SOCIAL INTERACTIONIST FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS

名词解释nguage: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :i.Arbitrariness:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .ii.Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。

指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。

举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discoursesiii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on thesystematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.ngue:F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。

Physical exercise is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle,offering numerous benefits that extend beyond just the physical realm.Here are some of the key advantages of engaging in regular physical activity:1.Improved Cardiovascular Health:Regular exercise strengthens the heart and improves blood circulation,which can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.2.Weight Management:Physical activities help in burning calories,which is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight when necessary.3.Enhanced Muscle Strength and Endurance:Strength training exercises increase muscle mass and strength,which can improve overall physical performance and reduce the risk of injury.4.Increased Flexibility:Activities like yoga and stretching improve flexibility,which can help prevent muscle strains and other injuries.5.Mental Health Benefits:Exercise is known to release endorphins,which are natural mood elevators.Regular physical activity can help reduce stress,anxiety,and depression.6.Boosted Immune System:Regular physical activity can boost the immune system, helping the body fight off infections and diseases more effectively.7.Better Sleep:Engaging in regular exercise can help regulate sleep patterns,leading to better quality sleep and overall wellbeing.8.Increased Longevity:Studies have shown that individuals who engage in regular physical activity tend to live longer,healthier lives.9.Enhanced Cognitive Function:Exercise can improve brain function,including memory and cognitive abilities,and may reduce the risk of cognitive decline with age.10.Improved Bone Density:Weightbearing exercises can help increase bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.11.Social Interaction:Group exercises or sports can provide opportunities for social interaction and community engagement,which are important for mental health and wellbeing.12.Increased Energy Levels:Regular exercise can increase energy levels,making dailyactivities more manageable and enjoyable.13.Improved SelfEsteem and Confidence:Achieving fitness goals can boost selfesteem and confidence,contributing to a positive selfimage.14.Prevention of Chronic Diseases:Regular physical activity can help prevent or manage chronic conditions such as diabetes,high blood pressure,and certain types of cancer. 15.Enhanced Quality of Life:Overall,engaging in regular physical exercise can lead to a better quality of life,with improved physical capabilities and a greater sense of wellbeing. Incorporating a variety of exercises into your routine,such as aerobic activities,strength training,and flexibility exercises,can maximize these benefits.Its important to find activities that you enjoy and can sustain over time to make physical exercise a regular and enjoyable part of your life.。

Morning exercises are an essential part of many students daily routines,especially in schools where they are incorporated into the curriculum to promote physical health and mental wellbeing.Heres a detailed look at the significance and process of morning exercises in an educational setting.Importance of Morning Exercises:1.Health Benefits:Engaging in physical activity first thing in the morning helps to boost the immune system,improve cardiovascular health,and increase energy levels throughout the day.2.Mental Alertness:Morning exercises can stimulate the brain,making students more alert and focused in their studies.3.Social Interaction:Group exercises provide an opportunity for students to interact, fostering a sense of community and teamwork.4.Discipline:Regular participation in morning exercises instills a sense of discipline and punctuality.Process of Morning Exercises:1.Assembly:Students gather in the schoolyard or sports field at a designated time, usually just after the morning bell.2.WarmUp:A brief warmup session is conducted to prepare the body for the exercises. This may include light jogging,jumping jacks,or dynamic stretches.3.Calisthenics:A series of calisthenic exercises are performed,which may include pushups,situps,and squats.These exercises help to strengthen the body and improve flexibility.4.Aerobic Activities:Depending on the schools program,aerobic activities such as running or dancing may be included to increase heart rate and improve stamina.5.Cool Down:After the main exercises,students participate in a cooldown session, which may involve slowerpaced activities like walking or static stretching to gradually bring the heart rate down.6.Dismissal:Once the exercises are completed,students are dismissed to proceed to their classrooms or to have breakfast before the start of classes.Variety of Morning Exercises:Traditional Exercises:These include standard physical education exercises that are universally recognized and practiced.Yoga and Stretching:Some schools incorporate yoga or stretching routines to improve flexibility and balance.Tai Chi or Qigong:These traditional Chinese exercises are sometimes included for their calming effects and focus on breath control.Challenges and Solutions:Lack of Motivation:Students may not be motivated to participate in morning exercises. Schools can address this by making the sessions more engaging and varied.Time Constraints:Morning exercises need to be conducted within a limited time frame before classes start.Careful planning and efficient execution can help overcome this challenge.Weather Conditions:Adverse weather can disrupt outdoor exercises.Schools can prepare indoor alternatives or reschedule exercises accordingly.Conclusion:Morning exercises are a valuable component of a students school life,contributing to their overall development.By understanding the process and addressing potential challenges,schools can ensure that morning exercises are a positive and beneficial experience for all students.。

In the realm of personal habits, there exists a spectrum of behaviors that can be both beneficial and detrimental to an individuals overall wellbeing. Lets explore the daily routine of a person named Alex, whose habits have a significant impact on his life. Morning Routine:Alex starts his day early, around 6:00 AM. He believes in the power of a fresh start, and the morning is when he feels most energized. His first habit is to drink a glass of warm water with a squeeze of lemon, which aids in digestion and detoxification. This is followed by a short meditation session to clear his mind and set his intentions for the day. Exercise:Next, Alex engages in a 30minute workout, which includes a mix of cardio and strength training. This routine not only keeps him physically fit but also boosts his mood and mental clarity. Regular exercise is a cornerstone of his lifestyle, contributing to his overall health and wellbeing.Diet:Alex is mindful of his diet, opting for a balanced intake of proteins, carbohydrates, and healthy fats. He avoids processed foods and sugary drinks, instead choosing whole foods like fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and whole grains. He also makes it a point to stay hydrated throughout the day, drinking at least eight glasses of water.Work Habits:At work, Alex is disciplined and focused. He prioritizes his tasks and uses time management techniques to stay organized. He takes short breaks to rest his eyes and stretch his body, which helps him maintain productivity without burning out.Social Interaction:Alex values his relationships and makes time for social activities. He believes in the importance of maintaining a worklife balance and often spends his evenings with friends or family, engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation.Evening Routine:Before bed, Alex has a calming evening routine. He reads a book or listens to soft music to unwind. He also practices gratitude, reflecting on the positive aspects of his day. This helps him to maintain a positive mindset and fosters better sleep.Sleep:Alex understands the importance of a good nights sleep for his health and cognitive function. He aims for 78 hours of sleep each night and tries to maintain a consistent sleepschedule, even on weekends.Continuous Learning:Lastly, Alex has a habit of continuous learning. He dedicates time each week to read, attend workshops, or take online courses to expand his knowledge and skills in various areas of interest.In conclusion, Alexs lifestyle is a testament to the power of good habits. His routine is structured to promote physical health, mental wellbeing, and personal growth. By incorporating these habits into his daily life, Alex sets a positive example for others to follow.。

Entertainment is an essential aspect of life that provides relaxation and enjoyment.It plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy balance between work and leisure.Here are some key points to consider about the importance of appropriate entertainment:1.Stress Relief:Engaging in enjoyable activities can help reduce stress and anxiety.It allows the mind to take a break from the pressures of daily life.2.Mental Health:Appropriate entertainment can contribute to better mental health by providing a positive outlet for emotions and offering a sense of accomplishment or satisfaction.3.Social Interaction:Entertainment often involves socializing with friends and family, which can strengthen relationships and foster a sense of community.4.Cognitive Benefits:Certain forms of entertainment,such as puzzles,board games,and reading,can stimulate the brain and improve cognitive function.5.Physical Health:Engaging in physical activities for entertainment,such as sports or dancing,can improve physical fitness and overall health.6.Cultural Enrichment:Attending cultural events,such as theater performances,concerts, or art exhibitions,can broaden ones horizons and deepen appreciation for the arts.7.Personal Growth:Hobbies and interests pursued for entertainment can lead to personal development and the acquisition of new skills.8.Creativity:Engaging in creative activities,such as painting,writing,or playing a musical instrument,can stimulate the imagination and foster a creative mindset.9.Escape:Entertainment provides an escape from reality,allowing individuals to immerse themselves in different worlds and experiences,which can be refreshing and rejuvenating.10.Balance:Incorporating entertainment into ones routine helps maintain a balanced lifestyle,preventing burnout and promoting a more enjoyable existence.In conclusion,appropriate entertainment is vital for a wellrounded life.It not only offers moments of joy and relaxation but also contributes to the overall wellbeing of an individual.It is important,however,to choose forms of entertainment that are positive and constructive to ensure they have a beneficial impact on ones life.。

结构主义语言观功能主义语言观交互语言观英文Structuralism, functionalism, and interactionism are three major perspectives on language that have shaped how linguists and scholars view language and communication. Each of these perspectives offers different insights into how language functions, how it is structured, and how it is used in social interactions.Structuralism is a linguistic theory that emphasizes the internal structure of language, focusing on the relationships between elements in a language system. This perspective views language as a set of interconnected elements that work together to create meaning. Structuralists analyze language through the examination of phonemes, morphemes, and syntax, looking for patterns and rules that govern language use. Proponents of structuralism, such as Ferdinand de Saussure, argue that these internal structures are what give language its meaning and coherence.Functionalism, on the other hand, is a linguistic theory that emphasizes the communicative function of language, focusing on how language is used to achieve goals and convey meaning in social interactions. This perspective views language as a tool for communication, with the primary goal of language being toconvey meaning and achieve social cohesion. Functionalists analyze language through the study of speech acts, discourse analysis, and pragmatics, looking at how language is used in specific contexts to accomplish specific goals. Proponents of functionalism, such as Michael Halliday, argue that language is shaped by its communicative functions and its social purposes.Interactionism is a linguistic theory that emphasizes the dynamic and interactive nature of language use, focusing on how language is used in social interactions to create and maintain relationships. This perspective views language as a tool for social interaction, with the primary goal of language being to establish connections between individuals and negotiate meaning in shared contexts. Interactionists analyze language through the study of conversation analysis, discourse markers, and politeness strategies, looking at how language is used to navigate social interactions and establish rapport. Proponents of interactionism, such as Erving Goffman, argue that language is shaped by its use in social interactions and its role in creating and maintaining social relationships.Overall, these three perspectives offer unique insights into how language functions, how it is structured, and how it is used in social interactions. While structuralism focuses on the internalstructure of language, functionalism emphasizes the communicative function of language, and interactionism highlights the interactive nature of language use in social contexts. By considering these different perspectives, linguists and scholars can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of language and its role in human communication.。

⽐较⽪亚杰与维果斯基的认知发展理论Synthesizing and Comparing Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s TheoriesFor decades, Piaget’s (1896-1980) theory of cognitive development has been the leading theory in the field. Whereas Piaget focuses more on the individual level effort in the cognitive development, his contemporary counterpart, Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) held that children develop the ways of thinking and understanding through interactions with the contextual environment (Santrock, 2010, p. 226). Both theories contributed greatly to the advancements in the child education and understanding of the human’s cognitive development.Piaget and Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentThe most noteworthy part of Piaget’s work is his persistent development of the four-stage process of cognitive development. Piaget argued that human beings go through four consecutive stages toward cognitive maturation, and each stage presents new ways of understanding the world that is qualitively different than the previous stage. These stages are sensorimotor stage (from birth to about two year-old), preoperational stage (from two to seven year-old), concrete operational stage (from seven to 11 year-old), and formal operational stage (from 11 to 15 year-old). Piaget argued that it is the discrepancy between individual’s existing schemes and counterexamples that creates the disequilibrium, which in turn creates the motive for change (Santrock, 2010, p. 209). In every stage, individual tend to assimilate new information by using the existing schemes and accommodate new information by adjusting the existing schemes. Piaget also argued that there are certain cognitive milestones that represent each stage. For example, object permanence is a key manifestation of the end of sensorimotor stage and conservation should be achieved by the end of preoperational stage.Vygotsky put much emphasis on the importance of socialcultural factors in children’s cognitive development. Vygotsky did not break down children’s cognitive development into age related stages, and he held that cognitive development is a continuous process where the skilled person provides necessary direction and support that fit the child’s current development (Daniels, 2007, as cited in Santrock, 2010). Vygotsky proposed his concepts of the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. Zone of proximal development has a lower limit and an upper limit. The lower limit stands for the level of problem solving that can be achieved by the child alone while the upper limit stands for the level of additional problem solving capability that must be supported by the others, and scaffolding is the tool the skilled person utilizes to offer the necessary aid or support.Strength and Weakness of Piaget and Vygotsky’s TheoryAs previously mentioned, Piaget focused on the individual effort for achieving the cognitive maturation and he put little effort in recognizing the socialcultural context. Vygotsky believed that language and cognition are developed in parallel and the both have reciprocal effects to one another. In contrary, Piaget argued that language has minimal role, and cognition primarily directs language. In Vygotsky’s eye, education plays a central role in helping children advance the cognitive capability whereas Piaget believed education merely refines the cognitive skills. Vygotsky stressed the importance of changing the level of support in order to maximize child’s cognitive capability, and his emphasis is on the external factors. However, Piaget regarded external factors such as teacher’s intervention as facilitating elements in supporting child’s exploration and discovery, yet the child takes the leading role.With the advancement in social science and research methodologies, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has undergone challenges. Researchers have found that the formal operational stage is far from the end of the development. Commons and Ross (2008) proposed four more postformal stages - Systematic, Metasystematic, Paradigmatic, and Cross-Paradigmatic, and they further argued that “most science, technology, and successful management require postformal thought” (p. 321). Kuhn (2008) also argued that people have greater cognitive potential during the second decade of life, andformal operational stage is just the beginning to realize this potential. Kuhn held that we need to cultivate supporting environment to maximize every individual’s full potential (p. 53). Secondly, cognitive abilities does not exactly follow the pattern what Piaget theorized. Some cognitive abilities could emerge earlier than the norm, and some could delay. Children who are exposed to object manipulation earlier have greater possibility to grasp the conservation earlier than the children who have less real life experience.Vygotsky’s theory has not undergone rigorous empirical studies (Santrock, 2010, p. 230). This is partly because Vygotsky’s theory had not been recognized by the most of the world the same as Piaget’s, and partly because Vygotsky’s theory was not specific enough. For example, Vygotsky did not theorize major milestones in children’s cognitive development path. Also, Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking (Santrock, 2010, p. 231) where he argued that children progressively internalize their egocentric external speech to form their thoughts. Vygotsky maintained that socialcultural factors exert much on the cognitive development, and guidance would help children reach the upper limit of their zone of proximal development; however, too much support would also inadvertently cause children’s dependence.ConclusionPiaget’s theory starts from nativist’s point of view, emphasizing the importance of cognitive development milestones while maintaining that education and environment can also refine the cognitive skill. Vygotsky’s theory revolves around from the social interactionist’s point of view, putting feet hard on the socialcultural factors. Both Piaget 's and Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development provide us lenses in looking into human’s most powerful capability – cognition, and their theories will continue serving as the cornerstone for education.ReferencesCommons, M. L., & Ross, S. N. (2008). What postformal thought is, and why it matters. World Futures, 64, 321–329. Kuhn, D. (2008). Formal operations from a twenty-first century perspective. Human Development, 51, 48–55.Santrock, J. W. (2010). A topical approach to life-span development (Fifth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.。

XI Second Language Acquisition1.Second language acqusition (SLA), formally established itself as a discipline around the 1970s, refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.Target language is called a second language or a foreign language.2.What are the connections between first language acquisition & second language acquisition?The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced greatly those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and practical levels. The first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning.---- Littlewood( 1986:4).However,second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. The language they produced, called interlanguage ( IL) or learner language, tends to become fossilized at certain level.3.What is contrastive analysis (CA对比分析)?It refers to the comparison of the linguistic systems of two language, for example the sound system or the grammatical system. Contrastive analysis was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s, as an application of structural linguistics to language teaching, and is based on the following assumptions: a)The main difficulties in learning a new language are caused by interference from the first language; b)These difficulties can be predicted by contrastive analysis; c)Teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis to reduce the effects of interference.4.Transfer(迁移). In learning theory the carrying over of learned behavior from one situation to another. Positive transfe r is learning in one situation which helps or facilitates learning in another later situation. Negative transfer is learning in one situation which interferes with learning in another later situation.5. Error analysis may carried out in order to (1)identify strategies which learners use in language learning;(2)try to identify the causes of learner errors;(3) Obtain information on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.A basic distinction was drawn between interlingual (语际) and intralingual(语内)errors.Intralingual errors（语内错误）a.Overgeneralization (概括过度)is defined as the use of previously available strategies in new situation.b.Cross-association(互相联想)6.While errors, defined as unintentional deviants from the target language and not self corrigible by the learner, suggest failure in competence, mistakes, defined as either intentional or unintentional deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.7.What is interlanguage? Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learners‟independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from one extreme of his native language to the other of the second language.The three important characteristics of interlanguage——Systematicity; permeability; fossilization8.What is fossilization?Fossilization: the learners‟ independent system of the second language which is neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.A process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language. Aspects of pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and grammar may become fixed or fossilized in second or foreign language learning. Fossilized features of pronunciation contribute to a person‟s foreign accent.9.What are the causes of fossilization?Causes: fossilization may occur at any time and at any level. 1)Lack of acculturation;2)Will to maintain identity;3)Inappropriate extrinsic feedback; 4)Cognitive maturation; 5)Satisfaction of communicative needs;6)Lack of control;7)Quality of input;8)Lack of input; 9)native language influence and instruction10.Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning: a) a learner‟s psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language, b) a learner‟s perception of native-target language distance, c) a learner‟s actual knowledge of the target language.11. What are the second language learning models ?1)The behaviourism model: emphasize the role of imitation and positivereinforcement.2)The mentalist/ innativis t model: stress that human beings, equipped innately with language acquisition device(LAD), are capable of language learning provided with adequate input.3)The social interactionist model: language and social interaction cannot be separated.12.What is Input Hypothesis (语言输入假设)?A hypothesis proposed by Krashen (克拉申), which states that in second or foreign language learning, for language acquisition to occur, it is necessary for the learner to understand Input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learners‟ present linguistic competence. Learners understand such language using cues in the situation. Eventually the abilit y to produce language is said to emerge naturally, and need not be taught directly.13. What are the the individual difference s?(1). Language aptitude: a natural ability for learning a second language (学习第二语言的天生能力). It includes: phonetic coding ability; grammatical sensitivity; inductive language learning ability; rote learning ability;(2). Motivation: the learner‟s attitudes and affective state or learning drive. Four types of motivation: a. instrumental motivation; b. integrative motivation; c. resultative motivation; d. intrinsic motivation.(3). Learning strategies: learners‟ conscious , goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, affect/ social strategiesCohen(1998):a. language learning strategies;identifying; distinguishing; grouping; committingb. language using strategiesretrieval; rehearsal; cover; communication(4) Age of acquisition. Meanwhile, the opportunity for learning, motivation to learn, individual differences in language aptitude are also important determining factors in both the rate of learning and ultimate achievement in second language learning.(5) Personality: those aspects of an individual‟s behaviour, attitudes, beliefs, thought, actions and feelings which are seen as typical and distinctive of that person and recognized as such by that person and others. Personality factors such as self-esteem, inhibition, anxiety, risk-taking and extroversion, are thought to influence second language learning because they can contribute to motivation and the choice of learning strategies14. What implications do all the research findings give to the language teaching?1) classroom instruction;2) language teaching research,3) material construction,4) evaluation system,5) teacher training and teacher education,6) curriculum design and innovation,7) education managementX. Language Acquisitionnguage acquisition refers to child‟s acquisition o f his mother tongue2.(1).The Behaviourist view: Traditional behaviorists view language as a kind of behavior and believe that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.The chief exponent of the behaviourist view is B.F. Skinners.It can explain children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects , yet how they acquire complex grammatical structure requires a different explanation.(2). Innatist hypothesis:human knowledge develops from structures, processes, ideas which are in the mind at birth( innate) than from environment, and that these are responsible for the basic structure of language.What is LAD( Language Acquisition Device语言习得机制) an imaginary black box existing in human brain. It contains principles that are universal to all human languages. Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate it, which enables them to discover his language’s structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.The logical problem means the fact that children come to know more about the structure of their language than they could reasonably be expected to learn from the language samples available.(3)The interactionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristicsof the child and the environment in which the child develops.Behaviourists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.3. The congitive development related to language acquisition mainly in two ways. First, language development is dependent on both the concepts children form about the world and what they feel stimulated to communicate at the early and later stages of their language development. Thus, as children‟s conceptual development leads to their language devel opment, their language development also helps in the formation and enhancement of the concept. Second, the cognitive factors determine how the child makes sense of the linguistic system himself instead of what meanings the child perceives and expresses. Children have some “operating principles” for making sense of language data.4.two factors of child language acquisition theories: linguistic environment children are exposed to and the age they start to learn the language.5.Eric Lenneberg, a biologist, argued that the LAD, like other biological functions, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time——a specific and limited time period for language acquisition——which is referred to as the Critical Period Hypothesis(CPH).6.Stages in child language acquisition(1)Phonological development.(2)V ocabulary development: under-extension外延缩小, over-extension过度延伸.(3)Grammatical development(two-word utterances are typically example of telegraphic speech. Cotent words which lack the function words, or function words which tell nothing.) 4) Pragmatic development(these include the greeting forms, the taboo words禁忌词,the polite forms of address and the various styles appropriate to different speech situations of his community.)7.What is atypical development?Atypical language development may occur due to trauma or injury. It includes hearing impairment, mental retardation,autism, stuttering, aphasis,dyslexia and dysgraphia.(包括听力损伤，智力障碍，自闭症，口吃，失语症，阅读障碍和书写障碍.)8.Among the language acqusition therories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? The innatist view of language acquisition is more reasonable and convincing than the other two. It claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language, emphasizes on man‟s internal processing of the language items to be learnt. The innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children‟s acqusition of complex system.IX Language & Culture1. What is culture?In a broad sense, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of customs, belief, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, it may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.2. What are the two types of culture? Material culture, Spiritual culture3.What‟s the relationship between language and culture ?Language is a major component and supporter of culture as well as a primary tool for transferring message, which is inextricably bound with culture. The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole. However, language and culture are inextricably intertwined and it is extremely difficult to separate language from culture for language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people‟s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks etc.4. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）?According to the strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, there is no real translation and it is impossible to learn the language of a different culture unless the learner abandons his or here own mode of thinking and acquires the thought patterns of the nativespeakers of the target language. But the fact that successful translation between languages can be made suggests that the strong version is not completely true. The weak version shed light on the relationship between language and culture.5. Linguistic evidence of cultural differences.Any linguistc sign may simultaneously have a denotative, connotative, or iconic kind of meanings.任何语言符号都可能同时具有外延意义，暗含意义和图像意义。

Social interaction is a fundamental aspect of human life, and it plays a crucial role in our personal and professional development. Here are some thoughts on the subject:1. Importance of Socializing: Socializing is essential for our mental and emotional wellbeing. It allows us to connect with others, share experiences, and build relationships. Its a way to learn about different perspectives, cultures, and ideas.2. Balancing Social Interaction: While socializing is important, its also crucial to find a balance. Too much social interaction can lead to burnout, while too little can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness. Its important to find the right balance that works for you.3. Online vs. Offline Socializing: With the advent of technology, online socializing has become increasingly common. While it offers convenience and can help maintain longdistance relationships, its important not to neglect facetoface interactions. Theres something unique and valuable about inperson communication that cant be replicated online.4. Quality Over Quantity: Its not about how many people you know, but about the quality of the relationships you have. Deep, meaningful connections are more fulfilling and beneficial than a large number of superficial relationships.5. Social Skills Development: Developing social skills is important for effective communication and building strong relationships. This includes active listening, empathy, and the ability to express oneself clearly and respectfully.6. Overcoming Social Anxiety: For some, socializing can be a source of anxiety. Its important to recognize and address these feelings. Techniques such as deep breathing, visualization, and gradual exposure to social situations can help manage social anxiety.7. The Role of Social Media: Social media has transformed the way we socialize. While it has its benefits, its important to be mindful of its potential pitfalls, such as the spread of misinformation, cyberbullying, and the impact on selfesteem due to social comparison.8. Cultural Differences in Socializing: Different cultures have different norms and expectations when it comes to social interaction. Being aware of and respectful towards these differences can enrich our social experiences and foster better understanding among diverse groups.9. Networking for Professional Growth: Socializing is not just for personal relationshipsits also a powerful tool for professional networking. Building a strong network can open doors to new opportunities and collaborations.10. The Impact of Socialization on Personal Growth: Engaging in social activities can lead to personal growth by exposing us to new ideas, challenging our beliefs, and helping us to develop a broader understanding of the world.In conclusion, socializing is a multifaceted aspect of life that requires thoughtful consideration and balance. Its about nurturing relationships, developing skills, and expanding our horizons, all while being mindful of the impact of technology and cultural differences.。