直接引语

直接引语（Direct Speech）和间接引语(Indirect Speech)

概念：直接引语就是直接引用别人的原话，把别人的原话放在引号里，引号里面的就是直接引语。间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话，间接引语常为一个宾语从句。

▲宾语从句：引导词+陈述语序的句子（主语在前，谓语在后的句子）

eg: I know her.

I know that she likes football. （宾语如果是个句子，这个句子就叫宾语从句。）

eg: She said, “I like singing.”(直接引语)

She said that she liked singing. (间接引语)

一 直接引语变成间接引语

1. 判断引导词

(1) 当直接引语是陈述句时，引导词用that，同时，原句中的谓语动词said to→told;

(2) 当直接引语是一般疑问句（用Yes/No回答的问句）时，引导词用whetherif，同时，原句中的谓语动词said/said to→asked;

(3) 当直接引语是特殊疑问句（用特殊疑问词what，who，where，when, how，how many ，how much 等引导的问句），引导词用特殊疑问词，同时，原句中的谓语动词said/said to→asked.

2. 人称变化(根据意思来变)

3. 时态变化

直接引语→→→→间接引语

（1） 一般现在时 → 一般过去时

（2） 一般过去时 → 过去完成时

（3） 一般将来时 → 过去将来时

（4） 现在进行时 → 过去进行时

（5） 现在完成时 → 过去完成时

（6） 过去完成时 → 过去完成时

⊙时态不变的特殊情况

① 当直接引语陈述客观真理、事实、名言、谚语时，变成间接引语时，时态不变

eg: The teacher said to me, “Earth moves round the Sun.”

→ The teacher told me that earth moves round the Sun.

② 当主句谓语动词用一般现在时，变成间接引语时，时态不变

eg: He says, “I am a student.” → He says that he is a student.

4. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、某些动词的变化

（1） 指示代词 this→that ；these→those

（2） 时间状语 now → then； today → that day； yesterday → the day before；

tomorrow → the next/following day； ago → before

（3） 地点状语 here → there

（4） 某些动词的变化 come → go； bing → take

练习题：

1. “I’m very glad to visit your factory,”said the visitor.

→ The visitor told that he was very glad to visit our factory.

2. Mary said to me,“Do you like listening to music?”

→ Mary told me whether/if I liked listening to music.

3. “When shall we go outing this autumn?”the students asked.

→ The students asked when they should go outing that autumn.

二 间接引语变成直接引语 1. 看引导词，判断它以前是个什么句

（1）引导词是that，它以前就是个陈述句,同时,told→said/said to；

（2）引导词是whether/if，它以前是个一般疑问句,同时，可以把asked→said/said to；

（3）引导词是特殊疑问词，它以前就是个特殊疑问句, 同时，可以把asked→said/said to.

2. 人称变化（根据意思来变）

3. 时态变化（与直接引语变成间接引语相反）

4. 指示代词、地点状语、时间状语、某些动词的变化（与直接引语变成间接引语相反）

⊙时态不变的特殊情况

当间接引语陈述客观真理、事实、名言、谚语时，变成直接引语时，时态不变

当主句谓语动词用一般现在时，变成直接引语时，时态不变

练习题：

1. The woman told us that she did not like American movies very much.

→ The woman said to us, “I do not like American movies vey much.”

2. Jim asked me whether/if I liked his pen.

→ Jim asked me, “Do you like my pen?”

3. My teacher asked me, “When will you go home?”

→ My teacher asked me when I would go home.

定语从句（Attributive Clause）

一、 什么是定语？

在句子中，修饰和限定名词的成份，叫做定语。定语常常由形容词充当，常可翻译为“…的”。

eg: a beautiful girl(一个漂亮的女孩)

a clever child（一个聪明的小孩）

二、什么是定语从句？

当定语是个句子时，这个句子就叫定语从句。定语从句常可翻译为“…的”。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句常跟在先行词后面。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词包括关系代词（which，who, whom,that，whose）和关系副词（when, where, why）。

eg: The boy (who broke the window yesterday) is Tom.

I like the book (that I bought in the shop).

★看定语从句中关系词后面的句子和先行词之间是否缺个介词

1. 缺介词

（1）用“介词+which/whom”引导定语从句

①当先行词是人，定语从句中关系词后面的句子和先行词之间缺个介词时，用 “介词+ whom”引导定语从句；

eg: The old man (with whom I talked yesterday) is my teacher.

② 当先行词是物，定语从句中关系词后面的句子和先行词之间缺个介词时，用 “介词+ which”引导定语从句；

eg: The house (in which they live) was destroyed in the earthquke.

（2） 关系副词引导定语从句

① 当先行词是时间名词，定语从句中关系词后面的句子和先行词之间缺个介词时，用when来引导定语从句,when = 介词+which（如果先行词前面已经有介词，when就不能换成”介词+which”）;

eg: I know the day (when he was born). = I know the day in which he was born.

They’re talking about the things in the year (when the earthquake happended).

≠They’re talking about the things in the year in which the earthquake happended.

② 当先行词是地点名词，定语从句中关系词后面的句子和先行词之间缺个介词时，用where来引导定语从句,where = 介词+which（如果先行词前面已经有介词，where就不能换成 “介词+which”）;

eg: This is the house (where I lived last year). = This is the house in which I lived last year.

③ 当先行词是原因名词（reason），定语从句中关系词后面的句子和先行词之间缺个介词for时，用why来引导定语从句，why = for which（如果先行词前面已经有介词for，why就不能换成 “for which”）;

（2） 不缺介词

◆关系代词引导定语从句

① 当先行词是人时，用关系代词who，whom，whose，that引导定语从句；

⊙当关系代词在定语从句中作主语，即当定语从句中缺主语时，用who，that引导定语从句；

⊙当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，即当定语从句中缺宾语时，用who，whom，that引导定语从句，且who，whom，that可以省略；

⊙当关系代词在定语从句中作定语，即当定语从句后面的名词与先行词之间是所属关系时，用whose来引导定语从句。

eg: The boy (who/that likes football) is Jack.

The girl (who/whom/that I met yesterday) is my classmate.

He is a boy (whose eyes are blue).

② 当先行词是物时，用关系代词which，that，whose引导定语从句；

⊙当关系代词在定语从句中作主语，即当定语从句中缺主语时，用which，that引导定语从句；

⊙当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，即当定语从句中缺宾语时，用which，that引导定语从句，且which，that可以省略；

⊙当关系代词在定语从句中作定语，即当定语从句后面的名词与先行词之间是所属关系时，用whose来引导定语从句。

eg: They planted the trees (which/that didn’t need much water).

The fish (which/that we bought yesterday) were not fresh.

I saw the building (whose window broke).

◆ 使用关系代词引导定语从句应注意以下几点：

① 如果关系代词是anything，something，nothing，everything等表物的不定代词时，一般用关系代词that引导定语从句；

eg: They talked about everything (that they remembered).

② 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词时，一般用关系代词that引导定语从句；

eg: This is the first car (that I have owned).