Sailing
航行；帆船航海
Regatta，sailing competition 帆船比赛
Entry fee
报名费
Lunch coupon
午餐票
Parking ticket
违规停车罚单
Sail number
帆号
The advertisement sticker
广告贴
Organization
组织
Souvenir
纪念品
Shuttle b
us
班车
The advertisement bib
广告背心
Accreditation cards
身份卡
harbour
港
boat parking
陆上停船区
berth
停泊处
main club house
俱乐部主楼
marina
帆船游艇港
slipway
下水坡道
parking meter
停车计时器
medical service center
医疗服务中心
marine shop
航海器材商店
jury room
仲裁室
coin phone
投币电话
on the shore signal pole
岸上信号旗杆 first aid
急救
卫生间
press center
新闻中心
card phone
磁卡电话
harbour master
港口主任
starting boat
起点船
mark boat
标旁船
jury boat
仲裁船
anchor line
锚绳
sound horn
音响喇叭
compass
指南针
telescope
望远镜
weather gear
专用防寒服
finishing boat
终点船
rescue boat
救生船
equipment boat
器材船
measurement boat
丈量船
media boat
媒体船
event preparation
赛事准备
before the race
竞赛前
before the start
起航前
championships
锦标赛
open meetings
公开赛
patrol boat
交通艇
Top
专业术语
the racing rule of sailing (RRS)
the notice of race (NOR)
竞赛通知
the sailing instructions（Sis）航行细则
the class rules
级别规则
right of way
航行权
windward
上风
change course
改变航线
postpone
推迟
gybing
顺风换舷
capsized
翻船
general recall
全部召回
individual recall
个别召回
mark buoy
浮标
signal flag
信号旗
black flag rule
黑旗规则
time limit
时间限制
redress
补偿
same tack
同舷风
leeward
下风
two hull length
两倍船长
abandon
放弃
obstruction
障碍物
start
起航
touch the mark
碰标 pumping
摇帆
appeal
上诉
measurement committee
recall
召回
round a mark
绕标
scoring office
记录处
starting signal
起航信号
wave resistance
涌浪阻力
rudder
舵
clear ahead
明显在前
clear astern
明显在后
clear the course
清理航道
ebb
退潮
flood
涨潮
tide
潮汐
go afloat
下水
commence wind checks
开始测风
need for punctuality
守时
course laying methods
布标方法
height, time, and strength of tide 潮汐的高度、时间和强度
methods of compensation
弥补措施
round robin
循环赛
accuracy of mark-laying
布标的准确度
Top
器材名称
wind direction indicator
风向标
hand bearing compass
手持罗经
anemometer
风带仪
秒表
tape recorder
录音机
radio
对讲机
hull
船体
centerboard
稳向板
fin
尾鳍
rudder tiller
舵柄
mast
桅杆
daggerboard
（帆板）稳向板centerboard case 稳向板箱
tiller extension 副舵柄
boom
帆杆
upper mast
桅杆上节
lower mast
桅杆下节
jib
前帆
main sheet
主缭绳
transom
船尾板
boom extension
帆杆加长杆universal joint 万向节
leach
后帆边
automatic bailer 船底放水器spinnaker
球形帆 jib sheet 前帆缭绳
block
滑轮
fore deck
前甲板
luff
前帆边
风向线
dry suit
干式保暖服
trolley
拖船车
sun block
防晒油
glove
手套
tools box
工具箱
coach boat
教练艇
motor boat
摩托艇
sunglass
墨镜
boat line
系船绳
speed-boat
快艇
powerboat
动力艇
wetsuit
湿式保暖服
boat cover
船罩
ice box
冰桶
rubber boat
橡皮艇
catamaran
双体船
multi-hull
多体船breakwater
防浪堤
boat house
船库
Top
水文气象compass bearing 罗经方位
lay-line
方位线
wind meter
风速仪
VHF radio
GPS
卫星定位仪
tidal current
潮汐流
current speed
流速
current direction
流向
chart
海图
tide table
潮汐表
tidal differences
潮差
rising tide
涨潮
ebb current
退潮流
attack angle
迎角
sail angle
帆角
forward resistance
前进阻力
aerodynamic center
气动力中心
induce drag
诱导阻力
wind angle
风向角
lift
升力
side resistance
侧向阻力 hull side drag center 船体侧阻中心
meteorology
气象学
geography
地理
seasonal wind
季风
gradient wind
梯度风
high pressure
高压
wind velocity
风力
cold front
冷锋
warm front
暖锋
wind direction
风向
weather chart
气象图
tropical circulation 热带气旋
beaufort
风级
weather forecast
天气预报
trade wind
贸易风
sea wind
海风
sea breeze
海风
low pressure
低压
satellite image
卫星云图
tropical storm
热带风暴
force 4
4级风
Top
官员术语
chairman
主席
secretary general
秘书长
jury chairman
仲裁主席
commodore
俱乐部主任
water staff
水上裁判人员
judge
裁判
race officer
裁判长
assistant race officer 副裁判长
英文商标名称地翻译与策略 1.前言 商标是商品地标志,是商品经济发展地产物,是商品生产者或经营者为使自己生产销售地商品区别于其他商品而使用地一种显著标志.它是商品显著特征地浓缩,是商品文化地核心部分.在国际市场上,商标常被企业家和消费者视为简化了地企业名称.商标一出现就成为企业地象征,是生产者和消费者直接对话地桥梁,是企业参与国际竞争地有力武器.中国地对外开放正在进一步深化,随之而来地国外企业在华地经济活动也在增加.这极大地丰富着中国人民地经济生活,并因此而衍生出了诸多对于国人而言全新地经济及商业活动.大量地国产商品正在出口到世界各地,而国外地商品也已蜂拥至国内市场.合法地商品都有一个自己地商标.因此,随着中外产品地交流,商品商标地翻译问题不可避免地出现了. 2.英文商标翻译地策略 2.1.音译 商标翻译过程中,音译是一种不可忽视地手段,具有极强地普遍性.音译是指在不背离“汉语语言规范和不引起错误联想或误解地条件下,按照原商标名称地发音,找到与之语音相近地汉语字词进行翻译.其优点是简单易行,译文有异国情调,可使产品具有一定吸引力.音译又分为：纯音译﹑谐音译和省音译. 2.1.1. 纯音译 纯音译即根据英文地读音逐字地用相近发音地汉字进行匹配地翻译.主要适用于专有名词,如：人名商标和地名商标.这种翻译法是商标在译为中文
时,因无法找到相应地汉语表达而不得不采用地翻译方法. 2.1.1.1人名商标 有些商标是姓氏构成地,如：Hoover(胡佛)真空吸尘器,是源于生产商William Henry Hoover地姓氏;Rael-Brook(雷尔-布鲁克)男装,是源于公司创始人H.Rael-Brook地姓氏.有些商标是人地全名,如：Walt Disney(沃尔特·迪斯尼)制片公司,是根据公司创始人Walt Disney地姓名而定;Pierre Cardin(皮尔·卡丹)时装,是根据该时装地制造者Pierre Cardin地姓名而定;“benz”品牌最早含义是卡尔本茨地姓,根据译音,在中国翻译成“奔驰”. 2.1.1.2地名商标 Santana(桑塔纳)轿车,San Tana原是美国加利福尼亚洲一座山谷地名称;Nokia(诺基亚)手机是根据芬兰北部一座名为Nokia地小镇命名地. 2.1.2谐音译 这种译法是以音为引子,经常是在纯音译地基础上改动个别字眼,这些字眼与原商标读音谐音,改动后地音译商标又结合产品特征.例如：为纪念航空公司创始人Willian Edward Boeing 人们以其姓氏确定地商标Boeing,译作“博音”,但作为商标,译者改用谐音“波音”,这就可以使人们对这类超音速飞机产生无尽地遐想. 2.1.3省音译 省音译是根据中国人地审美习惯,双音节和三音节地商标更能令人过目不忘,有些英文商标单词较长音节较多,如果逐字翻译,读起来拗口且不便记忆,可采用省音译来简化. 2.2意译
1. 总布置图(General Plan) 2. 型线图(Line Plan) 3. 结构节点图(Detail) 4. 典型横剖面图(Typical Section Plan) 5. 基本结构图(KeyConstruction) 6. 肋骨型线图(Frame Line Plan)、 7. 外板展开图(Expansion Plan) 8. 分段结构图(Block) 9. 舾装图样(Outfitting Drawing) 10. 工艺图样(Production Drawing) 11. 总长Loa (Length Overall) 12. 设计水线长LWL (Length of design waterline) 13. 垂线间长LPP(Length between perpendiculars) 14. 纵剖面(Profile) 15. 横剖面(Section) 16. 水线面(Waterline Plan) 17. 设计水线面---->水线 18. 左舷(port) 19. 右舷(starboard) 20. 散货船(Bulk Carrier) 21. 集装箱船（Container ship） 22. 成品油船(Oil Tanker) 23. 液化石油气船(LPG) 24. 滚装船(roll-roll Vessel) 25. 拖轮(Tugboat) 26. 客船（Passenger ship） 27. 渡船(Ferry) 28. 双体客船(Twin-hull) 29. 上层建筑Super structure
30. 主船体Main Hull 31. 中拱hogging 32. 中垂sagging 33. 横式骨架（Transversal system of framing） 34. 纵骨架式（Longitudinal system of framing） 35. 外板接缝：端接缝(Butt) 36. 边接缝(Seam) 37. 外板板列名称：–船底板（Bottom Plate）–平板龙骨（Plate Keel）(K列板) 38. 舭列板（Bilge Strake）–舷侧外板（Side Plate） 39. 舷顶列板（Sheer Strake）(K列板) 40. 甲板板 41. 上甲板（Upper Deck）、 42. 下甲板（lower deck） 43. 第二甲板（Second Deck）、 44. 第三甲板(Third Deck) 45. 平台甲板（Platform Deck）、 46. 甲板边板（deck stringer） 47. 舷弧（sheer）、 48. 梁拱（camber） 49. 船底结构 50. 双底（double bottom）–横骨架式–纵骨架式 51. 单底（single bottom）–横骨架式–纵骨架式 52. 横骨架式单底 53. 中内龙骨：center keelson 54. 旁内龙骨：side keelson 55. 肋板：floor 56. 舭肘板：bilge bracket 57. 流水孔：drain hole 58. 纵骨架式单底 59. 船底纵骨：bottom longitudinal
英汉商标名称翻译 摘要：商标名称的英汉翻译是当今翻译界最为关注的话题之一。随着经济全球化得发展，各国已不再是独立经营，独立生产，商品销往国外进行优势互补称谓大势所趋。因此在商品名称翻译就成了最重要的部分。商标名称的翻译既要符合输出语的原语特色，又要满足输入语的语言风格。影响商标名称翻译的因素及翻译的方法显得尤为重要。 关键词：商标，英汉翻译，影响因素及方法。 近十几年来，世界经济一直处于变革的边缘阶段。变化了的经济形势产生了新的经济理论以及新的经济遵循理念。在新的经济理念的前提下，各国政府对根据自己的世界经济状况对当地经济进行了调整。这些调整时包括多方面的，例如：货币兑换，商品价格，以及商品进出口等等。经济危机又一次将全世界的货币贬值，面对经济形势，美国强列要求中国将货币增值。面对严峻的国内外的压力，中国政府以及中国各大企业应该怎样保护自身利益不受损坏呢?那么企业又该如何让自己在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地呢？一个有价值的品牌是一个必不可少的因素。因此品牌名称和商标的翻译就显得尤为重要。商标对于商品来说就像脸面与人的关系。商标名称的好坏直接影响着消费者对商品的购买情况。商标的价值也被看做是一种附加价值，就是指超越商品本身所提供的基本价值。换句话说，商标的价值大部分在于它给消费者提供的诚信价值，名称意识价值，超高的质量价值，强强商标联合价值，以及其他如：专利等价值。好的商标名称不仅能够让产品经久不衰，更能为商家赢得丰厚利润。不言而喻，盈利才是商家最终目标。而商标名称则是让商家达到盈利目的的首要环节。 商标就是产品的门面。在商标的英汉翻译过程中，有一些因素都在被潜移默化的遵循着。例如文化，风俗，语言、意识形态、政府规定等等。接下来我们就来了解一下
第四部分船体结构（2） 4.1 龙骨 龙骨位于沿船舶底部的中心线上且对于大多数商用船舶来说是一种平板结构。沿着艏艉舱隔舱壁之间船舶中心线且垂直平板龙骨分布的是水密纵骨部分，被称为中桁材或者竖龙骨。在双层底结构的船舶中，内底板中心线列板与中桁材和平底龙骨共同形成了I型龙骨（图4.1）。这一构造给船舶结构提供了相当的强度以抵抗遭受的弯曲。平底龙骨或者“中心线列板”，考虑强度和腐蚀容许度的因素，其厚度会相应有所增加，因为船舶在生命周期中由于进坞停靠坞墩的影响很难维护涂装保护层。 4.2 双层底结构 船舶在安装双层底或者内底板时，从底舱直到舭部都要水密，这样如果在安装双层底时穿透了外壳板，它也提供了完全的水密封。船舶最小型深由规范要求按照船体尺寸决定但是实际深度有时会适当增加以适应双层底底舱的排载量。双层底有一段倾斜的内底边缘板与舭部圆弧板相连或者是连续双层底直接延伸至舷侧外板。倾斜边缘结构需要连接到舷侧肋骨上的边缘板以形成一个收集舱底污水的过槽或井（图4.2）。底舱是内底平板构造的必须安装有污水收集点或者污水槽（图4.3）。内底平板通过折边肘板与舷侧构件相连。内底平板构造在现代船舶构造中应用较多。 竖肋板结构是一种水密，实体或者肘板式构造。肋板结构从中桁材到舷侧外板是连续分布的同时支撑着内底板。舷侧纵桁沿纵向分布，其数量由该船宽决定。这些舷侧纵桁被两边的肋板所截断，因此也被称为间断纵桁。 水密或油密肋板位于主要隔舱壁下面，并且还用于将双层底空间分隔成不同的舱室，用于装载不同的液体。无水密构造的实肋板通常由于开有人孔而减轻重量，按需要安装在其他位置以起加强结构的作用。实肋板之间安装有空心肋板。肘板与中桁材和舷外侧板相连，之间有球扁钢加强。加强筋板由每隔一段距离的角钢和任何存在于结构中的旁底桁材支撑。 肋板的布置由船舶采用的骨架形式决定，可以是横骨架式和纵骨架式。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 。。。。。。。
标志词巧解语法和改错 标志词 1. 逗号 在语法填空中，逗号隔开一个词；如果有提示词 , 提示词是 adj ，则填这个词的副词形式，大多加 ly ；如果提示词是 v, 则填写它的非谓语形式。 如果无提示词，则优先考虑 however ,therefore, 其次考虑 moreover ，otherwise 。 例： Luckily (luck), he escaped from the fire. Unfortunately (unfortunate) ， he fell off the bike. He earned a lot of money , however, he was addicted in the drug. 标志词 2. one of one of 之后若有形容词，一定要用最高级形式；若之后出现名词，则用复数形式；若既有名词又有形容词，则先填最高级，再填复数名词，最高级之前要加 the 例： The house is one of the cheapest (cheap) houses in the area. 标志词 3. when 与 while( 时间状语从句） when 之后一般要用过去式， while 之后一般要用过去进行时。 例： When I got home, my mother was cooking dinner. While my mother was cooking dinner, I entered the kitchen. 标志词 4. by 语法填空里，空格之后有“by” ” ，则空格里考虑填“be + 动词的过去分词”, 但是如果前面已经有了谓语动词，则空格里直接用“ 过去
造船专业英语翻译练习题 Lesson 6 一、汉译英 1、单词翻译 1）、纵摇pitch 2）、横倾heel 3）、阻力resistance 4）、稳心metacentre 5）、浮力buoyancy 2、词组翻译 1）、正浮floating positively 2）、横稳性transversal stability 3）、倾斜试验inclination test 4）、球鼻艏bulbous bow 5）、额定马力the rated horsepower 3、句子翻译 1）、用干舷来度量的储备浮力就是载重线以上的船体的水密容积。 The reserve buoyancy which is measured by freeboard refers to the watertight volume of hull above load line. 2）、我们不必为空气的阻力多伤脑筋，因为与水阻力相比空气阻力要小得多。 We do not bother our brain about air resistance because it is far smaller than water resistance. 二、英译汉 1、Then, what is the reserve buoyancy? As it is known to all, a ship has to obtain a certain amount of freeboard when she’s sailing at sea. That is to say, to give you a concrete idea, any vessel is to retain some volume above water for the sake of extra buoyancy so that its draft is allowed to increase without a sinking tragedy under particular but rare conditions, such as rough sea or serious flooding due to hull damage. 那么什么是储备浮力呢？大家明白，当船只在海上航行时它必须获得一定量的干舷。说得具体一点，也就是说，任何船只在水面以上应保持一定的容积，以便获得额外的浮力；这样，船只在遇到虽然很少发生但十分特殊的情况下，诸如波涛汹涌的海面或由于船体损坏引起的严重进水，船只可以增加吃水而不至于发生沉船的悲剧。 2、Vessel inclination may be divided into trim and heel. As the metacenter of transversal inclination is much more essential than that of longitudinal inclination, the emphasis is invariably laid on the transversal stability and discussions are often limited to the small metacentric angle under 15 degrees.. 船只的倾斜可以分为纵倾和横倾。与纵倾稳心相比横倾稳心更重要得多；因而重点总是不变地落在横稳性上，而在讨论问题时我们常局限于15°以下的小倾角上。
船舶英语 船舶英语和基本词汇 改编加整合 目录 一、造船部分------------------------------------------------------------------3 1、船体部分--------------------------------------------------------------------3 2、机舱部分-------------------------------------------------------------------9 3、电气部分-------------------------------------------------------------------13 4、船装部分-------------------------------------------------------------------23 二、造机部分-----------------------------------------------------------------29 三、修造部分-----------------------------------------------------------------31
一、造船部分 1、HULL PART 船体部分 1、1结构S t r u c t u r e 12 船厂 d o c k y a r d/s h i p y a r d船坞 d o c k/b o a t y a r d 船东 s h i p-o w n e r船舷 S h i p's s i d e 船码头 q u a y/d o c k船的栏杆 S h i p's r a i l 船舱 h o l d甲板 D e c k 船籍 S h i p's r e g i s t r y住舱甲板 a c c o m m o d a t i o n d e c k 船首 b o w梁拱甲板 a r c h d e c k 船梯 l a d d e r载货甲板 c a r g o d e c k 船尾 s t e r n首楼甲板 F o r e c a s t l e d e c k 上甲板 U p p e r d e c k 下甲板 L o w e r d e c k 主甲板 M a i n d e c k 货舱甲板 H o l d d e c k 桥楼甲板 B r i d g e d e c k 水密甲板 W a t e r t i g h t d e c k 34 驾驶甲板 N a v i g a t i o n d e c k铜-钢复合板 C o p p e r s h e a t h i n g s t e e l p l a t e 艇甲板 B o a t d e c k甲板边板 D e c k s t r i n g e r p l a t e 罗经甲板 C o m p a s s d e c k斜板 S l o p i n g p l a t e 板 P l a t e加强板 R e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a t e 舭板 B i l g e p l a t e舵板 R u d d e r p l a t e 船底板 B o t t o m p l a t e舷侧外板 S i d e p l a t e 船外板 S h e l l p l a t e裙板 S k i r t p l a t e 船首外板 B o w p l a t e首柱板 S t e m p l a t e 肘板 B r a c k e t p l a t e首柱板 S t e r n p l a t e 舱壁板 B u l k h e a d p l a t e平台 p l a t f o r m 槽形舱壁板 C o r r u g a t e d b u l k h e a d p l a t e机舱平台 E n g i n e-r o o m p l a t f o r m 舷墙板 B u l w a r k p l a t e分段 B l o c k 围板 C o a m i n g p l a t e首段 B o w b l o c k 连续板 C o n n e c t i o n p l a t e中段 M i d s h i p b l o c k
Useful Phrases 一、商务英语常见商标翻译 ? 1. word mark 文字商标 ? 2. figurative mark 图形商标 ? 3. associated mark 组合商标 ? 4. certification mark 保证商标 ? 5. collective mark 集体商标 ? 6. well-known mark 驰名商标 ?7. famous mark 著名商标 ?8. similar mark 近似商标 ?9. defensive mark 防御商标 ?10. service mark 服务标记 ?11. certificate mark 证明商标 ?12. visual mark 视觉商标 ?13. sound mark 声音商标 ?14. taste mark 味觉商标 ?15. single color mark 单色商 ?16. registered mark 注册商标 ?17. collective marks 集体商标 ?18. collective membership mark 集体成员商标?19. collective service mark 集体服务商标 ?20. collective trademark 集体商品商标
—?二、商标法词汇 ? 1. marks consisting of multiple words 多词商标 ? 2. aesthetic functionality 美学功能 ? 3. alternative designs 可替代设计 ? 4. ancillary services 辅助性服务 ? 5. application for use of trademark基于使用商标申请注册 ? 6. asserted trademark 申请商标 ?7. assignee of registrant 注册商标受让人 ?8. commercial impression 商业印象 ?9. companion application 姊妹申请 ?10. concurrent registration 并存注册 ?11. concurrent use 并存使用 ?12. duplicate registration 注册相同商标 ?13. foreign equivalents 外语对应词 ?14. parody marks 滑稽模仿商标 ?15. pending application 未决申请 ?16. period of use 使用的期限 ?17. phonetic equivalent 同音词 ?18. reference mark 引证商标 ?19. trademark operation 商标部 ?20. trade name 字号 ?21. trade mark registration certificate商标注册证
Lesson One The Naval Architect A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as “an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots” to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo (or number of passengers ) at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain. Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draft------which is governed by freeboard rules------enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation. After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings (frame dimensions and plate thicknesses ) can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel. The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges. ) Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision. Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation. Training There are four major requirements for a good naval architect. The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have direct application to ships------mathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance, and propulsion. The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding. The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, construction, and operation of ships; and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions. The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various maritime countries. Unimany universities and polytechnic schools; such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a shipyard. Trends in design The introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required in
英语听力的十大类标志词 1．级标志词 形容词、副词级、most / chief / primary / main / leading / …… 2．级标志词 only / unique / prefer / every / one / of all / perfect / …… 3．因果项标志词 cause / lead to / contribute to / thanks to / owing to / question / answer / why / reason / 其他形式的问句/ …… 4．转则项关键词 despite / in spite of / instead / while / from ~ to ~ / although ~ （yet）~ / not only ~ but also ~ / …… 5．序数项标志词 所有的序数词（first , second）/ another / the other / next / last / in addition / on the other hand / …… 6．时间项标志词 when / how / today / as / before / after / since / then / until / …… 7．解释项标志词 or / namely / in other words / that is / that is to say / …… 8．目的项标志词
to / for / …… 9．总结项标志词 all in all / in brief / to conclude / at last / in summary / in short / …… 10．强调项标志词 副词：especially / particularly / almost / always / usually / …… 动词：show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce / ……
Chapter 1 Ship Design（船舶设计） Lesson 2 Ships Categorized（船舶分类） 2.1 Introduction（介绍） The forms a ship can take are innumerable. 一艘船能采用的外形是不可胜数的 A vessel might appear to be a sleek seagoing hotel carrying passengers along to some exotic destination; a floating fortress bristling with missile launchers; 。or an elongated box transporting tanks of crude oil and topped with complex pipe connections. 一艘船可以看做是将乘客一直运送到外国目的地的优美的远航宾馆。竖立有导弹发射架的水面堡垒及甲板上铺盖有复杂管系的加长罐装原油运输轮 None of these descriptions of external appearance, however, does justice to the ship system as a whole and integrated unit所有这些外部特点的描述都不能说明船舶系统是一个总的集合体 self-sufficient,seaworthy, and adequately stable in its function as a secure habitat for crew and cargo. ——船员和货物的安全性功能：自给自足，适航，足够稳定。 This is the concept that the naval architect keeps in mind when designing the ship and that provides the basis for subsequent discussions, not only in this chapter but throughout the entire book.这是一个造船工程师设计船舶使必须记住的、能为以后讨论提供根据的观念，不仅涉及本章也贯穿全书。 In order to discuss naval architecture,it is helpful to place ships in certain categories. For purposes of this text, ships are classified according to their means of physical support and their designed purposes.将船舶分成一些特定的种类来讨论造船工程是有好处的。本文的目的就是根据船舶物理支撑方式和设计目的来将它们分类。
GENERAL SERVICE 1 G-001 Vessel docking/undocking time(s) 2 G-002 Charge for the first two days in dry-dock, G-003 Charge for the rest days in dry-dock, G-004 Surcharge for docking/undocking - outside normal working hours, - weekend and/or - public holidays, days, G-005 Surcharge for docking vessel in a partly loaded condition - carrying ton(s) of cargo, - fitting/removal of additional piece(s) of side blocks, - fitting/removal of additional piece(s) of keel blocks, G-006 Towage (dock yard moves) Provide for vessel arrival and sailing, Required tugs , G-007 Pilotage Provide for vessel arrival and sailing G-008 Riggers Provide to handle mooring lines and gangway on arrival, shifting and sailing. G-009 Wharfage G-010 Shifting Vessel to be shifted from dry-dock to repair quay without ―Engine‖ with assistance of tugs, pilots and line handlers. G-011 Electric shore power supply, 440V, 60Hz, Temporary connection/disconnection, G-012 Electric shore power supply, 440V, 60Hz, during repair period, G-013 Fresh water from shore, temporary connection/disconnection G-014 Fresh water supply from shore, G-015 Seawater (ballast) from shore, temporary connection/disconnection, G-016 Seawater ballast supply from shore, G-017 Cooling-water (seawater) from shore for refrigeration systems. Temporary connection / disconnection, G-018 Cooling water (seawater) supply, G-019 Fire line Temporary connection/disconnection, G-020 Fire line Maintenance and hire,
一般现在时标志词： every day, evry Sunday, often, always, usually, sometimes , on Sundays, on weekdays等等。 一般过去时标志词： ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year/night/month..., in 1989, just now, at the age of , one day, ago, long ago, once upon a time,（从前，很久 以前）then(那时), on that day（在那天）, 一般将来时标志词： soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow（后天），this evening/afternoon/year before long(不久以后），next year/month/week/summer，in the future, some day(将来的 某一天) ，in two weeks/days/years 现在进行时标志词： now. Look. Listen. these days ，at that time. at that moment. this time ，yesterday evening 过去进行时标志词： at that time. at that moment. this time yesterday evening等；或者与when, while, as引导 的过去时间状语连用。 现在完成时标志词： already（用于肯定句）, yet（用于否定，疑问句）, just, before, recently, still, lately, never, ever, never, twice, on several occasion, in the past few days/weeks/months/years, (up to)these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, up to present, so far, up to now, till now, since+时间 过去完成时标志词： by, by the time (of), by the end of + 过去时间； when. before. after…….+过去时间； up till then (直到时); up until last night(直 到昨晚）等； already, just, ever, yet 等。 过去将来时标志词: the following month (week…), the next time/ Friday/ term/ month