查尔斯希尔《国际商务》课件,此书是经典。共38页

10-14
The Role Of The Worldalled the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
There are two ways to borrow from the World Bank: 1. under the IBRD scheme, money is raised through bond sales in the international capital market ❖ borrowers pay what the bank calls a market rate of interest - the bank's cost of funds plus a margin for expenses. 2. through the International Development Agency, an arm of the bank created in 1960 ❖ IDA loans go only to the poorest countries
❖ the World Bank to promote general economic development
10-12
The Role Of The IMF
❖The IMF was charged with executing the main goal of the Bretton Woods agreement - avoiding a repetition of the chaos that occurred between the wars through a combination of discipline and flexibility

4-14
The Roots Of Unethical Behavior
Figure 4.1: Determinants of Ethical Behavior
4-15
Classroom Performance System
All of the following except ____ contribute to unethical behavior by international managers. a) Decision-making processes b) Leadership c) Personal ethics d) National culture
4-18
Organizational Culture
Organization culture refers to the values and norms that are shared among employees of an organization In firms with an organization culture that does not emphasize business culture, unethical behavior may exist
4-17
Decision Making Processes
People may behave unethically because they rely on economic analysis when making decisions and fail to ask the relevant question: Is this decision or action ethical?
Introduction

To maximize long run return on invested capital, firms must ·pick a viable position on the efficien cy frontier ·configure internal operations to support that position ·have the right organization structure in place to execut the strategy
12-17
Location Economies
·Firms that take advantage of location economies in different parts of the world, create a global web of value creation activities ·Under this strategy, different stages of the value chain are dispersed to those locations around the globe where perceived value is maximized or where the costs of value creation are minimized
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Expanding The Market : Leveraging Products And Competencies
·Firms can increase growth by selling goods or services developed at home i nternationally ·The success of firms that expand internationa lly depends on the goods or services they sell, and on their core competencies (skills within the firm that competitors cann easily match or imitate) ·Core competencies enable the firm to reduce the costs of value creation and/or to create perceived value in such a way that premium pricing is possible

· 全球化的支持者自由贸易的本质是收益大于成本。
· 自由贸易导致国家针对这些商品和服务的专业化分 工, 因为分工之后它们能最有效地生产某些产品,而 进口它们不擅长的产品。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.6.3 全球化 、劳工政策与环境
· 全球化的批评者经常争辩说,那些遵守劳动和环境 法规的制造企业的成本大幅提高,从而使它们相对 于那些在发展中国家无须遵守管制的企业在全球 市场上处于竞争劣势。
· 1997年和1998年泰国爆发金融危机时完全显现出来 · 2008—2009年间从美国金融业开始的危机
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.6 全球化的争议
转向一个更为一体化和相互依存的全球经济是 一件好事吗? · 许多有影响力的经济学家、政治家和企业领袖认
为国际贸易和国际投资壁垒的减少犹如一对发动 机,它们将推动全球经济走向更大的繁荣。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
世界产出和贸易变化的格局(%)
国家
美国 德国 法国 意大利 英国 加拿大 日本 中国
1963年占世界 2009年占世界 产出的份额 产出的份额
40.3 9.7 6.3 3.4 6.5 3.0 5.5
NA
24. 1 5.9 4.6 3.6 4.3 1.9 8.2 8.2
2010年占世界 出口的份额
· 公司希望降低其总成本构成； · 提高质量或改善它们所提供产品的功能。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
1.3 全球机构的出现
· 随着市场全球化和跨国商务活动的不断增加, 需要有机构来管理、规范和监督全球市场,并 促使制定多国协议来治理全球商务秩序。
· 世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) · 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary

1-16
Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country After World War II, advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investment Since 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4% Countries have also been opening markets to FDI
1-9
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions are needed to: help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system
1-5
Classroom Performance System
The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as a) economic integration b) economic interdependency c) globalization d) internationalization

1-5
1-6
1-7
The Globalization Of Markets
❖Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationally ❖The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm ❖Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide
1-9
The Globalization Of Production
❖The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital ❖Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering
1-10
1-11
1-12
Classroom Performance System
The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known as a) global market facilitation b) cross-border trade c) supranational market integration d) the globalization of markets

19.2 国际人力资源管理 的战略作用
❖ 总的人力资源 管理是在全球 经济中维持高 生产率和竞争 优势的持久泉 源。
人力资源在组织构架形成中的作用
希尔国际商务（第9版）
19.3 人员配备政策
❖人员配备政策(staffing policy)主要是为特定 的工作岗位选择员工。
▪ 从一方面来讲,就是根据特定的工作岗位来选择 具有相应技能的人员。
❖ 这些活动包括制定公司的人力资源战略、人员 配备、业绩评估、管理发展、报酬、劳工关系, 等等。
❖ 人力资源管理的战略职能在纯粹的国内企业中 已相当复杂,在跨国公司中则更为复杂,其中人 员配备、管理发展、业绩评估及报酬因国家间 劳动力市场、文化、法律制度、经济制度等的 不同而更趋复杂。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
希尔国际商务（第9版）
全球人力 资源管理
第十九章
希尔国际商务（第9版）
目录
1 引言 2 国际人力资源管理的战略作用 3 人员配备政策 4 培训与管理发展
5 业绩评估 6 报酬政策 7 国际劳工关系
希尔国际商务（第9版）
19.1 引言
❖人力资源管理(human resource management) 是指某一组织有效运用其人力资源的活动。
▪ 从另一方面来讲,人员配备政策是发展、促进企 业文化的手段。
• 企业文化(corporate culture)是指组织的行为准 则与价值体系。
希尔国际商务（第9版）
19.3.1 人员配备政策的类型
❖ 跨国公司有三类人员配备政策:
▪ 以一国为中心 ▪ 以多国为中心 ▪ 以全球为中心
❖ 最具吸引力的人员配备政策应该是以全球为中 心的政策,尽管它在实施中还存在一些障碍。

International Business
9e
By Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2
National Differences in Political Economy
the system in a country is influenced by the prevailing are important for business because they
define how business transactions are executed identify the rights and obligations of parties involved in business transactions
2-3
What Is A Political System?
Political system - the system of government in a nation Assessed according to
the degree to which the country emphasizes collectivism as opposed to individualism the degree to which the country is democratic or totalitarian
2-9
What Is Totalitarianism?
Four major forms of totalitarianism exist today

tructure in every country in which they do business and firms with a divisional structure would re plicate the divisional structure in every country in which they do business • The creates the potential for conflict and coordination problems between domestic and foreign o perations
11
Horizontal Differentiation: The Design Of Structure
• Horizontal differentiation is concerned with how the firm decides to divide itself into sub-units The decision is usually based on: • function • type of business • geographical area
7
Organizational Structure
• Organizational structure has three dimensions:
1. Vertical differentiation - the location of decision-making respo nsibilities within a structure
s (functional structure) • The functions are typically coordinated and controlled by top management • Decision-making tends to be centralized • If the firm diversifies its product line, further horizontal differentiation may be necessary • Firms may switch to a product divisional structure where each division is responsible for a distinct

12
2-12
Classroom Performance System
A form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spher es of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracy b) a representative democracy c) totalitarianism d) socialism
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2-16
Market Economy
•In a market economy all productive activities are privately owned and production is determined by th e interaction of supply and demand •The role of government is to encourage free and fair competition between private producers
4
2-4
Collectivism And Individualism
•Collectivism refers to a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual go als •Collectivism can be traced back to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC), but in modern times, collectivism is equated with socialists

18-17
Classroom Performance System
When a firm wants to pursue a transnational strategy, a _________ approach to staffing makes sense. a) Ethnocentric b) Geocentric c) Polycentric d) Transcentric
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Types Of Staffing Policy
Table 18.1: Comparison of Staffing Approaches
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Classroom Performance System
Firms using _______ fill all key management positions with parent-country nationals. a) An ethnocentric staffing policy b) A geocentric staffing policy c) A polycentric staffing policy d) A transcentric staffing policy
Firms that pursue an ethnocentric policy believe that: there is a lack of qualified individuals in the host country to fill senior management positions it is the best way to maintain a unified corporate culture value can be created by transferring core competencies to a foreign operation via parent country nationals

1-8
Classroom Performance System
Firms that are involved in international business tend to be a) large b) small c) medium-sized d) large, small, and medium-sized
International Business 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Globalization
1-5
Classroom Performance System
The shift toward ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as a) economic integration b) economic interdependency c) globalization d) internationalization
1-10
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions created over the past half century include: ❖the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ❖the World Trade Organization (WTO) ❖the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ❖the World Bank ❖the United Nations (UN)

7-10
The Direction Of FDI
Figure 7.3: FDI Inflows by Region ($ b i l l i o n ) , 1995-2006
7-11
The Direction Of FDI
·Gross fixed capital formation summarizes the total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like ·All else being equal, the greater the capital investment an economy, the more favorable its future prospects are likely to be ·So, FDI can be seen as an important source of capital investment and a determinant of the future growth rate of
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The Source Of FDI
·Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI ·The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
7-6
Classroom Performance System
The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is

20-17
减少交易成本
❖交易成本是进行交易所需的成本 ❖每当公司将现金从一种货币转换成到另一种，他们就面临 交易成本 ❖大部分银行也收取把现金从一个地方移动到另一个位地方 的转运费 ❖多边净额结算可以减少子公司之间的交易数量和交易成本 的金额
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课堂教学测试
❖将现金从一个地方移动到另一个地方的费用被称为 a）钱管理费 b）交易成本 c）转会费 d）资本成本
调整政治和经济风险
❖经济风险是指经济管理不善将导致一个国家的商业环境急 剧变化而伤害企业的利润和其他目标的可能性 ❖通常，最大的经济风险是通胀 ❖物价通胀膨胀体现于货币价值的下降和项目现金流量的降 低
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调整政治和经济风险
❖企业分析外商投资机会可以应对风险： ❖通过提高在政治和经济风险高的国家的贴现率 ❖通过降低未来现金流量估计未来可能发生的不利的政治和 经济变化
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课堂教学测试
❖__________规定，不对母公司在国外来源的收入上征税， 直到他们真正得到红利。 a）税收抵免 b）延期原则 c）避税港 d）税务条约
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跨边界资本：实现效率，减少征税
企业可以将资金跨边境流动通过： ❖股息汇款 ❖专利使用费及补偿费 ❖转移价格 ❖面向贷款 企业使用一个以上技术的做法称为分拆
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课堂教学测试
❖企业可使用以下技术使资本跨边界流动，除了： ❖ a）股息汇款 b）专利使用费和补偿费 c）转移价格 d）不面向贷款
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股息汇款
❖资金子公司转移到母公司最常见的方法是通过股息 股息的相对吸引力根据： ❖税收法规 - 高税率使之缺乏吸引力 ❖外汇风险 –在高风险国家分红可能会增加 ❖附属年龄 - 年纪较大的子公司汇出的红利收入比例较高 ❖当地资本的参与程度 - 当地业主要求对股息发挥作用