英文摘要常用句型和修辞

英文摘要常见句型1）This paper deals with...2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3）This eassy presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ...8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up to date information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...摘要题型写作要点：① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。

摘要常用句型及其翻译四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。

例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。

█Basic Sentence PatternsPart I To state the purpose of the experimentsIt is the purpose of this article to …The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to …The objectives of this study were to …This report is intended to …In this study, an attempt w as made to …In order to exploreevaluatecompareinvestigate…, we/the authorsanalyzedstudiedperformedsurveyedin/among…Part ⅡTo state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that …It has been reported that …Previous studies have shown that …… has/have been associated with …A few comparisons have been made between… and …Part ⅢTo state the methods of the experiments… was/were isolated…analyzedmeasuredby using…… was/were investigateddiagnosedperformedby the method of/the use of/measurement of… /with the… test/by… techniquesUsing…, we demonstrated…Using…, we found that…A recent Study by X showsindicatesdemonstratesprovesprovides information concerning…that…Part ⅣTo state the re sults of the experimentsIt was found that …… failed to show…… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with…… was/were in inverse proportion to…directly proportional to…There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…associationcorrelationThe results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…The detailsresultsof… are presented.Part V To state the discussion and conclusion We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that…We propose… to do …Our/These/The resultsfindingsobservationsdataresearchinvestigationsindicate that…demonstrate that…prove that…support that…provide information concerning…It is suggested/recommended/advised…On the basis of… we conclude that…From these results, it is concluded that…Recent research indicates that…六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。

学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。

用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。

结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。

（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。

2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。

3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。

（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。

B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。

C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。

摘要的常用表达方法由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达, 甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“句型库”(stock phrases), 对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的。

3.1 引言部分3.1.1 回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。

如：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.3.1.2 阐明写作或研究目常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。

另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。

如：We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.3.1.3 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。

Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.3.2 方法部分3.2.1 介绍研究或试验过程常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。

英文摘要的修辞(转载)(1) 摘要中的第一句话不要与文题重复,要有所变化，补充一些细节。

如文题为：Expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 则摘要第一句话不要写为To detect the expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 最好改为To detect RACK1 gene over-expressed in primary colon carcinoma by in situ hybridisation.(2) 可用动词的情况应尽量避免应用动词的名词形式。

如: 应当用Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was measured. 而不用Measurement of Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was made.(3) 正确使用冠词，包括定冠词the和不定冠词a或an；区分可数名词和不可数名词是关键。

如expression做（基因）表达用时为不可数名词，不能加“s”. 对可数名词尽可能使用其复数形式。

(4) 应当用预置短语分开或用连字符断开名词词组，避免使用连续多个形容词或名词来修饰名词。

如用sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, 而不用formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections。

(5) 注意平行结构：在表述各相同的并列成分时，不论是词类、词组、从句或分句，每个成分都必须对等。

如The purpose of this study was to analyze the new proposed classification and determining which classification was clinically useful. 其中第二个表语是动名词短语，与第一个表语不定式短语不一致，不符合平行结构原则。

Sentence patterns of abstract1.general situation(1)something has a long history, and now it has become…(2)in the past years, something …(3)recently, …2.focus(1)In this paper【example】The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对(2)(3)【example】The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。

(4)(5)【example】The present study has been carried out with a view to determine the feasibility of a recently suggested scheme for the economical detection and analysis of ultra-high energy cosmic shower.研究旨在确定最近推荐的一种对超高能量宇宙射线簇进行经济探测分析可行性的方案。

英语22种修辞手法以及例句归纳总结常见英语修辞手法总共有22种，分别为明喻、转喻、提喻、隐喻、拟人、拟声、夸张、双关、讽刺、联觉、头韵、委婉、修辞反问、隽语、对照、渐进法、渐降法、引用、叠言、仿拟、排比、寓言。

一、明喻（Simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though,seem,similar to, such as等，Eg：1. This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看起来好像刚从我的童话书中走出来，像一个幽灵一样从我身边走过。

3. It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

二、隐喻（Metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

Eg：1、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

2. He is a pig.他简直是头猪。

（比喻：他是一个像猪一般的人，指肮脏，贪吃的人。

）3. She is a woman with a stony heart.她是一个铁石心肠的女人。

（比喻：这个女人冷酷无情。

）4.Mark Twain is a mirror of America.马克•吐温是美国的一面镜子。

英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem anda detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the followingsections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。