at one’s back有…支持, 有…作后台10.turn one’s back on sb不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃11.behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)12.go from bad to worse 每况愈下辨析ban：强调权威机关正式禁止forbid：强调不许可做某事prohibit：强调用法律来禁止13.bang sth into sb 硬把某事灌输给某人14.bare of 几乎没有,缺乏15.bargain with sb about/over/for sth 与某人就某事讨价还价16.bargain on doing sth 料想/商定做某事17.be based on 根据18.on the basis of 根据19.battle with sb for sth 为某事而同某人的斗争20.battle of sth 关于某事的斗争21.battle against/with sb 为某事而跟某人作斗争22.be in season 上市的/in peak season旺季23.be of + 抽象名词：年龄（age）、大小（size）、颜色（color）、重量（weight）、高度（height）、价格（price）、意见（opinion）、方法（way）、use、value、importance24.beg … of sb请求某人…25.beg for 乞求…26.believe in 信任…27.believe it or not 信不信由你28.belong to 属于…29.beat…at在…运动项目上打赢30.beat down 杀价31.beat off 击退32.beat up 痛打，毒打33.beat the crowd 避开人群辨析beat：比较具体，强调动作strike：一般比较抽象hit：一般是碰撞，注重结果辨析before long：不久以后long before：很久以前34.as before 如从前一样35.beg sb for sth =beg sth of/from sb 向某人乞讨某物36.beg sb to do sth 请求某人做某事37.beg one's pardon 请原谅38.begin with sth 以…开始39.to begin with 近义词:first of all 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)40.at the beginning of 开始41.to begin with 第一;开始，起初42.on behalf of 近义词:as the representative of 以…名义43.behaved well/badly 表现得好/差44.fall/lag behind 落后45.behind schedule 误点46.believe in 相信;信任; 信仰47.believe it or not 信不信由你辨析below 指位置低于某物，但不一定在其正下方，反义词为 aboveunder 指在某物的正下方，反义词为 over48.belong to（doing）属于（注：不用于被动、进行语态）辨析beside：在…旁边besides：除了…以外，还有except：除了…以外，没了except for：除了…以外 (除去整体中的小部分细节),后接短语except that：后接从句,表示对一个人或事物先作一个总体评价,然后就其局部提出一点看法,所排除的不是同一范畴的东西。

考研英语翻译必背高频考察词组请…发言Give the floor to我很荣幸…It is a great pleasure for me to相关问题Relevant issues最新的调查结果Updated research result对…给予重视Attach the importance to领先技术Lead-edge technologies公使Minister Counselor自然遗产Natural heritage共同关心的问题Shared concern良好的信誉Well-deserved reputation对…表示衷心的感谢express sincere gratitude to请…讲话Let’s welcome to give a speech双边会议bilateral conference以掌声对…表示的最热烈的欢迎propose the warmest applause to 主办单位sponsor颁奖仪式the Award Ceremony贺词greeting speech隆重举行observe the grand opening of请…颁奖Let’s invite to present the award取得圆满成功achieve complete ceremony全球庆典global celebration ceremony宣布…结束 declare the closing of请全体起立，奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem.集体管理Collective stewardship充满竞争的就业市场Competitive job market金融机构Financial institutions进取Forward-looking国民生产总值Gross National Product迎接挑战Meet the challenges公共机构Public authorities法规机制Regulatory mechanism城市居民Urban residents服务齐全的高尚城市Well-serviced formal city把…列为重要内容place as the priority不放松工作never neglect the work节约用水 water conservation对…表示衷心祝贺extend our sincere congratulations on节约用水先进城市model city of water conservation使…取得预期效果attain the results expected授予…光荣称号 confer honorable awards on为…而奋斗strive for严重缺水城市a city of severe water shortage有关单位units concerned与…比有差距compared with ,there is still some way to go预祝…圆满成功wish a complete success开源与节流并重broaden sources of income & reduce expenditure 对外贸易港口seaport for foreign trade国内生产总值National Gross Products欢聚一堂merrily gather活跃的经济带vigorous economic region基础雄厚solid foundation留下最美好的印象may you have a most pleasant impression盛世the grand occasion祝愿在停留愉快wish a pleasant stay综合性商港comprehensive commercial seaport春意盎然spring is very much in the air森林覆盖率forest coverage全球变暖global warming主要因素principal element废气排放toxic emission迸发出心灵的火花ignite the sparks of understanding建立合作桥梁build the bridge for cooperation内容翔实substantial in content能源大省major province of energy日程紧凑tight in schedule号召call upon节水的好处conservation benefits工业中水利用industrial reuse and recycling污染罚款pollution fines城市节水urban water conservation节水装置water saving fixtures地区经济regional economic港口经营多元化diversification in port operation责任和义务perform our duties and fulfill our obligations 地区行业盛会a well-known regional event of the industry 发起港initiating ports冲破藩篱break free民间团体civil society种族ethnic lines真正的合作伙伴genuine partnership违章建筑区squatter settlements享受不到without access to畅所欲言open dialogues计划经济的束缚the bounding of planning economy紧迫问题pressing issues科教兴省和走可持续发展的道路vitalize the province by science and technology and sustainable development空前膨胀unprecedentedly inflated控制增长势头curb the trend of steep rise面临严峻挑战face severe challenges清醒地看到acutely aware生态恶化ecological deterioration提高意识strengthen the awareness相互尊重，求同存异，平等互利，优势互补，借鉴经验，拓展合作，立足当前，着眼未来respect each other, seek the common ground while putting aside difference, enjoy equality and mutual benefits, complement each other’s advantages, learn each other’s experience, expand the cooperation, stand from the present and look forward to the future以此会议为契机take the opportunity of this seminar滞后lag behind转轨建制过程缓慢the transition of mechanism is slow总结经验教训draw lessons from the past以发展社区为宗旨的community development oriented当之无愧的获奖者deserved winners少数民族ethnic minorities有报酬的gainful employment性别问题gender issues手工艺品handicraft works工薪阶层income generation深入了解in-depth knowledge残疾人the handicapped不求最大，但求最好seek the best instead of the largest产业结构industrial structure城乡一体化the unified design between the city and the countryside短期行为short-term conduct房地产开发real estate development扶贫帮困help and support the poor公共绿地public lawn公用事业public utilities会展中心convention center基建规模infrastructure scale精品意识consciousness for the best精品住宅区model human settlements企业效益enterprise revenue文明乘车civil bus ride希望工程Hope Project以人为本human centered主办城市the host city综合治理comprehensively administer经济萧条economic recession记者招待会press conference钻坯rough diamond先进机器sophisticated machine强劲的增长staggering growth业界trade union统称umbrella name濒临停产边缘be close to production collapse 反省reflect on回报期period of investment return痛定思痛recall a painful experience卧薪尝胆endure present hardships to revive 兴旺期blossom period茁壮成长develop and flourish不断扩展的出口创汇者expanding export earner定下严格规则impose stringent rules市场波动market fluctuation协会章程association charter总经营额total business revenue用人单位end-user学徒期entry-level从头开始from square one高水平的high-caliber灌输或强化instill or reinforce工作性质job specification本土化项目localization programs表现评估performance appraisal不断调整和日趋完善的阶段the stage of constant adjustment and improvement产学研一体化的办学机制the educational mechanism of combining learning with research and production成人学历教育，高等教育自学考试 continuing education and self-study examination of higher education初露端倪reveal its importance for the first time翻译导游tourist interpreter复合型，应用型管理人才versatile and practical management talents结构性调整structural adjustment民俗风情customs and habits相伴而生be accompanied by学术领域academic sector应势而生come into existence as the situation requires在职培训part-time training专业方向professional emphasis资格考试qualification testTOPICAL欧洲经济委员会The Economic Commission for Europe誉满全球A world-wide reputation会议中心Conference center世界卫生组织The world Health Organization国际事务公务员International civil servants国际新闻中心International press center艺术品Works of art国际贸易中心International trading center丰富多彩的文化交融Rich cultural blend旅游胜地Holiday resort自然保护区Natural reserves封建王朝Feudal dynasty中国革命历史博物馆the Museum of the Chinese Revolution一座历史丰碑a historical monument快节奏的社会 fast-tempo society专题展览exhibitions on special subject实地考察on-the-spot investigaion经历了数千年的风吹雨打being beaten by elements for thousands of years 古典艺术精品classical art treasures世界文化遗产World Cultural Heritage紫禁城the Forbidden City文物宝库a treasure house of cultural relics私人收藏家personal collector证券交易所securities exchanges股票交易所stock exchanges有组织的买卖过程systematic market process大公司major corporation纽约证券交易所New York Stock Exchange协调税收Tax harmonization热门话题Hot topic欧盟European Union推动力Driving force统一的期望Contemplate on the harmonization国际货币组织International Monetary Fund国内需求domestic demand经济全球化economic globalization双边渠道bilateral channels亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation金融危机financial crisis广泛关注arouse wide concern国际社会international community公正合理的国际经济新秩序a new and reasonable international economic order 从大局出发proceed from the whole situation财政政策financial policy共同繁荣common prosperity贸易投资自由化trade and investment liberalization日新月异progress with each passing day知识经济knowledge economy教职工faulty members订阅subscribes to杂志期刊journals and periodicals娱乐体育设施recreations and athletic facilities文科系arts department应用科学applied science诺贝尔奖金获得者recipients of Nobel Prize文化和个人素质intellectual and personal qualities生活费living expenses团队意识sense of community成人教育学院continuing education school仿真实验室simulation laboratory教育部Ministry of Education土木工程civil engineering全国重点大学national key university信息技术information technology函授生correspondence student外国留学生international student教育展览会Education Exhibition组委会organizing committee主要内容main component热点话题much-talked-about topic共同关心的信息mutually concerned information洁水资源fresh water resource在过去的二十年里over the last couple of decades 适耕地land available for farming可用清洁水fresh water available新兴经济emerging economies全球变暖global warming生态危机ecological crisis通向繁荣之路path to prosperity抓住机遇seize the opportunity引人注目的环境remarkable environmental progress 垃圾处理garbage disposal生活必需品the bare necessities of life消费品consumer goods消费习惯consuming habit捕鱼量the volume of fishing造纸业paper-making industry木材储量timber reserves森林覆盖面积forest-covering area对内投资inward investment创业精神entrepreneurship表示敬意pay tribute to津贴和拨款subsidies and grants恐怖主义问题problem of terrorism将生命献给了最崇高的事业gave their lives to the highest calling 恐怖主义的目标target of terrorism加强力量intensified our effort使归案受审bring to justice国际条约international treaties世界知识产权组织World Intellectual Property Organization私营部门the private sector知识产权intellectual property总干事Director Geneor在进入新的千年之际at the threshold of the new millennium成员国member countries纲领性文件programmatic document基本人权fundamental human rights殖民枷锁colonialist shackles任重道远the burden is heavy and the road is long网络电话业internet phone industry广阔的发展前景vast potential for future development电话音质telephone sound quality即时传输instantaneous transmission全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)中继站Relay station智能交通管理系统Intelligent traffic management systems分子生物学Molecular biology能源综合利用comprehensive utilization of energy认识科学cognitive science生产力productive force推动力量driving force相对论the theory of relativity行为科学behavior science知识科学knowledge economy新兴产业rising economy层出不穷emerge one after another科教兴国战略the strategy of economic development through science-technology and education 可持续发展sustainable development试点工程pilot program严峻挑战serious challenges运行机制operational mechanism中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences综合国力the overall national strength磁悬浮铁路magnetic suspended railway根本原因root causes青少年犯罪juvenile crime bill闲聊idle talk轻易接近easy access to绝不容忍zero tolerance预算平衡balanced budget担负起责任step up to its responsibilities执法者law enforcement professionals提款卡debit card磁条magnetic stripe停车计费表parking meter密码personal identification number具备双重功能pull double duty电子交易electronic versions加强性芯片chip-enhanced versions热衷于这个主意be hot for the idea遥控器remote controller无孔不入all pervasive增强性能strengthen the property减少故障to reduce the breakdown原动力motive power高架铁路aerial train汽车废气的排放discharge of automobile exhaust fumes 毗邻而居be adjacent to最新型的，最优良的state-of-the art三维的，立体的three-dimensional开拓性的，独创的ground-breaking组委会organizing committee创新方法innovative approach市场合作伙伴marketing partner走向未来的一次飞跃a giant leap into the future用钱拉选票cash for votes贿赂丑闻bribery scandal草地网球lawn tennis发球区service court处于执牛耳的地位occupy a leading position体育道德精神sportsmanship以全体运动员的名义in the name of all the athletes借助不正当的手段resort to unjust means请...发言Give the floor to我很荣幸...It is a great pleasure for me to相关问题Relevant issues最新的调查结果Updated research result对...给予重视Attach the importance to领先技术Lead-edge technologies公使Minister Counselor自然遗产Natural heritage共同关心的问题Shared concern良好的信誉Well-deserved reputation对...表示衷心的感谢 express sincere gratitude to请...讲话 Let's welcome to give a speech双边会议 bilateral conference以掌声对...表示的最热烈的欢迎 propose the warmest applause to 主办单位 sponsor颁奖仪式 the Award Ceremony贺词 greeting speech隆重举行 observe the grand opening of请...颁奖 Let's invite to present the award取得圆满成功 achieve complete ceremony全球庆典 global celebration ceremony宣布...结束 declare the closing of请全体起立，奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem.集体管理Collective stewardship充满竞争的就业市场Competitive job market金融机构Financial institutions进取Forward-looking国民生产总值Gross National Product迎接挑战Meet the challenges公共机构Public authorities法规机制Regulatory mechanism跨越新千年的门槛The threshold of our transition into the new millennium 联合国人居中心UNCHS (United Nations Center for Human Settlements)城市居民Urban residents服务齐全的高尚城市Well-serviced formal city把...列为重要内容 place as the priority不放松工作 never neglect the work节约用水 water conservation对...表示衷心祝贺 extend our sincere congratulations on节约用水先进城市 model city of water conservation使...取得预期效果 attain the results expected授予...光荣称号 confer honorable awards on为...而奋斗 strive for严重缺水城市 a city of severe water shortage有关单位 units concerned与...比有差距 compared with ,there is still some way to go预祝...圆满成功 wish a complete success开源与节流并重 broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure对外贸易港口 seaport for foreign trade国内生产总值 National Gross Products欢聚一堂 merrily gather活跃的经济带 vigorous economic region基础雄厚 solid foundation留下最美好的印象 may you have a most pleasant impression盛世 the grand occasion祝愿在停留愉快 wish a pleasant stay综合性商港 comprehensive commercial seaport春意盎然 spring is very much in the air 森林覆盖率forest coverage。

考研英语100个高频词组考研英语备考中，要想提高自己的英语水平，首先要扩充自己的词汇量。

为此，本文整理了100个考研英语需要记住的高频词组，希望对大家有所帮助。

1.做出共同努カmake joint efforts2.綜合素质comprehensive quality3.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility achievement4.著名景点the famous scenic spots5.主要理由列举如下The main/ leading reasons are listed as follows6 重视attach great importance to. .7.致力于/投身于be committed I devoted to.8.旨在做某事aim to do sth9.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:10.长远利益long-term interest11.获取有用信息的捷径shortcut to helpful information12.増进相互了解enhance/promote mutual understanding13.资源节约和坏境友好型resource saving and environment-friendly14.在一定程度上to some extent15.在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life16.与...比校compared with.../ in comparison with17.有直接/间接关系be directly / indirectly related to...18.有争议性的向題a controversial issue19.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons20.由...引起arise from21.代先考虑友展...give (top) priority to sth.22.应当承认Admittedly23.引起了广泛的公众关注sth. has aroused wide public concern/sth has drawn great public attention.24.因特网the Internet (一定要有冠司,字母I需大写)25.因...而闻名be known/famous as26.以...代价at the expense ot27.一定be bound to28.眼前利益immediate interest short-term interest29.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills30.先进的科学技木advanced science and technology31.我同意前者(后者)观点1 give my vote to the former/latter opinion32.我们还有很长的路要走We still have a long way to go.33.为我们日常生活增添了情趣add much spice/flavor to our daily life34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society35.提供就业机会offer job opportunities36.随着人民生活水平的显著提高with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard37.随着经济的繁荣with the booming of the economy38.双方的论点argument on both sides39.数以亿计的billions of40.适应社会发展adapt oneself to the social development41.实现梦想realize one's dream42.身心两方面both physically and mentally43.社会进步的体现a symbol of society progress44.社会地位social status45.日益激烈的社会竞争the increasingly keen social competition46.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed that47.热烈的讨论/净论a heated discussion/debate.48.欠发达地区underdeveloped area49.平均收益average revenue50.满足需求satisfy/meet the needs of... summer 651.利远大于弊The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages52.理论和实际相结合integrate theory with practice53.劳动力市场labor market54.扩大知识面expand one's scope of knowledge55.可替代think的词believe claim, maintain, argue,insist, hold the opinion/belief I view that56.可靠的信息源a reliable source of information57.可降解的/可分解的材料degradable/decomposable material58.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into consideration59.开阔眼界widen one's horizon/broaden one'svision60.据报道It is reported that...61.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned/Personally62.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation63.经济改革economic reform64 经济/心理负担financial burden/psychological burden65.解释，占...比例account for66.解决环境及社会不平衡的问题find solutions to environment and the imbalance of society67.交流思想/情感信息exchange ideas 1 emotions /information68.计划经济planned economy69.挥金如土spend money like water70.缓解压力减轻负担relieve stress/burden71.环保的材料environmentally friendly materials72.归因于be tribute to73.更多地强调put more emphasis on..74.跟上.的最新发展keep pace with/keep abreast with the latest development of...75.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon76.方便快捷convenient and quick77.反映了社会进步的mirror the social progress/advance78.发挥日益重要作用play an increasingly important role in.79.而不是rather than80.对这问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issue81.对...有益be beneficial to/be conducive to...82.对...有害do harm to/be harmful to/be detrimental to83.对产生有利不利的影响exert positive 1negative effects on...84.对...必不可少be indispensable to ...85.导致很多问题give rise to/lead to/spell various problems86.导致，引起lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result in87.代替replace/substitute/take the place of88.大大方便了人们的生活sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.89.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for.90.从另一个角度from another perspective91.充分利用make full use of 1 take advantage of92.承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure93.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty94.不可否认It is undeniable that..95.保障社会稳定和繁荣guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society96.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources97.把时间和精力放在...上focus one's time and energy on.98....有其自身的优缺点... has its own merits and demerits/pros and cons99....的健康发展the healthy development of...100....必然趋势an resistible trend of...。

考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇如果感觉很多，记不完的话，可以详细的掌握一下90年、92年、96年、99年、03年、05年和06年中的词汇和短语。

这不失为一种“临时抱佛脚”，或者说“亡羊补牢”的做法。

其实，也是一个学生的问题带给我的思考。

这两天上课，好多同学都问我：老师，到现在了，还有那么一点时间，我基础不是特别好，我怎么复习呢，现在看书又不是那么能沉下心来看，怎么办？当时，我思考了一下，觉得问的是基础问题，到今天，考试还有20天，而如果再抱着大纲背单词，打基础，似乎已经来不及了。

回家路上，在思考这个问题，怎么办？结果，我还是想到了真题，真题中的单词。

为什么用真题，已经强调过无数次，所以，不说这个道理了。

而到如今，马上就要考了，为什么还要记单词呢？是基于以下几点考虑：1．这是来自真题中的单词，就完全是可能会再一次重新考的单词。

2．记这些单词的心态是，我能记住就记住，记不住就算了；同时，记这些单词的时间，最好不要集中记忆，不要给自己“我今天就要把这些单词全记住了再休息”这样一种暗示。

因为复习到现在，基础知识够好的人，可以把这些单词全部用自己零散的时间来解决了；如果基础知识不人，感觉回天乏术，多的又不想看，那么这些单词就相对而言，是属于“少而精”，需要掌握的单词了，也需要自己花点休息的时间，磨磨蹭蹭的背呗。

3．哦，顺便说一声，我整理的是翻译中的重点词汇。

而阅读文章中需要掌握的单词，周雷老师那本书上，对每一篇文章中的重点单词都标注出来了，建议大家只看周老师标注出来的[大纲单词]，因为超纲词毕竟是少数。

4．红色是需要掌握的，并且可能是会再次出现的词汇。

5．选择的时候带有个人主观性，没有完全精确的数据统计。

凭个人记忆在选择的，如果上一篇文章中出现的常考词，下篇文章再出现，我也可能会标注出来。

但是，在同一篇文章中，尽量不重复。

1990年英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as” nature vs. nurture”.(62)Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict belie ve that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our考研翻译中必须掌握的词汇(1)biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we ar e born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.(64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologica lly inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it poss ible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.1992年英译汉试题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily，make distinctions，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character，social adjustment，physical endurance，manual skills，or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. (72)To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.(73)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us be gin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best，the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do，and the intellectual ability to do it. (74)The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable，and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies，of course，in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his tes t; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. (75)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.1993年英译汉试题(71)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference，but there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (72)It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Y ou will understand this better，perhaps，if I give you some familiar examples. (73)Y ou have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction（归纳法）and deduction，that by the help of these operations，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws，and that out of these，by some special skill of their own，they build up their theories. (74)And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words，you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms，you will discover that you are quite wrong，and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays，where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose（散文）during the whole of his life. In the same way，I trust that you will take comfort，and be delighted with yourselves，on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (75)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very same kind，though differing in degree，as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1994年英译汉试题According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through theinsights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) “In short”, a lea der of the new schoo l contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (73) Over the years, tools and technolog y themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, <<<<Newton>>>>, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as <Edison> attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.1995年英译汉试题The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading dependspartly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in thiscontext. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1996年英译汉试题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. (71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. (73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good ” as opposed to “bad”science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental,question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. (74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which hol ds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.(75)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.考研英语1998年英译汉试题They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. (71)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing andexpected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventfully, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73)Astrophysicists wor king with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(74)If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75)Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plaus ible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.考研英语1999年英译汉试题(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(73)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the variousbranches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accus ed of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. (75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to soc ial science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.考研英语2000年英译汉试题Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has theeffect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropr iate programs and putting them into effect.考研英语2001年英译汉试题In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing v irtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take plac e. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. (74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start o f man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people。