英语起源和发展（Origin and development of English）English of (The Growth English)English development formThe history of the British people flourished in England (England). BC lived England British ancestors called Celtic (Celts), the British (Britons) is the most powerful tribal forces, for living in England, in the southern region, and they occupied the area called Britannia[BT! >C$QU+], and they speak with the language called celtic.In 55 BC (Gaul - today known as Gaul guarding the Rome region of France) will keep Caesar (Julius (Caesar[DN:: SU+K>K! L+]: 100 ~ 44B.C.) in the general volatile invasion of Britannia, opened the prelude to the Romans Britannia for 400 years. The Rome rulers also made a logical move to bring their Latin (Latin) into Britannia, making Celtic and Latin a more extensive language blend for more than 400 years.Ad 410 years after the withdrawal of forces from the Rome Britannia, the people of intrepid northern Pictish (Picts) aborigines headed Britannia infestation. At this time for a long time after the Romans under the wing of British people had become weak to northern Germany Angles[>$QgSL] lived in northern Germany, the Germanic Saxons[>K$EKQL] live, Jutes[DN and Germanic peoples of northwest Germany (German: CK]---- live Jutland Peninsula Germanic nationality for help. But the German Yankees to help the good busy not only lazy not to walk, even the British people forced to dominate the north and south to the west.These Yankees from Germany, the Angles family is the most numerous potential, and the occupied Britannia renamed Angleland[>$RgSS$QD], and later, Angleland's name has changed to England[>, RgS+QD]. The language used by Angles is called Englisc[>, RgS, KE], Lu, and on the one hand it begins to blend with Celt +Latin, and on the other hand, the popularity of its tribe has spread over Angleland. Linguists refer to the language used in Angleland during this period as Old English (Old English).By the middle of the 1000, the British royal family had inherited the throne. At this time it faces northwest France the English Channel (Normandy: Normandy[>Q& P+QD! ") in William and the Duke of Normandy (William [>V! SU+P]), which relies on virgin blood advocate the right to inherit the throne of England, was forced into the UK in 1066, this history is called the Norman Conquest (the Norman Conquest), and Prince William it is called William the Conqueror (William the Conqueror). Of course, French also flowed into England with the Norman, and during this period blended with "Celt + Latin + Angles/Saxon", forming the Middle English.After the The Norman Conquest for about 400 years, with the progress of the times, such as religious movement, the Anglo American folk literature rise, poetry and drama of embryonic development, as well as the Renaissance, the invention of printing, colonial competition, has the following significant changes in the development of english.1. a large vocabulary of Latin (Greek) and french.The morphological changes of 2. complex endings disappeared.3., the localization of local vocabulary.4., the disappearance of the gender inherent mark of nouns.5., to meet the needs of language and the development of the times, flexible absorption of foreign words.All these factors have evolved and formed the norms and characteristics of modern english. When linguists study the development of English, they usually differentiate modern English into early modern English (Early Modern English) and late modern English (Late Modern English).Second modern English (Modern English)With the development of modern English in this century, we can get a general picture of the whole of the following three points.A. vocabulary in modern English (Vocabulary)The vocabulary structure of modern English is as follows:(a) local vocabulary (i.e., Angle-Saxon): approximately 1/5 of the vocabulary of modern English and the majority of the everyday basic language, for example:Dog (dog), cow (cow), fish (FISH), bread (bread),Bed (bed), and, of, on, for, etc.(b) Latin vocabulary (including Greek) refers to the Latin word "Latin" meaning, accounting for about 3/5 of the vocabulary structure of modern English, that is, more than half. That's why today when we study English, there are many words that can be helped by Latin roots (Root),The reason for a prefix (Prefix), or suffix (Suffix), such as "student", "family"":"Studere - (enthusiastic, learning)" + "-ent" - student"Familia - (family)" + "-y" (noun) - familyFrench provides Latin into English to the sidewalk, of course itself into many, for example: Dinner (dinner), fruit (fruit), soup (soup), fork (fork), nation (National), Encore (encore, Encore), etcThe vocabulary of modern English can also be created in the light of the progress of the times, and the Latin or Greek roots are often used at this time. For example, the word "television" was coined in 1907""Tele (and beyond Greek roots)" + "-vision" (visual field - Latin suffix) - television.(c) foreign language: English foreign language about the structure of modern English vocabulary 1/5, its language isalso an impressive array of European countries, to borrow from all over the world language and its colonial language more. Such as:Italy:piano (Gang Qin), Violin (violin), etc.Spain:cigar (Xue Qie), mosquito (mosquitoes), etc.Arabia:coffee (coffee), zero (zero), etc.China:tea (tea), typhoon (typhoon), ctc.B. usage of modern english:Modern English can be divided into different levels in the world:(a) mother tongue (Mother tongue): native English speaking countries include the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (including French), Australia, New Zealand and so on, using a population of about 350 million people.(b) (Second language) common language: English for public English speaking countries across five continents, all hosted former British colonies and the United States, the use of population estimated (by day terms can pass as the base) is about 2 billion 500 million. Of these 2 billion 500 million, English language proficiency is about 60 million.(c): in addition to the foreign language (a) (b) two, the world's other countries almost all English is the firstimportant foreign language in school education system in order to provide required courses or elective students learning. In Europe alone, according to a survey of 1991~1992 years old students aged 15 to 24 years old, English is the first important foreign language, with up to 83% of the learners. It is estimated that the English language is foreign, but more than 100 million people are fluent in speaking, writing and reading.The application of C. modern EnglishIn accordance with the evaluation criteria of modern language application value, namely, culture, education, economy, politics, science and technology, transportation, media and other aspects of the world's breadth and depth to assess, in today's world no second languages and English.Culture: Publications representing human knowledge and ideas each year, accounting for more than half of the world's publications by English publishers.Education: there are few regular universities in the world that do not have an English department or a graduate school, but there are so many students or scholars engaged in the study of English that no other language can look at them.Economy: Global trade activities and economic activities that affect human life are dominated by english.Politics: the United Nations, although identified in Britain, France and Russia, Spain and other five languages for the five largest language in the world, but the United Nations affairsexecutive with English as first language. Between the countries in the world political statement, talks, with English as the original agreement.Science and technology: global scientific and technological activities and data, dominated by English, are estimated to be around 70%. So far as the most advanced Inter-Net is available, without English is illiteracy.Traffic: the Russian Airlines entered the airport in Cairo, Egypt, and the German Airlines flight flew into the Japanese air district. The language they used to exchange flights was not Russian, German or japanese. They must all use english. Maritime traffic is also true.Media: five continents, no matter where the identity of the English language, public or foreign language, there are English newspapers or magazines in distribution or circulation, radio or television station have English programs in the broadcast, broadcast, or by listening to the program.In the light of all the listed above, English has undoubtedly been recognized as the most widely used, the most applied and the most efficient Esperanto language in the world today.Third sections of British English and American English(British, English, and, American, English)In the process of development of early modern English originally there is no British English and American English(BritishEnglis----BrE) (American English AmE) of the division, but in twentieth Century, because the United States began to participate in world affairs, to the second world war more fully demonstrated the strong force in playing a leading role on the world stage, Americans naturally speak English all over the world, even in the United Kingdom have attracted attention, considerable discussion and research from all walks of life.So, since the beginning of the seventeenth Century, when the British came to America with the colonial trend of the new world into America, what changes have taken place in the new environment for about four hundred years to form today's American English?According to the study of linguists, there are three main reasons:(1) snowclones: those colonists to the new world to cope with the new environment and the original word refers to the new things around that approximate. For example, "corn" in Britain means "grain", especially a region's staple grain, which means "wheat" ("wheat") in britain". But at that time the British people to see in the new world, the Indians are not the staple food grains of wheat and corn (maize), but then they still call to "corn", and in front of a "Indian" in contrast to the British "corn". This "Indian corn" use case first appeared in 1697, and later "Indian" gradually "no", and only "corn" directed at "corn"". Today we say "popcorn" for "pop-corn", absolutely no one says "pop-Indian-corn"".(2) in situ absorption of Aboriginal Language: AmE has absorbeda lot of Native American vocabulary, with more names of plants and animals and geographical names. Such as:Name: Ohio[o (>O%! O (] Ohio (originally referred to the Ohio River, beautiful is water "); Mississippi[P! K! >K! A!" (originally referred to the Mississippi River Mississippi, Father is of waters "); Kentucky[E+Q>C) E!] Kentucky (land of tomorrow). Etc.Animal name: moose[P (K]:: raccoon[T->E (Q]: moose; raccoons; skunk[KE) RE] skunks; etc.Botanical name: hickory[>O! E+T! "Hickory; sequoia[K! >EV&! Squash[KEV&M] +] Sequoia; pumpkin like; etc.(3) shift group: a new blend of the national language, early colonists and the founding of the United States after the naturalization of immigrants to the United States not only from the UK, the number of immigrants actually from European countries around the world and far beyond the british. These immigrants from all over the world continue to blend their native language with English, which is one of the main causes of the AmE. Such as:Chop-suey[>CM&A>su:i]: chop (a meat or chicken, onions and Steamed Rice American Chinese dishes, from Cantonese, Webster's dictionary has been officially included)Long time no see: long time no see (included in NIC's, Dictionary, of, American, English, Phrases, Idioms, Essential, American, II)Some linguists worry that the dividing line between BrE and AmE will grow as time goes by. But since the end of the two World War after half a century, because of the traffic, and the rapid development of information media and communication, the fact is that BrE and AmE have also followed the differences between each other blend, more and more narrow. For example, AmE "fall (Qiu Tian), OK (All right), etc." in Britain today is also very smooth, in turn BrE lift (lift), sweets (candy), etc. "in the United States there is no misfits phenomenon (details refer to the twenty-fourth chapter).Today, the trend of English Teaching in the mainland is still in the BrE dominated stage, but in the expected future, AmE will tend to increase its impact with the increasing activity of Americans on the mainland.。
