直接引语和间接引语

直接引语和间接引语

一、 定义： 直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话把别人的话陈述出来，叫间接引语。直接引语通常都用引号括起来，间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。

She said,” I like English very much. “ （直接引语）

（她说：“我非常喜欢英语”。）

She said she liked English very much. （间接引语）

（她说她非常喜欢英语。）

注：直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时用连词that引导宾语从句.从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语 等相应变化.

二、直接引语和间接引语的转化

１、人称的变化

一随主：引号内的第一人称变间引后与主句主语的人称保持一致

E.g. She said, “I like Tennis.” She said that she liked tennis.

二随宾：引号内的第二人称变间引后与主句宾语的人称保持一致

e.g. I said to Lily, “you must get up early”

I told Lily that she must get up early.

第三人称不变：引号内的第三人称在变间引后人称不变

She said to me, “ They want to help him.”

She told me that they wanted to help him.

2、时态的变化

直接引语中的时态 间接引语中的时态

一般现在时 一般过去时

一般过去时、现在完成时 过去完成时

过去完成时 过去完成时（不变）

一般将来时 过去将来时

现在进行时 过去进行时

shall should

should should（不变）

will would

would would（不变）

may might

might might（不变）

can could

could could（不变）

（1）She said,” I like math very much.” (一般现在时)

→ She said that she liked math very much. (一般过去时)

（2）He said, “ I’ve never seen this man .” （现在完成时）

→ He said that he had never seen that man. （过去完成时）

（3）Joe said ,” I’m listening to music in my room.” （现在进行时）

→ Joe said that he was listening to music in his room. （过去进行时）

（4）She said, “I played basketball ”.

-----She said that she had played basketball.

(5) He asked” What are you going to do?”

----- He asked me what I was going to do.

重要提示1 ：当引语表示一般真理或客观事实时，转化为间接引语时时态不变，并且要使用一般现在时。如：

例1）He asked, “ which star is the biggest ?”

→ He asked which star is the biggest.

例2) The teacher told us ,”The earth goes around the sun.”

→ The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun.

重要提示2：当直接引语有确定的过去时间时，时态不需变化。

例1）Chloe said,” The story took place in the 1930s.”

→ Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.

3、词语的变化

（1）时间状语、地点状语和指示代词的变化

直接引语中的状语、指示代词 间接引语中的状语、指示代词

today that day 当天

yesterday the day before 前一天

tomorrow the next day/ the following day 第二天

next week/month/year…… the next week/month/year……

last week/month/year the week/month/year……before

ago before

three/four/……years ago three/four/……years before

in 2008 in 2008 (不变)

now then 那时

so far by then

here there

this that

these those

the day before yesterday 前天 two days before 两天前

the day after tomorrow 后天 in two days’ time/ two days after 两天后

（2）方向性动词的变化

在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring, come 应变为take , go。

例1）My sister asked me ,”Could you bring the chairs upstairs ?”

→ My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.

4、语序的变化

1、陈述句的间接引语

直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句引述动词通常是say, tell等。

John said, “I’ve been late again.”

→ John said that he had been late again.

She said, “we are very good at sports.”

→ She said that they were very good of sports.

2、疑问句的间接引语

（1）一般疑问句

一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。

My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music?”

→ My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music.

（2）特殊疑问句

间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。

例1）He asked, “How do you like it ?”

→ He asked me how I liked it.

例2）She asked me, “What's the matter with you?”

→ She asked me what was the matter with me.

例3）”How many books do you have?” she asked.

→ She asked me how many books I had.

3、 祈使句的间接引语

直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command,

request等词，句中please去掉。

例1）She said to me, “Please have a rest. “

→ She asked me to have a rest.

例2）”Don't all answer at once”, she said to the pupils.

→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once.

注意：否定句，在动词不定式前加not或never.

She said to me, “please don’t smoke.”

She asked me not to smoke.

作业：将下列直接引语变为间接引语

1. “My parents are very well. “said Tom.

→ ______________________________________________

2. “ Is he doing his homework ?” Jim asked.

→ ______________________________________________

3. Do you like to make friends with us ？ He asked.

→ ______________________________________________

4. Tina said,” I usually get up at six.”

→ ______________________________________________

5. Nell said,” I have worked out this problem.”

→ ______________________________________________

6. He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”

→ ______________________________________________

7. The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”

→ ______________________________________________

8. He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”

→ ______________________________________________

9. “Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.

→ ______________________________________________

10. “Light travels faster than sound.” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.

→ ______________________________________________

11. “What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.

→ ______________________________________________