新编英国文学选读 第二版 复习资料

羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. 盎格魯撒克遜時期钱俊@ 2009/8/23 13:08 阅读(291) 无评论推荐值(0)引用通告分类: 學習筆記羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sword.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect.One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520.3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines betweenwhich is a caesura. The two parts of the line are united byalliteration, a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up ofan accented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.2. Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350)1. Historical background1066, the battle of HastingsThe Normans, also descendants of Scandinavian marauders, having seized a wide part of northern France.Accelerated the feudalism in England.Large tracts of land by the king, barons, knights and the church.A peasant uprising in 1381.2. Middle EnglishFor 3 centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England: Latin and French.Words and expressions from Latin and French and Greek in the 14th.Inflectional forms dropped and grammar simplified.3. Religious literatureThe issue of personal salvation.Moral and spiritual responsibilities of individual rather than his ethical and social responsibilities.Conventional theme: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels4. Romance and the influence of French literatureThrough French literature the introduction of Italian literature.Chief breeding ground was the aristocratic society in France in the 12th and early 13th and was introduced into England in the second half of the 13th and the 14th.In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories.1) The matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland,a national hero in the 8th, Chanson de Roland.2) The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.3) The matter of Britain: the Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightWritten about 1375-1400.About 2500 lines.Four “fyttes”.Green ChapelFirst day, a deer; second day, a boar; the third day a fox. A girdle. —〉the Order of GarterA true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also should possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.It contained several element which prepared for a new culture.A vivid portrayal of the hero and a fine analysis of his psychology.A well unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other.A mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the alliterated initial syllables and French poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the fixed number of accented and unaccented syllables in a verse line. Paragraphs of long alliterative lines of varying length are followed by a single line of two syllables, called “the bob”, and a group of four-stressed lines called “the wheel”, i.e., a set of short lines forming the concluding part of a stanza.3. Chapter Three The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) Historical backgroundChaucer and William Langland (1330?-1400?) and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.But he deserves a period of his own.Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.The Hundred Years’ War for the French throne.The first seven English kings were in fact living in France.Starting from King Henry III, England became the principal concern of the English kings.An awakening of national consciousness in England. No longer vassals to the French but claimed that they had the right to succeed the French throne. And the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.Peasant uprising. John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentlemen?”From Kent to London under the leadership of Wat Tyler.William Langland and another writer John Wycliff (1324?-1384) expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.John Wycliff (1324?-1384)One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.Many pamphlets in Latin to attack the feudal lords and the church. Opposed to the claim of the Pope to the English throne. Civil authority had the right to deprive the church of the property if it proved unworthy of people’s trust. The views were taken over by the peasants in their uprising.William Langland (1330?-1400?)Piers Plowman, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.The visions the poet had on a May morning.A high tower ——TruthA deep dungeon ——the Father of FalsenessPeople from all walks of life, laymen and religious people.Gluttony.Lady Meed (bribery) to be married to Falseness but protested by Theology. The king proposed to marry her to Conscience but failed. Meed is expelled and Conscience and Reason become king’s counsellers.Conscience preaching to the people and Repentance moving their hearts, including the Seven Deadly Sins.People came to seek for truth but no one knows the way. Then Piers Plowman appears. This episode suggests that man should do the task that falls to his lot.Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340-1400)Born in a wine merchant family with rising fortunes.Grew up in London.1357, a page at court.1359, joined the army in the Hundred Year’s War and was taken prisoner. 1360, returned to England and married a maid of honour of the queen. For the next ten years in the Continent on diplomatic missions.1382, Controller of Customs at the port of London.1386, PM from KentJohn of Gaunt(Duke of Lancaster. 1340-1399. English soldier. The fourth son of Edward III, he ruled England during his father's last years and in the beginning of Richard II's reign.) as his patron.〉A great variety of occupations and experiences as well as close observation of life made him familiar with the lives of various classes. Died on Oct 25, 1400, the Poet’s Corner in WestminsterAbbey.Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio, the writer of The Decameron. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”. Tarbard Inn. 29 pilgrims to St. Thomas Beckett’s tomb at Canterbur y.The host is Harry Bailey. Expected to tell 120 tales, i.e. each person tells 4 tales.The significance of The Canterbury Tales(1). A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The gentle class; the burgher class, the wife of Bath included, who has married five times; the professionals. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. His satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner. In this sense Chaucer himself is “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke.”Each character not only a representative of his or her class but also has an individual character of their own.(2). The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. Unlike The Decameron, it is cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers, the personalities of each character, his or her private life and habits, his or her mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he or she tells, as well as by their behaviour along the road and their remarks on the way.Most important is the part played by the host Harry Hailey.(3). Chaucer’s humour: a characteristic feature of the English literature.(4). Contribution to the English language: wrote in the London dialect of his day. He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language can be easily handled to express different moods.In doing so Greatly increase the prestige of the English language.PS: 文中的《十日談》作者意大利作家薄伽丘用的單詞是“Boccacio”，但是維基百科和朗文當代英語詞典查詢出的都是“Boccaccio”。

王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第2单元威廉第2单元威廉?莎士比亚2.1复习笔记William Shakespeare（1564-1616）（威廉·莎士比亚）1.Life（生平）Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet.He was born on April 26,1564in Stratford-upon-Avon.At the age of7,Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading,writing,Latin and Greek.He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances.At18he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him.After he moved to London around1586,he once worked as an actor,a playwright,and a part owner of a theater company.In1612,he went back home and bought a house called New Palace.He died on April23,the anniversary of his birth,in1616and was buried in Stratford Church.The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that“He is not for an age,but for all times!”,indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。

英国文学选读复习资料英国文学选读复习资料英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，涵盖了众多经典作品和文学流派。

对于学习英国文学的学生来说，复习资料的准备是至关重要的。

本文将为大家提供一些关于英国文学选读的复习资料，帮助大家更好地准备考试。

1. 莎士比亚戏剧莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。

在复习莎士比亚戏剧时，可以重点关注他的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》和《李尔王》。

这些作品涉及到人性、权力、背叛等主题，是莎士比亚戏剧的代表作。

2. 简·奥斯汀的小说简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上最著名的女作家之一，她的小说以描写社会风俗和爱情婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和讽刺。

复习时可以选择她的代表作《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，了解奥斯汀小说中的女性形象和社会风尚。

3. 罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的诗歌罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁是19世纪英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物。

他们的诗歌作品充满了情感和想象力，涉及到爱情、宗教、社会等多个领域。

复习时可以选择他们的代表作品，如罗伯特·勃朗宁的《我的最后的那一首诗》和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的《葡萄牙之歌》。

4. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最重要的小说家之一，他的作品揭示了当时社会的阶级分化和人性的复杂性。

复习时可以选择他的代表作《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等，了解狄更斯小说中的社会批判和人道主义思想。

5. 威廉·莎士比亚的诗歌除了戏剧作品，莎士比亚还有许多优秀的诗歌作品。

他的诗歌涉及到爱情、自然、时间等主题，语言优美、意境深远。

复习时可以选择他的一些著名sonnet，如《十四行诗集》中的第18首和第130首，了解莎士比亚诗歌的特点和主题。

6. 珍·奥斯汀的小说珍·奥斯汀是19世纪英国最重要的女作家之一，她的小说以描写女性生活和婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和洞察力。

考点一：The Canterbury Tales参考A: 1~3: spring rain 4: spring flower 5: spring wind 6~7: spring grass 8~9: spring sun 10~~18: the celebration of spring (10~13: birds’ singing; 14~18: people’s pilgrimages)参考B: Structure beauty: The 18 lines form a coherent whole which is a sentence that composes of two adverbial clauses of time (line 1~11) and a main clause (12~18), expressing the essential idea of the whole work.考点二：Why is spring compared to a king? (4’)1.As the first season of a year, spring is as powerful as the king because it gives life toeverything.2.The use of the “king” can rime with “spring” and “sing”.考点三：What’s the effect of repeating “come live with me and be my love”?1.For the speaker’s part, he can strengthen his passion to his love, he sounds moreconfident than ever and the plea becomes more persuasive with each repetition.2.For the listener’s part, we can understand speaker’intention much more clearly. Thelistener will feel that shepherd’s love is strong and sincerely.3.It makes the ending match up with the beginning so as to make the poem a completewhole.考点四：What’s the effect of repeating the calls of the birds in each stanza?1. A good poem is usually like a beautiful song, the calls of the birds are pleasing to the ear.The repeated songs can give people pleasure and make this poem have a beautifulrhyme.2.The repetition of this line make three stanzas from a united whole.3.The sweat songs of the birds describe their happiness in spring and express their love ofspring. Their songs can also create a happy and peaceful atmosphere for people to enjoyspring.4.To emphasize the coming of spring.考点五：Compare these two poem: （讲义第7和第8面）1.On one hand, they share the same structure, meter, rhyme pattern and subject matters. Theywere written in iambic pentameter with six quatrains, each rhyming aabb. Both poems are about love and nature.2.On the other hand, they have obvious differences. Marlowe was young, he idealized natureand love. So his poem was romantic and imaginative. But Raleigh was old, and his attitude was jaded. He shows the reality of life and presents and opposite and negative view towards love and nature described in Marlowe’s poem.考点六：（可能会考选择题）Script(剧本): the written work from which a drama is produced; contains stage directions and dialogue.Stage directions（舞台说明）: notes provided by the playwright to describe how something should be performed on stage. Stage directions often describe elements of the spectacle: lighting, music, sound effects, costumes, properties, and set designs.Soliloquy（独白）: a long speech given by a character while alone on stage to reveal his or her private thoughts or intentions.Aside（旁白）: a statement intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character butnot by all the other characters on stage.Act(幕): a major division of a drama.Scene(场景)：a division of an act; it begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more characters.考点七：Why Juliet is a sun not a beautiful flower?1.There is only one sun in the world and Juliet is the only woman Romeo loves.2.Juliet is more beautiful and warm than the moon and the stars, so Juliet is the sun.考点八：What we can learn from Romeo and Juliet?1.We should believe true love.2.be brave to pursuer true love and happiness.3.be firm to your love.4.the more I give to you, the more I have.考点九：Problems troubling Hamlet:Hamlet’s endurance has reached the breaking point.1.His father has been murdered by his uncle.2.His mother, who he loves dearly, is married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3.Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dispatched by claudius to spy onhim.4.Moreover, his sweetheart, Ophelia, is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad.This is some thing he can no longer endure.5.One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint”, and man is notso good as he had imagined.6.Now, he’s all alone. The world that he knew is shattered. His black mood of despair isdeepened by his inability to act ---to do something to change the situation. Now he ponders whether to continue living or to take his own life.考点十：对to be, or not to be: that is the question的理解。

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一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

Medieval RomanceRomance, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the Middle Ages.The hero:the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some goal—to protect the church and the poor, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly command.The code of manners and morals: chivalry (loyalty) The Class Nature of the Romanceposed for the noble, of the noble, and mostly by the poets patronized by the noble2.The theme: loyalty to King and lord3.Audience: people of the court or of the castle, had nothing to do with the common people.Essential Features of the Romancea. Lacking general resemblance to truth or realityb. Exaggerating the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtuesc. Containing perilous adventures remote from ordinary lifed. Laying emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair ladye. Central character: knight, noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons, commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battlef. Devoting to the church and the kingRomance Cycles1.“matters of Britain”: adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table (most important)2. “matters of France”: Emperor Charlemagne and his peers3. “matters of Rome”: Alexander the Great and so forth The English BalladsRomance and Ballads:1.Written vs. Oral2.For the upper classes vs. for lower classes Characteristics of Ballads1.Mainly the literature of the peasants2.Created collectively and revised constantly3.In various English and Scottish dialects4.Kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous5.of the English common people in the feudal society(an outlook of English common people in feudal society)Subjects of Ballads1.The struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families2. The conflict between love and wealth3. The cruelty of jealous4. The criticism of the civil war5. The matters of class struggleThe Robin Hood Ballads1.The Origin of The Robin Hood Balladsa. perpetual struggles of the peasants against the landlordsb. against the local officials and against the King’s judges 2. The Character of Robin Hooda. Hatred for the cruel oppressors and love for the poor and downtroddenb. Reverence for the King (intermediary)SignificanceThe Robin Hood Ballad:showing the fighting spirit , indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of English peasantryWilliam Langland威廉·兰格伦1.The Middle Ages was full of darkness, and there were not many great works, known as barrenness.2. But there was a popular literature named Piers thePlowman《农夫皮尔斯》which was written by William Langland.Piers the Plowman sets forth a series of wonderful dreams, showing a picture of feudal England.1. The Exposure of the Ruling Classes2. The Story of the Cats and Rats3. The Marriage of Lady Meed(贿赂夫人)4. The Condition of the Peasants5. The Search for Truth:Piers, teaches them: Labor can guide the Pilgrimages to the right way to the Truth. Peasants are the nearest to the truth and salvation6.The Class Nature of Piers:Piers is a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantry.He shows the conservatism of his political attitude.He has no intention of upsetting the feudal society, just setting it on a proper course.7. Social SignificanceThe poem is a classic of popular literature throughout the 14th and the 15th century.It played an important role in the Rising of 1381 and the calls of John Ball.Artistic Features1) Piers the Plowman is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells his story under the guise of havingdreamed it.2) The poem is an allegory(讽喻，寓言) which relates truth through symbolism, a realistic picture of medieval England.3) It is a book written for the common people and it expresses the social discontent of the poor.4) It praises the equality of men before God and the dignity of labor.5) The book offers readers with vivid sketches of London life of the 14th century, in alliteration.6) The artistic merits may be shown by its portraits of the Seven Deadly Sins: Pride, Lechery(色鬼), Envy, Wrath, Avarice(贪婪，贪心) , Sloth(懒惰)and Glutton (贪食者). Geoffrey ChaucerPosition in British literature1. “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.2. The founder of English Realism (definition)3. Forerunner of humanism.literary career1.French Period (1360-1372):The Romance of the Rose (《玫瑰罗曼史》) is a translation from a French poem.2.Italian Period (1372-1386) :The House of Fame (《声誉殿堂》，Troilus and Criseyde (《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》，The Legend of Good Women (《贞妇传奇》.3.English period (1385~1400):The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事》）(Original English)The Canterbury Tales1. Chaucer’s master piece2. One of monumental works in English literature Structure:1. The General Prologue2. 24 tales3. Separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between 1. Forerunner of HumanismIn the last part of the 14th century, when Chaucer was learning from the great Italian writers, the influence of Renaissance was already felt in the field of English literature. Chaucer affirms men’s and women’s right to pursueearthly happiness and opposed asceticism (avoiding physical pleasures and comforts). He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life and he exposes and satirizes the social vices, including the corruption of the Church. In this sense, his works bear the marks of humanism, and his poetry shows a path to the literature of English Renaissance.2. The first realistic writerOld English literature is mainly about heroic behavior, whether of religious color or pagan color and portrays the image of the idealized hero. Middle English romance mainly concerns the knight and makes wide use of the improbable, often of the supernatural. Though in this period, Piers, the Plowman reflects the religious and social issues of his days, it is written in the form of dream vision. While, Chaucer, for the first time in English literature, presents to the readers a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and describes a series of vivid characters from all walks of life in The Canterbury Tales. 3. Father of English poetry (called by John Dryden)Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English allit erative verse. He’s the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called the heroic couplet. Thus, he lays the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.4. Master of the English languageIn his writing, Chaucer’s heroic cou plet draws certain conventions and themes from French, Italian and Latin models, but he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as theliterary language of the country. Chaucer uses London dialect in his writings and he contributes to making it the foundation for modern English speech.3. The Renaissance English Literature教学目的：1．了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；2．了解文艺复兴英国文学的发展概况；3．掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。

第20单元多丽丝•莱辛20.1复习笔记Doris Lessing（1919-2013）（多丽斯·莱辛）1.Life（生平）Doris May Lessing,English novelist and short-story writer,was born in1919in Iran,where his father was a captain in the English army.In1925,when she was five years old,her family moved to a farm in Rhodesia(now Zimbabwe)of Africa.Her childhood was spent in isolation and loneliness,to overcome which she read the great novels of19th-century European literature.She actively participated in the struggle against racial discrimination and white men’s oppression of the black people.Lessing won the Nobel Prize for Literature in2007.多丽丝·莱辛，英国小说家和短篇故事作家，于1919年生于伊朗，父亲在英国军队里是上尉。

1925年，他们举家迁往非洲的罗德西亚（现津巴布韦）。

莱辛在那里的生活是孤独的，为了避免孤独，她开始读19世纪英国小说。

她积极参加反对种族歧视和白人镇压黑人的斗争。

莱辛于2007年获得诺贝尔文学奖。

2.Major Works（主要作品）The Grass is Singing（1950）《野草在歌唱》This Was the Old Chief’s Country（1951）《这原是老酋长的国度》Children of Violence（1952-1969）《暴力的儿女》The Golden Notebook（1962）《金色笔记》The Summer Before the Dark（1973）《黑暗前的夏天》Canopus in Argos:Archives（1979-1983）《南船星系中的老人星座：档案》The Good Terrorist（1985）《好恐怖分子》The Fifth Child（1988）《第五个孩子》3.Selected works（选读作品）◆A Woman on a Roof《屋顶丽人》The story happens in London:a woman,who is taking sun bath,comes into notice of the three men who are mending the house not far from her.The men try to strike up a conversation with her,but no matter what they do,the woman pays no attention to them.The plot of the story is very simple,but it has very profound meanings.The woman,who is lying on the roof,becomes the gazing object of the men. And it reveals that female becomes gazing objects of male in the modern society. This story also reveals the conflicts between classes in England.The woman represents the relatively upper class,while the three working men represent the lower hard-working class.《屋顶丽人》故事发生在伦敦，一个女人在屋顶晒日光浴，引起近处三个修房工人的注意。

第13单元现代剧作家13.1复习笔记1.Oscar Wilde（1854-1900）（奥斯卡·王尔德）(1)Life（生平）Oscar Wilde,a dramatist,poet,novelist and essayist,was born in Dublin, Ireland.His father was an eminent surgeon and his mother was a clever woman with intellectual pretentions.He proved a brilliant student at Trinity College,Oxford, where he became a disciple of Walter Pater.In1879,he settled in London,and soon won a reputation both as a writer and as a spokesman for the school of“art for art’s sake”.He soon became the leader of the Aesthetic movement.奥斯卡·王尔德是个戏剧家、诗人、小说家和散文家。

他出生在爱尔兰的都柏林。

他的父亲十一位出色的外科医生，他的母亲也是个聪明的人。

他是牛津大学一名优秀的学生，师从沃特·佩特。

1879年他定居伦敦。

并成为一名有名的作家和“为艺术而艺术”学派的代言人，紧接着成为美学运动的领导者。

(2)Major Works（主要作品）The Picture of Dorian Gray（1891）《道林·格雷的画像》Lady Windermere’s Fan（1892）《温德米尔夫人的扇子》A Woman of No Importance（1893）《一个无足轻重的女人》An Ideal Husband（1895）《理想的丈夫》The Importance of Being Earnest（1895）《认真的重要性》(3)Selected Works（选读作品）◆The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff both pretend to be called Ernest in order to secure the affections of Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew.The girls are led to think first that they are engaged to the same man and then that neither is really Ernest.The ensuing confusions are resolved when it is discovered that Jack was indeed so named.The play derives force from a brilliant fabric of epigram and paradox.In the last scene,Jake said“I’ve now realised for the first time in my life the Vital Importance of Being Earnest”.两个花花公子杰克和阿尔杰农都化名“欧内斯特”向各自喜欢的女孩求爱。

Chapter 8The age of Romanticism:1.From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena. The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.2.The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the three revolution: American and French Revolution; national liberation movements; democratic movements.3.And Industrial Revolution: brought great wealth to the rich and worsened the living condition of the poor; Workers organized themselves andgave voice to their distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite movement)4.The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18h century.5.Rousseau: the father of Romanticism. He rejects the worship of reason. He maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preachesthat civilized man should return to nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as the depraved animals.6.Edmund Burke: As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France. He distinguished between two kinds of beauty- the sublime and the beautiful.7.Thomas Paine: He published The Rights of Man in 1791 to answer to Burke's Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity.8.Characteristic features of the romantic movement:1)Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which express the poets mind.The interest of romantic poets is not objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of the poets themselves.2)Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings. Romanticism is an assertion of independence, a departure from the neo-classis rules.3)Singularity4)Worship of nature5)Simplicity6)Melancholy7)It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form.9.Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Wordsworth:1.From 1799 to his death he was politically very conservative and lived in retirement at Grasmere in the Lake district in the company of his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.2.The most representative poet of English Romanticism.3.In 1798, the publication of Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18 th century and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. It is a declaration of romanticism and an important piece of literary criticism in English literature.Coleridge:1.3 Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.2.Married the sister of Southey s wife.3.Representative work:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written in ballad form. The theme is about sin and its expiation.4.Kubla Khan: total imagination. Collected in Lyrical Ballads.5.His only play that was on the stage waRemorse6.His lectures on Shakespeareare still considered valuable Shakespeareancritical materials.Byron:1.The long satirical epic, Don Juan, is generally considered as his masterpiece. As a leading Romanticist, Bryon' s chief contribution is his creation of Byronic Hero.2.Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage made him famous overnight.3.Don Juan: It is about the romantic adventure of a legendary Spanish youth who has many love affairs with various woman. The real significance of this poem lies in its vivid description of the lives and manners of many lands. Byron ' s fiery passion for the liberation of the Greek people and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relationship of his time.4.The Isles of Greece: a song sung by a singer at the wedding ceremony between Don Juan and Haidee, in which the singer(Byron) contrast the past glory of the Greek people with their present state of enslavement by the Turks. Shelley:1.His first important poem is Queen Mab, an allegorical poem in which through the mouth of Queen Mab, the fairy queen, he attacks kings, priests, and statesmenand human institutions such as marriage, commerce, and religion.2.He met Godwin in 1814 and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother was Mary Wollstonecraft, a champion for women s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.3.On the death of Keats, he wrote a elegiac poem Adonais.4.His lyrics are best known among the English poets.5.The most well-known is the Ode to the West Wind6.Song to the Men of England: political lyrics in protest against the government s barbarous action and calling the working people to rise up to overthrown the rule of idle class.7.An ode: In ancient time, an ode is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event. John Keats1.Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.2.In 1817, he abandoned his profession in surgeon and published his first collection of poems.3.His best were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time of his death.4.On First Looking into Chapman' s Homer5.Ode to a Nightingale.6.Negative Capability: Firstly used by Keats to critique those who sought to categorize all experience and phenomena and turn them into a theory of knowledge. This put Keats at the front of Romantic Movement.Lamb:mb was important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay, a type of essay which dates back to those of the French essayist and was later developed by Addison and Steele.2.With his sister, they wrote Tales from Shakespeare.3.Recollection and nostalgia play an important role in his essays.4.His essays are full of long and curious words and are interrupted by frequent exclamations and parentheses.mb's most well-known literary work is Tales from Shakespeare.They were stories retold from the plays of Shakespeare.Chapter 9The Victorian Age:1.The English people were proud of the two queens: Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victorian. During their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.2.Capitalism first took its shape during the reign of Queen E. And the small country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.3.During the reign of Queen Victoria, England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became he workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.4.During this period, literature flourished.5.Three period of The Victorian Age:1) a time of social unrest2)The middle period: a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy.3)The last period: a period of decay of Victorian values.6.The first period:1)The passing of the first reform bill made it possible for the industrial capitalists to gain their power in Parliament.2)The Reform of Bill of 1832 extend the right to vote to all men owning property worth ten pounds or more.3)The second accomplishment of Reform of Bill was to eliminate the rotten boroughs and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities.4)This bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party. Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessman, came into power.5)The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1838, 1842 and 1848.6)The most influential philosophy of this period: the philosophy of Utilitarianism.7)Corn laws:1815-1846: forbade in importing any grain from foreign countries when the price of wheat dropped to a certain price.7.The mid-Victorian period:1)In 1846, the Corn Laws was replaced and the price of labour lowered.2)By the early seventies England became the workshop of the world and the world' s banker.3)It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism.4)In the fifties and sixties even the conditions of the working people were improved.5)In Crystal Palace, the Great Exhibition was held.6)In 1857 and following years, the economy was hit by crises from time to time.7)Darwin published the origin of species in 1859. Science came to the forefront in the debate against church. Darwin s discovery conflicted the Bible and was applied in social science.8.The last period:1)England continued to grow in strength in this period. By 1890 the British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth and was called the empire on which the sun never sets2)To many Victorians this was a period of serenity and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.3)In the nineties, melancholy became the spirit of the time and the intellectuals were tainted by a feeling of fin-desiecle.9.The Victorian novelists:1)1832 witnessed the end of poetry boom.2)Most of the romantic poets died, the romantic movement came to an end as a movement.10.The rise of the novel:1)The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.2)The Education Acts, which came into effect in 1870, made a certain measure of education compulsory. Thus, there was a fairly large reading public in the Vic age.3)With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of book dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications.4)Writing had become a profession, which made it possible for the writers to male a living by writing.5)With the ascendancy of the industrial capitalists, the majority of whom lived an idle life in interests, there was a large idle class who needed recreation and entertainment. Novels met their desires.6)The conditions of the time and the dire poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in the church.7)The feminist movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.mon features of Vic novel:1)The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.2)The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels3)Most of the Vic novel were first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book.4)Tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Vic age.5)Characterized by their moral purpose.6)Some Chinese scholars called them critical realistic novelists.Bronte sisters1.Charlotte/Emily/Ann2.Some critics said that the Bronte sisters inherited their strong emotion from their parents.1) A Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for spiritual integrity.2)Another factors was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.3)The third factor that explains their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by romantic poets.3.The works of Charlotte and Emily are different from those of other Victorian writers in the aspects below:1)their works are marked by strong romantic elements.2)The role pf nature plays are significant in their work.3)Marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings.4.Wuthering Heights: Emily portrays the conflicts between the privileged and the hire hand.5.When they published book, they used pseudonyms, pretending they were male writers. Currer Bell for Charlotte; Ellis Bell for Emily; Acton Bell for Ann.6.In Jane Eyre, Jane s rebelliousness, her dislike for servility and her insistence o equality that make the book unique. Jane Eyre is the first ENG novel, even the most powerful and popular novel, which represents the modern view of women' s position in society.Hardy:1.Wessex novel2.The last important novelist of the Victorian Age.3.His philosophy was that everything in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is present in allparts of the universe and its impartially hostile towards human beings' desire for joy and happiness.4.The dominate theme of his novel is the futility of man ' s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate. Chance and circumstance, which are all predestined by Immanent Will.5.The prevailing mood in his novel is tragic6.Wrote epic-dramaTennyson:1.Some historians even called the period from 1832 to the death of Tennyson the age of Tennyson2.1850, Tennyson published In Memoriam and succeeded Wordsworth the Poet Laureate.3.His first collection of poems was P oem by Two Brothers, on which he collaborate with his brother.4.His first important work Poems was a collection of his early poems.5.It was two volumes of Poemssecured his position as the leading poet of the time.6.Buried in Westminster Abbey.7.Break, Break, Break: elegy, Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.Browning:1.He is noteworthy for the dramatic monologue, in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.2.His first poem: Pauline, written under the influence of Shelley.3.Was bold and unconventional in matter and style.4.Optimistic5.Look boldly at the evils in human beings without losing faith.Arnold:1. A professor of poetry at Oxford.2.Both a poet and a literary critic.3.An important figure in the intellectual field of 19 century England.4.In his poetry, he reflects on the doubt of his age, and the conflict between science and religion.5.The most important one of his literary criticism: Essays in Criticism and Culture and Anarchy. As a literary critic, he attacked the barbarians, a term used to refer to the aristocrats. He also attacked philistines, a term referring to middle class, whom he regarded as narrow-minded and self-conceited people.6.In his opinion, poetry should be a criticism of life and was destined to take the place of religion as mans principal moral guide.7.He believed culture should be antidote to anarchy and that through culture and liberal education modern man could avoid anarchy without abandoning liberty to some coercive external authority.Chapter 10The twentieth century1.~ marked by two World Wars.2.Modernism came into being between 1910 and the early years after the WWII.3.The two World War were the direct result of the conflict between rival imperialist countries and their ambition to dominate the world.4.The development of ENG literature can be divided into two stages: literature between WWs and literature after WW II.5.Three main trend of literature are worth our attention: Modernism; The Angry Young Men; and The Threat of the Absurd.6.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.7.Modernism means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.8.The ENG intellectuals were very much influenced by the psychology of Freud.9.The characteristics of modernists:1)Complexity and obscurity2)The use of symbols3)Allusion4)IronyEliot:1.1921, the waste land, established Elidts status in modern literature.2.London, represented as arid, waste land. The central symbol are drought and flood, representing the death and rebirth.3.He said he was classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion.4.Also wrote many essays and much literary criticism. His essays are praised for their lucidity and precision. Heaney:1.Belfast group soon came into being and played an important role in changing the previously discouraging literary atmosphere of the city.2.He was awarded the Noble Prize for literature in1995, on the occasion he made the famous Noblelecture,Crediting Poetry.3.His poetry consists of two genres: the observed and recollected facts pf his early rural experience and psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland arising from religious and political conflicts.4.The public and political them as reflected in North and in particular the so-called bog poems'。

British LiteratureThe Romantic Period(1798-1832) Age of Revolution. (social and economicrevolutions.)一. Time Span:extends from the l ate 18th century to the third decade of the 19th century.from the publication of Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》by Wordsworth and Coleridge, second edition o by Wordsworth serves as the manifesto of Romanticism, in 1798, to the death Walter Scott in 18322,closely linked to the following social and intellectual events or figures:1. The Industrial Revolution.2. American Revolution3. The French Revolution4. Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》5. Jean Jacque Rousseau (1712 –1778).6. Edmund Burke & Thomas Paine(two great thinkers and writers )二,Romanticism and its features1,Definition: Romanticism 浪漫主义Romanticism, as a literary movement during most of the 19th century, appeared as a revolt against the bondage of neoclassicism which emphasized reason, order and “elegant wit”, Romanticism put emphasis on passion, emotion, imagination, intuition and natural beauty. and inspired many English writers and the desire for p ersonal freedom and individual rights encouraged a more daring and imaginative approach to both life and literature.2,characteristics: (1) an emphasis on feeling, imagination, intuition and all in all an subjectivism. (2) a love for nature (3) a belief in individuality and freedom (4) a glorification of the commonplace (5) an interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre or the picturesque (6) a feeling of loneliness三,Literary development in this period1,emphasis on feelings, intuition, imagination and individuality brought about the flourish of poetryThis is an age of poetryWilliam Blake, and Robert Burns were the two notable forerunners of romantic poetry. works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and J ohn Keats represented the highest achievements in romantic poetry.gained full momentum with the publication of Lyrical Ballads2,The period is also a great age of prose. Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey and Leigh Hunt.3,The only great romantic novelist of this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novels combined a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical backgro und and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.作家William Wordsworth (1770 –1850) (p212-217) Romantic Period威廉伍兹沃斯I. His fame Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）: Poet officially appointed by the Royal Household in Britain to write poems for state occasions.III. His Works 1. Lyrical Ballads (p.213-214) 2. Poems on Nature and Country life (p.214) 3. His Sonnet4. His Longer Poems (p.217)Comments on Wordsworth(1)Wordsworth is the representative of the first generation of Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations for English Romanticism.(2)Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.(3)His theory and practice in poetical creation started from a dissatisfaction with reality and tradition in society and in literature(4)Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary careerPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) (p.232-243) Romantic Period雪莱II. His Major Works1. His longer poetical works include: Queen Mab《麦布女王》, The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普鲁米修斯》, The Masque of Anarchy 《专制者的假面舞会》2. His Short Lyrics on Nature and love (240-243) Shelley’s short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output.Comments on Shelley1，Shelley is one of the leading romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in English language.,2，Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet, his poetry is full of complex images andclassical and mythological allusions.3，His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which make his description vivid and moving.4，Shelley is a revolutionary and idealist, a dedicated seeker of an ideal world where love and brotherhood of man would prevail.5，What makes Shelley a great poet is the sheer music and matchless spontaneity of his verse.Ode （颂诗）: it is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung.Jane Austen (1775 –1817) Romantic Period简奥斯丁Her major works:6 novels,. Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔的庄园》, Emma《爱玛》and Persuasion《劝导》III. Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见(2)The theme tells us different attitudes toward marriage in Austen’s time. Elizabeth’s attitude, that marriage is not built upon wealth and social position but on spiritual understanding of each other, is praised by the author. Through the problem of marriage, the writer reveals the social position of women at that time.Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society. Through the description of the daily talks and doings of young men and woman, she paints very real and interesting characters. She is at her best in writing about young girls, as she understands their hearts astonishingly well. Through Elizabeth, the writer shows women’s spirit of fighting for their independence, happiness and rights.Austen’s Writing features(1)Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists.(2)Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels(3)Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit, and delicate satire.English Literature in Victorian Period (1836 –1901)(EnglishCritical Realism) 一Critical Realism in novel (p 276)1 Definition: In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend –critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. It found its expression in the form of novel. Most of the critical realists were novelists, they described with vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.2 Representative Writers: Charles Dickens（greatest English critical realist）William Makepeace Thackeray（a severe exposer of contemporary society.）Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy.3 Features(1) not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also show profound sympathy for the common people，Hence, humor and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century.(2) Critical Realism revealed the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.(3) But the critical Realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well.(4) The major contribution made by critical realists is their perfection of the novel. 19th century realistic novels “the Epic of the bourgeois society”.二Social Criticism in Prose. The important prose writers who criticized the evils of the capitalist society were Thomas Carlyle. John Ruskin and Mathew Arnold. They mainly wrote social criticism.三English Poetry in this periodThe Victorian Age was largely an age of prose, especially of the novel. However, the development of English poetry did not stop.concerned itself with the poet‘s purely personal tastes or spiritual questionings. most important poets of the age was Alfred Tennyson, next to him were Robert Browning and Mrs. Browning.Charles Dickens (1812-1870) (P277-302)查理斯狄更斯III. Oliver Twist （p.284-286）1. The story2. Comments on the novelThis novel is a powerful exposure of the bourgeois society. shows the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents under the mask of philanthropy. offers vivid descriptions of the sufferings of the poor and oppressed.Dickens, while sympathizing with the miseries of the people, did not know what and who was responsible for such miseries and even cherishes illusion about the rich idle and benevolent people. He believed that the social problems would be solved if only every employer followed the example set by “good gentlemen”Features of Charles Dickens’s Novels(1) Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age.(2) Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limit of his class. That’s why most of his novels have happy endings.(3) His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood.(4) Dickens is a great satirist and humorist.(5) He is a master story teller, a genius in story-telling.(6) His character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his creation. Among his characters, there are both types and individuals.His success with children lies in his writing from a child’s point of view.He is also famous for the characterization of horrible and grotesque figures such as Fagin and the broadly humorous or comical characters like Sam Weller/ Mr. Micawber.In a word, Dickens is able to portray a character with just a few words by highlighting or exaggerating some peculiar feature of his characters.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)(p.303-308)查克雷II. Vanity Fair（名利场）1. The storyments on the novel(p.307)describes the life of upper class of England in early decades of 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the upper class. Becky Sharp is a classic example of thismoney-grubbing instinct. Everyone wishes to gain something in Vanity Fair, and acts almost in the same manner as Becky. The Character Becky Sharp is drawn with admirable skill.Characteristics of Thackeray’s Novels1,Just like Charles Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century England.2,Thackeray is a satirist.3,Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist.4,He is a conscientious writer.The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte & Emily布隆特II. Charlotte Bronte’s Masterpiece Jane Eyre1. The Story2. Comments on the novel(1),Charlotte tells a great deal of her own experience, as the life at Charity school and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society, through the mouth of Jane the writer maintains that woman should have equal rights and equal social position。

英语专业课程：新编英国文学选读复习大纲Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。

最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。

到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。

这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。

2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。

文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。

在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。

中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。

（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration② using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。

王守仁《英国⽂学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第10单元查尔斯第10单元查尔斯?狄更斯10.1复习笔记Charles Dickens（1812-1870）（查尔斯·狄更斯）1.Life（⽣平）Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English critical realism.In 1812,he was born into a clerk family in Portmouth,Hampshire.When he was11, the family was put in prison for reason of debt.Dickens was forced to work ten-hour days at Warren’s Blacking Warehouse.The suffering childhood has provided writing materials for his works.In1896,his first book,Sketches by Boz, was published.In the same year,Pickwick Papers appeared in front of the readers. This novel brought him great fame.The rest of his life was a succession of works without rest.查尔斯·狄更斯是英国批评现实主义最杰出的代表。

查尔斯·狄更斯1812年出⽣于朴茨茅斯的⼀个⼩职员家庭。

11岁时，由于⽗亲⽋债，⼀家⼈都被关进了债务监狱。

⽽狄更斯也不得不在⼀家⽪鞋油作坊做童⼯，每天⼯作⼗个⼩时。

童年的苦难⽣活为他以后的创作提供了素材。

1896年，他的第⼀部书《博兹随笔》出版，同年《匹克威克外传》⾯世。

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理【实用版】目录1.英国文学的历史背景及分期2.英国文学的代表作家及作品3.英国文学的风格特点及影响正文英国文学是西方文学的重要组成部分，其历史悠久，传统深厚。

英国文学的发展可分为几个阶段，其中最重要的阶段包括古英语文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、17 世纪文学、18 世纪文学、19 世纪文学和 20 世纪文学。

在古英语文学阶段，最著名的作品是《贝奥武甫》。

在中世纪文学阶段，英国文学受到了欧洲大陆文学的影响，这一时期的代表作品包括《亚瑟王传奇》和《尼伯龙根之歌》等。

在文艺复兴时期，英国文学迎来了黄金时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞和马洛等文学巨匠的作品至今仍被誉为英国文学的经典。

17 世纪文学以约翰·弥尔顿、约翰·班扬和约翰·德莱顿等人的作品为代表，其中《失乐园》、《天路历程》和《论出版自由》等作品成为这一时期的经典。

18 世纪文学则以丹尼尔·笛福、乔纳森·斯威夫特、理查森·谢里丹和简·奥斯汀等人的作品为代表，这一时期的文学作品反映了工业革命时期的社会变革。

19 世纪文学是英国文学的又一辉煌时期，这一时期的代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代等。

20 世纪英国文学则以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、威廉·萨默塞特·毛姆和阿加莎·克里斯蒂等作家的作品为代表。

英国文学的风格特点多样，受到了历史、地理和文化等多种因素的影响。

英国文学在语言运用、情节安排和人物塑造等方面都有独特的技巧，使其在世界文学史上具有重要地位。

新编英国⽂学选读复习资料En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re adingsDevelopmentof EnglishLiterature1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature(-1485)2.TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642?)3.The17thCentury–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration 4 . The 1 8thCentury–T h e AgeofEnlightenm ent5.TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)6.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)7.Th e20t hCen t uryLit erat ure–Mod ern is man dPo st-Mod ern ismChapter1EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature⼀．Epic （史诗）Apoemthatcelebrateintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofone ormoreheroicpersonagesof historyortradition. AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,OdysseyandAeneidof classical.Be owulf1.HistoricalBackground1)) Thre e Invasions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A.D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Period)C.TheNormanConquest(TheAnglo-NormanPeriod)2)) Tw o Wars:A.TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)B.TheWarof theRose(1455-1485)a.Anglo-SaxonPoetry: Pagan(异教的）&ChristianBeowulf /worksofCaedmonandCynewulf.b.Anglo-NormanPoetry:Romancec.Poe try in Age of Cha u cer：d..PopularBallads:BalladsofRobinHood2.评价1）Beowulfisanationalepic（史诗）ofEnglishpeople.2）ItistherepresentativeworkoftheearlyEnglishliteraturewith3000lines.3）Itswriterisunknown.4）BeowulfisafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAngloSaxonfromtheirprimitiveNorthernEurope.5）Beowulfwaspasseddownfrommouthtomouth. 6）Beowulfwaswrittendowninthe10th century.3.Charactersinthestory:Beowulf:anephewofkingofGents,apeopleinDenmark.Hrothgar:kinGre nde l: a m onster.She-monster(⼥妖怪):Grende l’s mother.Dra go n:a fire dra gon, a m onster.4.OutlineofTheSongofBeowulfTe u tonic(⽇⽿曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill them onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the kingofScyldings(Sweden)for50years. Theninordertogainmoretreasurefor hispeople,he foughthardwitha fieryfiredrakeandwasdeadlywounded,eventuallydied.Hislastwillwastoaskhispeopletobuildhistombintoabeaconfortheseafarerswhosailedalongt hecoast. 5.ThewritingfeaturesofBeowulf?1）Themostimportantisinalliterative(头韵的)verseandinartisticform.Eg：Thus made their mourning the men ofGeatland,Fo rtheirh ero’sp assin g,h ish earth-comp an io n s2）Anotheristhefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements(低调陈述)forironicalhumor.ring-giver:kinghearth-companions:attendantwarriors whale’s r oad:sea-wood:nottroublesome:verywell⼆Romance（传奇）1．介绍1）Theliteraturefortheupper class2）Alongcompositioninverseorprose,about knights—adventures3）Subjectmatters:about thematterofBritain,thematerofFrance,thematterofRome4）content:lovechivalryandreligion5）骑⼠精神：loyalty,bravely.honesty2 .代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod2）Sir GawainandtheGreenKnight:Thebest Arthurian romance,anonymous,inalliterativeverseItscharacters:KingArthur, SirGawain,theGreenKnight三Ballad（民谣）1.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe2ndand4thrhymed.2.TheSubjectsofEnglishBallads1)struggleofyounglovers2)theconflictbetweenloveandwealth3)thecrueltyofjealousy4 ) the criticism of th e civil war5)themattersofclassstruggle3.代表作Robinhoodballads四．Ge offre y Cha ucer1.评价1）ThefirstgreatEnglishpoet2）ThefatherofEnglishpoetry2.Chauce r’s threeliterary periods:1 ）Th e first or th e Fre nch period:TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》atranslation,popularinMiddleagesTheBookoftheDuchess《悼公爵夫⼈》 , thebest w orkofthe t im e Chauce r’s literarycare er 2）ThesecondortheItalianperiod: TroilusandCriseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》apoemofalovestory3）ThethirdortheEnglishperiod,hisbestperiod:TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,ismasterpieceandarepresentativeworksof theMiddleAges.The Ca nte rbury Ta les1.OutlineIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d atTa b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke tatCanterbury.Theysetouttogetherwiththejollyinnkeeper,HarryBaily,whoproposedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewayto Canterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.But,totallyonly24talesarefinished.The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps,knights,monks,widowsandpriestetc.Hisworkshowedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.2.Ch aucer’slan g uag e:1)Hislanguageisfullofhumorandsatire.2)Hislanguageisvivid,exactandsmooth,amasterofword-pictures.3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce.4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rdforthemodernEnglishspeech.Ps:1.Wh atist h e?heroicco uplet??Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhymingpairs.(英雄诗体：⽤于史诗或叙事诗，每⾏⼗个⾳节，五个⾳部，每两⾏押韵。

学姐包过版!《英国文学史及选读》第二册-期末复习讲义(绝对全)介绍一下，一共包括四分讲义，按顺序看，学姐没有看书，只看得讲义，复习了一个星期，考了90多分，第一份：总体了解考点，大体了解就行（往下翻还有别的）English Literature ( Book II)Romanticis1.Romanticism（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。

22.William Wordsworth要知道他的“Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。

Lake Poets（名词解释）。

他诗歌的主要两类题材：nature and common people’s lives。

写过的著名作品：I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few mil es above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。

3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。

4. George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes (名词解释); 著名作品：Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza 写成；Don Juan要知道大致内容。

5. Percy Bysshe Shelley著名作品：Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound（lyrical drama，3要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。

）其它名作: Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark等等。